WO2005066167A2 - Derives de biaryle a pont heteroatomique de 3-quinuclidinyle - Google Patents

Derives de biaryle a pont heteroatomique de 3-quinuclidinyle Download PDF

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WO2005066167A2
WO2005066167A2 PCT/US2004/041367 US2004041367W WO2005066167A2 WO 2005066167 A2 WO2005066167 A2 WO 2005066167A2 US 2004041367 W US2004041367 W US 2004041367W WO 2005066167 A2 WO2005066167 A2 WO 2005066167A2
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group
yloxy
mmol
oct
formula
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WO2005066167A3 (fr
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Jianguo Ji
Tao Li
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Abbott Laboratories
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Priority to EP04813665A priority patent/EP1735305A2/fr
Priority to MXPA06007179A priority patent/MXPA06007179A/es
Publication of WO2005066167A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005066167A2/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D453/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids
    • C07D453/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system

Definitions

  • the invention relates to 3-quinuclidinyl heteroatom bridged biaryl derivatives, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of treating conditions and disorders using such compounds and compositions.
  • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are widely distributed throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Such receptors play an important role in regulating CNS function, particularly by modulating release of a wide range of neurotransmitters, including, but not necessarily limited to acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA. Consequently, nicotinic receptors mediate a very wide range of physiological effects, and have been targeted for therapeutic treatment of disorders relating to cognitive function, learning and memory, neurodegeneration, pain and inflammation, psychosis and sensory gating, mood, and emotion, among others.
  • nAChRs are ion channels that are constructed from a pentameric assembly of subunit proteins. At least 12 subunit proteins, ⁇ 2- ⁇ l0 and ⁇ 2- ⁇ 4, have been identified in neuronal tissue. These subunits provide for a great variety of homomeric and heteromeric combinations that account for the diverse receptor subtypes. For example, the predominant receptor that is responsible for high affinity binding of nicotine in brain tissue has composition ( ⁇ 4) 2 ( ⁇ 2) 3 (the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 subtype), while another major population of receptors is comprised of the homomeric (0.7) 5 (the ⁇ 7 subtype).
  • Certain compounds like the plant alkaloid nicotine, interact with all subtypes of the nAChRs, accounting for the profound physiological effects of this compound. While nicotine has been demonstrated to have many beneficial properties, not all of the effects mediated by nicotine are desirable. For example, nicotine exerts gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects that interfere at therapeutic doses, and its addictive nature and acute toxicity are well-known. Ligands that are selective for interaction with only certain subtypes of the nAChR offer potential for achieving beneficial therapeutic effects with an improved margin for safety. The ⁇ 7 nAChRs have been shown to play a significant role in enhancing cognitive function, including aspects of learning, memory and attention (Levin, E.D., J. Neurobiol. 53: 633-640, 2002).
  • ⁇ 7 nAChRs have been linked to conditions and disorders related to attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment, senile dementia, dementia associated with Lewy bodies, dementia associated with Down's syndrome, AIDS dementia, Pick's Disease, as well as cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, among other systemic activities.
  • the activity at the ⁇ 7 nAChRs can be modified or regulated by the administration of ⁇ 7 nAChR ligands.
  • the ligands can exhibit antagonist, agonist, partial agonist, or inverse agonist properties.
  • 7 ligands have potential in treatment of various cognitive disorders.
  • Ar 1 is a group of the formula:
  • Ar 2 is cycloalkyl, or Ar 2 is a group of the formula:
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and -C(R 3 ); Y 5 , Y 6 , Y 7 , Y 8 , and Y 9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and -C(R 6 ); Y 10 is selected from the group consisting of -N(R 9 ), O and S; Y 11 , Y 12 , Y 13 , and Y 14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N, C and -C(R 6 ); provided that one of Y 11 , Y 12 , Y 13 , and Y 14 is C and formula (c) is attached to X 2 or the nitrogen atom of -NfAr 2 )- through one of Y 11 , Y 12 , Y 13 , and Y 14 that is represented by C; Z 1 is independently selected from O, S, -N(
  • compositions comprising compounds of the invention.
  • Such compositions can be administered in accordance with a method of the invention, typically as part of a therapeutic regimen for treatment or prevention of conditions and disorders related to nAChR activity, and more particularly ⁇ 7 nAChR activity.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method of selectively modulating to nAChR activity, for example ⁇ 7 nAChR activity.
  • the method is useful for treating and/or preventing conditions and disorders related to ⁇ 7 nAChR activity modulation in mammals.
  • the method is useful for conditions and disorders related to attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment, senile dementia, AIDS dementia, Pick's Disease, dementia associated with Lewy bodies, dementia associated with Down's syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, diminished CNS function associated with traumatic brain injury, acute pain, post-surgical pain, chronic pain, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, infertility, need for new blood vessel growth associated with wound healing, need for new blood vessel growth associated with vascularization of skin grafts, and lack of circulation, more particularly circulation around a vascular occlusion, among other systemic activities.
  • the compounds, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for treating or preventing conditions and disorders by administering the compounds are further described herein.
  • acyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of acyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1- oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl.
  • acyloxy as used herein means an acyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • acyloxy include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, and isobutyryloxy.
  • alkenyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon- carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens.
  • alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2- propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-1-heptenyl, and 3- decenyl.
  • alkoxy as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2- propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.
  • alkoxyalkoxy as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkoxyalkoxy include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, and methoxymethoxy.
  • alkoxyalkyl as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, tert- butoxymethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, and methoxy methyl.
  • alkoxycarbonyl as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, represented by -C(O)-, as defined herein.
  • alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and tert-butoxycarbonyl.
  • alkoxyimino as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an imino group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkoxyimino include, but are not limited to, ethoxy(imino)methyl and methoxy(imino)methyl.
  • alkoxysulfonyl as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
  • alkoxysulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxysulfonyl, ethoxysulfonyl and propoxysulfonyl.
  • alkyl means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n- pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and n-hexyl.
  • alkylcarbonyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1-oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl.
  • alkylcarbonyloxy as used herein means an alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • alkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, and tert-butylcarbonyloxy.
  • alkylsulfonyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl and ethylsulfonyl.
  • alkylthio as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
  • alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylthio, ethylthio, tert-butylthio, and hexylthio.
  • alkynyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.
  • amido as used herein means an amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino group appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of amido include, but are not limited to, aminocarbonyl, methylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, and ethylmethylaminocarbonyl.
  • aryl as used herein means a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system. Representative examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl.
  • the aryl groups of this invention are substituted with 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from acyl, acyloxy, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyimino, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, amino, carboxy, cyano, formyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, nitro, thioalkoxy, -NR A R B , (NR A R B )alkyl, (NR A R B )aIkoxy, (NR A R B )carbonyl, and (NR A R B )sulfonyl.
  • substituents independently selected from acyl, acyloxy, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl
  • arylcarbonyl as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, (phenyl)carbonyl and (naphthyl)carbonyl.
  • arylsulfonyl as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
  • arylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, phenylsulfonyl, (methylaminophenyl)sulfonyl, (dimethylaminophenyl)sulfonyl, and (naphthyl)sulfonyl.
  • carbonyl as used herein means a -C(O)- group.
  • carboxy as used herein means a -C0 2 H group.
  • cyano as used herein means a -CN group.
  • formyl as used herein means a -C(0)H group.
  • halo or halogen means -CI, -Br, -I or -F.
  • haloalkoxy as used herein means at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.
  • haloalkyl as used herein means at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and 2-chloro-3- fluoropentyl.
  • heteroaryl as used herein means an aromatic five- or six- membered ring containing 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The heteroaryl groups are connected to the parent molecular moiety through a carbon or nitrogen atom.
  • heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, fury!, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl.
  • heteroaryl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1 , 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, carboxy, cyano, formyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, nitro, -NR A R B , (NR A R B )alkyl, (NR A R B )alkoxy, (NR A R B )carbonyl, and (NR A R B )sulfonyl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl refers to fused aromatic nine- and ten- membered bicyclic rings containing 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a tautomer thereof.
  • the bicyclic heteroaryl groups are connected to the parent molecular moiety through a carbon or nitrogen atom.
  • Representative examples of bicyclic heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, isoquinolinyl, and quinolinyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1 , 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthio, alkynyl, carboxy, cyano, formyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, nitro, -NR A R B , (NR A R B )aIkyl, (NR A R B )alkoxy, (NR A R B )carbonyl, and (NR A R B )sulfonyl.
  • hydroxy as used herein means an -OH group.
  • hydroxyalkyl as used herein means at least one hydroxy group, as defined herein, is appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2,3-dihydroxypentyl, and 2-ethyl-4-hydroxyheptyl.
  • hydrazine as used herein means a -NH-NH 2 group.
  • mercapto as used herein means a -SH group.
  • nitro as used herein means a -N0 2 group.
  • -NR A R B means two groups, R A and R B , which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom.
  • R A and R B are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, or formyl.
  • Representative examples of -NR A R B include, but are not limited to, amino, methylamino, acetylamino, and acetylmethylamino.
  • (NR R B )alkyl as used herein means a -NR A R B group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of (NR A R B )alkyl include, but are not limited to, (amino)methyl, (dimethylamino)methyl, and (ethylamino)methyl.
  • the term "(NR A R B )alkoxy" as used herein means a -NR R B group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of (NR A R B )alkoxy include, but are not limited to, (amino)methoxy, (dimethylamino)methoxy, and (diethylamino)ethoxy.
  • (NR A R B )carbonyl as used herein means a -NR A R B group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of (NR A R B )carbonyl include, but are not limited to, aminocarbonyl, (methylamino)carbonyl, (dimethylamino)carbonyl, and (ethylmethylamino)carbonyl.
  • (NR A R B )sulfonyl as used herein means a -NR A R B group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
  • (NR A R B )sulfonyl include, but are not limited to, aminosulfonyl, (methylamino)sulfonyl, (dimethylamino)sulfonyl, and (ethylmethylamino)sulfonyl.
  • sulfonyl as used herein means a -S(0) 2 - group.
  • thioalkoxy as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom. Representative examples of thioalkoxy include, but are no limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, and propylthio.
  • ⁇ 7 includes homomeric (0.7) 5 receptors and ⁇ 7* receptors, which denote a nAChR containing at least one ⁇ 7 subunit.
  • Compounds of the invention can have the formula (I) as described above.
  • compounds of formula (I) can include, but are not limited to, compounds wherein Ar 1 is a group of the formula:
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and -C(R 3 ), wherein R 3 at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, aryl, -OR 4 and -NHR 5 .
  • R 3 at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, aryl, -OR 4 and -NHR 5 .
  • at least one of Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 is -C(R 3 ), such that group of formula (a) contains 0, 1 , 2, or 3 nitrogen atoms.
  • Specific examples of groups for Ar 1 are, for example,
  • R 3 is as previously defined for compounds of formula (I).
  • Compounds of the invention can include those wherein Ar 2 is cycloalkyl, preferably cyclohexyl, or Ar 2 is a group of the formula:
  • r is O, 1 , 3, 4 or 5; s is 0, 1 , 2 or 3; t is 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4; Y 10 is selected from the group consisting of -N(R 9 ), O and S; one of Y 12 and Y 13 is N, C or -C(R ⁇ ), and the other is C or -C(R 6 ); Y 11 and Y 14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C and -C(R 6 ); provided that one of Y 11 and Y 14 or one of Y 12 and Y 13 is C and formula (C) is attached to X 2 or the nitrogen atom of -N(Ar 2 )- through one of Y 11 , Y 12 , Y 13 ,.and Y 14 that is represented by C; and Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , Z 6 , Z 7 , R 6 , and R 9 are as described for compounds
  • groups for Ar 2 in a compound of formula (I) are, for example, cycloalkyl, preferably cyclohexyl, (4-vii) and (4-viii) wherein: Z 2 and Z 3 are independently N, C or -C(R 12 ); provided that zero or one of Z 2 and Z 3 is C; Z 4 , Z 5 , Z 6 , and Z 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of C and -C(R 11 ); provided that zero or one of Z 4 , Z 5 , Z 6 , and Z 7 is C; wherein when one of Z 4 , Z 5 , Z 6 , and Z 7 is C, then each of formulas (4-vi) and (4-vii) is attached to X 2 or the nitrogen atom of -N(Ar 2 )- through one of Z 4 , Z 5 , Z 6 , and Z 7 that is represented by C, and Z 2 and Z 3 are each -C(R 12 ); or when one of Z 2 or Z 3 is C, then
  • compounds of formula (I) contemplated as part of the invention include, but are not limited to: 3-(3-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine; 3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine; (3R)-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine; ' (3S)-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine; 3- ⁇ 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenoxy ⁇ quinuclidine; 3-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]quinuclidine; 4-[4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yloxy)phenoxy]phenol; 4- ⁇ 4-[(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yloxy]phenoxy ⁇ phenol; 4- ⁇ [4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yloxy)phenyl]thio ⁇ phenol; 4-( ⁇ 4-[(3R)-1-
  • G is N or N + -0 " ;
  • X 3 is -N(R 14 )-, O, or S;
  • m is 0, 1 , or 2;
  • R 14 is hydrogen or alkyl; and
  • R 13 is hydrogen, alkyl, or halogen.
  • R 13 is iodo or hydrogen.
  • compounds of formula (II) contemplated as part of the invention include, but are not limited to: 2-(1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yloxy)-8-iodo-6H,12H-5,11-methano- dibenzo[j , ][1 ,5]diazocine; and 2-(1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yloxy)-6H,12H-5,11-methano- dibenzo[j ,/][1 ,5]diazocine; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides, and prodrugs thereof.
  • Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers, and mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers.
  • Individual stereoisomers of compounds of the invention may be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain asymmetric or chiral centers or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • NMP for 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
  • TMHD 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5- dione.
  • the reactions exemplified in the schemes are performed in a solvent appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and suitable for the transformations being effected.
  • the described transformations may require modifying the order of the synthetic steps or selecting one particular process scheme over another in order to obtain a desired compound of the invention, depending on the functionality present on the molecule.
  • Nitrogen protecting groups can be used for protecting amine groups present in the described compounds. Such methods, and some suitable nitrogen protecting groups, are described in Greene and Wuts (Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, Wiley and Sons, 1999).
  • suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to. ⁇ ert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), benzyl (Bn), acetyl, and trifluoracetyl. More particularly, the Boc protecting group may be removed by treatment with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid. The Cbz and Bn protecting groups may be removed by catalytic hydrogenation. The acetyl and trifluoracetyl protecting groups may be removed by a hydroxide ion. The methods described below can entail use of various enantiomers. Where the stereochemistry is shown in the Schemes, it is intended for illustrative purposes only.
  • Quinuclidine ethers of formula (3) wherein Ar 1 , X 2 , and Ar 2 are as defined for formula (I), can be obtained by the methods described in Scheme 1.
  • Compounds of formula (1 ) can be treated with 3-quinuclidinol in the presence of a phosphine, for example triphenylphosphine, and diethyl azodicarboxylate to provide compounds of formula (3).
  • compounds of formula (2), wherein X 2 and Ar 2 are as defined for a compound of formula (I) can be reacted with Cul, Cs 2 C0 3 and 1 ,10- phenanthroline as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 973, to provide a desired compound of formula (3).
  • Ar 2 are as defined in formula (I), can be prepared as described in Scheme 2.
  • 3- Quinuclidinol is treated with a halophenyl iodide of formula (5), wherein X' is bromide or iodide, with Cul, Cs 2 C0 3 and 1 ,10-phenanthroline as described in Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 973, to obtain a halophenoxy quinuclidine of formula (7).
  • a compound of formula (7) can be obtained by treating 3-quinuclidinol with a halo phenyl alcohol of formula (6), wherein X' is bromide or iodide, and diethyl azodicarboxylate in the presence of a phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine.
  • Compounds of formula (7), wherein X' are bromide or iodide can be treated with the compound of formula (8) with CuCI, Cs 2 C0 3 and TMHD in NMP to provide compounds of formula (11 ) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1623.
  • Compounds of formula (7), wherein X' are bromide or iodide, can be treated with an amine of a desired Ar 2 group of formula (9) with tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) and Xantphos with sodium tert-butoxide in an organic solvent, such as toluene to provide compounds of formula (12) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3481.
  • Compounds of formula (7), wherein X' is iodide can be treated with a thiol of a desired Ar 2 group of formula (10) with Cul, K 2 C0 3 and 1 ,2-ethanediol to provide compounds of formula (13) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3517.
  • Quinuclidine ethers of formulas (23), (24), and (25), wherein Ar 1 is a nitrogen- containing heteroaryl, for example pyridazine, and Ar 2 is as defined for formula (I), can be prepared as shown in Scheme 3.
  • a metal quinuclidinoxide of formula (20), wherein M is potassium or sodium, can be reacted with a dihaloaromatic ring, for example, dichloropyridazine, of formula (21a), wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are bromide, chloride, or iodide, and X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are nitrogen or CH, to obtain a quinuclidine ether of formula (22).
  • a compound of formula (22) can be obtained by treating 3-quinuclidinol with a compound of formula (21 b), wherein Y 2 is bromide, chloride, or iodide, with diethyl azodicarboxylate in the presence of a phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine.
  • Compounds of formula (22), wherein Y 2 is bromide or iodide can be treated with the compound of formula (8) with Cs 2 C0 3 , CuCI and TMHD in NMP to provide compounds of formula (23) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1623.
  • Quinuclidine amine derivatives of formulas (40), (41 ), and (42), wherein Ar 1 , Ar 2 , and R 1 are as defined for formula (I), can be prepared as shown in Scheme 5.
  • 3-Quinuclidinone (35) and a haloarylamine of formula (36), wherein Y is bromide, chloride, or iodide, can be treated with sodium triacetoxy borohydride and Na 2 S0 in acetic acid to provide a racemic compound of formula (39) as described in Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6045.
  • the racemate of formula (39) can be resolved into its respective isomers by resolution with D-tartaric acid or via chiral HPLC chromatography on a Chiracel®-OD chromatography column using methods well- known in the art to provide the (R)- and (S)-isomers of formula (39), respectively.
  • a compound of formula (39) can be obtained by treating 3- aminoquinuclidine (37) with haloaromatic group as described in formula (38) in Cs 2 C0 3 in the presence of palladium catalyst, preferably in toluene.
  • Compounds of formula (39), wherein Y is bromide or iodide can be treated with a compound of formula (8) with CuCI, TMHD and Cs 2 C0 3 in NMP to provide compounds of formula (40) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1623.
  • Compounds of formula (39), wherein Y is bromide or iodide can be treated with an amine of a desired Ar 2 group of formula (9) with tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) and Xantphos with sodium tert-butoxide in an organic solvent, such as toluene, to provide compounds of formula (41 ) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3481.
  • the racemate of formula (47) can be resolved into its respective isomers by resolution with D-tartaric acid or via chiral HPLC chromatography on a Chiracel®-OD chromatography column using methods well-known in the art to provide the (R)- and (S)-isomers of formula (47), respectively.
  • Compounds of formula (47), wherein Y is bromide or iodide can be treated with a compound of formula (8) with CuCI, TMHD and Cs 2 C0 3 in NMP to provide compounds of formula (48) as described in Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1623.
  • Quinuclidine ethers of general formula (56), wherein Ar 1 and X 2 are as defined in formula (I), can be prepared as described in Scheme 8.
  • Commercially available compounds of formula (55) can be converted to compounds of formula (56) using the conditions employed in the transformation of compounds of formula (21 b) to compounds of formula (22) as described in Scheme 3.
  • Reacting compounds of formula (63) with a N-protected hydrazine such as hydrazinecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate, and copper(l) iodide provides compounds of formula (64).
  • Deprotecting compounds of formula (64) in acidic medium such as aqueous hydrochloric acid or trifluoroacetic acid, provides compounds of formula (65).
  • Compounds of formula (64) can be reacted with ketones of formula (66) in the presence of an acid such as toluene sulfonic acid or hydrochloric acid, followed by in situ cyclization to afford compounds of formula (67).
  • Compounds of formula (71 ) can be obtained from compounds of formula (68) as described in Scheme 11. Reacting compounds of formula (68) with formaldehyde in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid provides compounds of formula (69). The di- iodo compounds of formula (69) can be reacted with 3-quinuclidinol using the reaction conditions used for the conversion of compounds of formula (2) to compounds of formula (3) as described in Scheme 1 , to provide compounds of formula (70). De-iodonation of compounds of formula (70) with hydrogen, in the presence of palladium/carbon provides compounds of formula (71 ).
  • Compounds of formula (I) wherein A is N can be converted to compounds of formula (I) wherein A is N + -0 " by treatment with an oxidizing agent.
  • Compounds of formula (II) wherein G is N can be converted to compounds of formula (II) wherein G is N + -0 " using the same conditions.
  • the oxidizing agent include, but not limited to, aqueous hydrogen peroxide and m-chloroperbenzoic acid.
  • the reaction is generally performed in a solvent such as, but not limited to, acetonitrile, water, dichloromethane, acetone or mixture thereof, preferably a mixture of acetonitrile and water, at a temperature from about room temperature to about 80°C, for a period of about 1 hour to about 4 days.
  • a solvent such as, but not limited to, acetonitrile, water, dichloromethane, acetone or mixture thereof, preferably a mixture of acetonitrile and water
  • Examples of conventional methods for isolating and purifying compounds can include, but are not limited to, chromatography on solid supports such as silica gel, alumina, or silica derivatized with alkylsilane groups, by recrystallization at high or low temperature with an optional pretreatment with activated carbon, thin-layer chromatography, distillation at various pressures, sublimation under vacuum, and trituration, as described for instance in "Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry", 5th edition (1989), by Furniss, Hannaford, Smith, and Tatchell, pub. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex CM20 2JE, England.
  • the compounds of the invention have at least one basic nitrogen whereby the compound can be treated with an acid to form a desired salt.
  • a compound may be reacted with an acid at or above room temperature to provide the desired salt, which is deposited, and collected by filtration after cooling.
  • acids suitable for the reaction include, but are not limited to tartaric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, as well as mandelic, atrolactic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic, carbonic, fumaric, gluconic, acetic, propionic, salicylic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, citric, or hydroxy butyric acid, camphorsulfonic, malic, phenylacetic, aspartic, glutamic, and the like.
  • compositions of the Invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compositions comprise compounds of the invention formulated together with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated for oral administration in solid or liquid form, for parenteral injection or for rectal administration.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as used herein, means a non- toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, com oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium
  • compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other mammals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments or drops), bucally or as an oral or nasal spray.
  • parenterally refers to modes of administration, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous, intraarticular injection and infusion.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and the like, and suitable mixtures thereof), vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate, or suitable mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable fluidity of the composition may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservative agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It also can be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility.
  • the rate of absorption of the drug can depend upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.
  • a parenterally administered drug form can be administered by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
  • Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, can contain suspending agents, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar- agar, tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds of the invention can be incorporated into slow-release or targeted-delivery systems such as polymer matrices, liposomes, and microspheres. They may be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter or by incorporation of sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions, which may be dissolved in sterile water or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
  • injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled.
  • biodegradable polymers examples include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides) Depot injectable formulations also are prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.
  • injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation also can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic, parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent such as a solution in 1 ,3-butanediol.
  • a nontoxic, parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent such as a solution in 1 ,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S. P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • one or more compounds of the invention is mixed with at least one inert pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and salicylic acid; b) binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia; c) humectants such as glycerol; d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin; f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; g) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay; and i) lubricants
  • the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They can optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of materials useful for delaying release of the active agent can include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non- irritating carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • suitable non- irritating carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1 ,3- butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate,
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.
  • a desired compound of the invention is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, eardrops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes; paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.
  • Compounds of the invention also can be administered in the form of liposomes.
  • liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi- lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non- toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes may be used.
  • the present compositions in liposome form may contain, in addition to the compounds of the invention, stabilizers, preservatives, and the like.
  • the preferred lipids are the natural and synthetic phospholipids and phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) used separately or together. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art.
  • Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments and inhalants.
  • the active compound is mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives, buffers or propellants.
  • Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • Aqueous liquid compositions of the invention also are particularly useful.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or amides derived from inorganic or organic acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and amides include salts, zwitterions, esters and amides of compounds of formula (l) which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well-known in the art.
  • the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitable organic acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2- hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3- phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succ
  • the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quatemized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
  • lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
  • dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates
  • long chain halides such as de
  • acids which can be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid.
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of compounds of this invention by reacting a carboxylic acid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts, and the like, and nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and the such as.
  • Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, and piperazine.
  • esters of compounds of the invention which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof.
  • examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic esters of the invention include C ⁇ -to-C 6 alkyl esters and C 5 -to-C 7 cycloalkyl esters, although C 1 -to-C alkyl esters are preferred.
  • Esters of the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to conventional methods.
  • esters can be appended onto hydroxy groups by reaction of the compound that contains the hydroxy group with acid and an alkylcarboxylic acid such as acetic acid, or with acid and an arylcarboxylic acid such as benzoic acid.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable esters are prepared from compounds containing the carboxylic acid groups by reaction of the compound with base such as triethylamine and an alkyl halide, alkyl trifilate, for example with methyl iodide, benzyl iodide, cyclopentyl iodide.
  • amide refers to non- toxic amides of the invention derived from ammonia, primary C ⁇ -to-C 6 alkyl amines and secondary C ⁇ -to ⁇ C 6 dialkyl amines. In the case of secondary amines, the amine can also be in the form of a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom.
  • Amides derived from ammonia, C ⁇ -to-C 3 alkyl primary amides and C ⁇ -to-C 2 dialkyl secondary amides are preferred.
  • Amides of the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to conventional methods.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable amides can be prepared from compounds containing primary or secondary amine groups by reaction of the compound that contains the amino group with an alkyl anhydride, aryl anhydride, acyl halide, or aroyl halide.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable esters are prepared from compounds containing the carboxylic acid groups by reaction of the compound with base such as triethylamine, a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or carbonyl diimidazole, and an alkyl amine, dialkylamine, for example with methylamine, diethylamine, piperidine. They also can be prepared by reaction of the compound with an acid such as sulfuric acid and an alkylcarboxylic acid such as acetic acid, or with acid and an arylcarboxylic acid such as benzoic acid under dehydrating conditions as with molecular sieves added.
  • base such as triethylamine
  • a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or carbonyl diimidazole
  • an alkyl amine, dialkylamine for example with methylamine, diethylamine, piperidine.
  • They also can be prepared by reaction of the compound with an acid such as sulfuric
  • composition can contain a compound of the invention in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or “prodrug,” as used herein, represents those prodrugs of the compounds of the invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use.
  • Prodrugs of the invention can be rapidly transformed in vivo to a parent compound of formula (I), for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
  • the invention contemplates pharmaceutically active compounds either chemically synthesized or formed by in vivo biotransformation to compounds of formula (I).
  • Compounds and compositions of the invention are useful for modulating the effects of nAChRs, and more particularly ⁇ 7 nAChRs.
  • the compounds and compositions of the invention can be used for treating and preventing disorders modulated by ⁇ 7 nAChRs.
  • disorders can be ameliorated by selectively modulating the ⁇ 7 nAChRs in a mammal, preferably by administering a compound or composition of the invention, either alone or in combination with another active agent, for example, as part of a therapeutic regimen.
  • the compounds of the invention including but not limited to those specified in the examples, possess an affinity for nAChRs, and more particularly ⁇ 7 nAChRs.
  • the compounds of the invention can be useful for the treatment and prevention of a number of ⁇ 7 nAChR-mediated diseases or conditions.
  • ⁇ 7 nAChRs have been shown to play a significant role in enhancing cognitive function, including aspects of learning, memory and attention (Levin, E.D., J. Neurobiol. 53: 633-640, 2002).
  • 7 ligands are suitable for the treatment of cognitive disorders including, for example, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment, senile dementia, AIDS dementia, Pick's Disease, dementia associated with Lewy bodies, and dementia associated with Down's syndrome, as well as cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
  • ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • senile dementia AIDS dementia
  • Pick's Disease dementia associated with Lewy bodies
  • dementia associated with Down's syndrome as well as cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
  • ⁇ 7-containing nAChRs have been shown to be involved in the neuroprotective effects of nicotine both in vitro (Jonnala, R. B. and Buccafusco, J. J., J. Neurosci. Res. 66: 565-572, 2001) and in vivo (Shimohama, S. et al., Brain Res. 779: 359-363, 1998). More particularly, neurodegeneration underlies
  • Parkinson's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, as well as diminished CNS function resulting from traumatic brain injury.
  • the impaired function of ⁇ 7 nAChRs by ⁇ -amyloid peptides linked to Alzheimer's disease has been implicated as a key factor in development of the cognitive deficits associated with the disease (Liu, Q.-S., Kawai, H., Berg, D. K., PNAS 98: 4734-4739, 2001).
  • the activation of ⁇ 7 nAChRs has been shown to block this neurotoxicity (Kihara, T. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276: 13541-13546, 2001 ).
  • Schizophrenia is a complex disease that is characterized by abnormalities in perception, cognition, and emotions. Significant evidence implicates the involvement of ⁇ 7 nAChRs in this disease, including a measured deficit of these receptors in post-mortem patients (Leonard, S. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 393: 237-242, 2000). Deficits in sensory processing (gating) are one of the hallmarks of schizophrenia. These deficits can be normalized by nicotinic ligands that operate at the ⁇ 7 nAChR (Adler L. E. et al., Schizophrenia Bull.
  • ⁇ 7 ligands demonstrate potential in the treatment schizophrenia.
  • Angiogenesis a process involved in the growth of new blood vessels, is important in beneficial systemic functions, such as wound healing, vascularization of skin grafts, and enhancement of circulation, for example, increased circulation around a vascular occlusion.
  • Non-selective nAChR agonists like nicotine have been shown to stimulate angiogenesis (Heeschen, C. et al., Nature Medicine 7: 833-839, 2001).
  • Improved angiogenesis has been shown to involve activation of the ⁇ 7 nAChR (Heeschen, C.
  • nAChR ligands that are selective for the ⁇ 7 subtype offer improved potential for stimulating angiogenesis with an improved side effect profile.
  • a population of 7 nAChRs in the spinal cord modulate serotonergic transmission that have been associated with the pain-relieving effects of nicotinic compounds (Cordero-Erausquin, M. and Changeux, J.-P. PNAS 98:2803-2807, 2001).
  • the ⁇ 7 nAChR ligands demonstrate therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain states, including acute pain, post-surgical pain, as well as chronic pain states including inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain.
  • ⁇ 7 nAChRs are expressed on the surface of primary macrophages that are involved in the inflammation response, and that activation of the ⁇ 7 receptor inhibits release of TNF and other cytokines that trigger the inflammation response (Wang, H. et al Nature 421 : 384-388, 2003). Therefore, selective ⁇ 7 ligands demonstrate potential for treating conditions involving inflammation and pain.
  • the mammalian sperm acrosome reaction is an exocytosis process important in fertilization of the ovum by sperm. Activation of an ⁇ 7 nAChR on the sperm cell has been shown to be essential for the acrosome reaction (Son, J.-H. and Meizel, S. Biol. Reproduct.
  • ⁇ 7 agents demonstrate utility for treating fertility disorders.
  • Compounds of the invention are particularly useful for treating and preventing a condition or disorder affecting cognition, neurodegeneration, and schizophrenia.
  • Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia often limits the ability of patients to function normally, a symptom not adequately treated by commonly available treatments, for example, treatment with an atypical antipsychotic.
  • Such cognitive deficit has been linked to dysfunction of the nicotinic cholinergic system, in particular with decreased activity at ⁇ 7 receptors.
  • activators of ⁇ 7 receptors can provide useful treatment for enhancing cognitive function in schizophrenic patients who are being treated with atypical antipsychotics. Accordingly, the combination of an ⁇ 7 nAChR ligand and an atypical antipsychotic would offer improved therapeutic utility.
  • suitable atypical antipsychotics include, but are not limited to, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quietapine, ziprasidone, zotepine, iloperidone, and the like.
  • Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions and mode of administration.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of one of the compounds of the invention can be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide or prodrug form.
  • the compound can be administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of interest in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • therapeutically effective amount means a sufficient amount of the compound to treat disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well-known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • the total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or lower animal range from about 0.10 mg/kg body weight to about 1 g/kg body weight. More preferable doses can be in the range of from about 0.10 mg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg body weight. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration. Consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.
  • the compounds and processes of the invention will be better understood by reference to the following examples and reference examples, which are intended as an illustration of and not a limitation upon the scope of the invention.
  • Example 1A 3-(3-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (anhydrous, 10 mL) was treated with 3-phenoxyphenol (Aldrich, 186 mg, 1 mmol), DIAD (diisopropyl azadicarboxylate, Aldrich, 404 mg, 2 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (Aldrich, 522 mg, 2 mmol) at ambient temperature for two days. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Example 1B 3-(3-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of 1 A 250 mg, 0.85 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) to provide title compound as a solid (165 mg, 59% yield).
  • Example 2A 3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) was treated with 1-iodo-4- phenoxy-benzene (Aldrich, 296 mg, 1 mmol), Cul (Strem Chemicals, 19 mg, 0.1 mmol), 1 ,10-phenanthroline (Aldrich, 36 mg, 0.2 mmol), and Cs 2 C0 3 (660 mg, 2.0 mmol) in toluene (anhydrous, Aldrich, 10 mL) and heated at 110 °C for two days.
  • Example 2B 3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of 2A (220 mg, 0.75 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) to provide the title compound as a solid (171 mg, yield, 69%).
  • Example 3A (R)-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine 3-(R)-Hydroxy-quinuclidine (the product of Reference Example 1 , 152 mg, 1.2 mmol), was coupled with 1-iodo-4-phenoxy-benzene (178 mg, 0.6 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 3A.
  • the title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.20) as oil (25 mg, yield, 14%).
  • Example 3B (R)-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 3A (20 mg, 0.07 mmol) in ethyl acetate (4 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL) to provide the title compound as a solid (20 mg, yield, 90%).
  • Example 4A (S)-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine 3-(R)-Hydroxy-quinuclidine (the product of Reference Example 1 , 152 mg, 1.2 mmol), was treated with 1-iodo-4-phenoxy-benzene (178 mg, 0.6 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 3A to provide the title compound. (80 mg, yield, 45.2%).
  • Example 4B (S)-3-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 4A (80 mg, 0.27 mmol) in ethyl acetate (4 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL) to provide the title compound as solid (57 mg, yield, 63%).
  • Example 5A 3- ⁇ 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy1phenoxy ⁇ quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) was treated with 4-(4- trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-phenol (Aldrich, 255 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 1 A. The title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.50) as oil (180 mg, yield, 49%).
  • Example 5B 3- ⁇ 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxylphenoxy ⁇ quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of 5A (180 mg, 0.49 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) to provide the title compound as a solid (110 mg, yield, 56%).
  • Example 6A 3-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy1quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) was treated with 4-(4-fluoro- phenoxy)-phenol (Aldrich, 205 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 1 A.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 ⁇ 2 O, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.45) as oil (230 mg, yield, 73%).
  • Example 6B 3-[4-(4-f
  • ethyl acetate 5 mL
  • 4M HCI 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) to provide the title compound as a solid (106 mg, yield, 42%).
  • Example 7A 4-[4-(1-azabicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenoxy1phenol 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) was treated with 4,4'- dihydroxydiphenyl ether (TCI, 202 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 1A. The title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH:NH 3 H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.2) as oil (210 mg, yield, 68%).
  • Example 7B 4-[4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2loct-3-yloxy)phenoxylphenol hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 7A (210 mg, 0.68 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) to provide the title compound as a solid (140 mg, yield, 59%).
  • Example 8 4,4'-di(1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)-diphenyl ether bis(hydrochloride) 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) was treated with 4,4'- dihydroxydiphenyl ether (TCI, 202 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 7A.
  • the free base of title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH:NH 3 H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.4) as oil (60 mg, yield, 7%).
  • Example 9A 4- ⁇ 4-[(3R)-1-azabicyclo
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.2) as oil (48 mg, yield, 15%).
  • Example 9B 4- ⁇ 4-F(3R)-1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy1phenoxy)phenol fumarate
  • the product of Example 9A (48 mg, 0.15 mmol) in ethyl acetate:MeOH (3 mL, 10:1 ) was treated with fumaric acid (Aldrich, 17.4 mg, 0.15 mmol) at room temperature and stirred overnight to provide the title compound as a solid (34 mg, yield, 62%).
  • Example 10 4- ⁇ [4-(1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvnthio ⁇ phenol hydrochloride
  • Example 10A 4- ⁇ f4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1thio)phenol 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) was treated with 4,4'- dihydroxydiphenyl thioether (TCI, 218 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 1 A.
  • Example 10B 4- ⁇ f4-(1-azabicyclor2.2.2loct-3-yloxy)phenyl1thio)phenol hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 10A 200 mg, 0.61 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) to provide the title compound as a solid (140 mg, yield, 63%).
  • Example 11 4-( ⁇ 4-[(3R)-1-azabicyclof2.2.21oct-3-yloxy1phenyl)thio)phenol fumarate
  • Example 11A 4-( ⁇ 4-R3R)-1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy1phenyl ⁇ thio)phenol 3-(S)-Hydroxy-quinuclidine (the product of Reference Example 2D, 127 mg, 1 mmol) was treated with 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl thioether (TCI, 202 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 1A.
  • TCI 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl thioether
  • Example 11B 4-( ⁇ 4-[(3R)-1-azabicvclor2.2.2loct-3-yloxy1phenyl)thio)phenol fumarate
  • the product of Example 11A (38 mg, 0.12 mmol) in ethyl acetate:MeOH (5 mL, 10 : 1) was treated with fumaric acid 17.4 mg (0.15 mmol) at room temperature overnight.
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (30 mg, yield, 66%).
  • Example 12A 4,4'-dir(3R)-1-aza-bicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy1-diphenyl thioether 3-(S)-Hydroxy-quinuclidine (the product of Reference Example 2D, 508 mg,
  • Example 12B' 4,4'-di[(3R)-1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy1-diphenyl thioether tri(hydrochloride)
  • the product of Example 12A (110 mg, 0.25 mmol) was treated with HCI (Aldrich, 4 M in dioxane, 0.5 mL, 2 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at ambient temperature for 16 hours to give the title compound ( 53.3 mg, 39%).
  • Example 13A 3- ⁇ 4-[(4-isopropoxyphenyl)thio1phenoxy)quinuclidine
  • the product of Example 10A (80 mg, 0.24 mmol) was treated with isopropyl alcohol (60 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 1 A.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0,
  • Example 13B 3- ⁇ 4-f(4-isopropoxyphenyl)thio1phenoxy>quinuclidine fumarate
  • the product of Example 13A (74 mg, 0.2 mmol) in ethyl acetate:MeOH (5 mL, 10 : 1) was treated with fumaric acid (Aldrich, 21 mg, 0.2 mmol).
  • Example 14A 3-(4-iodophenoxy)quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 2.54 g, 20 mmol) in toluene (anhydrous, Aldrich, 50 mL) was treated with 1 ,4-diiodobenzene (Aldrich, 7.9 g, 24 mmol), Cul (Strem Chemicals, 0.38 g, 2 mmol), 1 ,10-phenanthroline (Aldrich, 0.72 g, 4 mmol), and Cs 2 C0 3 (Aldrich, 8.15 g, 25 mmol), heated at 110 °C for 40 hours.
  • Example 14B 3-(4-iodophenoxy)quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 14A (3.7 g, 11.2 mmol) in ethyl acetate (50 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (5 mL, 20 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (4.0 g, yield, 98%).
  • Example 14C 3-r4-(pyridin-3-yloxy)phenoxy1quinuclidine hydrochloride The product of Example 14B (365 mg, 1.0 mmol) in N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one
  • Example 15A 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenoxy1quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 2.54 g, 20 mmol) was treated with 1- benzyloxy-4-iodo-benzene (Aldrich, 3.10 g, 10 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 14A.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2> CH 2 Cl 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:2, R f . 0.40) as an oil (1.30 g, yield, 42%).
  • Example 15B 3-F4-(benzyloxy)phenoxy1quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 15A (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2.0 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (80 mg, yield, 72%).
  • Example 15C 4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenol
  • the product of Example 15A (1.20 g, 3.9 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was treated with Pd/C (Aldrich, 10% wt., 0.2 g) under H 2 at ambient temperature for 10 hours.
  • the mixture filtered through a short column of diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (0.72, yield, 84%).
  • Example 15D 4-(1 -azabicyclo 2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenol hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 15C (66 mg, 0.3 mmol) in ethyl acetate (4 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (80 mg, yield, 92%).
  • Example 15E 3-[4-(thien-3-yloxy)phenoxy1quinuclidine
  • the product of Example 15C (110 mg, 0.5 mmol) in N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (2 mL) was treated with 3-iodothiophene (Aldrich, 209 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 14C.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 ⁇ 2 0, 90:10:2, R f . 0.30) as oil (40 mg, yield, 26%).
  • Example 15F 3-r4-(thien-3-yloxy)phenoxy1quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 15E (40 mg, 0.13 mmol) in ethyl acetate (4 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (26 mg, yield, 59%).
  • Example 16A 3- ⁇ 4-r(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy1phenoxy ⁇ quinuclidine
  • the product of Example 15C (110 mg, 0.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was treated with potassium tert-butoxide (Aldrich, 1M in THF, 0.6 mL, 0.6 mmol) at ambient temperature for 5 minutes followed by addition of 5-bromo-2-iodo-pyrimidine (Aldrich, 142 mg, 0.5 mmol) and stirred at 60 °C for 10 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL), and washed with brine (2 x 5 mL).
  • Example 16B 3-(4-r(5-bromopyhmidin-2-yl)oxy1phenoxylquinuclidine trifluroacetate
  • the product of Example 16A (100 mg, 0.26 mmol) in ethyl acetate (4 mL) was treated with trifluroacetic acid (113 mg, 1 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as solid (100 mg, yield, 64%).
  • Example 17 N-[4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N-phenylamine hydrochloride
  • Example 17A N-r4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1-N-phenylamine
  • aniline Aldrich, 140 mg, 1.5 mmol
  • Pd 2 (dba) 3 Stringem Chemicals, 18.3 mg, 0.02 mmol
  • 1 ,3-bis(2,6-di-/-propylphenyl)imidazolium chloride 95%, 26.9 mg, 0.06 mmol
  • sodium tert-butoxide Aldrich, 144 mg, 1.5 mmol
  • Example 17B [N-r4-(1-azabicvclof2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N-phenylamine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 17A 160 mg, 0.53 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (150 mg, yield, 64%).
  • Example 18A (3R)-3-(4-iodophenoxy)quinuclidine 3-(R)-Hydroxyquinuclidine (the product of Reference Example 1 , 0.64 g, 5.0 mmol) was treated with 1 ,4-diiodobenzene (1.98 g, 6.0 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 14A.
  • the title compound was purified by flash chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.30) as a solid (0.50 g, yield, 15%).
  • Example 18B N- ⁇ 4-r(3R)-1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxylphenyl)-N-phenylamine
  • the product of Example 18A (270 mg, 0.82 mmol) was treated with aniline (Aldrich, 114 mg, 1.23 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 17A.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si ⁇ 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.20) as an oil (130 mg, yield, 54%).
  • Example 18C N- ⁇ 4-R3R)-1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy1phenyl>-N-phenylamine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 18B (130 mg, 0.44 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (70 mg, yield, 48%).
  • Example 19A N-r4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1pyhdin-3-amine
  • the product of Example 14B (200 mg, 0.55 mmol) was treated with 3- aminopyridine (Aldrich, 78 mg, 0.83 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 17A.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:2, R f . 0.10) as an oil (110 mg, yield, 68%).
  • Example 19B N-r4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyllpyridin-3-amine dihydrochloride
  • the product of Example 19A 110 mg, 0.37 mmol
  • ethyl acetate 5 mL
  • 4M HCI 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (130 mg, yield, 96%).
  • Example 20A N-[4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1benzamide
  • the product of Example 14B (260 mg, 0.70 mmol) in 1 ,4-dioxane (Aldrich, anhydrous, 10 mL) was treated with benzamide (Aldrich, 78 mg, 0.83 mmol),
  • Example 20B N-[4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvnbenzamide hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 20A (170 mg, 0.53 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as solid (110 mg, yield, 58%).
  • Example 21A 3-(4-bromophenoxy)quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 1.27 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 4-bromo- iodobenzene (Aldrich, 2.82 g, 10 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 14A. The title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.20) as oil (0.85 g, yield, 30%).
  • Example 21 B N-r4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1-N-cvclohexylamine
  • the product of Example 21 A (281 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with cyclohexylamine (Aldrich, 150 mg, 1.5 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 17A.
  • the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si ⁇ 2 , CH CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 ⁇ 2 O, 90:10:2, R f . 0.10) as oil (130 mg, yield, 43%).
  • Example 21 C N-r4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N-cyclohexylamine fumarate
  • the product of Example 21 B (130 mg, 0.43 mmol) in EtOAc/MeOH (v.10/1 1 , 5 mL) was treated with fumaric acid (50 mg, 0.43 mmol) at room temperature overnight.
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (121 mg, yield, 75%).
  • Example 22A 3-(4-nitrophenoxy)quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 2.54 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 1-iodo-4- nitro-benzene (5 g, 20 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 14A. The title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI : MeOH : NH 3 ⁇ 2O, 90:10:1 , R f . 0.20) (1.02 g, yield, 21%).
  • Example 22B 4-(1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)aniline
  • the product of Example 22A (1.02 g, 4.1 mmol) in MeOH (25 mL) was treated with Pd/C (Aldrich, 10%, 150 mg) under H2 at room temperature for 1.5 hours.
  • the mixture was filtered through a short column of diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound (0.92 g, yield, 100%).
  • Example 22C N-r4-(1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1-N,N-dithien-3-ylamine
  • the product of Example 22B (219 mg, 1.0 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was treated with 3-bromothiophene (Aldrich, 178 mg, 1.1 mmol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (Strem Chemicals, 24 mg, 0.025 mmol), ( t Bu 3 P) 2 Pd (Strem Chemicals, 26 mg, 0.05 mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (Aldrich, 105 mg, 1.1 mmol) and heated at 110 °C under N 2 for 15 hours.
  • 3-bromothiophene Aldrich, 178 mg, 1.1 mmol
  • Pd 2 (dba) 3 (Strem Chemicals, 24 mg, 0.025 mmol)
  • Example 22D N-f4-(1-azabicvclof2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N,N-dithien-3-ylamine fumarate
  • ethyl acetate:MeOH 5 mL, 10:1
  • fumaric acid 35 mg, 0.30 mmol
  • Example 23A N-I4-(1 -azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N-1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl-1 ,3-thiazol-2-amine
  • the product of Example 22B (219 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with 2- bromothiazole (Aldrich, 179 mg, 1.1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 22C.
  • the title compound was purified by preparative HPLC as an oil (42 mg, yield, 11 %).
  • Example 23B N-[4-(1 -azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1-N-1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl-1 ,3-thiazol-2-amine dihydrochloride
  • the product of Example 23A (42 mg, 0.11 mmol) in ethyl acetate (3 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) at ambient temperature for 10 hours.
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (22 mg, yield, 40%).
  • Example 24A N-r4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.2loct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N,N-bis(1-benzothien-3-yl)amine
  • the product of Example 22B (219 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with 3-bromo-1- benzothiophene (Aldrich, 233 mg, 1.1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 21C.
  • the title compound was purified by preparative HPLC as an oil (70 mg, yield, 14%).
  • Example 24B N- 4-(1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvn-N,N-bis(1-benzothien-3-yl)amine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 24A 70 mg, 0.14 mmol) in ethyl acetate (3 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) at ambient temperature for 10 hours.
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (42 mg, yield, 53%).
  • Example 25A 1-(5- ⁇ [4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1amino)thien-2-yl)ethanone
  • the product of Example 22B (219 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with 1-(5- bromothien-2-yl)ethanone (Aldrich, 227 mg, 1.1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 22C.
  • the title compound was purified by preparative HPLC as an oil (40 mg, yield, 12%).
  • Example 25B 1-(5- ⁇ [4-(1-azabicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenvnamino ⁇ thien-2-yl)ethanone hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 25A (40 mg, 0.12 mmol) was treated with HCI
  • Example 26 N-r4-(1-azabicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1-N-(4-methylthien-3-yl)amine hydrochloride
  • Example 26A N-r4-(1-azabicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenyl1-N-(4-methylthien-3-yl)amine
  • the product of Example 22B (219 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with 3-bromo-4- methylthiophene (Aldrich, 196 mg, 1.1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 22C.
  • the title compound was purified by preparative HPLC as an oil (180 mg, yield, 57%).
  • Example 26B N-[4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)phenv ⁇ -N-(4-methylthien-3-yl)amine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 26A (198 mg, 0.57 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol) at ambient temperature for 10 hours.
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (155 mg, yield, 77%).
  • Example 27 3-[(6-phenoxypyridazin-3-yl)oxy1quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • Example 27A 3-chloro-6-phenoxypyridazine 3,6-Dichloropyridazine (Aldrich, 4.47 g, 30 mmol) in NaOH (10%, 20 mL) was treated with phenol (Aldrich, 1.88 g, 20 mmol) at 100°C for 15 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL). The extracts were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Example 27B 3,6-diphenoxypyridazine Phenol (Aldrich, 1.88 g, 20 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) was treated with potassium tert-butoxide (Aldrich, 2.24 g, 20 mmol) at ambient temperature for 10 minutes. The product of Example 27A (3.0 g, 14.5 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 10 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), and washed with brine (2 x 10 mL). The organic phase was concentrated affording the title compound as a solid (3.2 g, yield, 84%).
  • Example 27C 3-l " (6-phenoxypyhdazin-3-yl)oxy1quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 160 mg, 1.25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran was treated with potassium tert-butoxide (112 mg, 1.0 mmol) at ambient temperature for 10 minutes. The product of Example 27B (528 mg, 2 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 6 hours. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with brine (2 x 5 mL).
  • Example 27D 3-[(6-phenoxypyhdazin-3-yl)oxy1quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 27C (120 mg, 0.45 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (120 mg, yield, 80%).
  • Example 28A 3-[(5-phenoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy1quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 3.2 g, 25 mmol) ) in DMF (anhydrous, 30 mL) was treated with NaH (Aldrich, 99%, 1.2 g, 50 mmol) at ambient temperature for 1 hour. 2-Chloro-5-bromopyridine (7.1 g, 30 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 6 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, treated with Na 2 C0 3 (2M, 10 mL) at 10 °C, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL).
  • Example 28B 3-[(5-phenoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy1quinuclidine
  • the product of Example 28A (283 mg, 1 mmol) was treated with phenol (Aldrich, 188 mg, 2 mmol) according the procedure of Example 14C.
  • the title 5 compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:2, R f . 0.10) as an oil (210 mg, yield, 71%).
  • Example 28C 3-K5-phenoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy1quinuclidine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 28B (210 mg, 0.71 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was5 treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL, 2 mmol).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (120 mg, yield, 80%).
  • Example 29 3-[(5-phenoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxylquinuclidine fumarate5
  • Example 29A 3-[(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy1quinuclidine 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was treated with potassium tert-butoxide (Aldrich, 224 mg, 2 mmol) at ambient0 temperature for 1 hour.
  • Example 29B 3-[(5-phenoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy1quinuclidine fumarate
  • the product of Example 29A (284 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with phenol (Aldrich, 188 mg, 2 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 14C.
  • the free base of the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:2, R f . 0.15) as an oil (42 mg, yield, 14%).
  • Example 30 N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)quinuclidin-3-amine dihydrochloride
  • Example 30A N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)quinuclidin-3-amine 3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride (Aldrich, 1.61 g, 10 mmol) in acetic acid (25 mL) was treated with 4-phenoxyaniline (Aldrich, 0.93 g, 5.0 mmol), Na 2 S0 (anhydrous, Aldrich, 7.40 g, 50 mmol) and NaBH(OAc) 3 (Aldrich, 3.16 g, 15 mmol) at ambient temperature for 15 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was slowly poured into a flask containing 75 mL of saturated NaHC0 3 , stirred for 20 minutes, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL). The extracts were combined and washed with brine (2 x 20 mL). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and the title compound was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:2, R f . 0.10) as a solid (1.46 g, yield, 99%).
  • Example 30B N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)quinuclidin-3-amine dihydrochloride The product of Example 30A (1.46 g, 4.9 mmol) in ethyl acetate (20 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (5 mL, 20 mmol). The title compound was obtained as a solid (1.40 g, yield, 77%).
  • Example 31 N-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl1quinuclidin-3-amine hydrochloride 3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride (Aldrich, 1.61 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 4- (4-chlorophenyloxy) aniline (Aldrich, 1.10 g, 5.0 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 30A.
  • Example 32A N-[4-(4-methylphenoxy)phenvnquinuclidin-3-amine 3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride (Aldrich, 1.61 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 4- (4-methylphenoxy)aniline ( 0.99 g, 5.0 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 30A. The title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90:10:1, R f . 0.10) as an oil (1.48 g, yield, 95%).
  • Example 32B N-f4-(4-methylphenoxy)phenvnquinuclidin-3-amine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 32A (200 mg, 0.65 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in dioxane (0.5 mL).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (180 mg, yield, 73%).
  • Example 33A N-r4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl1quinuclidin-3-amine 3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride (Aldrich, 1.61 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 4- (4-aminophenoxy)phenylamine ( 1.00 g, 5.0 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 30A. The title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 80:20:4, R f . 0.20) as an oil (0.98 g, yield, 63%).
  • Example 33B N-[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenvnquinuclidin-3-amine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 33A (150 mg, 0.48 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (150 mg, yield, 82%).
  • Example 34A 4,4'-di(1 -aza-bicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-yl-amino)-diphenyl thioether 3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride (Aldrich, 1.61 g, 10 mmol) was treated with 4- (4-aminophenoxy)phenylamine ( 1.00 g, 5.0 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 33A.
  • the title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 80:20:4, R f . 0.10) as an oil (0.26 g, yield, 12%).
  • Example 34B 4,4'-di(1 -aza-bicyclo[2.2.21oct-3-yl-amino)-diphenyl thioether tetra(hydrochloride)
  • the product of Example 34A (270 mg, 0.63 mmol) was treated with HCI (Aldrich, 4 M in dioxane, 1 mL, 4 mmol) in EtOAc (10 mL) at ambient temperature for 10 hours to give the title compound as solid (260 mg, yield, 75%).
  • Example 35A N-(4-iodophenyl)quinuclidin-3-amine 3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride (Aldrich, 3.22 g, 20 mmol) was treated with 4- iodo-aniline ( 2.19 g, 10 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 30A.
  • the title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90 : 10 : 2, R f . 0.10) as oil (3.24 g, yield, 98%).
  • Example 35B N-(4-iodophenyl)quinuclidin-3-amine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 35A (100 mg, 0.30 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL).
  • the title compound was obtained as solid (90 mg, yield, 75%).
  • Example 35C N-1 -azabicyclof2.2.21oct-3-yl-N'-phenylbenzene-1 ,4-diamine
  • the product of Example 35A (200 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with aniline (Aldrich, 93 mg, 1 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 17A.
  • the title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 ⁇ 2 0, 90 : 10 : 2, R f .
  • Example 35D N-1 -azabicyclof2.2.21oct-3-yl-N'-phenylbenzene-1 ,4-diamine hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 35C 120 mg, 0.40 mmol
  • ethyl acetate 5 mL
  • 4M HCI 4M HCI
  • 1 ,4-dioxane 0.5 mL
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (100 mg, yield, 69%).
  • Example 36A 3-r(4-bromophenyl)thio1quinuclidine 4-Bromobenzenethiol (Aldrich, 2.54 g, 24 mmol) in DMF (anhydrous, Aldrich,
  • Example 36B 3-f(4-phenoxyphenyl)thio1quinuclidine
  • the product of Example 36A (300 mg, 1.0 mmol) was treated with phenol (Aldrich, 188 mg, 2 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 2A.
  • the title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90 : 10 : 2, R f . 0.20) as an oil (220 mg, yield, 71%).
  • Example 36C 3-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)thio1quinuclidine hydrochloride The product of Example 36B (220 mg, 0.71 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL). The title compound was obtained as a solid (180 mg, yield, 73%).
  • Example 37A N-r4-(1-azabicvclo[2.2.21oct-3-ylthio)phenvn-N-phenylamine
  • the product of Example 36A (300 mg, 1.0 mmol), as described herein, was treated with aniline (Aldrich, 186 mg, 2 mmol) according to the procedure of Example 17A, as described herein.
  • the title product was purified by chromatography (Si0 2 , CH 2 CI 2 : MeOH : NH 3 -H 2 0, 90 : 10 : 2, R f . 0.10) as an oil (210 mg, yield, 68%).
  • Example 37B N-r4-(1-azabicyclor2.2.21oct-3-ylthio)phenv ⁇ -N-phenylamine dihydrochloride
  • the product of Example 37A (210 mg, 0.68 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.5 mL).
  • the title compound was obtained as a solid (150 mg, yield, 58%).
  • Example 38A 3- 4-(4-iodo-phenoxy)-phenoxy1-1-aza-bicyclor2.2.21octane 3-Hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 1.27 g, 10.0 mmol) was treated with 4,4'- diiodo-diphenyl ether (Aldrich, 4.22 g, 10 mmol), Cul (Strem Chemicals, 190 mg, 1.0 mmol), 1 ,10-phenanthroline (Aldrich, 360 mg, 2.0 mmol) and Cs 2 C0 3 (6.60 g, 20.0 mmol) in toluene (anhydrous, Aldrich, 20 mL) and heated at 110 °C for two days according to the procedure of Example 2A.
  • Example 38B 4-(4-iodo-phenoxy)-phenoxyl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.21octane hydrochloride
  • the product of 38A (50.0 mg, 0.12 mmol) in ethyl acetate (5 mL) was treated with 4M HCI in 1 ,4-dioxane (0.25 mL, 1.0 mmol) to provide the title compound as a solid (52.0 mg, yield, 95%).
  • Example 39A N- ⁇ 4-[4-(1-aza-bicvclor2.2.2loct-3-yloxy)-phenoxy1-phenyl)-hvdrazinecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • the product of Example 38A (420 mg, 1.0 mmol) was coupled with tert-butyl carbazate (Aldrich, 158 mg, 1.2 mmol) under the catalysis of Cul (Strem Chemicals, 9.5 mg, 0.05 mmol) with Cs 2 C0 3 (Strem Chemicals, 489 mg, 1.4 mmol) in DMF (anhydrous, Aldrich, 5 mL) at 80°C overnight.
  • Example 39B (4-[4-(1-aza-bicvclof2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)-phenoxy1-phenyl)-hydrazine bis(hvdrochloride)
  • the product of Example 39A (80 mg, 0.19 mmol) was treated with HCI (Aldrich, 4 M in dioxane, 0.5 mL, 2.0 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at room temperature for 10h to give the title compound as yellow solid (60 mg, yield, 79%).
  • Example 40A 3-[4-(2-methyl-3-phenyl-1 H-indol-5-yloxy)-phenoxy1-1-aza-bicyclo
  • the product of Example 39A (105 mg, 0.25 mmol) was treated with 1-phenyl- propan-1-one (Aldrich, 67 mg, 0.5 mmol) and HCI (Aldrich, 4 M in dioxane, 0.5 mL, 2 mmol) in EtOH (3.0 mL) at 80°C for 10 h.
  • the mixture was concentrated and the title compound was was purified by preparative HPLC (XterraTM, column, Xterra RP-18 5 ⁇ m, 30 x 100 mm.
  • Example 40B 3-[4-(2-methyl-3-phenyl-1 H-indol-5-yloxy)-phenoxy1-1-aza-bicyclof2.2.2loctane hydrochloride
  • the product of Example 40A 60 mg, 0.14 mmol was treated with HCI (Aldrich, 4 M in dioxane, 0.25 mL, 1.0 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at ambient temperature for 1 hour to give the title compound as solid (25.0 mg, yield, 39%).
  • Example 41 A 3-r6-(4-iodo-phenoxy)-pyridazin-3-yloxy1-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.21octane
  • the product of Example 27C (870 mg, 3.00 mmol) was treated trifluroacetic acid (0.46 mL, 6.0 mmol) in MeCN (Aldrich, 10.0 mL) at ambient temperature for 10 min.
  • ⁇ /-Iodosuccinimide Aldrich, 0.742 g, 3.3 mmol
  • Example 41 B 3- 6-(4-iodo-phenoxy)-pyridazin-3-yloxy1-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.21octane tri(hvdrochloride)
  • the product of Example 41A (20 mg, 0.05 mmol) was treated with HCI
  • Example 42A 2,8-diiodo-6H,12H-5,11-methano-dibenzo[ib > /i ⁇ ,51diazocine
  • 4-iodo-phenylamine Aldrich, 6.57 g, 30 mmol
  • paraformaldehyde Aldrich, 1.80 g, 60 mmol
  • trifiuroacetic acid Aldrich, 60 mL
  • was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 hour. It was then concentrated , dissolved in water (10 mL) and neutralized with NH 3 -H 2 0 till pH 9.
  • the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The extracts were combined and concentrated.
  • Example 42B 2-(1-aza-bicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)-8-iodo-6H,12H-5,11-methano- dibenzor£>,/ 1 ,51diazocine
  • the product of example 42A (474 mg, 1.0 mmol) was coupled with the 3- hydroxy quinuclidine (Aldrich, 254 mg, 2.0 mmol) under the catalysis of Cul (Strem Chemicals, 19.0 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 1 ,10-phenanthroIine (Aldrich, 36 mg, 0.2 mmol) with Cs 2 C0 3 (Aldrich, 652 mg, 2.0 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) at 110 °C for 40 hours according to the procedure of Example 14A.
  • Example 42C 2-(1-aza-bicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)-8-iodo-6H,12H-5,11-methano- dibenzo /in ,51diazocine fumarate
  • the product of Example 42B (30 mg, 0.06 mmol) was treated with fumaric acid (11.6 mg, 0.1 mmol) in EtOH/MeOH (v. 10/1 , 2 mL) at room temperature for 10h to give the title compound (28 mg, yield, 75%).
  • Example 43A 2-(1-aza-bicvclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)-6H,12H-5,11-methano-dibenzorb,/iri ,51diazocine
  • the product of example 42B (90 mg, 0.19 mmol) was hydrogenated under the catalysis of Pd/C (Aldrich, 10 wt.%, 20 mg) in EtOH (10 mL) under H2 at ambient temperature for 2 h. The catalyst was then filtered off. The ethanol solution was concentrated, treated with 1 N NaOH (1 mL) and extracted with CHCI 3 /iPrOH (v. 10:1 , 3 x 10 mL).
  • Example 43B 2-(1-aza-bicyclor2.2.21oct-3-yloxy)-6H,12H-5,11-methano-dibenzorib,/iri ,51diazocine tri(hydrochloride)
  • the product of Example 43A 60 mg, 0.17 mmol was treated with HCI
  • [3H1-Methyllycaconitine (MLA) binding Binding conditions were similar to those for [3H]-cytisine binding.
  • Membrane enriched fractions from rat brain minus cerebellum (ABS Inc., Wilmington, DE) were slowly thawed at 4 °C, washed and resuspended in 30 volumes of BSS-Tris buffer (120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCI, 2 mM CaCI 2 , 2 mM MgCI 2 , and 50 mM Tris-CI, pH 7.4, 22 °C).
  • Preferred compounds typically exhibited greater potency at ⁇ 7 receptors compared to ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 receptors.
  • Compounds of the invention are ⁇ 7 nAChRs ligands that modulate function of 7 nAChRs by altering the activity of the receptor.
  • the compounds can be inverse agonists that inhibit the basal activity of the receptor or antagonists that completely block the action of receptor-activating agonists.
  • the compounds also can be partial agonists that partially block or partially activate the ⁇ 7 nAChR receptor or agonists that activate the receptor. It is understood that the foregoing detailed description and accompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the appended claims and their equivalents. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications, including without limitation those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, intermediates, syntheses, formulations and/or methods of use of the invention, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés de formule (I) ou (II) ou des sels, esters, amides ou promédicaments de ceux-ci, acceptables d'un point de vue pharmaceutique. Dans lesdites formules, A et G représentent chacun indépendamment N ou N+-O-; m et n représentent chacun indépendamment 0, 1 ou 2; X1 et X3 représentent chacun indépendamment O, S et -N(R1)-; X2 représente O, S, -N(R1)-, -N(Ar2)- et -N(R2)C(O)-; Ar1 représente un noyau aromatique à six éléments; Ar2 représente cyclohexyle ou un noyau aromatique monocyclique ou bicyclique et R13 représente hydrogène, alkyle ou halogène. Ces composés sont utilisés pour traiter des pathologies ou des troubles que des ligands nAChR permettent de prévenir ou d'améliorer. La présente invention concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques comprenant des composés de formule (I) et (II), ainsi que des procédés pour utiliser ces composés et ces compositions.
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EP1735305A2 (fr) 2006-12-27
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JP2007515486A (ja) 2007-06-14
CA2549979A1 (fr) 2005-07-21
MXPA06007179A (es) 2006-09-04

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