WO2005059215A9 - Improving physical and mechanical properties of fabrics by hydroentangling - Google Patents
Improving physical and mechanical properties of fabrics by hydroentanglingInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005059215A9 WO2005059215A9 PCT/US2004/042047 US2004042047W WO2005059215A9 WO 2005059215 A9 WO2005059215 A9 WO 2005059215A9 US 2004042047 W US2004042047 W US 2004042047W WO 2005059215 A9 WO2005059215 A9 WO 2005059215A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fabric
- abrasion
- hydroentanglement
- manifolds
- cycles
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C29/00—Finishing or dressing, of textile fabrics, not provided for in the preceding groups
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
Definitions
- Pills are small bunches or balls of interlaced fluff caused by small bundles of entangled fibers clinging to the cloth surface by one or more surface fibrils. Pilling is typically preceded by fuzz formation and when the material is subject to physical stimulation such as friction, the fuzz or fluff clumps together and is gathered by the fibrils. This undesirable pilling effect occurs with the lapse of time and wear and the tendency to pill generally lowers the commercial value of the fabrics.
- U.S. Patent No. 3,975,486 to Sekiquchi et al. is directed to a process for producing an antipiliing acrylic fiber wherein the steps of coagulation, stretching and relaxing heat treatment are conducted under particular conditions.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,205,037 to Fuiimatsu is directed to acrylic synthetic fibers highly resistant to pilling and having good dyeability produced by specifying the composition of the acrylic polymer, the condition of the primary stretching step, the internal water content of the water- swollen gel fibers, and the conditions of the steps of the drying-compacting, secondary stretching and relaxing heat treatment.
- U.S. Patent No. 3,975,486 to Sekiquchi et al. is directed to a process for producing an antipiliing acrylic fiber wherein the steps of coagulation, stretching and relaxing heat treatment are conducted under particular conditions.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,205,037 to Fuiimatsu is directed to acrylic synthetic fibers highly resistant to pilling and having good dyeability produced by specifying the composition of
- Patent No. 6,051 ,034 to Caldwell is directed to a method for reducing pilling of cellulosic towels wherein a composition comprising an acidic agent, and optionally a fabric softener, is applied to a pillable cellulosic towel, preferably to the face yarns of the towel. The towel is then heated for a time and under conditions sufficient to effect a controlled degradation of the cellulosic fibers, thereby reducing pilling. While these prior art antipiliing techniques have included various methods of reducing the pilling tendency of a fabric using chemical or other process modifications, the need exists for a simpler and more effective finishing method for producing fabrics that have a lower tendency to pill as well as having improved abrasion resistance.
- hydroentanglement is a process used for mechanically bonding a web of loose fibers to form fabrics directly from fibers.
- This class of fabric typically belongs to the nonwovens family of engineered fabrics.
- webs of nonwoven fibers are treated with high pressure fluid jets while supported on apertured patterning screens.
- the patterning screen is provided on a drum or continuous planar conveyor.
- the underlying mechanism in hydroentanglement is the subjecting of the fibers to a non- uniform pressure field created by successive banks of fine, closely spaced, high-velocity water jets.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,695,500 to Dyer et al. is directed to a loosely constructed knit or woven fabric that is dimensionally stabilized by causing staple length textile fibers to be entangled about the intersections of the yarns comprising the fabric.
- the stabilized fabric is formed by covering one or both sides of the loosely constructed base fabric with a light web of the staple length fibers, and subjecting the composite material to hydraulic entanglement while supported on a porous forming belt configured to direct and concentrate the staple length fibers at the intersections of the yarns comprising the base fabric.
- the process includes a two stage enhancement process wherein top and bottoms sides of the fabric are respectively supported and impacted with a fluid curtain included high pressure jet streams.
- the controlled process energies and use of the support members having open areas which are aligned in offset relation to the process line produces fabrics having a uniformed finish and improved characteristics including edge fray, drape, stability, abrasion resistance, fabric weight and thickness.
- 5,761 ,778 to Fleissner is directed to a method for hydrodynamic entanglement or needling, preferably for binder-free compaction, of fibers of a fiber web, especially a nonwoven fiber web, composed of natural or synthetic fibers of any type, wherein the fibers of the fiber web are entangled and compacted with one another by a plurality of water streams or jets applied at high pressure, with a large number of the water streams or jets striking the fiber web not only in succession but also several times on alternate sides of the web for optimum twisting of the fibers on the top and bottom on the fiber web.
- a method for reducing the surface pilling tendency and also improving abrasion resistance of a pillable fabric includes the step of providing a pillable fabric, the fabric having a top surface, a bottom surface, and side edges and comprising yarns which intersect at crossover points to define interstitial open areas in the fabric and further comprising fibrils extending from at least one of the top and bottom surfaces thereof.
- the fabric may comprise a woven fabric or a knitted fabric and the fabric yarns may include cotton, polyester, nylon, or blends thereof.
- the fabric is supported on a support member wherein the support member may comprise a belt, a drum, or a belt/drum combination and may include a pattern of closely spaced fluid pervious open areas to affect fluid passage therethrough. At least one of the surfaces is exposed to a hydroentanglement process to cause entanglement of the fibrils into the interstitial open areas of the fabric.
- the hydroentanglement process preferably includes imparting an energy in the range of at least about 4000 to 5000 KJoules/Kg of fabric using pressures of 200 bars or greater and includes the use of banks of one or more high pressure water jet manifolds that apply high pressure water jets to the fabric top and/or bottom surfaces.
- the method further includes reducing the presence of the fibrils on the at least one fabric surface to an amount wherein the pilling production on the fabric is less than about 20% after 5,000 cycles of abrasion on a Martindale device according to ASTM D4970 testing standard.
- the fibrils are also reduced to an amount wherein the remaining mass of the fabric is at least about 80% to 90% after 50,000 cycles of abrasion on a Martindale device according to ASTM D4966 testing standard.
- Figures 1A and 1B are plan and side views, respectively, of a typical woven product treated in accordance with the process of the present subject matter;
- Figures 2A - 2C are cross-sectional, top plan, and bottom plan views, respectively, of a typical hydroentangling nozzle provided in accordance with the present subject matter;
- Figures 3A and 3B are schematic drawings of typical hydroentangling configurations in accordance with the present subject matter;
- Figure 4 is a line graph depicting the effect of hydroentangling and washing on fabric sample thickness;
- Figures 5A - 5F; 6A - 6F; and 7A - 7F are enlarged photographic surface views of control fabric samples and samples treated in accordance with the present subject matter;
- Figures 8A - 8C are line graphs depicting weight loss of fabric samples in relation to the number of abrasion cycles conducted;
- Figures 9A - 9H; 10A - 10H; 11 A - 11 F; and 12A - 12H are enlarged photographic surface
- the subject matter disclosed herein relates to methods for reducing the pilling tendency and improving abrasion resistance of a pillable fabric through the use of a hydroentanglement process. Hydroentanglement finishing at specified process parameters results in the complete removal or entanglement of surface yarn fibrils into the body of the fabric thereby improving the fabric strength while making the surface more smooth. Since the fibrils are no longer available on the fabric surface, they can not entangle other fibers to form fluff balls or pills.
- the present subject matter is directed to the use of a high energy hydroentanglement process that has lead to significantly improved physical and mechanical properties of fabrics.
- a typical pillable fabric 10 treated by the process of the present subject matter is shown by example as a woven fabric, although it is also envisioned that additio nal fabrics such as knitted fabrics may be treated in accordance with the present subject matter.
- Fabric 10 has a top surface TS, a bottom surface BS, and side edges E and comprises an open structure comprising warp yarns 12 extending in the machine direction and fill yarns 14 crossing at right angles to the warp yarns. The yarns are not secured at the intersections and consequently are easily displaced by external forces.
- Fibrils 16 are hook-like projections extending from yarns 12, 14 which extend away from top and bottom surfaces TS, BS of fabric 10 and contribute to the pilling properties of the fabric.
- Yarns 12, 14 of fabric 10 may be selected from cotton, polyester, nylon, and other yarn compositions known to those of skill in the art. Additionally, blends of various fiber types may be used to form the fabric yarns.
- Hydroentangling nozzles are traditionally made up of two sections: a cylindrical section 22 (capillary part) with a typical diameter of about 120 microns, connected to a slim cone 24 with a side angle extending approximately 18 degrees outwardly from the side of cylindrical section 22.
- Hydroentangling water jets are issued from thin-plate strips 26 having 1600- 2000 orifices per meter and produce operating pressures ranging from 10 bars to over 1000 bars.
- Figure 2B depicts a top view of strip 26 wherein cylindrical section 22 of the orifice is shown
- Figure 2C depicts a bottom view of strip 26 wherein cone 24 of the orifice is shown.
- Rate of energy transferred by the water jet is calculated as follows: Where d is the diameter of the orifice capillary section in millimeters (assumed in a Hyrdocalculatorto be 0.127 mm), C d is the discharge coefficient, and E is energy rate in J/s.
- M is the mass flow rate of the fa ric in Kg/s and is calculated as follows
- pilling tendency reduction and abrasion resistance enhancement of fabric 10 is accomplished by entanglement and intertwining of fibrils on the surfaces of fabric 10 by hydroentangling finishing systems 30 and 40 wherein fabric 10 is supported by support members such as a drum 32 or an endless belt 34 or a combination thereof and impacted with a curtain of water jets under controlled process energies.
- Support members 32, 34 may include a pattern of closely spaced fluid pervious open areas to affect fluid passage therethrough and are designed to process fabric 10 through the system at a controlled rate.
- Hydroentanglement system 30 further includes preferably two banks 36A, 36B of one or more high pressure water jet manifolds 38 oriented in a perpendicular direction relative to movement of fabric 10. Manifolds 38 may typically be spaced several inches apart and include a plurality of closely aligned and spaced nozzles 20.
- Hydroentanglement system 40 also prefe rably includes two banks 46A, 46B of one or more high pressure water jet manifolds 38. It is envisioned that banks 36A, 36B ( Figure 3A) with manifolds 38 may be arranged along support members 32 of system 30 in order to impart pilling reduction enhancement to both surfaces TS, BS of fabric 10 with one pass direction. Banks 46A, 46B with manifolds 38 may be arranged along su port members 32, 34 of system 40 ( Figure 3B) to impart the same effects.
- hydroentanglement systems 30 and 40 may comprise one bank 36B, 46B of three manifolds 38 that impart pilling reduction enhancement to fabric top surface TS and another bank 36A, 46Aof two manifolds 38 that impart pilling reduction enhancement to fabric bottom surface BS.
- Each manifold 38 may comprise approximately 1600 to 2000 fluid n ozzle orifices 20 per meter, wherein each nozzle 20 has an orifice diameter of approximately 80 - 300 microns, preferable 120 microns.
- Water pressure in each manifold 36 may be between 10 bars and 1000 bars depending on the amount of nozzle orifices 20 present and the size of the particular orifices.
- hydroentanglement systems 30 and 40 should each impart an energy in the range of at least about 4000 to 5000 KJoules/Kg of fabric using pressures of 200 bars or greater during processing of fabric 10.
- EXAMPLES Test Methods and Standards Reporting Experiments were conducted on sample fabrics using hydroentanglement system 40 (see Figure 3B) in order to determine the effect on mechanical properties (pilling, abrasion, etc.) and hand improvement of a finished textile utilizing the finishing concept of the present subject matter. Different settings of the hydroentanglement process were tested for physical properties with the results presented below. The samples exposed to hydroentangling were subjected to the hydroentangling process as described hereinabove.
- the hydroentangling process system comprised one bank of three (3) water jet manifolds that enhanced the top surface (face) of the fabric and one bank of two (2) water jet manifolds that enhanced the bottom surface (back) of the fabric.
- the manifold pressures of the systems were as shown in Table 1.
- Table 1 Water Jet Pressures
- the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills, abrasion resistance, and other related surface changes on textile fabrics is governed by testing standards ASTM D4966 for abrasion resistance and ASTM D4970 for pilling.
- the testing procedures utilize the Martindale tester and is generally applicable to all types of fabrics.
- ASTM D4966 test abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the specimen to rubbing motion in the form of a geometric figure under known conditions of pressure and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by the determination of mass loss as the difference between the masses before and after abrasion (expressed as a percentage of the before abrasion mass) and an end point when a hole appears in the fabric sample.
- sample textile fabric chosen consisted of a single jersey structure knitted on a circular knitting machine (gauge 18) incorporating yarns of 100% cotton (Ne 18/1 cp ringspun; 35 Tex). Three tightness factor fabrics were used and various samples were either washed or not washed and were broken down into groups including no hydroentangling passes, one hydroentangling pass, and two hydroentangling passes. The samples were identified as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Descriptions of Sample Set
- Effect on Thickness Figure 4 graphically depicts the effect of hydroentangling and washing on the thickness of the various samples.
- the non-hydroentangled/non-washed samples had the greatest sample thicknesses ranging from approximately 0.6 mm to 0.65 mm, while the hydroentangled/non-washed samples had the lowest sample thicknesses ranging from approximately 0.56 mm to 0.58 mm. Washing of the hydroentangled samples generally increased sample thickness slightly.
- Effect on Surface Properties As shown pictorially in Figures 5 - 7, in all three sets of fabrics, more loose surface fibers (fibrils) are found in the non-hydroentangled fabrics, as the structure is more loose in general.
- FIGS 5A, 5C, and 5E show the 16 tightness factor non- hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X, 100X, and 300X, respectively.
- Figures 5B, 5D, and 5F show the 16 tightness factor one-pass hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X, 100X, and 300X, respectively.
- Figures 6A, 6C, and 6E show the 16.67 tightness factor non- hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X, 100X, and 300X, respectively.
- Figures 6B, 6D, and 6F show the 16.67 tightness factor one-pass hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X, 100X, and 300X, respectively.
- Figures 7A, 7C, and 7E show the 17.56 tightness factor non- hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X, 100X, and 300X, respectively.
- Figures 7B, 7D, and 7F show the 17.56 tightness factor one-pass hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X, 100X, and 300X, respectively.
- FIG. 8A depicts abrasion testing on fabric samples with a 16 tightness factor.
- the non-hydroentangled sample (NH) showed a steep decline in remaining mass reaching around 75% remaining mass when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 35,000 cycles.
- the one-pass non- washed hydroentangled sample (1 P) showed a remaining mass of approximately 87% when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 50,000 cycles.
- the one-pass washed hydroentangled sample (1 PW) showed a gradual decline in remaining mass reaching around 82% when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 70,000 cycles.
- Figure 8B depicts abrasion testing on fabric samples with a 16.67 tightness factor.
- the non-hydroentangled sample (NH) showed a steep decline in remaining mass reaching around 73% remaining mass when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 36,000 cycles.
- the one-pass non- washed hydroentangled sample (1 P) showed a remaining mass of approximately 91% when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 50,000 cycles.
- the one-pass washed hydroentangled sample (1 PW) showed a gradual decline in remaining mass reaching around 83% when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 52,000 cycles.
- Figure 8C depicts abrasion testing on fabric samples with a 17.56 tightness factor.
- the non-hydroentangled sample (NH) showed a steep decline in remaining mass reaching around 78% remaining mass when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 36,000 cycles.
- the one-pass non- washed hydroentangled sample (1 P) showed a remaining mass of approximately 83% when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 52,000 cycles.
- the two-pass non-washed hydroentangled sample (2P) showed a remaining mass of approximately 83% when a hole developed in the fabric after approximately 48,000 cycles.
- Figures 9 - 12 representing two (2) types of tightness factor fabrics being hydroentangled and non-hydroentangled, as the abrasion cycles increased, fibers in both series of fabrics were cut and fibrillated. However, while the cut ends of the fibers in the non-hydroentangled fabrics are protruded from the surface and can lead to generation of pilling, the cut ends of the fibers in the hydroentangled fabrics remained entangled into the fabric interstices so as to not contribute to pilling tendency.
- Figures 9A - 9H show the fabric surface of the 16 tightness factor non-hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X and 100X at abrasion 5 cycles of 0, 2000, 20000, and 35000.
- Figures 10A - 10H show the fabric surface of the 16 tightness factor one- pass hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X and 100X at abrasion cycles of 0, 2000, 20000, and 35000.
- Figures 11 A - 11 F show the fabric surface of the 17.56 tightness factorO non-hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X and 100X at abrasion cycles of 0, 20000, and 35000.
- Figures 12A - 12H show the fabric surface of the 17.56 tightness factor one-pass hydroentangled fabric at magnifications of 35X and 100X at abrasion cycles of 0, 2000, 30000, and 60000.
- FIG. 13A and 13B The sample displayed very significant pilling (see also Figures 13A and 13B), due to the presence of surface fibrils.
- Figure 14B shows a cotton knitted hydroentangled fabric sample after 5000 cycles. The sample displayed only slight pilling, hardly noticeable to the viewer (see also Figures 13A and 13B).
- the pilling behavior is strongly improved in fabric samples exposed to the hydroentangling process of the present subject matter. Similar to the markedly improved abrasion resistance, the pilling resistance of the hydroentangled fabrics can be attributed to the specific energy ranges of the present subject matter which cause a lack of fibrils at the surface of the fabric either through entanglement of the fibrils into the fabric interstices or perhaps removal of the fibrils altogether.
- the smooth, fibril-less fabric surface results in a fabric which has great abrasion resistance and a tendency not to produce pills.
- Example II The Effect of Fiber Composition and Hydroentangling Parameters
- the textile fabric structure comprised a single jersey construction with a 17.5 tightness factor.
- the fabric compositions were formed as shown in Table 4 and the samples and hydroentangling parameters (for those samples that were hydroentangled) were identified as shown in Table 5.
- Table 4 Fabric Compositions
- Figu res 15A - 15H pictorially display the surface structure of a variety of the 100% cotton jersey fabric samples.
- Figures 15A and 15B show the surface image of a non- washed, non-hydroentangled 100% cotton jersey fabric at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively
- Figures 15C and 15D show the surface image of a washed, non-hydroentangled 100% cotton jersey fabric at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively. While the washed sample showed some fibrillation of the fibers, neither of these non-hydroentangled fabric samples showed substantial changes in the loose surface fibers as the structure in general remained in a loose state.
- Figures 15E and 15F show the surface image of a non-washed, one- pass hydroentangled 100% cotton jersey fabric (sample 1a) at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively
- Figures 15G and 15H show the surface image of a non-washed, two-pass hydroentangled 100% cotton jersey fabric (sample 1 b) at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively.
- Each of these samples showed extensive fibrillation of the cotton fibers and entanglement of the surface fibers into the fabric interstice structure or removal of the surface fibers altogether.
- the two-pass hydroentangled fabric sample showed even more fibrillation of the fibers over the one-pass hydroentangled sample, along with additional flattening of the structure.
- Figures 16A - 16F pictorially display the surface structure of a variety of the 50/50 cotton/polyester jersey fabric samples. Specifically, Figures 16A and 16B show the surface image of a washed, non-hydroentangled 50/50 cotton/polyester jersey fabric at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively. While some fibers were fibrillated, the fabric sample showed no substantial changes in the loose surface fibers.
- Figures 16C and 16D show the surface image of a non-washed, one- pass hydroentangled 50/50 cotton/polyester jersey fabric (sample 2a, non- washed) at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively
- Figures 16E and 16F show the surface image of a washed, one-pass hydroentangled 50/50 cotton/polyester jersey fabric (sample 2a, washed) at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively.
- Each of these samples showed extensive fibrillation of the cotton fibers and entanglement of the surface fibers into the fabric interstice structure or removal of the surface fibers altogether.
- Figures 17A - 17D pictorially display the surface structure of a variety of the 100% polyester jersey fabric samples. Specifically, Figures 17A and 17B show the surface image of a washed, non-hydroentangled 100% polyester jersey fabric at 35X and 100X magnification, respectively. The fabric sample showed no substantial changes in the loose surface fibers. Figures 17C and 17D show the surface image of a washed, one-pass hydroentangled 100% polyester jersey fabric (sample 3a, washed) at 35X and
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Woven Fabrics (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP04814253A EP1694893A4 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2004-12-15 | Improving physical and mechanical properties of fabrics by hydroentangling |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US52949003P | 2003-12-15 | 2003-12-15 | |
US60/529,490 | 2003-12-15 |
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WO2005059215A2 WO2005059215A2 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
WO2005059215A9 true WO2005059215A9 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
WO2005059215A3 WO2005059215A3 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
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PCT/US2004/042047 WO2005059215A2 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2004-12-15 | Improving physical and mechanical properties of fabrics by hydroentangling |
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US (1) | US20050125908A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1694893A4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005059215A2 (en) |
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US5862575A (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 1999-01-26 | Valmet, Inc. | On-line hydroenhancement evaluation technique |
US6442809B1 (en) * | 1997-12-05 | 2002-09-03 | Polymer Group, Inc. | Fabric hydroenhancement method and equipment for improved efficiency |
US6051034A (en) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-04-18 | Springs Industries, Inc. | Methods for reducing pilling of towels |
WO2001000412A1 (en) * | 1999-06-25 | 2001-01-04 | Milliken & Company | Napped fabric and process |
US6253429B1 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-07-03 | Textile Enhancements International, Inc. | Multi-vane method for hydroenhancing fabrics |
US6815378B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2004-11-09 | Polymer Group, Inc. | Abrasion resistant and drapeable nonwoven fabric |
-
2004
- 2004-12-15 WO PCT/US2004/042047 patent/WO2005059215A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-12-15 EP EP04814253A patent/EP1694893A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-15 US US11/013,299 patent/US20050125908A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1694893A2 (en) | 2006-08-30 |
EP1694893A4 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
WO2005059215A3 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
WO2005059215A2 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
US20050125908A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
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