WO2005051852A1 - Traitement de boues - Google Patents

Traitement de boues Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005051852A1
WO2005051852A1 PCT/GB2004/004815 GB2004004815W WO2005051852A1 WO 2005051852 A1 WO2005051852 A1 WO 2005051852A1 GB 2004004815 W GB2004004815 W GB 2004004815W WO 2005051852 A1 WO2005051852 A1 WO 2005051852A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sludge
vessel
gas lift
vessels
gas
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2004/004815
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Colin Brade
Original Assignee
United Utilities Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by United Utilities Plc filed Critical United Utilities Plc
Priority to GB0609205A priority Critical patent/GB2422600B/en
Publication of WO2005051852A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005051852A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
    • C12M21/04—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses for producing gas, e.g. biogas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D21/00—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation
    • B01D21/24—Feed or discharge mechanisms for settling tanks
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/02—Biological treatment
    • C02F11/04—Anaerobic treatment; Production of methane by such processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
    • C12M23/58—Reaction vessels connected in series or in parallel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
    • C12M41/02—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of foam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
    • C12M41/12—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of temperature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/20—Sludge processing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the treatment of sewage sludge.
  • Sewage sludge is widely used in the agricultural industry as a source of fertiliser and soil conditioner. To render raw sewage sludge suitable for such use, it must first be treated both to reduce the organic content to stabilise the sludge and also to reduce the pathogen content.
  • Conventional methods currently employed for the treatment of sludge comprise two stages: a first pasteurisation stage to reduce pathogen content and a second stabilisation stage to reduce organic content.
  • thermophilic aerobic digestion TAD
  • MAD mesophilic anaerobic digestion
  • the above mentioned PCT application discusses such a treatment process comprising a pathogen reduction stage in which "raw sludge" is incubated for a predetermined incubation period at a temperature in the mesophilic temperature range.
  • Sludge is incubated in a plurality of sequential vessels comprising an upstream vessel which receives the sludge to be incubated and a downstream vessel which discharges the incubated sludge (preferably to a downstream MAD reactor for further digestion).
  • the sludge is fed from the upstream vessel to the downstream vessel, via any intermediate vessels, and subsequently discharged after spending a predetermined residence time in each vessel, the total residence time providing a predetermined incubation period for the sludge.
  • the mesophilic temperature range is understood to be from about 25 °C to about 46°C, although temperature is not believed to be the direct cause of the pathogen reduction. Rather the high levels of pathogen reduction are thought to be the result of an enzymic hydrolysis process.
  • the treatment process is designed to optimise the conditions for establishing a high population of the hydrolytic bacteria, including maximising the availability of the organic matter on which the hydrolytic bacteria primarily feeds by the incubation of raw sludge.
  • raw sewage sludge normally refers to a sludge stream resulting directly from a sludge treatment process the present invention can be used to treat any sludge stream containing harmful pathogens such as farmyard slurries, abattoir wastes and wastes from other industrial processes.
  • the term “raw” is used to refer to a sludge which has a relatively high organic content and does not exclude the possibility that there has been some degree of pre-treatment on the sludge.
  • the term “raw” should be interpreted broadly as referring to sewage sludge having a high organic content.
  • the preferred apparatus comprises a sludge treatment system of sequential reactors which feed sludge to a downstream mesophilic anaerobic digester.
  • a raw sludge feed line is provided to deliver raw sludge to the upstream reactor which is heated to rise the sludge to a temperature within the mesophilic temperature range.
  • Sludge transfer lines are provided between successive reactors. Biogas generated by incubation within the reactors is drawn off and fed to the head space of the downstream anaerobic digester. Gas lift pumps are used to transfer sludge between the incubators using biogas which is drawn off from the digester and pressurised by a compressor. Each reactor is fitted with a gas mixing nozzle which receives pressurised biogas from the compressor and injects this into the sludge within the respective reactor to agitate and thereby thoroughly mix the sludge within the reactor. Gas lifts are used to transfer sludge from one reactor to the next because of difficulties associated with handling sludge and in particular sludge which is undergoing hydrolysis.
  • the transfer mechanism needs to be able to deal with varying consistencies including sludge with around 8% dissolved solids.
  • Gravity displacement cannot be relied upon because of the propensity for the sludge to separate within each tank (i.e. settlement and flotation) and because thick sludges have high yield stress characteristics.
  • Conventional pump transfer could not be used because of a number of practical problems including complexity of pump design, cost and cross-contamination of sludges between reactors unless separate pumps are used between successive reactors.
  • the gas lift system allows very viscons sludge to be transferred relatively rapidly without moving parts and with minimal power requirement. For instance in one practical implementation of the apparatus and method disclosed in PCT Application No.
  • a method of treating sewage sludge comprising a pathogen reduction stage in which raw sludge is incubated for a predetermined incubation period at a temperature in the mesophilic temperature range, wherein the sludge is incubated in a plurality of sequential vessels comprising an upstream vessel which receives the raw sludge to be incubated and a downstream vessel which discharges the incubated sludge, the sludge being fed from the upstream vessel to the downstream vessel, via any intermediate vessels, and subsequently discharged after spending a predetermined residence time in each vessel, the total residence time being said predetermined incubation period, wherein sludge is transferred between at least two of the sequential vessels using a gas lift system comprising at least one gas lift which draws sludge from adjacent the surface of a first vessel and delivers it to a second vessel.
  • a gas lift system comprising at least one gas lift which draws sludge from adjacent the surface of a first vessel and delivers it to a second vessel.
  • apparatus for treating sewage sludge comprising a plurality of sludge incubation vessels for incubating raw sewage sludge at a temperature within the mesophilic temperature range for a predetermined incubation period, including an upstream vessel for receiving raw sludge and a downstream vessel for discharging incubated sludge, means for heating the sludge and maintaining it within said range temperature whilst resident within the incubation vessels, and means for transferring the sludge sequentially from said upstream vessel to said downstream vessel via any intermediate vessels, the sum of the residence times of each portion of sludge in each vessel being said pre-determined incubation period, wherein the means to transfer the sludge between at least two of the sequential vessels comprises a gas lift system having at least one gas lift arranged to draw sludge from adjacent the surface of a first vessel and deliver it to a second vessel.
  • a conventional gas lift comprises a vertical pipe with an inlet at its lower end located towards the bottom of the vessel from which material is to be withdrawn. Air or other gas is injected into the pipe at a location towards the inlet end which has the effect of reducing the density of material within the pipe.
  • the reduced density material is therefore "lifted” up the pipe and out of an outlet by the pressure generated by the head of relatively dense material within the vessel.
  • that gas lift comprises a generally "U” shaped pipe having a downwardly extending intake portion and an upwardly extending discharge portion. Air/gas is injected into a lower region of the upwardly extending discharge portion so that sludge within the discharge portion is “lifted”upwards by the force exerted by the denser material present in the intake portion.
  • the gas lift system transferring sludge from one vessel to the next comprises both an upper gas lift (which draws the sludge from adjacent the surface of a first vessel) and a lower gas lift (which draws sludge from adjacent the bottom of the first vessel).
  • the lower gas lift may be a conventional gas lift as used in the prior art system disclosed in PCT Application No. PCT/GB02/04284. This has several benefits. Firstly, it ensures that any solids that may accumulate at the bottom of an incubator vessel (such as grit and other inorganic materials) are transferred along the sequence of incubators.
  • each incubator includes sensors for providing an indication of the level of sludge within the respective vessel.
  • the preferred form of sensor is a pressure transducer which measures the pressure generated by the head of sludge within a respective vessel.
  • the level sensing system of any particular vessel can be automatically calibrated each time the vessel is subject to a batch transfer simply by ensuring that the upper gas lift is operated longer than indicated as being necessary to reduce the sludge level to the level of the gas lift inlet.
  • Fig 1 is a schematic illustration of a sludge treatment system according to the present invention
  • Fig 2 illustrates a lower gas lift of the system of Fig 1
  • Fig 3 also illustrates an upper gas lift of the system of Fig 1.
  • the schematically illustrated apparatus comprises a sludge treatment system of sequential incubator vessels (hereinafter referred to as reactors) (in this case six) designated la to If which feed sludge to a downstream mesophilic anaerobic digester 2.
  • a raw sludge feed line 3 is provided to deliver raw sludge to the upstream reactor la.
  • a suitable heating means 4 is provided to heat the sludge within reactor la to a temperature within the mesophilic temperature range preferly about 42°C.
  • Gas lift systems comprising upper gas lifts 7 and lower gas lifts 8 are used to transfer sludge between the reactors using upper and lower biogas which is drawn off from the pipes 6 between the sequential incubators and the digester via line 9, pressurised by compressor 10, and supplied to the gas lifts by respective gas lines 12 and 13. The gas is taken from the pipe which feeds the digester because this is enzymic gas which is low on methane and high in carbon dioxide.
  • Each incubator vessel la to If is fitted with a gas mixing nozzle 11 which receives pressurised biogas from compressor 10 (or alternatively from a second dedicated compressor) and injects this into the sludge within the respective incubator to agitate and thereby mix the sludge within the incubator vessel.
  • Sludge is transferred from the downstream reactor If to the MAD digester 2 using a conventional sludge pump 14. In use, the sludge is transferred between reactors la - If in sequence, and on to the digester 2, in batches. A batch volume of incubated sludge from downstream reactor If is emptied into the digester 2, following which partially incubated sludge is transferred to downstream reactor If from intermediate reactor le and so on.
  • a batch of raw sludge is then fed to upstream reactor la.
  • the batch process is repeated at periodic intervals. Transfer from the downstream reactor If can be considered to occur at approximately the same time as re-filling of upstream reactor la having regard to the relatively short transfer time compared to the retention time of sludge within each reactor. It will be appreciated that the total sludge retention time within each of the reactors la to If is the overall incubation period, which may typically be between 0.5 and 5 days.
  • this illustrates a pair of reactors revealing detail of the lower gas lift (which is conventional in such an operation). It will thus be seen that the gas lift comprises a vertically orientated pipe 14 disposed within the upstream reactor.
  • the pipe 14 has a flared inlet 15 at its lower end positioned adjacent the bottom of the reactor. At its upper end the tube is connected to a discharge pipe 15 via a right angled bend 16. Gas is injected into pipe 14 via gas line 13. In operation, a pulse of gas is injected into the pipe 14 to reduce the density of the sludge present within the pipe 14. This is then "lifted” to the discharge pipe 16 as more dense sludge enters the pipe 14 through the inlet 15. Referring now to figure 3, this illustrates an upper gas lift 7 as used to transfer sludge between two reactors (again reactors la and lb are illustrated).
  • the gas lift is generally TJ shaped comprising an upright intake pipe 18 supported within the upstream reactor la, an upright discharge pipe 19 supported within the downstream reactor lb, and a generally horizontal connecting pipe 20 between the two.
  • Gas from gas line 12 is injected into the bottom of the discharge pipe 19 and effectively reduces the density of any sludge present in the discharge pipe 19.
  • that sludge is lifted up the discharge pipe 19 and out of an outlet 21 by force of the denser sludge present in the intake pipe 18 within the upstream reactor.
  • the maximum sludge filling level within each reactor is indicated by horizontal line x and the minimum operation level is indicated by lower horizontal line y.
  • the volume of sludge defined between these lines defines the "batch" volume transferred in any single batch transfer operation.
  • the outlet of both the upper and lower discharge pipes is above the maximum sludge level x, the minimum operational level y being defined by the position of the upper gas lift inlet 22 (which is again flared).
  • sludge is transferred using both the upper and lower gas lifts operated alternately. It does not matter which of the lifts is operated first but the upper gas lift is preferably operated last as the level in the upstream reactor approaches the minimum operational level (i.e. height of the inlet of the upper gas lift) as measured using appropriate level sensors.
  • level sensor is simply a conventional pressure transducer which measures the head of pressure generated by sludge within a respective reactor. This measurement, in combination with the sludge density is used to calculate the volume of sludge, and thus level of the sludge within the reactor.
  • level sensing system there is the facility for auto-calibration of the level sensing system. That is, accurate determination of the sludge level using a pressure transducer requires accurate knowledge of the density of the sludge. Unfortunately, this can change.
  • the present invention overcomes the problems associated with the prior art system described above by use of a gas lift (the upper gas lift) which ensures that any foam which may form at the surface of the sludge in a reactor is removed and mixed in with the sludge in the immediately downstream reactor. This prevents formation of a solid mass floating on the sludge surface.
  • Efficiency of the foam removal is enhanced by locating the inlet 22 of each upper gas lift adjacent the periphery of the respective reactor and locating the mixing gas head 11 at a position generally diametrically opposite the gas lift inlet 22. With this arrangement, as gas bubbles from the mixing head rise to the surface of the sludge any foam at the surface is pushed away to the opposite side of the reactor where the upper gas lift inlet 22 is located. It will be appreciated that it is not absolutely essential to provide a lower gas lift in combination with the upper gas lift, but this is preferred as it speeds up the batch transfer process and avoid accumulation of solids at the bottom of a reactor..

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour traiter des boues d'épuration. Selon cette invention, des boues brutes sont mises en incubation dans un étage de réduction d'agents pathogènes, pendant une période d'incubation prédéfinie, à une température située dans le domaine de température des mésophiles. Les boues sont mises en incubation dans une pluralité de cuves séquentielles (1) et sont évacuées après avoir passé un temps de séjour prédéfini dans chaque cuve. Les boues sont transférées entre au moins deux des cuves séquentielles (1a, 1b) en utilisant un système d'ascension au gaz comprenant au moins un élément d'ascension au gaz (18, 19, 20) qui tire les boues d'un endroit adjacent à la surface d'une première cuve (1a) et les distribue à une seconde cuve (1b).
PCT/GB2004/004815 2003-11-21 2004-11-17 Traitement de boues WO2005051852A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0609205A GB2422600B (en) 2003-11-21 2004-11-17 Sludge treatment

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0327141A GB0327141D0 (en) 2003-11-21 2003-11-21 Sludge treatment
GB0327141.8 2003-11-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005051852A1 true WO2005051852A1 (fr) 2005-06-09

Family

ID=29764238

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2004/004815 WO2005051852A1 (fr) 2003-11-21 2004-11-17 Traitement de boues

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (2) GB0327141D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005051852A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3011247A1 (fr) * 2013-10-01 2015-04-03 Regis Janvier Installation de digestion anaerobie pour effluents aptes a subir un procede de methanisation en phase fluide
EP2977440A1 (fr) 2014-07-25 2016-01-27 Agroittica Acqua e Sole S.p.A. Procede et systeme pour le recyclage en agriculture des nutriments provenant de la chaine alimentaire
WO2018012968A1 (fr) * 2016-07-15 2018-01-18 Seatechenergy Ip B.V. Installation et procédé de digestion anaérobie de matière organique
WO2018208999A1 (fr) * 2017-05-11 2018-11-15 Bl Technologies, Inc. Procédé de pré-conditionnement de boues

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3526591A (en) * 1969-02-28 1970-09-01 Fmc Corp Sewage treatment structure
JPH10249337A (ja) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-22 Suido Kiko Kaisha Ltd スカム除去装置
JP2001205259A (ja) * 1999-11-16 2001-07-31 Sekisui Chem Co Ltd スカム除去装置
WO2003040047A1 (fr) * 2001-11-09 2003-05-15 United Utilites Plc Traitement d'incubation des boues permettant de reduire les agents pathogenes avant la digestion

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3526591A (en) * 1969-02-28 1970-09-01 Fmc Corp Sewage treatment structure
JPH10249337A (ja) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-22 Suido Kiko Kaisha Ltd スカム除去装置
JP2001205259A (ja) * 1999-11-16 2001-07-31 Sekisui Chem Co Ltd スカム除去装置
WO2003040047A1 (fr) * 2001-11-09 2003-05-15 United Utilites Plc Traitement d'incubation des boues permettant de reduire les agents pathogenes avant la digestion

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1998, no. 14 31 December 1998 (1998-12-31) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 24 11 May 2001 (2001-05-11) *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3011247A1 (fr) * 2013-10-01 2015-04-03 Regis Janvier Installation de digestion anaerobie pour effluents aptes a subir un procede de methanisation en phase fluide
EP2857494A1 (fr) * 2013-10-01 2015-04-08 Regis Janvier Installation de digestion anaérobie pour effluents aptes à subir un procédé de méthanisation en phase fluide
EP2977440A1 (fr) 2014-07-25 2016-01-27 Agroittica Acqua e Sole S.p.A. Procede et systeme pour le recyclage en agriculture des nutriments provenant de la chaine alimentaire
WO2018012968A1 (fr) * 2016-07-15 2018-01-18 Seatechenergy Ip B.V. Installation et procédé de digestion anaérobie de matière organique
WO2018208999A1 (fr) * 2017-05-11 2018-11-15 Bl Technologies, Inc. Procédé de pré-conditionnement de boues
US11453608B2 (en) 2017-05-11 2022-09-27 Bl Technologies, Inc. Method for pre-conditioning sludge

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2422600B (en) 2007-02-21
GB0327141D0 (en) 2003-12-24
GB2422600A (en) 2006-08-02
GB0609205D0 (en) 2006-06-21

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