WO2005049809A1 - Inhibition assay method and device for detection of antibiotics - Google Patents
Inhibition assay method and device for detection of antibiotics Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005049809A1 WO2005049809A1 PCT/US2004/037220 US2004037220W WO2005049809A1 WO 2005049809 A1 WO2005049809 A1 WO 2005049809A1 US 2004037220 W US2004037220 W US 2004037220W WO 2005049809 A1 WO2005049809 A1 WO 2005049809A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- culture
- sample
- antibiotic
- buffers
- microbial
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 79
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- 238000009629 microbiological culture Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000009036 growth inhibition Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
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- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 claims description 18
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- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229960002135 sulfadimidine Drugs 0.000 description 10
- ASWVTGNCAZCNNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamethazine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=NC(NS(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=N1 ASWVTGNCAZCNNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- 229960003022 amoxicillin Drugs 0.000 description 4
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- LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-Hydroxyampicillin Natural products O=C1N2C(C(O)=O)C(C)(C)SC2C1NC(=O)C(N)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoprim Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(CC=2C(=NC(N)=NC=2)N)=C1 IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- XJRPTMORGOIMMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=1SC(N)=NC=1C(F)(F)F XJRPTMORGOIMMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
- B01L3/5029—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures using swabs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/18—Testing for antimicrobial activity of a material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
- B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
- B01L2300/087—Multiple sequential chambers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
- B01L2400/06—Valves, specific forms thereof
- B01L2400/0677—Valves, specific forms thereof phase change valves; Meltable, freezing, dissolvable plugs; Destructible barriers
- B01L2400/0683—Valves, specific forms thereof phase change valves; Meltable, freezing, dissolvable plugs; Destructible barriers mechanically breaking a wall or membrane within a channel or chamber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
- B01L3/5025—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures for parallel transport of multiple samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N2001/028—Sampling from a surface, swabbing, vaporising
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/12—Meat; Fish
Definitions
- Tests for antibiotics in kidney include tests for hog kidney and veal bob kidney. Problems with some of the available tests, particularly in the pork industry, include sensitivities that do not match well with governmental or industry limits. Some tests are over-sensitive to certain antibiotics and under-sensitive to others. [0004] Sensitivities of currently available microbial growth inhibition tests, are based primarily on parameters that affect test sensitivity to all drugs. Such parameters include growth organism used, amount or concentration of growth organism used, vessel dimensions, media volume, media type, mix of nutrients, incubation time and temperature. As a result, if a test is adequately sensitive to some drugs, but overly sensitive to other drugs, other methods for sensitivity adjustment may be needed.
- a test apparatus and method to detect antibiotics in a test sample using growth inhibition of a microbial culture Some embodiments include all of the reagents for a microbial culture in a ready-to-use format.
- the culture can include, for example, nutrients, agar, one or more buffers, spores and color indicator.
- any one or more of such components can be provided separately, for example in a separate reagent compartment hereinafter referred to as a "niblet".
- the user only has to add the sample, or sample extract, and incubate for a prescribed time period, for example about 1.5 to 4 hours, at a prescribed temperature, for example about 55-70 degrees C, and observe the results.
- an extractant can be provided separately from the other reagents.
- the extractant is in a niblet.
- the niblet containing the extractant can be included in a test unit including other test components.
- the test unit can include the niblet contained within a vial attached to the bottom of the test unit.
- the seals of the niblet can be puncturable membrane seals such as metallic foil seals or foil-like seals or plastic or plastic-like seals.
- Puncturing the seals allows the extractant to contact the culture.
- the user only has to add the sample to the extractant, contact the extracted sample with the culture, and incubate for the prescribed time period at the prescribed temperature.
- the extractant can be a buffer solution capable of extracting antimicrobial drugs from a kidney sample, such as a bovine or porcine kidney sample.
- the extractant can also be a reagent for merely removing the sample from a swab and transferring the sample into the culture.
- Some embodiments include two or more buffers (hereinafter referred to as a polybuffer) having multiple pKa values.
- a polybuffer can improve pre-test and/or post-test stability of the culture and other aspects of test performance.
- Post-test stability allows results to be retained at room temperature for an extended period, for example 6-8 hours or more, without a change in test result.
- the polybuffer can be premixed within the culture or provided separately such as in a niblet for later addition.
- An embodiment includes reducing sensitivity of the microbial culture to certain inhibitors of culture growth.
- the inhibition of microbial culture by antibiotics from a sample, or reversal of such inhibition can be used as an antibiotic screening mechanism.
- the sensitivity of such tests can be adjusted by contacting the culture with at least one adjustment reagent.
- adjustment reagents include binding protein, enzyme, chemical analogue and or antibodies that bind to, or otherwise inhibit the effectiveness of, antibiotics.
- the adjustment reagent can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the test for at least one antibiotic or other culture growth inhibitor.
- An example of a microbial enzyme useful as an adjustment binder is an antibiotic receptor/binder from the cell wall of microbes such as Bacillus (Geobacillus) Stearothermophilus (B.st.).
- the adjustment reagent can be applied in a variety of ways, for example combined within a culture or broth, applied on top of a solid culture, such as an agar matrix, added on a sample swab or contained in a dilution buffer. [0011] Possible adjustment reagents include antibiotic receptors/binders isolated from bacteria, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
- the adjustment reagent when the adjustment reagent is an antibiotic binder, such as a binding protein, for example a bacterial antibiotic receptor or antibody, the adjustment reagent can reduce the availability of antibiotics capable of inhibiting the growth of the particular culture used, such as by binding to the antibiotic.
- adjustment reagents can include substances that, rather than bind with the antibiotic, reduce the influence of the antibiotic on the growth organism.
- Some embodiments include a test apparatus with a solid or semi-solid culture within a vial.
- the culture can include all or some of the test biochemicals including agar, nutrients, color indicators, one or more buffers and spores.
- the culture, prior to the addition of test sample is adjusted to a pH of greater than about 8.
- the vial can include a sealed bottom end and a membrane seal over the top end.
- the user can puncture the seal with, for example, a pipette tip or swab and then dispense the sample, for example a 200 microliter sample of milk, into the vial.
- Some embodiments include the complete test unit containing all of the reagents, premixed together and ready for use in a culture and, in addition, a sampling instrument, such as a swab or probe and optional extractant.
- the probe can be used to puncture the one or more seals separating the optional extractant from the culture.
- the probe can be used to absorb and apply the sample to the reagents within the test apparatus and can comprise an absorbent material such as an absorbent, fibrous, cotton-like or cotton material.
- An example of such a sampling instrument is a swab or probe in the format of a POCKETSWAB (POCKETSWAB is a registered trademark of Charm Sciences, Inc. Lawrence, MA).
- POCKETSWAB is a registered trademark of Charm Sciences, Inc. Lawrence, MA.
- the format of the POCKETSWAB provides the advantage of controlled movement of the swab in a test device that provides physical support for the swab.
- the swab can be controllably moved into the reagent compartment containing an extraction buffer.
- the swab can remain in the extractant for the time desired.
- the POCKETSWAB provides the physical support so that the swab will remain within the extractant or buffer solution without the user providing external support to the swab while soaking.
- the swab or swab tip is moved longitudinally through a seal thereby allowing the sample to flow onto or into the culture.
- the test method is used to reduce sensitivity of a microbial culture to the beta-lactam family of antibiotics.
- a beta-lactam binding protein is used to selectively reduce test sensitivity to the beta-lactams.
- Beta-lactam binder is a receptor from B.st. and the culture is made of spores of B. st.
- Figures 1-9 are drawings depicting an embodiment in which the POCKETSWAB format is used.
- Figure 1 is an exploded perspective drawing of a swab 1 attached to a swab handle 2. The swab 1 is used to obtain a sample.
- Figure 2 is an exploded perspective drawing of the whole POCKETSWAB assembly 8 with the swab 1 in the pre-use position within the swab body 7.
- Figure 3 is an exploded perspective showing the vial assembly 4 removed from the POCKETSWAB body 7.
- Figure 4 is an exploded perspective drawing of the vial assembly 4 showing cross-sectional lines 9 and niblet 5.
- Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly shown in figure 4 with culture 15 at bottom of vial 4 below niblet 5 with extractant 11 or other additional reagent sealed therein.
- Figure 6 is an exploded perspective drawing of the in-use POCKETSWAB assembly 8 in which the sample has been obtained and the swab 1 is moved through the seal 12 covering the vial assembly 4.
- Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly shown in figure 6. The swab tip 3 has broken through the seal 12 covering the vial assembly 4. The seal 13 on the top end of the niblet assembly 5 has not yet been punctured.
- Figure 8 is an exploded perspective drawing of the in-use POCKETSWAB assembly 8 in which the sample has been obtained and the swab 1 is moved through the seal 12 covering the vial assembly 4 and the seal 13 covering the top end of the niblet assembly 5 to contact the reagent 11 within the niblet assembly 5.
- Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly shown in figure 8. The swab tip 3 has broken through the seal 12 covering both the vial assembly 4 and the seal 13 on the top end of the niblet assembly 5. The seal 14 on the bottom end of the niblet assembly 5 has not yet been punctured.
- Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view of the vial assembly 4 after the swab tip 3 has broken through all of the membrane seals 12, 13 & 14 - covering the vial assembly 4, the top and bottom ends of the niblet assembly 5.
- the liquid for example extractant, having already been contacted with the sample, is allowed to flow, or drip, into or onto the culture 15 at the bottom of the vial assembly 4.
- Sample mixing and seal puncturing the swab 1 is retracted back toward the pre-use position and does not contact the culture 15.
- Figure 11 and Figure 12 are perspective drawings of an embodiment in which multiple vials are supplied for multiple samples. Perforation or other detachable attachments allow the user to determine the number of tests to run at one time.
- each vial assembly 4 contains the culture 15.
- the optional niblet assembly 5 can also be provided.
- a puncturable covering 12 which can be, for example, a puncturable membrane or foil seal.
- the vial assembly 4 can also be threaded 9 for optional attachment to the POCKETSWAB test apparatus or for easy capping.
- a swab or pipette tip can be used to puncture the seal 12 on top of the vial 4 prior to application of test sample to the culture 15.
- a pipette tip can be used to mix the sample with the reagents within the niblet assembly 5 and to puncture the various seals.
- An embodiment described herein involves a user-friendly method, device and kit for the detection of a broad range of residues of antibacterial compounds in a sample such as an agricultural product.
- Antibiotics that may be detected include beta-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, quinolones and amphenicols.
- the user of the test adds the sample, incubates and observes the results.
- a useful mechanism of antibiotic detection is microbial growth inhibition. Examples of microbes useful in such an application include: B.st.; B. subtilis; B. megaterium; S. aureus; Ps. Aeuginosa; E.
- microbes which exhibit detectable growth inhibition in the presence of antibiotics may be useful.
- Other examples of microbial growth inhibition tests include those described in U.S. patent numbers 5,354,663 and 5,489,532, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by this reference. Microbes, such as B.st., that sporulate are particularly useful.
- One of the benefits to microbial inhibition tests is that they can be broad spectrum compared to family or antibiotic specific antibiotic binding based tests such as those utilizing antibodies or other bacterial binders/receptors. For example, both beta-lactam and sulfonamide antibiotics will cause some inhibition of growth of B.st.
- the sensitivity of the currently available microbial inhibition tests are based on parameters including particular growth organism used, concentration of bacteria or spores, the nutrients provided and the incubation time and temperature used.
- using one of those parameters to adjust test sensitivity may result in reduction of sensitivity to all or multiple of the antibiotics to be detected. It may be desirable, however, to reduce test sensitivity of a microbial growth inhibition assay to only certain antibiotics, or other inhibitors such as only those for which the test is overly sensitive.
- a binding protein isolated from bacteria is utilized as an adjustment binder alone, or in combination with specific antibodies.
- Bacterial proteins that are sensitive to multiple antibiotics such as a family of antibiotics, for example the beta- lactams, can allow sensitivity adjustment of multiple antibiotics to which the particular binding protein is sensitive.
- An antibiotic bound by such an adjustment reagent may be rendered unavailable, or less available, to inhibit bacterial growth.
- antibiotic binders being employed on top of agar, or other solid culture, may create large molecular weight substances that do not easily diffuse into a solid culture. Adjustment reagents, such as binders, combined into a solid culture or liquid medium, may inactivate, weaken or otherwise interfere with the antimicrobial properties or affect of the antibiotic. As such, substances other than antimicrobial binders may be useful to adjust test sensitivity including enzymes, such as beta-lactamase, that destroy antibiotic activity or otherwise inactivate antibiotics or substances that compete with antibiotics in the bacterial cell, such as analogues.
- enzymes such as beta-lactamase
- Adjustment reagents may include substances that change the structure of an antibiotic or otherwise reduce the activity or make inactive the target antibiotic or antibiotic family.
- Antibiotic binders may also include non-viable bacteria or bacterial extract such as cell wall extract.
- Adjustment reagents, including antibiotic binders can be either specific to a particular drug for which the unadjusted test is overly sensitive, or have affinity to multiple drugs. The adjustment reagent may be added with the sample or pre-mixed into a culture.
- an adjustment reagent for multiple drugs is a microbial receptor, such as the beta-lactam receptor or receptors isolated from B.st. such as described in U.S. patents 4,239,745 and 4,239,852 the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- Other possible sources of beta-lactam receptors include organisms from the genus Bacillus including B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and B. licheniformis.
- Other possible sources include S. aureus, Ps. Aeuginosa, B. licheniformis, and E. coli.
- Examples of useful specific adjustment reagents for particular drugs include monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Other examples of using antibodies for sensitivity adjustment are provided in U.S.
- Antibiotic binders can be isolated from bacteria and purified using known techniques.
- beta-lactam binder isolated from B.st. is used to adjust the sensitivity of a microbial inhibition assay using B.st. as the growth organism.
- test sensitivity to all of the beta-lactams is reduced while test sensitivity to other antibiotics to which B.st. is sensitive remains relatively unaffected. This is useful, for example, when target sensitivity is European multi-residue levels (MRLs) and/or U.S.
- MTLs European multi-residue levels
- antibiotic binders that may be useful include receptors isolated from various part of bacterial or other cells including the ribosome or part of ribosome to which certain antibiotics can bind.
- antibiotics that bind to or otherwise inhibit ribosome function include tetracyclines, sulfonamides or fluoroquinolones. Bacterial growth inhibition by antibiotics such as tetracyclines, sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones may be adjusted by the addition of such binders.
- the adjustment reagent/binder can be an isolate from the same organism used to produce the culture.
- Other useful methods of adjusting sensitivity include adding dead cells and/or crude extract that contains the desired binders/receptors.
- a solid culture is provided in a reagent chamber such as a vial 4 or vial-like device. Located in the same device can be a niblet 5 containing an appropriate extractant or liquid diluent 11.
- an antibiotic binder is added to the top of the solid culture 15.
- an antibiotic binder is mixed into the solid culture 15.
- the antibiotic binder is stored separately and added to the solid culture 15, along with the sample addition, prior to sample addition or soon thereafter.
- the antibiotic binder is included pre-applied to the sampling swab 1, for example by covalently binding to the swab 1.
- an extractant is used prior to adding the sample to the culture. An extractant that will separate antimicrobial drugs from a sample, or from a swab or other sampling device, avoids complicated extraction methods or use of organic solvents.
- An example of useful extractants include a combination of Trizma Base and Potassium Phosphate, such as Potassium Phosphate Monobasic in water at a pH of about 7 to about 8, for example approximately 7.5.
- Such an extractant buffer can be provided separately from the culture or, for ease of use, in an all in one test device such as the POCKETSWAB format 8.
- the extractant containing sample
- Such extractants may extract antibiotics from the sample or merely serve to transfer the sample, including antibiotic, from the swab or other sampling device into the culture.
- the POCKETSWAB format 8 is described in U.S.
- the extractant can be within a niblet 5.
- the niblet 5 can be situated within the device, above the culture 15.
- the niblet 5 can be sealed on the top 13 and bottom 14 ends such as with a membrane seal, for example, puncturable foil seals, on both ends to retain the buffer or extractant therein.
- the swab 1 is removed and contacted with the sample. After sample contact, the swab 1 is used to puncture the first seal 12 (the vial 4 seal) and then the niblet top seal 12 thereby placing it within the niblet 5 and in contact with the extractant.
- the second sealed end 14 (the bottom end) of the niblet 5 is punctured allowing the contents to flow onto the culture 15.
- the sample is incubated at above room temperature, for example between about 60 degrees C to about 70 degrees C, such as about 64 degrees C.
- Spore germination and/or bacterial growth, or lack thereof, is determined by observation of changes in growth indicators within the culture 15.
- Possible growth indicators include indicators that undergo a detectable change as a function of the growth or inhibition of the culture, such as pH indicators and oxidation/reduction (redox) indicators. For example, indicators that change color in the presence of an acid or base such as to a yellowish color if the environment is acidic or purple/blue color if basic or neutral.
- Some embodiments utilize a polybuffer.
- An example of such a polybuffer is a combination of buffers, one with a pKa of above 7, for example about 8 to about 11, and another with a pKa of below 7, for example about 4.5 to about 6.3.
- the polybuffer can be included in the culture, in a separate niblet or provided separately for later addition. When premixed in the culture, the polybuffer can be used to both stabilize the reagent system prior to test operation and stabilize results after the testing is complete.
- borate and succinate are used. Borate helps provide a high pH environment to stabilize the culture during pre-test storage. Succinate helps provide a low pH environment to stabilize the pH of the system after test operation. For example, in a negative sample the pH of the culture will be reduced as spores germinate and bacteria multiply. After test completion the color of the culture will reflect the test results.
- the buffer with pKa of below 7, for example succinate, will help stabilize the pH of the now acidic environment, thereby minimizing or preventing further color change.
- External pressure for pH change for example decreased temperatureafter the test is removed from an incubator and the test returns to room temperature, may cause the culture to become more basic and, therefore, the test will appear more positive.
- a buffer with pKa below 7 will help stabilize the result even upon return to room temperature.
- Trizma Base is the high pKa buffer and can be combined with a low pKa buffer such as succinate.
- Choice of buffers will be governed by a variety of factors. One factor is avoiding buffers that are particularly sensitive to the temperature changes within the test. Another factor is the starting pH of the particular buffer.
- Trizma Base may provide less temperature stability as compared to borate. Trizma Base, however, can provide a more basic starting pH and, therefore, possibly better test sensitivity and stability as compared to borate.
- Trizma Base is used to adjust the pH of the pre-use culture to a pH of greater than about 8, for example about 10.5.
- Adjusting the pH of the starting culture to a relatively high pH is also a method to improve test sensitivity and/or shelf life.
- a high starting pH for example above about pH 7.5, for example about pH 8 or above, such as in the range of about pH 7.5 to about pH 11, may help prevent premature spore germination.
- the high pH environment may also help avoid mold contamination.
- the high pH environment may help extend the shelf- life of the culture prior to use.
- multiple test samples can be tested using a test plate for example a 96 well test plate.
- media culture and adjustment binders can be provided together in the well.
- multiple vials are supplied, for example attached to each other by a perforation or breakable plastic, so that one or multiple tests can easily supplied to the user.
- Example 1 Preparation of Solid Culture (Agar Matrix)
- the following culture can be used for detection of antibiotics and other inhibitors in a variety of matrices including, for example, urine, milk, water, poultry, seafood, feed and feed extracts and meat, such as kidney samples.
- a Bromocresol purple (BCPVTris Solution was prepared by combining 25 mL of a Trizma Base solution (TBS), the solution including 2.5 grams Trizma Base in 100 mL of reverse osmosis/deionized water (RO/DI Water), with 100 milligrams of BCP and mixing well.
- TBS Trizma Base solution
- RO/DI Water reverse osmosis/deionized water
- the media was prepared by dissolving 5 grams glucose and 1 gram Mueller Hinton Broth (Mueller Hinton broth includes, in purified filtered water, 2 grams per liter (g/L) beef extract, 17.5 g/L casein hydrolysate acid and 1.5 g/L starch, pH 7.3 at 25 degrres C) into 100 mL RO/DI Water.
- Agar was prepared by combining 0.3 grams Difco Bacto-Agar (Item # 0140- 01), 0.225 NaCl and 17.485 RO/DI Water. The mixture was heated to 95° C and then removed from the heat and allowed to cool to 75° C. Next 6 mL of media (prepared as described above with BCP/Tris) was added to the agar and mixed for 5 minutes. The mixture was cooled to 57°C and 1 mL spore solution (concentration of 1 billion cfu/mL) was added and mixed together for 5 minutes. 0.200 mL was dispensed into the bottom of a vial 4.
- Example 2 Single Service Test
- the dispensed vial 4 was prepared as described in example 1.
- An extractant was prepared by adding 4.8 grams of 47.2% Trizma Base and 52.5% Potassium Phosphate Monobasic to 1000 mL RO/DI Water (pH should be 7.5 +/- .10).
- the extractant was sealed within the niblet 5 and the niblet was added to the vial 4.
- the vial 4 was heat sealed with foil.
- Example 3 Single Service Kidney Swab Procedure
- the single service kidney swab procedure was run by first making a 3 inch incision into kidney.
- the swab 1 was then withdrawn from the test unit, the test unit in the form of a POCKETSWAB, by gently pulling and twisting the handle 2 out of the test unit body 7.
- the swab 1 was then inserted into the incision of the kidney and allowed to sit for 15 minutes to allow full absorption of liquid into the swab 1.
- the swab 1 was reinserted by gently pushing down and twisting to engage the threads 6 and screwing the handle down slowly about halfway.
- the swab tip 3 punctured the seals 12, 13 & 14 immersing the swab tip 3 into the extractant within the niblet 5 where it sat for 2 minutes.
- the swab 1 was then screwed down all the way. After shaking and tapping the vial 4 to get residual liquid into the bottom of the vial 4 and in contact with the culture 15, we placed the vial 4 into a heat block set at 67°C and incubated for 2.5 hours (if urine is tested instead of kidney, incubate for 4 hours).
- Example 4 Single Service Urine Test [0052] The culture is prepared as described in example 1. The extractant is prepared as described in example 2. The test is run the same as in example 3 except that the swab tip 3 was allowed to sit in urine sample for 10 seconds to allow full absorption into the swab tip 3 followed by incubation for 4 hours.
- Example 5 Sensitivity Adjusted Single Service Kidney Test with Adjustment Binder (Receptor) Combined with Test Reagents
- Culture is prepared as in Example 1. Prior to dispensing 200 microliters into the vial 4, antibiotic binder is prepared, in this example an antibiotic binder from the cell wall of B.st., also known as receptor. Varying amounts of inhibitory receptor units are mixed into the culture.
- Receptor is defined as protein removed from cellular membrane of B.st.
- a receptor unit (1 U) is the amount of receptor that will, in the test, reverse the culture growth inhibition of 12.5 ppb of penicillin G.
- Receptor is useful in a variety of forms including purified form, in the form of cell paste in which receptor is a component of the whole cell or in the form of broken cell fragments.
- Results in Table 1 are from tests using the culture described in Example 1 and with the addition of receptor added into rinse buffer (rinse buffer composition is 4.8 grams of 47.2% Trizma Base and 52.5% Potassium Phosphate Monobasic to 1000 mL RO/DI Water) at 0, 0.3 units (U), 1.0 U, 2.0 U, 5.0 U per test. Sample contained the following amounts of penicillin G: 0, 5 parts per billion (ppb), 10 ppb, 12.5 ppb, 25 ppb and 50 ppb. As shown, 1.0 U was able to reverse the result of a 12.5 ppb penicillin G sample. Results are either positive (+) or negative (-).
- Table 2 data shows that when adding 1 U or receptor sensitivity to drags other than beta-lactams results did not change. Results are either positive (+), negative (-) or borderline between positive and negative (+/-). Abbreviations are penicillin G (PenG); sulfamethazine (SMZ); sulfadimethoxine (SDM); tylosin (TY); gentamicin (G); oxytetracycline (OT).
- PenG penicillin G
- SZ sulfamethazine
- SDM sulfadimethoxine
- TY tylosin
- G gentamicin
- OT oxytetracycline
- results in Table 3 show that the receptor can be added to various locations or components within the test to achieve the same or similar result.
- Results shown are from negative sample and samples containing 12.5 ppb penicillin G and 50 ppb penicillin G. Results are either positive (+) or negative (-).
- Example 6 Preparation of Culture Media Containing Two Buffer
- the following culture can be used for detection of antibiotics and other inhibitors in a variety of matrices including, for example, urine, milk or kidney samples and can be used alone in a test container or in the single service test unit or in sensitivity adjustment examples.
- BCP/Borate/Succinate Solution was prepared by adding 3.8 grams of Borate and 6 grams Succinate to 100 mL of reverse osmosis/deionized water (RO/DI Water) in 125 mL flask. 50 milligrams of BCP was added to a 50 mL conical tube and 5 mL of Borate/Succinate solution was added to the 50 milligrams BCP and mixed.
- RO/DI Water reverse osmosis/deionized water
- test operation 200 microliters of various milk sample, spiked with known concentrations of antibiotics, were pipetted into test vials and incubated for the prescribed time (in this test 2 hours 10 minutes) and prescribed temperature (64 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C). Incubation was in the Charm I Inctronic incubator. Results were recorded immediately after test completion (Color 1) and after being left at room temperature for 16 hours (Color 2). Results listed are in parts per billion (ppb). 4 samples were run at each concentrations except for raw negative milk (16 samples) and 3 ppb pen G (2 samples) and amoxicillin (2 samples).
- Neo 750 100% 5 100% NL NL 0%
- Example 7 Preparation of Culture Containing Two Buffer
- the following culture can be used for detection of antibiotics and other inhibitors in a variety of matrices including, for example, urine, meat, poultry, seafood, milk or kidney samples and can be used in a variety of formats including single service or sensitivity adjustment examples.
- a Trizma/Succinate solution was prepared by adding 2.5 grams Trizma Base and 6 grams Succinate to 100 mL of reverse osmosis/deionized water (RO/DI Water) in a 125 mL flask.
- RO/DI Water reverse osmosis/deionized water
- BCP 40 milligrams of BCP (see example 1 for BCP preparation) was then added to a 50 mL conical tube and 25 mL of the Trizma/Succinate solution was added to the 40 milligrams BCP and mixed.
- the media was prepared by dissolving 5 grams glucose and 1 gram Mueller Hinton Broth in 100 mL RO/DI Water. 1.2 mL of a 0.01 mg/mL solution of trimethoprim in RO/DI water was added to the media. 20 mL of the BCP/Trizma/Succinate preparation was added to the media and the media was sterile filtered through a 0.45 micron filter and cooled to 4 degrees C.
- Example 8 Preparation of Culture Containing Two Buffer
- the following culture can be used for detection of antibiotics and other inhibitors in a variety of formats and matrices including, for example, urine, milk or kidney samples.
- BCP/Borate/Succinate solution was prepared by adding 3.8 grams of Borate and 2.7 grams Succinate to 100 mL of reverse osmosis/deionized water (RO/DI Water) in a 125 mL flask. 100 milligrams of BCP was added to a 50 mL conical tube and 25 mL of the Borate/Succinate solution was added to the 100 milligrams BCP and mixed.
- RO/DI Water reverse osmosis/deionized water
- Example 9 Dispensing Culture
- the agar To efficiently dispense culture (such as is required in the previous examples), containing spores of Bst, into the bottom of the vial 4, the agar must be heated to approximately 57 degrees C. Dispensing is done rapidly, for example in less than one hour, preferably in 45 minutes or less, so that the culture can be quickly cooled. If the culture is not quickly cooled, spores, for example B.st. spores, may germinate prematurely. That is, spores will germinate prior to application of the sample. Excess premature germination will reduce test sensitivity.
- Another method for preventing premature spore germination which can be used alone or in conjunction with rapid dispensing, is to increase the pH of the culture, for example in the range of about pH 7.5 to about pH 11.
- the increase in pH provides non- optimal conditions for spore germination.
- the increase in pH also allows more stability over long storage times.
- Example 10 - Dilution Buffer can be used to standardize the sample matrix.
- a test for urine was described.
- the sample is diluted approximately 1 to 20 with a mixture of extractant (4.8 grams of 47.2% Trizma Base and 52.5% Potassium Phosphate Monobasic to 1000 mL RO/DI Water - pH should be 7.5 +/- .10) combined with about 8-10 grams per liter beef extract.
- Other samples, including feed and water can be similarly diluted (for example water was diluted 1 to 5 feed 1 to 30). By diluting the sample, test sensitivity is similarly reduced.
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EP04800881A EP1692272B1 (en) | 2003-11-18 | 2004-11-05 | Inhibition assay method and device for detection of antibiotics |
AT04800881T ATE528389T1 (en) | 2003-11-18 | 2004-11-05 | INHIBITION TEST METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETECTING ANTIBIOTICS |
US10/578,935 US7897365B2 (en) | 2003-11-18 | 2004-11-05 | Method for adjusting antibiotic sensitivity of a test culture |
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- 2004-11-05 US US10/578,935 patent/US7897365B2/en active Active
- 2004-11-05 WO PCT/US2004/037220 patent/WO2005049809A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-11-05 EP EP10014554.9A patent/EP2292732B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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Cited By (12)
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WO2005118838A2 (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2005-12-15 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Adjustable test system for the determination of the presence of an antibiotic in a fluid |
WO2005118838A3 (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2006-02-02 | Dsm Ip Assets Bv | Adjustable test system for the determination of the presence of an antibiotic in a fluid |
WO2009009144A2 (en) | 2007-07-12 | 2009-01-15 | Smiths Detection Inc. | Sample preparation apparatus |
WO2009009144A3 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2009-03-26 | Smiths Detection Inc | Sample preparation apparatus |
US8110397B2 (en) | 2007-07-12 | 2012-02-07 | Smiths Detection Inc. | Sample preparation apparatus |
WO2012156528A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-22 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Method for the determination of the presence of an antibiotic in a fluid |
EP3070175A1 (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-09-21 | Université de Fribourg | Test for determining susceptibility or resistance to polymyxins in enterobacteriaceae |
WO2016150871A1 (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-09-29 | Universite De Fribourg | Test for determining susceptibility or resistance to polymyxins in enterobacteriaceae |
WO2019108125A1 (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2019-06-06 | Ascilion Ab | A method for determining microbial susceptibility to antibiotic agents |
CN111621451A (en) * | 2019-07-19 | 2020-09-04 | 石河子大学 | Bacillus, method for detecting antibiotic residue by using bacillus and application of method |
EP3932553A1 (en) | 2020-06-29 | 2022-01-05 | Erber Aktiengesellschaft | Container for small liquid volumes |
WO2022002682A1 (en) | 2020-06-29 | 2022-01-06 | Erber Aktiengesellschaft | Container for small liquid volumes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1692272A4 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
EP2292732A1 (en) | 2011-03-09 |
EP1692272B1 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
ATE528389T1 (en) | 2011-10-15 |
EP2292732B1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
EP1692272A1 (en) | 2006-08-23 |
US7897365B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 |
US20070148724A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
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