WO2005044682A1

WO2005044682A1 - Bag mouth closing device

Info

Publication number: WO2005044682A1
Application number: PCT/JP2003/014132
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hideaki Okuno
Original assignee: Econica Corporation Limited
Priority date: 2003-11-06
Filing date: 2003-11-06
Publication date: 2005-05-19
Also published as: AU2003277570A1

Abstract

A bag mouth closing device, characterized in that a locking hole is provided in each of at least two areas formed in a sheet material through a pleat, claw parts are provided at the locking holes, and conduits into the locking holes are formed so as not to be overlapped with each other when the sheet material is folded through the pleat, whereby the areas of bags near the mouth parts can be easily closed, the entry of moisture into the bags can be stopped by holding a sealed state by twisting, the flavor components of contents in the bags can be prevented from being dispersed, and the device in use can be prevented from being inadvertently released from the bags.

Description

Description Bag closing device Technical field

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a bag mouth closing device, and more particularly, to a bag mouth closing device which can easily close the vicinity of an opening of bags, can maintain a sealed state, and does not accidentally come off during use. About. Background art

Conventionally, a wide variety of bag mouth closures for closing the opening of bags have been proposed and put into practical use. .

For example, a cord made of paper or plastics containing a wire is widely used. However, when the wire-containing cord is twisted once and the bag mouth is closed, a twist mark is left on the wire, and when it is used twice or three times, the twist mark becomes a new twist. This may hinder twisting and may not close smoothly, and twisting marks may appear in a wavy form, significantly impairing the appearance. At the time of disposal, incineration is not possible because of the wire.

In the case of bags for bread and confectionery, a plastic sheet-shaped clip consisting of a hole provided in the center and a slit following the hole is used to bundle or twist around the opening of the bag. It is closed by passing it through the hole from the slit in the closed state. However, bundling alone is not enough for sealing, and even if it is passed through the hole in a twisted state, the twisted part will return over time and the sealed state cannot be maintained, and quality will be reduced due to moisture. There is a problem that the flavor deteriorates or the flavor components escape into the atmosphere, reducing the flavor. Furthermore, it has been put to practical use to close the vicinity of the opening of bags by sandwiching between two plastic clips consisting of two sandwiched portions via a hinge portion. However, in this case, since the two pieces are sandwiched and closed using the flexibility of the sandwiched portion, the thickness of the sandwiched portion is limited.For example, in the vicinity of an opening of a bag for sealing. If the cable is twisted, the thickness will be too large to pinch it, and if it is pinched, the clip will come off carelessly. If this is avoided and the twist is weakened to reduce the thickness, moisture will flow into the contents inside the bags and the flavor components will escape, reducing the flavor.

Furthermore, in the case of a garbage bag, tie it with a string, wrap it with adhesive tape, bundle the upper part of the bag and tie it as one string, or tie up both sides as two strings. It is closed by.

However, when tying with the former string or wrapping with adhesive tape, it is necessary to leave a considerable portion of the upper end of the bag, and the garbage filling rate of the bag must be reduced. Also, it is necessary to prepare a cutter and scissors for cutting the cord and adhesive tape, which is troublesome. Furthermore, when recycling bags, it is necessary to separate the strings and adhesive tape, which increases the recycling cost.

Also, when the latter is tied using the bag itself at the top, the garbage filling rate of the bag is further reduced, generally to about 70%. Therefore, the efficiency of bag use is reduced, which is economically disadvantageous. Disclosure of the invention

An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, to easily close the opening of bags, to maintain a sealed state, and to provide a bag mouth closure which does not accidentally come off during use. To provide. Another object of the present invention is to provide a bag mouth closure that can be easily recycled after use.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sheet material, wherein at least two locking holes are provided in at least two regions formed through folds in the sheet material, and a claw portion is formed in the locking hole. And a guide opening to the locking hole is formed so as not to overlap with each other when bent through a fold line.

A second aspect of the present invention includes the bag opening closure according to the first aspect, wherein the fold comprises a groove.

Claim 3 of the present invention includes the bag mouth closing device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the introduction path is formed by a cut or a slit having a substantially V-shaped inlet.

Claim 4 of the present invention provides any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a concave portion or a convex portion is provided in each region, and the concave portion and the convex portion can be engaged when bent through a fold. The contents shall be the bag mouth closures described in the section.

Claim 5 of the present invention includes the bag mouth closing device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein information is posted in the area of the sheet material.

Claim 6 of the present invention includes the bag mouth closure according to claim 5, wherein the information is provided in a region of the outer surface when the sheet material is bent through the fold.

Claim 7 of the present invention includes the bag-closing device according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the information comprises an advertisement.

Claim 8 of the present invention includes the bag mouth closing device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the sheet material is made of a polyolefin resin. Brief Description of Drawings

Fig. 1 is a top view of the bag mouth closure of Example 1, and Fig. I is a sectional view taken along the line A-A of Fig. 1. 3 to 5 are explanatory views of a method for closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag using the bag closing device, FIG. 6 is a top view of the bag opening closing device of the first embodiment, and FIG. 7 is a diagram of the third embodiment. FIG. 8 is a top view of the bag closing device of the fourth embodiment, FIG. 9 is a BB sectional view of the same, FIG. 10 is a C-C sectional view of the same, FIG. 11 to FIG. 15 is an explanatory view of a method for closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag using the bag closing device, FIG. 16 is a top view of the bag opening closing device of Example 5, and FIG. Fig. 18 is a schematic view showing a state in which the vicinity of the opening of the bag is closed using the bag closing device, Fig. 19 is a bag opening closing device of Example 6, and Fig. 20 is a sectional view taken along line E-E of Fig. 20. Fig. 21 is a schematic view showing a state in which the vicinity of the opening of the bag is closed using the bag mouth closure, Fig. 22 is a top view of the bag mouth closure of Example 7, and Fig. 23 is F- F sectional view, FIG. 24 is the same G_G sectional view, and FIGS. 25 to 29 show the opening of the bag using the bag closing device. Fig. 30 is a top view of the bag mouth closure of Example 8, Fig. 31 is a sectional view taken along the line H-H, Fig. 31 is a sectional view taken along the line I.-I, Fig. 3 3 to 37 are explanatory diagrams of the method of closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag using the bag closing device, and FIGS. 38 to 41 are integrated with the bag closing device without using engaging means. FIGS. 42 to 45 are explanatory diagrams of a method of closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag by using the integrated bag mouth closing device. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The bag closing device according to the present invention is provided with one locking hole in at least two regions formed through the folds in the sheet material, one claw portion provided in the locking hole, and The introduction path to the stop hole is characterized in that it is formed so as not to overlap with each other when bent through a fold.

The sheet material in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include plastic, metal, paper, and a laminate of paper and a plastic film, and are easy to mold, rich in flexibility, and easy to recycle. point And plastic is preferred.

The plastic is not particularly restricted but includes, for example, resin such as polyethylene, polyolefin, styrene resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinylidene chloride resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, etc. Based resins are preferred. In particular, since garbage bags are usually made of polyethylene / polypropylene, polyolefin-based resins are preferred in that they can be recycled without separation.

In the bag closing device according to the present invention, at least two regions are provided on the sheet material via the fold line. Although the upper limit of the number of areas is not particularly limited, even if the number is too large, the effect of the closing does not change, and rather, the usability is deteriorated, the practicality is reduced, and the material cost is increased. Two or three are more preferred.

The fold is preferably formed of a U-shaped or V-shaped groove, and can be formed by post-processing. However, it is efficient and preferably engraved at the same time as molding.

One locking hole is provided in each area. The locking hole is not particularly limited, such as a circular shape or a polygonal shape. Usually, the vicinity of the opening of the bag is twisted into a string having a substantially circular cross section and introduced into the locking hole. A circular shape is preferable because the area increases and the frictional resistance increases, effectively preventing the phenomenon of torsional return.

The locking hole is provided with a claw portion. The claws are caught by the torsional portion near the opening of the bag to prevent the torsion from returning (loose) to maintain the sealed state, and the diameter of the torsional portion near the opening is locked. Even if it is slightly smaller than the diameter of the hole, it plays a role in preventing the return of twist and maintaining the sealed state. It is sufficient that at least one claw is provided, but preferably at least two. The upper limit is not particularly limited, but if the number is too large, the effect does not change. preferable.

The size of the locking hole and the claw portion is appropriately determined according to the size of the bag, specifically, the diameter when the vicinity of the opening is twisted. In this case, when the degree of torsion is increased, that is, when the torsion is increased to make the sealing state stronger, the diameter of the torsion portion becomes smaller, and conversely, the torsion is made smaller to make the sealing state weaker. In such a case, the diameter of the torsion part becomes large, so that it is determined in consideration of these.

An introduction path is provided in the locking hole. The introduction path is for guiding the torsion near the opening of the bag mouth into the locking hole.For example, it is provided in a V-shape that reduces toward the locking hole, or provided in a slit shape. Alternatively, it can be provided in the form of a slit, and the front entrance can be formed in a V-shape.

The introduction paths in each region are provided so as not to overlap each other when bent through the fold, and are preferably provided so as to be shifted by about 90 to 180 degrees. With this arrangement, the locking holes formed by bending the respective regions through the folds are formed, since the introduction path of one locking hole is closed by the non-introduction path portion of the other locking hole. As if it were the same state as a normal closed locking hole, the bag mouth closure is completely prevented from detaching from the twisted part.

The size of the bag mouth stopper of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately determined depending on the size of the bags to be closed. For example, for relatively small bags such as breads and confectionery, one area is required. The size of the garbage is preferably about 20 to 30 mm on a side when the shape is substantially circular, and about 20 to 30 mm on a side when the shape is substantially rectangular.For example, for a trash bag having a capacity of about 40 to 50 liters, one area It is preferable that the diameter is approximately 30 to 5 O mm on one side when the diameter is approximately circular and approximately 30 to 50 mm when it is approximately rectangular. The thickness is preferably about 0.6 to 3 mm in the case of plastic.

In order to close the bag mouth with the bag mouth closing device of the present invention as described above, the vicinity of the opening of the bag is twisted, and this twisted portion is engaged with the locking hole through the introduction passage in one area. Then, another area is bent through the fold line, and the torsion portion is introduced into the locking hole through the introduction path to complete the closing. When there are three or more regions, the above operation may be repeated. In addition, when removing the bag mouth closing device of the present invention from the bag mouth, it can be easily removed in the reverse order to the above.

When the fold is formed by a groove, it may be folded so that the groove is on the outside (denoted as valley fold) or folded so that the groove is on the inside (denoted as mountain fold). Is easy to bend. However, mountain folds are easy if the size of the groove is set appropriately.

The torsional portion of the bag is in the same state as if it were held in a closed locking hole with no introduction path, and the closure does not come off from the torsional portion.

Also, the torsion of the torsion part tries to return in the locking hole, but the claw in the locking hole catches on the torsion part or the torsion returns due to the penetration. Therefore, substantially the same torsion as the torsion when introduced into the locking hole is maintained. As a result, moisture from the outside is shut off, and, for example, in the case of bags for food, when the flavor component escapes to the outside of the bag and the flavor is reduced, troubles that occur are eliminated.

As described above, the bag mouth is closed by the bag mouth closure according to the present invention, but there is a tendency that the bent area is slightly expanded due to the elastic force and the restoring force of the material. In this case, for example, in the case of a closure consisting of two areas, the double closing effect of closing at two locations can be obtained, but the closure of each locking hole is slightly reduced, so the closure is also reduced. May be.

In such a case, it is also possible to prevent the regions facing each other from being integrated and expanding by engaging with each other when they are bent. The engagement means is not particularly limited as long as it has a structure in which the overlapping areas do not separate, and for example, engagement by unevenness is suitable. Examples of such concave-convex engagement include a through-hole, a protrusion that is slightly larger than the through-hole, and a protrusion that is pressed into the through-hole. And a convex portion which is slightly larger than the concave portion and the concave portion and which is pressed into the concave portion. In this case, since the facing areas do not separate from each other, the locking holes are almost completely closed, and the closure does not accidentally come off from the twisted portion of the bag.

In addition, as described later, instead of being integrated by the engaging means, it is also possible to integrate by bending over a fold and then exchanging the upper and lower areas by utilizing the flexibility of the material.

The bag closing device according to the present invention includes, in each area, information such as instructions for using the closing device, and when used for a garbage bag, an estimated date of garbage collection, a submitter's name, and advertisements of products and the like. And various other information. This information is preferably provided in the area of the outer surface when the sheet is folded through the fold. The posting of information includes, but is not limited to, sticking a seal, printing, stamping at the time of molding, and the like.

In addition, it is also possible to color or design and decorate various characters, animals, flowers such as sunflowers and the like. When coloring, for example, when used for garbage bags, the color can be used to distinguish combustible and non-combustible materials, or to distinguish prefectures, towns and villages.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, but it is needless to say that the present invention is not limited to only such embodiments.

Example 1

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are a top view and an A-A cross-sectional view showing a bag mouth closure of this embodiment.

As shown in these figures, the bag mouth closing device 1 of the present embodiment has locking holes 5a, 5b in two regions 4a, 4b formed on the sheet material 2 through the folds 3. Are provided, and claws 6a and 6b are provided in the locking holes 5a and 5b, respectively. In addition, a V-shaped introduction path 7a is provided in the locking holes 5a and 5b. , 7b are provided at symmetrical positions so that they do not overlap at the fold 3. The sheet material 2 in this embodiment is designed in a substantially S-shape, and is excellent in appearance.

FIGS. 3 to 5 show an example of a method for closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 using the above-mentioned bag mouth closing device 1. It is introduced into the locking hole 5a through the introduction path 7a of the region 4a of the bag mouth closure 1 (FIG. 3), and then the fold 3 is trough-folded and the other region 4b is folded over the region 4a. Similarly, the torsion part 9 is introduced into the locking hole 5b through the introduction path 7b to close the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 (FIGS. 4 and 5).

The torsion of the torsion portion 9 of the bag 8 is about to return, but the claw portion 6a of the region 4a and the claw portion 6b of the region 4b are caught or entangled and are prevented, and the sealed state is maintained. Will be retained.

To remove the bag mouth closing device 1, when the torsion portion 9 is further twisted to reduce the diameter of the torsion portion 9, the operation reverse to the above, that is, the torsion portion 9 is moved to the region 4. The area 4b may be removed from the locking hole 5b of the other area 4a through the introduction path 7a, and may be removed from the locking hole 5b of the other area 4a through the introduction path 7a.

In the above mounting, the regions 4a and 4b are mounted in this order, but it is needless to say that the regions 4b and 4a can be mounted in the reverse order. Also, mountain folds are possible if the groove of fold 3 is appropriately sized.

FIG. 6 is a top view showing the bag mouth closing device of the present embodiment, which is the same as Embodiment 1 except that the width of the V-shaped introduction paths 7a and 7b is reduced.

The bag mouth closure 1 of the present embodiment narrows the width of the V-shaped introduction paths 7a and 7b, and the locking holes 5a and 5b are substantially closed. of The torsion portion uses the flexibility of the sheet material 2 to form a gap by shifting the sides forming the introduction paths 7a and 7b up and down with respect to each other, and the locking holes 5a and 5 through the gap. Although it is necessary to introduce it into b, once it is introduced into locking holes 5a and 5b, accidental detachment of the torsion portion is almost completely prevented.

Example 3

FIG. 7 is a top view of the bag closing device of the present embodiment, in which the sheet material 2 has a substantially rectangular shape, the introduction path 7a in the area 4a is at the upper center, and the introduction path 7 in the other area 4 is shown. This is almost the same as Example 2 except that b is provided at the lower center.

Example 4

8, 9, and 10 are a top view, a BB cross-sectional view, and a C-C cross-sectional view showing the bag mouth closure of this embodiment.

As shown in these figures, the bag mouth closing device 1 of the present embodiment has three regions 4a, 4b, 4c formed on the sheet material 2 through the folds 3a, 3b. Stop holes 5a, 5b, 5c are provided, and claws 6a, 6b, 6c are provided in the locking holes 5a, 5b, 5c, respectively. In addition, in the locking holes 5a, 5b, 5c, introduction paths 7a, 7b, 7c each having a V-shaped entrance and a slit are formed by folding the regions 4a, 4b, 4c. They are provided at the positions shown in the drawing so that they do not overlap each other when bent through 3a and 3b.

FIGS. 11 to 15 show an example of a method for closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 by using the above-mentioned bag mouth closing device 1. The torsion portion 9 is formed by twisting the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8. Is introduced into the locking hole 5a through the introduction path 7a of the region 4a of the bag mouth closure 1 (FIG. 11), and then the fold 3a is trough-folded to fold the region 4b, Similarly, the torsion part 9 is introduced into the locking hole 5b through the introduction path 7b (FIGS. 12 and 13), and the fold 3b is further valley-folded to bend the area 4c. Similarly, the torsion part 9 is introduced into the introduction path 7c, and the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 is closed (FIGS. 14 and 15).

The torsion 9 near the opening of the bag 8 tends to return as time passes, but the claw 6a in the area 4a, the claw 6b in the area 4b, and the claw in the area 4c 6 It gets caught or caught in c and is blocked, and the sealed state is maintained.

To remove the bag mouth closing device 1, when the torsion portion 9 is further twisted to reduce the diameter of the torsion portion 9, the operation reverse to the above, that is, the torsion portion 9 is moved to the region 4. Remove the torsion 9 from the locking hole 5c through the introduction path 7b, and then remove the torsion part 9 from the locking hole 5b through the introduction path 7b. It can be removed through 7a.

In the above-described mounting, the regions 4a, 4b, and 4c were mounted in this order, but the present invention is not limited to this order, and it goes without saying that the mounting can be performed in any order.

Example 5

FIGS. 16 and 17 are a top view and a D-D cross-sectional view showing the bag mouth closure of the present embodiment. A recess 10 is provided in the region 4a, and the recess 10 is provided in the region 4b. Example 2 is the same as Example 1 except that a convex portion 11 for press-fitting is provided.

In order to close the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 with the bag mouth closing device 1, the operation is performed in the same manner as in FIGS. 3 and 4 of the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. It is press-fitted into 0 and engaged to close around the opening.

In this case, since the areas 4a and 4b are engaged and do not separate from each other, the locking hole is almost completely closed, and the closing tool 1 is inadvertently distorted by the torsional noise P9. Never leave.

Example 6

FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 are top views showing the bag mouth closure according to the present embodiment, and are E-E cross sections. In the drawing, the hole 4 is provided in the region 4a, and the protrusion 13 is provided in the region 4b to press-fit the hole 12 in the same manner as in the fifth embodiment. The operation and effect are the same as those of the fifth embodiment (FIG. 21).

Example 7

FIGS. 22, 23 and 24 are a top view, a F-F cross section, and a G-G cross-sectional view, respectively, showing the bag mouth closure according to the present embodiment. Is the same as Example 4 except that a through hole 14 having a diameter larger than that of the concave portion 15 and a convex portion 16 for press-fitting into the concave portion 15 are provided in the region 4c.

In order to close the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 with the bag mouth closing device 1, the operation is performed in the same manner as in FIGS. 11 to 14 of the embodiment 4 (FIGS. 25 to 28), and the convex portion 16 is formed. It penetrates through the through hole 14 and is press-fitted into the concave portion 15 to engage and close the vicinity of the opening (FIG. 29).

Also in this case, since the regions 4a, 4b, and 4c are engaged and do not separate from each other, the locking hole is almost completely closed, and the closing member 1 is not disengaged from the torsion portion 9. It does not leave easily.

Example 8

FIG. 30, FIG. 31, and FIG. 32 are a top view, an H-H cross-sectional view, and a 1-1 cross-sectional view showing the bag mouth closure according to the present embodiment.

As shown in these figures, the bag mouth closing device 1 of the present embodiment has three regions 4a, 4b arranged in a row in a sheet material 2 through folds 3a, 3b. , 4c are provided with locking holes 5a, 5b, 5c, and the locking holes 5a, 5b, 5c are provided with claw portions 6a, 6b, 6c, respectively. . In addition, introduction holes 7a, 7b, 7c each having a V-shaped entrance and a slit are formed in the locking holes 5a, 5b, 5c, and regions 4a, 4b, 4c. They are provided at the positions shown in the drawing so that they do not overlap each other when they are bent through the folds 3a and 3b. FIGS. 33 to 37 show an example of a method of closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 by using the above-mentioned bag mouth closing device 1. The torsion portion twists the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8. 9 is introduced into the locking hole 5a through the introduction path 7a of the region 4a of the bag mouth closure 1 (FIG. 33), and then the fold 3a is valley-folded to bend the region 4b. Similarly, the torsion part 9 is introduced into the locking hole 5b through the introduction path 7b (FIGS. 34 and 35), and the fold 3b is further valley-folded to bend the area 4c. Then, the torsion part 9 is introduced into the introduction path 7c to close the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 (FIGS. 36 and 37).

The operation and effect are substantially the same as those of the seventh embodiment. The locking hole is in a substantially completely closed state, so that the closure 1 does not accidentally come off due to the force of the nine torsion parts.

In this embodiment, a mode is used in which regions are integrated by using the flexibility of the material without using the engaging means as in Embodiment 5 or Embodiment 6 using the bag mouth closure 1 of Embodiment 1. It is.

That is, as shown in FIG. 38 to FIG. 41, the region 4b is bent through the fold line 3 so that the region 4b is superimposed and integrated below the region 4a instead of being superimposed on the region 4a.

FIGS. 42 to 45 show an example of a method for closing the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 by using the integrated bag closing tool 1, and twisting the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8. The torsion part 9 is slid into the gap between the region 4a and the region 4b of the bag closing device 1 and is introduced into the locking hole 5a through the introduction path 7a of the region 4a (FIG. 42, FIG. 43) Then, the torsion part 9 is introduced into the locking hole 5b through the introduction path 7b to close the vicinity of the opening of the bag 8 (Figs. 44 and 45).

The function and effect are substantially the same as those of the fifth and sixth embodiments, the locking hole is almost completely closed, and the closure 1 is accidentally detached from the torsion 9. Never. Industrial applications

As described above, the bag mouth closing device of the present invention can easily close the vicinity of the opening of the bag, and can prevent moisture from entering the inside of the bag by maintaining the sealed state by twisting. It is possible to prevent the flavor components and the like contained in the bag from escaping, and to prevent the bag from being accidentally detached from the bag during use.

Further, the bag mouth closing device of the present invention can be closed as long as there is a space where the vicinity of the opening of the bag can be twisted, so that the filling rate of the contents inside the bag can be greatly increased. Extremely economical. Further, by using the same material as the bag for the bag mouth closure of the present invention, it is not necessary to separate the bag at the time of recycling, which can greatly contribute to effective use of resources and environmental conservation.

Claims

The scope of the claims

At least two locking holes are provided in at least two regions formed through the folds in the sheet material, a claw portion is provided in the locking holes, and the introduction path to the locking holes is formed through the folds. A bag mouth closing device characterized in that it is formed so as not to overlap with each other when folded.

2. The bag mouth closing device according to claim 1, wherein the fold comprises a groove.

3. The bag mouth closure according to claim 1, wherein the introduction path is formed by a cut or a slit having a substantially V-shaped entrance.

The bag closing device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a concave portion or a convex portion is provided in each region, and the concave portion and the convex portion can be engaged when bent through a fold.

Claims 1 to 4 in which information is posted in the area of the sheet material

The bag mouth closure according to item 1.

The bag mouth closure according to claim 5, wherein the information is provided in a region of an outer surface when the sheet material is folded through the fold.

7. The closure according to claim 5, wherein the information comprises an advertisement.

8. The sheet material according to claim 1, wherein the sheet material is made of a polyolefin resin.

The bag mouth closure according to item 1.