WO2005015635A2 - Spin on polymers for organic memory devices - Google Patents

Spin on polymers for organic memory devices Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005015635A2
WO2005015635A2 PCT/US2004/006220 US2004006220W WO2005015635A2 WO 2005015635 A2 WO2005015635 A2 WO 2005015635A2 US 2004006220 W US2004006220 W US 2004006220W WO 2005015635 A2 WO2005015635 A2 WO 2005015635A2
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Prior art keywords
poly
ether acetate
ethylene glycol
propylene glycol
glycol
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PCT/US2004/006220
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French (fr)
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WO2005015635A3 (en
Inventor
Jane V. Oglesby
Christopher F. Lyons
Ramkumar Subramanian
Angela T. Hui
Minh Van Ngo
Suzette Pangrle
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Advanced Micro Devices Inc
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Advanced Micro Devices Inc
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Priority to GB0518816A priority Critical patent/GB2415092B/en
Priority to JP2006508956A priority patent/JP5324042B2/en
Priority to DE112004000423T priority patent/DE112004000423T5/en
Publication of WO2005015635A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005015635A2/en
Publication of WO2005015635A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005015635A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic element specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, covered by group H10K10/00
    • H10K19/202—Integrated devices comprising a common active layer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using elements whose operation depends upon chemical change
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    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C11/56—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
    • G11C11/5664—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency using organic memory material storage elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
    • G11C13/0009—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change
    • G11C13/0014—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising cells based on organic memory material
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G11C13/0009—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change
    • G11C13/0014—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising cells based on organic memory material
    • G11C13/0016—RRAM elements whose operation depends upon chemical change comprising cells based on organic memory material comprising polymers
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G11C—STATIC STORES
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    • H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
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    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
    • G11C2213/10—Resistive cells; Technology aspects
    • G11C2213/16—Memory cell being a nanotube, e.g. suspended nanotube
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
    • G11C2213/70—Resistive array aspects
    • G11C2213/71—Three dimensional array
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    • H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
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    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
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    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
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    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
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    • H10K85/141—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aliphatic or olefinic chains, e.g. poly N-vinylcarbazol, PVC or PTFE
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    • H10K85/321—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3]
    • H10K85/324—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3] comprising aluminium, e.g. Alq3
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    • H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
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    • Y10S977/932—Specified use of nanostructure for electronic or optoelectronic application
    • Y10S977/943—Information storage or retrieval using nanostructure
    • Y10S977/944—Biochemical memory

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to methods of making organic memory devices
  • the present invention relates to using spin-on techniques and certain solvents to make an organic semiconductor layer in organic memory devices BACKGROUND ART
  • the basic functions of a computer and memory devices include information processing and storage In typical computer systems, these arithmetic, logic, and memory operations are performed by devices that are capable of reversibly switching between two states often referred to as "0" and " 1 " Such switching devices are fabricated from semiconducting devices that perform these various functions and are capable of switching between two states at high speed
  • Electronic addressing or logic devices, for instance for storage or processing of data are made with inorgamc solid state technology, and particularly crystalline silicon devices
  • MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
  • the present invention provides organic memory devices that possess one or more of the following small size compared to inorganic memory devices, capability to store multiple bits of information, short resistance/impedance switch time, low operating voltages, low cost, high reliability, long life (thousands/millions of cycles), capable of three dimensional packing, associated low temperature processing, light weight, high density/integration, and extended memory retention
  • One aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making an organic memory cell involving forming a passive layer containing a conductivity
  • the present invention involves orgamc memory cells made of two electrodes with a controllably conductive media between the two electrodes
  • the controllably conductive media contains an organic semiconductor layer and passive layer
  • the organic semiconductor layer is made using spin-on techniques, which permits the formation of inexpensive, efficient, and high quality organic semiconductor layers compared to using chemical vapor deposition techniques
  • the organic memory cells may optionally contain additional layers, such as additional electrodes, charge retention layers, and/or chemically active layers
  • the impedance of the controllably conductive media changes when an external stimuli such as an applied electric field is imposed
  • a plurality of organic memory cells which may be referred to as an array, form an organic memory device
  • organic memory cells may form an organic memory devices and function in a manner analogous to metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) in conventional semiconductor memory devices
  • MOSFETs metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors
  • Carbon nanotubes may be prepared by the laser vaporization of a carbon target (a cobalt-nickel catalyst may facilitate growth) or a carbon-arc method to grow similar arrays of single-wall nanotubes
  • a buckyball is more specifically a Buckminster-fullerene, a soccerball-shaped 60-atom cluster of pure carbon
  • the organic polymer typically contains a conjugated organic polymer
  • the polymer backbone of the conjugated organic polymer extends lengthwise between the electrodes (generally substantially perpendicular to the inner, facing surfaces of the electrodes)
  • the conjugated organic polymer may be linear or branched, so long as the polymer retains its conjugated nature Conjugated polymers are characterized in that they have overlapping B orbitals Conjugated polymers are also characterized in that they may assume two or more resonant structures
  • the conjugated nature of the conjugated organic polymer contributes to the controllably
  • each R is independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl
  • each M is independently a metal
  • each E is independently O, N, S, Se, Te, or CH
  • each L is independently a group containing or continuing conjugation (unsaturation)
  • each n is independently about 1 or more and about 25,000 or less
  • each n is independently about 2 or more and about 10,000 or less
  • each n is independently about 20 or more and about 5,000 or less
  • metals include Ag, Al, Au, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, Ir, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, Sn, and Zn
  • L groups include hydrocarbyl groups possessing conjugation or the ability to form resonance structures, such as phenyl groups, substituted phenyl groups, acetylene groups, and the like Any of the formulae may have one or more pendent substituent groups, not shown in the formulae For example, a phenyl group may appear on the polythiophen
  • the thin layer contains any of the electrode materials or the compounds of the below-described heterocyclic/aromatic compound layer.
  • the thin layer has a thickness of about 50 ⁇ or more and about 0.1 ⁇ m or less. In another embodiment, the thin layer has a thickness of about 100 ⁇ or more and about 0.05 ⁇ m or less.
  • an organic memory cell may contain a first electrode of copper, a passive layer of copper sulfide, an organic semiconductor layer of poly(phenylene vinylene), and a second electrode of aluminum, wherein the poly(phenylene vinylene) organic semiconductor layer contains a 250 ⁇ thick layer of copper therein.
  • the organic semiconductor material does not contain an organometallic compound.
  • the organic semiconductor material contains an organic polymer doped with an organometallic compound.
  • the organic memory cells optionally contain an organometallic compound layer.
  • the organic semiconductor material contains an organometallic compound. Examples of the chemical structures of various organometallic compounds include Formulae (XIV) to (XVII):
  • the organic semiconductor layer is not doped with a salt
  • the organic semiconductor layer is doped with a salt
  • a salt is an ionic compound having an anion and cation
  • glycol ether esters Two or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms may be employed as a solvent system.
  • the solvent system may contain one or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols, and another organic solvent.
  • glycol ether esters examples include ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol propyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, propylene glycol butyl ether acetate, and the like.
  • Glycol ether esters also include polyalkylene glycol ether esters such as poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates and poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates.
  • poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates and poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates include poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, and poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate.
  • polyalkylene glycol ether esters include di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) hexyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether aceate, di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, di(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, di(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, tri(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, tri(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, tri(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, and the like.
  • glycol ethers include alkylene glycol ethers and polyalkylene glycol ethers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether, polypropylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether, and poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether.
  • alkylene glycol ethers and polyalkylene glycol ethers such as poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether, polypropylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether, and poly(propylene glycol
  • glycol ethers include ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol methylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol dibutyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) hexyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) diethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) dibutyl ether, di(ethylene
  • Furans include tetrahydrofuran.
  • Alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms secifically include alkyl alcohols containing from about 5 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms include n-butanol, iso-butanol, n- pentanol, iso-pentanol, cyclopentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, heptanol, and the like
  • glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms formation of the organic semiconductor layer is facilitated In particular, forming the organic polymer in a direction away from the surface on which it is formed is facilitated, delivering the organic semiconductor material to the substrate surface is facilitated, uniformly spaced organic polymer backbones are formed on the surface, and/or the formation of the organic
  • the organic memory devices may be fabricated in planar orientation (two dimensional) or three dimensional orientation containing at least two planar arrays of the organic memory cells Referring to Figure 2, a three dimensional microelectronic organic memory device 200 containing a plurality of organic memory cells in accordance with an aspect of the invention is shown
  • the three dimensional microelectronic organic memory device 200 contains a plurality of first electrodes 202, a plurality of second electrodes 204, and a plurality of memory cell layers 206 Between the respective first and second electrodes are the controllably conductive media (not shown) The plurality of first electrodes 202 and the plurality of second electrodes 204 are shown in substantially perpendicular orientation, although other orientations are possible.
  • the three dimensional microelectronic organic memory device is capable of containing an extremely high number of memory cells thereby improving device density Peripheral circuitry and devices are not shown for brevity
  • the organic memory cells/devices are useful in any device requiring memory
  • the organic memory devices are useful in computers, appliances, industrial equipment, hand-held devices, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, research and development equipment, transportation vehicles, radar/satellite devices, and the like Hand-held devices, and particularly handheld electronic devices, achieve improvements in portability due to the small size and light weight of the organic memory devices Examples of hand-held devices include cell
  • the methods and devices of the present invention are useful in the field of semiconductor memory and semiconductor fabrication.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
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  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Semiconductor Memories (AREA)
  • Liquid Deposition Of Substances Of Which Semiconductor Devices Are Composed (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

A method of making organic memory cells (104) made of two electrodes (106, 108) with a controllably conductive media (110) between the two electrodes (106, 108) is disclosed. The controllably conductive media (110) contains an organic semiconductor layer (112) and passive layer (114). The organic semiconductor layer (112) is formed using spin-on techniques with the assistance of certain solvents.

Description

SPIN ON POLYMERS FOR ORGANIC MEMORY DEVICES TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention generally relates to methods of making organic memory devices In particular, the present invention relates to using spin-on techniques and certain solvents to make an organic semiconductor layer in organic memory devices BACKGROUND ART The basic functions of a computer and memory devices include information processing and storage In typical computer systems, these arithmetic, logic, and memory operations are performed by devices that are capable of reversibly switching between two states often referred to as "0" and " 1 " Such switching devices are fabricated from semiconducting devices that perform these various functions and are capable of switching between two states at high speed Electronic addressing or logic devices, for instance for storage or processing of data, are made with inorgamc solid state technology, and particularly crystalline silicon devices The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is one the main workhorses Much of the progress in making computers and memory devices faster, smaller and cheaper involves integration, squeezing ever more transistors and other electronic structures onto a postage- stamp-sized piece of silicon A postage-stamp-sized piece of silicon may contain tens of millions of transistors, each transistor as small as a few hundred nanometers However, silicon-based devices are approaching their fundamental physical size limits Inorganic solid state devices are generally encumbered with a complex architecture which leads to high cost and a loss of data storage density The circuitry of volatile semiconductor memories based on inorganic semiconductor material must constantly be supplied with electric current with a resulting heating and high electric power consumption in order to maintain stored information Nonvolatile semiconductor devices have a reduced data rate and relatively high power consumption and large degree of complexity Moreover, as inorganic solid state device sizes decrease and integration increases, sensitivity to alignment tolerances increases making fabrication markedly more difficult Formation of features at small minimum sizes does not imply that the minimum size can be used for fabrication of working circuits It is necessary to have alignment tolerances which are much smaller than the small minimum size, for example, one quarter the minimum size Scaling inorganic solid state devices raises issues with dopant diffusion lengths As dimensions are reduced, the dopant diffusion lengths in silicon are posing difficulties in process design In this connection, many accommodations are made to reduce dopant mobility and to reduce time at high temperatures However, it is not clear that such accommodations can be continued indefinitely Applying a voltage across a semiconductor junction (in the reverse-bias direction) creates a depletion region around the junction The width of the depletion region depends on the doping levels of the semiconductor If the depletion region spreads to contact another depletion region, punch- through or uncontrolled current flow, may occur Higher doping levels tend to minimize the separations required to prevent punch-through However, if the voltage change per unit distance is large, further difficulties are created in that a large voltage change per unit distance implies that the magnitude of the electric field is large An electron traversing such a sharp gradient may be accelerated to an energy level significantly higher than the minimum conduction band energy Such an electron is known as a hot electron, and may be sufficiently energetic to pass through an insulator, leading to irreversibly degradation of a semiconductor device Scaling and integration makes isolation in a monolithic semiconductor substrate more challenging In particular, lateral isolation of devices from each other is difficult in some situations
Another difficulty is leakage current scaling Yet another difficulty is presented by the diffusion of carriers within the substrate, that is free carriers can diffuse over many tens of microns and neutralize a stored charge SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The following is a summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention This summary is not intended to identify key/critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later The present invention provides organic memory devices that possess one or more of the following small size compared to inorganic memory devices, capability to store multiple bits of information, short resistance/impedance switch time, low operating voltages, low cost, high reliability, long life (thousands/millions of cycles), capable of three dimensional packing, associated low temperature processing, light weight, high density/integration, and extended memory retention One aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making an organic memory cell involving forming a passive layer containing a conductivity facilitating compound over a first electrode, forming an organic semiconductor layer over the passive layer using a spin-on technique, the spin-on technique comprising applying a mixture of I) at least one of an organic semiconductor material and n) at least one solvent of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols, and providing a second electrode over the organic semiconductor layer Spin-on techniques permits forming the organic semiconductor layer in a reliable, robust and efficient manner To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the invention comprises the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects and implementations of the invention These are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates a perspective view of a two dimensional microelectronic device containing a plurality of organic memory cells in accordance with one aspect of the invention Figure 2 illustrates a perspective view of a three dimensional microelectronic device containing a plurality of organic memory cells in accordance with another aspect of the invention
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present invention involves orgamc memory cells made of two electrodes with a controllably conductive media between the two electrodes The controllably conductive media contains an organic semiconductor layer and passive layer The organic semiconductor layer is made using spin-on techniques, which permits the formation of inexpensive, efficient, and high quality organic semiconductor layers compared to using chemical vapor deposition techniques The organic memory cells may optionally contain additional layers, such as additional electrodes, charge retention layers, and/or chemically active layers The impedance of the controllably conductive media changes when an external stimuli such as an applied electric field is imposed A plurality of organic memory cells, which may be referred to as an array, form an organic memory device In this connection, organic memory cells may form an organic memory devices and function in a manner analogous to metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) in conventional semiconductor memory devices However, there are advantages to using the organic memory cells instead of conventional MOSFETs in memory devices Referring to Figure 1, a brief description of a microelectronic organic memory device 100 containing a plurality of organic memory cells in accordance with one aspect of the invention is shown, as well as an exploded view 102 of an exemplary organic memory cell 104 The microelectronic organic memory device 100 contains a desired number of organic memory cells, as determined by the number of rows, columns, and layers (three dimensional orientation described later) present The first electrodes 106 and the second electrodes 108 are shown in substantially perpendicular orientation, although other orientations are possible to achieve the structure of the exploded view 102 Each organic memory cell 104 contains a first electrode 106 and a second electrode 108 with a controllably conductive media 110 therebetween The controllably conductive media 110 contains an organic semiconductor layer 112 and passive layer 114 Peripheral circuitry and devices are not shown for brevity The organic memory cells contain at least two electrodes, as one or more electrodes may be disposed between the two electrodes that sandwich the controllably conductive media The electrodes are made of conductive material, such as conductive metal, conductive metal alloys, conductive metal oxides, conductive polymer films, semiconductive materials, and the like Examples of electrodes include one or more of aluminum, chromium, copper, germanium, gold, magnesium, manganese, indium, iron, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, titanium, zinc, and alloys thereof, indium-tin oxide (ITO), polysihcon, doped amorphous silicon, metal sihcides, and the like Alloy electrodes specifically include Hastelloy®, Kovar®, Invar, Monel®, Inconel®, brass, stainless steel, magnesium-silver alloy, and various other alloys In one embodiment, the thickness of each electrode is independently about 0 01 Φm or more and about 10 Φm or less In another embodiment, the thickness of each electrode is independently about 0 05 Φm or more and about 5 Φm or less In yet another embodiment, the thickness of each electrode is independently about 0 1 Φm or more and about 1 Φm or less The controllably conductive media, disposed between the two electrodes, can be rendered conductive or non-conductive in a controllable manner using an external stimuli Generally, in the absence of an external stimuli, the controllably conductive media is non-conductive or has a high impedance Further, in some embodiments, multiple degrees of conductivity/resistivity may be established for the controllably conductive media in a controllable manner For example, the multiple degrees of conductivity/resistivity for the controllably conductive media may include a non-conductive state, a highly conductive state, and a semiconductive state The controllably conductive media can be rendered conductive, non-conductive or any state therebetween (degree of conductivity) in a controllable manner by an external stimulus (external meaning originating from outside the controllably conductive media) For example, under an external electric field, radiation, and the like, a given non-conductive controllably conductive media is converted to a conductive controllably conductive media The controllably conductive media contains one or more organic semiconductor layers and one or more passive layers In one embodiment, the controllably conductive media contains at least one organic semiconductor layer that is adjacent a passive layer (without any intermediary layers between the organic semiconductor layer and passive layer) The organic semiconductor layer contains at least one of an organic polymer (such as a conjugated organic polymer), an organometallic compound (such as a conjugated organometallic compound), an organometallic polymer (such as a conjugated organometallic polymer), a buckyball, a carbon nanotube (such as a C6-C60 carbon nanotubes), and the like Organic semiconductors thus have a carbon based structure, often a carbon-hydrogen based structure, which is different from conventional MOSFETs The organic semiconductor materials are typically characterized in that they have overlapping B orbitals, and/or in that they have at least two stable oxidation states The organic semiconductor materials are also characterized in that they may assume two or more resonant structures The overlapping B orbitals contribute to the controllably conductive properties of the controllably conductive media The amount of charge injected into the organic semiconductor layer also influences the degree of conductivity of the organic semiconductor layer A carbon nanotube is typically a hexagonal network of carbon atoms (from about 6 to about
60 carbon atoms, typically) that is rolled up into a seamless cylinder Each end may be capped with half of a fullerene molecule Carbon nanotubes may be prepared by the laser vaporization of a carbon target (a cobalt-nickel catalyst may facilitate growth) or a carbon-arc method to grow similar arrays of single-wall nanotubes A buckyball is more specifically a Buckminster-fullerene, a soccerball-shaped 60-atom cluster of pure carbon The organic polymer typically contains a conjugated organic polymer The polymer backbone of the conjugated organic polymer extends lengthwise between the electrodes (generally substantially perpendicular to the inner, facing surfaces of the electrodes) The conjugated organic polymer may be linear or branched, so long as the polymer retains its conjugated nature Conjugated polymers are characterized in that they have overlapping B orbitals Conjugated polymers are also characterized in that they may assume two or more resonant structures The conjugated nature of the conjugated organic polymer contributes to the controllably conductive properties of the controllably conductive media In this connection, the organic semiconductor layer, such as the conjugated organic polymer, has the ability to donate and accept charges (holes and/or electrons) Generally, the organic semiconductor or an atom/moiety in the polymer has at least two relatively stable oxidation states The two relatively stable oxidation states permit the organic semiconductor to donate and accept charges and electrically interact with the conductivity facilitating compound The ability of the organic semiconductor layer to donate and accept charges and electrically interact with the passive layer also depends on the identity of the conductivity facilitating compound The organic polymers (or the organic monomers constituting the organic polymers) may be cyclic or acyclic During formation or deposition, the organic polymer self assembles between the electrodes Examples of conjugated organic polymers include one or more of polyacetylene, polyphenylacetylene, polydiphenylacetylene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythiophene, polyporphyπns, porphyπnic macrocycles, thiol deπvatized polyporphyrins, polymetallocenes such as polyferrocenes, polyphthalocyanines, polyvinylenes, polystiroles, and the like Chemical structures of examples of repeating units/moieties that make up the conjugated organic polymers and conjugated organometallic polymers include one or more ot Formulae (I) to (XIII)
Figure imgf000007_0001
Figure imgf000007_0002
10
Figure imgf000007_0003
Figure imgf000007_0004
Figure imgf000008_0001
Figure imgf000009_0001
Figure imgf000009_0002
Figure imgf000009_0003
Figure imgf000009_0004
wherein each R is independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, each M is independently a metal, each E is independently O, N, S, Se, Te, or CH, each L is independently a group containing or continuing conjugation (unsaturation), and each n is independently about 1 or more and about 25,000 or less In another embodiment, each n is independently about 2 or more and about 10,000 or less In yet another embodiment, each n is independently about 20 or more and about 5,000 or less Examples of metals include Ag, Al, Au, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, Ir, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, Sn, and Zn Examples of L groups include hydrocarbyl groups possessing conjugation or the ability to form resonance structures, such as phenyl groups, substituted phenyl groups, acetylene groups, and the like Any of the formulae may have one or more pendent substituent groups, not shown in the formulae For example, a phenyl group may appear on the polythiophene structure, such as on the 3 position of each thiophene moiety As another example, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, ammo, and/or hydroxy substituent groups may be present on the phenyl rings in any of the polyphenylacetylene, polydiphenylacetylene, and poly(p-phenylene vinylene) conjugated polymers The term "hydrocarbyl" includes hydrocarbon as well as substantially hydrocarbon groups Hydrocarbyl groups contain 1 or more carbon atom and typically about 60 or less carbon atoms In another embodiment, hydrocarbyl groups contain 2 or more carbon atoms and about 30 or less carbon atoms Substantially hydrocarbon describes groups which contain heteroatom substituents or heteroatoms which do not alter the predominantly organic character of the polymer, and do not impede the ability of the organic polymer to form a conjugated structure Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include the following (1) hydrocarbon substituents, l e , aliphatic (e g , alkyl or alkenyl), alicychc (e g , cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, acyl, phenyl, aromatιc_, alιphatιc_ and alicychc-substituted aromatic substituents and the like as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (that is, for example, any two indicated substituents may together form an alicychc radical), (2) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, l e , those substituents containing non_hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly organic nature of the substituent, those skilled in the art will be aware of such groups (e g , halo (especially chloro and fluoro, such as perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroaryl), cyano, thiocyanato, amino, alkylamino, sulfonyl, hydroxy, mercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc ), (3) heteroatom substituents, l e , substituents which, while having a predominantly organic character within the context of this invention, contain an atom other than carbon present in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms (e g , alkoxy, alkylthio) Suitable heteroatoms will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and include, for example, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and such substituents as, e g , pyπdyl, furyl, thienyl, lmidazolyl, imido, amido, carbamoyl, etc In one embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer contains a thin layer designed to improve or lengthen charge retention time The thin layer may be disposed anywhere within the organic semiconductor layer, but typically near the middle of the layer. The thin layer contains any of the electrode materials or the compounds of the below-described heterocyclic/aromatic compound layer. In one embodiment, the thin layer has a thickness of about 50 Δ or more and about 0.1 Φm or less. In another embodiment, the thin layer has a thickness of about 100 Δ or more and about 0.05 Φm or less. For example, an organic memory cell may contain a first electrode of copper, a passive layer of copper sulfide, an organic semiconductor layer of poly(phenylene vinylene), and a second electrode of aluminum, wherein the poly(phenylene vinylene) organic semiconductor layer contains a 250 Δ thick layer of copper therein. In one embodiment, the organic semiconductor material does not contain an organometallic compound. In another embodiment, the organic semiconductor material contains an organic polymer doped with an organometallic compound. In yet another embodiment, the organic memory cells optionally contain an organometallic compound layer. In still yet another embodiment, the organic semiconductor material contains an organometallic compound. Examples of the chemical structures of various organometallic compounds include Formulae (XIV) to (XVII):
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000013_0001
wherein M and E are as defined above In one embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer is not doped with a salt In another embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer is doped with a salt A salt is an ionic compound having an anion and cation General examples of salts that can be employed to dope the organic semiconductor layer include alkaline earth metal halogens, sulfates, persulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and the like, alkali metal halogens, sulfates, persulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and the like, transition metal halogens, sulfates, persulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and the like, ammonium halogens, sulfates, persulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and the like, quaternary alkyl ammonium halogens, sulfates, persulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and the like In one embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer has a thickness of about 0 001 Φm or more and about 5 Φm or less In another embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer has a thickness of about 0 01 Φm or more and about 2 5 Φm or less In yet another embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer has a thickness of about 0 05 Φm or more and about 1 Φm or less The organic semiconductor layer is formed by spin-on techniques (depositing a mixture of the polymer/polymer precursor and a solvent, then removing the solvent from the substrate/electrode) During formation, the organic semiconductor material self assembles between the electrodes It is not typically necessary to functiona ze one or more ends of the organic polymer in order to attach it to an electrode/passive layer When using spin-on techniques, the solvent in which the polymer/polymer precursor is charged before application to the wafer structure is able to solubihze the polymer/polymer precursor so that the organic semiconductor layer is formed in a substantially uniform manner over the surface of the substrate Solvents useful for this purpose include one or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms. Two or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms may be employed as a solvent system. The solvent system may contain one or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols, and another organic solvent. Examples of glycol ether esters include ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol propyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, propylene glycol butyl ether acetate, and the like. Glycol ether esters also include polyalkylene glycol ether esters such as poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates and poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates. Examples of poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates and poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ether acetates include poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, and poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate. Additional specific examples of polyalkylene glycol ether esters include di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) hexyl ether acetate, di(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether aceate, di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, di(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, di(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, tri(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, tri(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, tri(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, and the like. Examples of glycol ethers include alkylene glycol ethers and polyalkylene glycol ethers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether, polypropylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether, and poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether. Other examples of glycol ethers include ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol methylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol dibutyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) hexyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) diethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) dibutyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) butylmethyl ether, di(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether, di(propylene glycol) methyl ether, di(propylene glycol) butyl ether, tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether, tri(propylene glycol) methyl ether, and tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether. Furans include tetrahydrofuran. Alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms secifically include alkyl alcohols containing from about 5 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms include n-butanol, iso-butanol, n- pentanol, iso-pentanol, cyclopentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, heptanol, and the like Using one or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms, formation of the organic semiconductor layer is facilitated In particular, forming the organic polymer in a direction away from the surface on which it is formed is facilitated, delivering the organic semiconductor material to the substrate surface is facilitated, uniformly spaced organic polymer backbones are formed on the surface, and/or the formation of the organic semiconductor layer proceeds in a controllable manner In one embodiment, the mixture contains from about 0 1% to about 75% by weight of organic semiconductor material and from about 25% to about 99 9% by weight of solvent (one or more of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols) In another embodiment, the mixture contains from about 05% to about 50% by weight of organic semiconductor material and from about 50% to about 99 5% by weight of solvent In yet embodiment, the mixture contains from about 1% to about 25% by weight of organic semiconductor material and from about 75% to about 99% by weight of solvent When applying the mixture of organic semiconductor material and solvent to a wafer structure, the mixture is at a temperature suitable to facilitate formation of the organic semiconductor layer, facilitate solubilization of the organic semiconductor material and/or permit easy removal of the solvent from the wafer substrate In one embodiment, the temperature of the mixture during application is from about 15 EC to about 80E C In another embodiment, the temperature of the mixture during application is from about 25 EC to about 70E C In yet another embodiment, the temperature of the mixture during application is from about 30 EC to about 60E C A covalent bond may be formed between the organic semiconductor material and the passive layer Alternatively, close contact is required to provide good charge carrier/electron exchange between the organic semiconductor layer and the passive layer The organic semiconductor layer and the passive layer are electrically coupled in that charge carrier/electron exchange occurs between the two layers A passive layer contains at least one conductivity facilitating compound that contributes to the controllably conductive properties of the controllably conductive media The conductivity facilitating compound has the ability to donate and accept charges (holes and/or electrons) The passive layer thus may transport between an electrode and the organic polymer layer/passive layer interface, facilitate charge/carrier injection into the organic polymer layer, and/or increase the concentration of a charge carrier in the organic polymer layer In some instances, the passive layer may store opposite charges thereby providing a balance of charges in the organic memory device as a whole Storing charges/charge carriers is facilitated by the existence of two relatively stable oxidation states for the conductivity facilitating compound Generally, the conductivity facilitating compound or an atom in the conductivity facilitating compound has at least two relatively stable oxidation states The two relatively stable oxidation states permit the conductivity facilitating compound to donate and accept charges and electrically interact with the organic semiconductor layer The particular conductivity facilitating compound employed in a given organic memory cell is selected so that the two relatively stable oxidation states match with the two relatively stable oxidation states of the organic semiconductor material Matching the energy bands of two relatively stable oxidation states of the organic semiconductor material and the conductivity facilitating compound facilitate charge carrier retention in the organic semiconductor layer Matching energy bands means that the fermi level of the passive layer is close to the valence band of the organic semiconductor layer Consequently, the injected charge carrier (into the organic semiconductor layer) may recombine with the charge at the passive layer if the energy band of the charged organic semiconductor layer does not substantially change Matching energy bands involves compromising between ease of charge injection and length of charge (data) retention time In one embodiment, when matching energy bands, the fermi level of the passive layer is within about 0 3 eV of the valence band of the organic semiconductor layer In another embodiment, the fermi level of the passive layer is within about 0 25 eV of the valence band of the organic semiconductor layer In yet another embodiment, the fermi level of the passive layer is within about 0 2 eV of the valence band of the organic semiconductor layer In still yet another embodiment, the fermi level of the passive layer is within about 0 15 eV of the valence band of the organic semiconductor layer The applied external field can reduce the energy barrier between passive layer and organic layer depending on the field direction Therefore, enhanced charge injection in the forward direction field in programming operation and also enhanced charge recombination in reversed field in erase operation can be obtained The passive layer may in some instances act as a catalyst when forming the organic semiconductor layer, particularly when the organic semiconductor layer contains a conjugated organic polymer In this connection, the polymer backbone of the conjugated organic polymer may initially form adjacent the passive layer, and grow or assemble away and substantially perpendicular to the passive layer surface As a result, the polymer backbones of the conjugated organic polymers are self aligned in a direction that traverses the two electrodes Examples of conductivity facilitating compounds that may make up the passive layer include one or more of copper sulfide (Cu2S, CuS), copper rich copper sulfide (Cu3S/Cu2S, Cu3S/CuS), copper oxide (CuO, Cu20), manganese oxide (Mn02), titanium dioxide (Tι02), indium oxide (I30 ), silver sulfide (Ag2S, AgS), gold sulfide (Au2S, AuS), iron oxide (Fe304), nickel arsenide (NiAs), cobalt arsenide (CoAs2), and the like The conductivity facilitating compounds do not dissociate into ions under the strength of the electric field The passive layer may contain two or more sub-passive layers, each sub-layer containing the same, different, or multiple conductivity facilitating compounds The passive layer is grown using oxidation techniques, formed via gas phase reactions, or deposited between the electrodes In some instances, to promote long charge retention times (in the organic semiconductor layer), the passive layer may be treated with a plasma after it is formed The plasma treatment modifies the energy barrier of the passive layer In one embodiment, the passive layer containing the conductivity facilitating compound has a thickness of about 2 Δ or more and about 0 1 Φm or less In another embodiment, the passive layer has a thickness of about 10 Δ or more and about 001 Φm or less In yet another embodiment, the passive layer has a thickness of about 50 Δ or more and about 0 005 Φm or less In order to facilitate operation of the organic memory cells, the organic semiconductor layer is thicker than the passive layer In one embodiment, the thickness of the organic semiconductor layer is from about 10 to about 500 times greater than the thickness of the passive layer In another embodiment, the thickness of the organic semiconductor layer is from about 25 to about 250 times greater than the thickness of the passive layer In one embodiment, the organic memory cells optionally contain a heterocychc/aromatic compound layer In another embodiment, the organic semiconductor layer is doped with a heterocychc/aromatic compound If present, the heterocychc/aromatic compound layer has a thickness of about 0 001 Φm or more and about 1 Φm or less The area size of the individual organic memory cells (as measured by the surface area of the two electrodes directly overlapping each other) can be small compared to conventional silicon based inorganic memory cells such as MOSFETs In one embodiment, the area size of the organic memory cells of the present invention is about 00001 Φm2 or more and about 4 Φm2 or less In another embodiment, the area size of the organic memory cells is about 0 001 Φm2 or more and about 1 Φm2 or less Operation of the organic memory devices/cells is facilitated using an external stimuli to achieve a switching effect The external stimuli include an external electric field and/or light radiation Under various conditions, the organic memory cell is either conductive (low impedance or "on" state) or non-conductive (high impedance or "off state) The organic memory cell may further have more than one conductive or low impedance state, such as a very highly conductive state (very low impedance state), a highly conductive state (low impedance state), a conductive state (medium level impedance state), and a non-conductive state (high impedance state) thereby enabling the storage of multiple bits of information in a single organic memory cell, such as 2 or more bits of information or 4 or more bits of information Switching the organic memory cell to the "on" state from the "off state occurs when an external stimuli such as an applied electric field exceeds a threshold value Switching the organic memory cell to the "off state from the "on" state occurs when an external stimuli does not exceed a threshold value or does not exist The threshold value varies depending upon a number of factor including the identity of the materials that constitute the organic memory cell and the passive layer, the thickness of the various layers, and the like Generally speaking, the presence of an external stimuli such as an applied electric field that exceeds a threshold value ("on" state) permits an applied voltage to write or erase information into/from the organic memory cell and the presence of an external stimuli such as an applied electric field that is less than a threshold value permits an applied voltage to read information from the organic memory cell, whereas the absence of the external stimuli that exceeds a threshold value ("off state) prevents an applied voltage to write or erase information into/from the organic memory cell To write information into the organic memory cell, a voltage or pulse signal that exceeds the threshold is applied To read information written into the organic memory cell, a voltage or electric field of any polarity is applied Measuring the impedance determines whether the organic memory cell is in a low impedance state or a high impedance state (and thus whether it is "on" or "off") To erase information written into the organic memory cell, a negative voltage or a polarity opposite the polarity of the writing signal that exceeds a threshold value is applied The organic memory devices described herein can be employed to form logic devices such as central processing units (CPUs), volatile memory devices such as DRAM devices, SRAM devices, and the like, input/output devices (I/O chips), and non-volatile memory devices such as EEPROMs,
EPROMs, PROMs, and the like The organic memory devices may be fabricated in planar orientation (two dimensional) or three dimensional orientation containing at least two planar arrays of the organic memory cells Referring to Figure 2, a three dimensional microelectronic organic memory device 200 containing a plurality of organic memory cells in accordance with an aspect of the invention is shown
The three dimensional microelectronic organic memory device 200 contains a plurality of first electrodes 202, a plurality of second electrodes 204, and a plurality of memory cell layers 206 Between the respective first and second electrodes are the controllably conductive media (not shown) The plurality of first electrodes 202 and the plurality of second electrodes 204 are shown in substantially perpendicular orientation, although other orientations are possible The three dimensional microelectronic organic memory device is capable of containing an extremely high number of memory cells thereby improving device density Peripheral circuitry and devices are not shown for brevity The organic memory cells/devices are useful in any device requiring memory For example, the organic memory devices are useful in computers, appliances, industrial equipment, hand-held devices, telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, research and development equipment, transportation vehicles, radar/satellite devices, and the like Hand-held devices, and particularly handheld electronic devices, achieve improvements in portability due to the small size and light weight of the organic memory devices Examples of hand-held devices include cell phones and other two way communication devices, personal data assistants, palm pilots, pagers, notebook computers, remote controls, recorders (video and audio), radios, small televisions and web viewers, cameras, and the like Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain preferred embodiment or embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (assemblies, devices, circuits, etc.), the terms (including any reference to a "means") used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (1 e , that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The methods and devices of the present invention are useful in the field of semiconductor memory and semiconductor fabrication.

Claims
CLAIMS What is claimed is- 1. An method of making an organic memory cell comprising: providing a first electrode; forming a passive layer comprising a conductivity facilitating compound over the first electrode, forming an organic semiconductor layer over the passive layer using a spin-on technique, the spin-on technique comprising applying a mixture of I) at least one of a conjugated organic polymer, a conjugated organometallic compound, a conjugated organometallic polymer, a buckyball, and a carbon nanotube and n) at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms; and providing a second electrode over the organic semiconductor layer 2 The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises at least one glycol ether ester selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol propyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, propylene glycol butyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, and poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises at least one glycol ether selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) ethyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether, poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol methylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol diethyl ether, and propylene glycol dibutyl ether.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, n-butanol, iso-butanol, n-pentanol, iso-pentanol, cyclopentanol, n- hexanol, cyclohexanol, and heptanol
5 The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture contains from about 0 5% to about 50% by weight of 1) at least one of a conjugated organic polymer, a conjugated organometallic compound, a conjugated organometallic polymer, a buckyball, and a carbon nanotube and from about 50% to about 99 5% by weight of n) at least one solvent 6 The method of claim 1, wherein the conductivity facilitating compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of copper sulfide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, indium oxide, silver sulfide, nickel arsenide, cobalt arsenide, and iron oxide and the organic semiconductor layer comprises at least one conjugated organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacetylene, polyphenylacetylene, polydiphenylacetylene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythiophene, polyporphyπns, porphyrinic macrocycles, thiol deπvatized polyporphyπns, polymetallocenes, polyphthalocyanines, polyvinylenes, and polystiroles
7 An method of making an organic memory cell comprising providing a first electrode, forming a passive layer comprising a conductivity facilitating compound over the first electrode, forming an organic semiconductor layer over the passive layer using a spin-on technique, the spin-on technique comprising applying a mixture of from about 0 1% to about 75% by weight of I) at least one of a conjugated organic polymer, a conjugated organometallic compound, a conjugated organometallic polymer, a buckyball, and a carbon nanotube and from about 25% to about
99 9% by weight of n) at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of glycol ether esters, glycol ethers, furans, and alkyl alcohols containing from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms, and providing a second electrode over the organic semiconductor layer 8 The method of claim 7, wherein the mixture has a temperature from about 15 EC to about 80E C and the solvent comprises at least one glycol ether ester selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol propyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, propylene glycol butyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, poly(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acetate, poly(propylene glycol) propyl ether acetate, and poly(propylene glycol) butyl ether acetate 9 The method of claim 7, wherein the conductivity facilitating compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of copper sulfide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, silver sulfide, gold sulfide, nickel arsenide, cobalt arsenide, and iron oxide and the organic semiconductor layer comprises at least one conjugated organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacetylene; polyphenylacetylene, polydiphenylacetylene, polyaniline; poly(p- phenylene vinylene); polythiophene; polyporphyπns; porphyrinic macrocycles, thiol deπvatized polyporphyπns, polymetallocenes, polyphthalocyanines, polyvinylenes; and polystiroles 10 An method of making an organic memory cell comprising providing a first electrode, forming a passive layer comprising a conductivity facilitating compound over the first electrode; forming an organic semiconductor layer over the passive layer using a spin-on technique, the spin-on technique comprising applying a mixture of from about 0 1% to about 75% by weight of l) at least one conjugated organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacetylene; polyphenylacetylene; polydiphenylacetylene; polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythiophene, polyporphyπns; porphyrinic macrocycles, thiol deπvatized polyporphyπns; polymetallocenes, polyphthalocyanines; polyvinylenes; and polystiroles, and from about 25% to about 99.9% by weight of n) at least one glycol ether ester; and providing a second electrode over the organic semiconductor layer
PCT/US2004/006220 2003-03-10 2004-03-01 Spin on polymers for organic memory devices Ceased WO2005015635A2 (en)

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CN1759451A (en) 2006-04-12
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