WO2005011843A1 - Apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream comprising a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp - Google Patents
Apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream comprising a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005011843A1 WO2005011843A1 PCT/IB2004/051275 IB2004051275W WO2005011843A1 WO 2005011843 A1 WO2005011843 A1 WO 2005011843A1 IB 2004051275 W IB2004051275 W IB 2004051275W WO 2005011843 A1 WO2005011843 A1 WO 2005011843A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- discharge lamp
- dielectric barrier
- excimer discharge
- weight
- barrier excimer
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000164 yttrium(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001477 LaPO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/121—Coherent waves, e.g. laser beams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/123—Ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
- C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2086—Activating the catalyst by light, photo-catalysts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D2203/00—Aspects of processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change in the substances
- A62D2203/10—Apparatus specially adapted for treating harmful chemical agents; Details thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/80—Employing electric, magnetic, electromagnetic or wave energy, or particle radiation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0875—Gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0892—Materials to be treated involving catalytically active material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- Apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream comprising a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp.
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream, preferably to an apparatus for reducing pollutants in the exhaust gases produced by the combustion of fuel.
- the lamps conventionally used to provide such treatment have been low- pressure mercury lamps that emit vacuum ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 185 nm, which is the resonant line of mercury.
- Such low- pressure mercury lamps are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No.6,047,543 and PCT/US96/20581.
- US 6,047,543 discloses an apparatus and a method for enhancing the rate of a chemical reaction in a gas stream.
- the apparatus includes at least one heterogeneous catalyst having an upstream end and a downstream end, and at least one surface having a plurality of catalytically active sites on the surface, where the catalyst is positioned so that at least a portion of the gas stream contacts at least a portion of the catalytically active sites on the surface.
- At least one device for producing radicals or other active species from at least one of water vapour or other gaseous species such as a corona discharge device or a UN light source is used to produce radicals or other active species, which are introduced into the gas stream at a position upstream of the downstream end of the catalyst.
- the radicals or other active species are introduced in an amount sufficient to reduce or eliminate poisoning of the catalyst by catalyst poisons, such as sulphur, sulphur containing compounds, phosphorous, phosphorous containing compounds, and carbon.
- PCT/US96/20581 discloses a method and apparatus for reducing pollutants in the exhaust gases produced by an internal combustion engine.
- ozone produced by ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of 185 nanometers, is introduced into the intake of a combustion engine to provide a more complete reduc- tion of fuel, improved efficiency and fewer pollutants.
- ozone is introduced into the combustion gas stream and thereafter the exhaust gases are treated by a catalytic converter resulting in a further reduction of pollutants than if the catalytic converter alone was used to treat the exhaust gases.
- a method and apparatus is provided for reducing pollutants in the exhaust gases produced from the combustion of a fuel by introducing hydroxyl into the exhaust gas stream of the combustion engine upstream of the catalytic converter and treating the exhaust gases with the catalytic converter.
- Hg low pressure discharge lamps have the draw- back of a strong temperature dependence of their efficiency. Further, the problematic of the presence of Hg for the environment is well known. Since the application of hazardous elements, such as Hg, has to be avoided, these lamps are not desired in automotive applications. Also, there is a significant risk that Hg low pressure discharge lamps exhibit a material fatigue which can lead to a release of Hg. The release of Hg can af- feet unfavourably the catalytic activity of a metal base catalyst. However, the presence of catalyst poisons that may be adsorbed onto the catalyst surface in any of the fuel, oxidizer, or reaction products will degrade the performance and the efficiency of the catalytic process by occupying active sites on the catalyst surface.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for reducing contaminates in a fluid stream.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for reducing contaminates in the exhaust gases of a combustion engine, preferably con- taminants in vehicles such as automobiles or trucks exhaust gases using a fuel, such as gasoline, methanol and/or diesel, wherein radiant energy is employed to convert oxygen in air to ozone upstream of the air intake valve of the engine to provide a more com- plete combustion of fuel and improved efficiency without the need for major modifications to the internal combustion engine or catalytic converter.
- a further object of one embodiment of the invention is to provide an apparatus for reducing pollutants in a fluid stream, such as hydrogen, methanol, oxygen or there like, for a fuel cell.
- the object according to the present invention is solved by an apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream, the apparatus comprising at least one light source for producing radiant energy to produce radicals in the fluid stream, whereby the light source is a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp.
- the fluid stream can be a gas stream or liquid stream, preferably the fluid stream is a gas stream.
- Dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp as used according to the present invention are free of mercury.
- dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamps for reducing con- taminants in a fluid stream is favourable for the following reasons: - Light output is constant between -150 and +500°C; and/or - long lifetime even for fast switching cycles; and/or - fast run-up to full output power, also enabling fast switching cycles and reducing warm-up problems; and/or - relaxed geometry constraints, allowing better integration into a system.
- Dielectric-barrier discharge lamps produce excimer emissions by containing a gas for excimer emissions in a discharge vessel made up of a dielectric and bringing about a dielectric-barrier discharge.
- Such dielectric-barrier discharge lamps can have a hollow- cylinder-shaped discharge space, made up of quartz glass of which at least a part is dielectric, and is filled with a gas for excimer emissions.
- the apparatus of the present invention can comprise a transformer for driving the at least one light source; and/or a connector for connecting the transformer to an electrical system of the engine; Dielectric-barrier discharge lamps (DBD) source generate UN/NUN output from excimer molecules.
- DBD Dielectric-barrier discharge lamps
- a high electrical efficiency ofat least > 20 %, preferably >30, more preferably > 40% is achieved for the Xe excimer discharge if pulse high- voltage AC driving is used .
- a dielectric-barrier discharge lamps configuration one electrode or both are separated from the plasma by an insulating dielectric layer, and the discharge consists of a series of short-lived narrow filamentary channels and/or micro-discharges that occur stochastically in time.
- the majority of dielectric- barrier discharge lamps have traditionally been powered using AC voltage waveforms, according to the present invention short-pulsed excitation can have important advan- tages.
- the dielectric-barrier discharge lamp efficiency for NUN production from a Xe 2 * lamp (172nm) can be dramatically increased by a factor of at least two, preferably three or more compared to AC excitation by using fast excitation pulses of ⁇ 1 microseconds ( ⁇ s) duration followed by idle periods of about 100 microseconds ( ⁇ s).
- the duration of excitation pulses can be ⁇ 1000 microseconds and > 100 nanoseconds, preferably ⁇ 500 microseconds and > 1 microseconds and more preferably ⁇ 100 microseconds and > 10 microseconds.
- the idle periods according to the present invention can be ⁇ lOOOO ⁇ s and > 1 microseconds, preferably ⁇ 1000 microseconds and > 10 microseconds and more preferably ⁇ 100 microseconds and > 10 microseconds.
- the output is generated in short pulses of much higher peak power from homogeneous discharges or micro-discharges appearing as cone or funnel shaped structures rather than narrow filaments.
- the emission spectrum and efficiency of the dielectric-barrier discharge lamp is dependent on the filling gas, whereby several wavelength between 126 and 351 nm can be obtained as depicted in table 1. Table 1 Peak emission wavelength and efficiency of dielectric-barrier discharge lamps for sinus drive as function of the filling gas
- the efficiency of the Xe excimer discharge lamp exceed > 40 % and is thus especially preffered.
- the spectrum can be further modified if needed by one or more phosphors, coated onto the inner side of the quartz tube, to optimize the effect in the specific reaction targeted. For instance, for the efficient decomposition of benzene, which is widely applied as a component in fuel up to 2 wt.-% using radiation in the range of 180 nm to 210 nm. This wavelength range can be addressed by Nd 3+ activated phosphors. NO x which is present in the exhaust gas of combustion engines, can be cleaved by radiation with a wavelength below 240 nm, which is accessible by Pr 3+ phosphors.
- Efficient UV-C emitting phosphors for Xe excimer discharge lamps are for example LaPO 4 :Pr, YPO 4 :Nd, YPO 4 :Pr, LuPO 4 :Pr, or YPO 4 :Bi. It is also possible, that the phosphor itself acts as functional surface element, which is then coated on the inside of the converter structure and functions under illumination with the above mentioned lamp. In other words, the catalytic surface layer is then additionally activated by light from the lamp.
- This type of catalytic converter of the present invention can be used for many purposes. The most preferred one is the use in cars with combustion engines, where it can greatly enhance the efficiency and safety over the existing solutions.
- a dielectric-barrier discharge lamp By use of a dielectric-barrier discharge lamp according to the present invention ionizing the species prior to reaction by means of UN light significantly en- hance these reactions taking place in a converter compared to Hg low pressure discharge lamps. Hydroxyl ion "OH" and other free radicals and oxidizers such as O, H, HO, and H O 2 , can be generated in a fluid stream to reduce pollutants and contaminants. Further oxygen in a fluid stream inducted by a dielectric-barrier discharge lamp to ozone, wherein the ozone increases the efficiency of combustion of fuel by the en- gine thereby reducing the amount of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the fluid stream, e.g. exhaust gases.
- radicals can be generated in and/or introduced into the combustion gas stream of a combustion engine to reduce pollutants and contaminants such as CO and hydrocarbons. It has been observed that OH in the presence of oxygen can react rapidly with CO to produce CO 2 . It has also been observed that OH in the presence of oxygen can react rapidly with hydrocarbons to produce formaldehyde or other similar intermediary products which then further react with OH to form H O, CO 2 and OH. Moreover, there is evidence that the series of reactions do not consume, but rather regenerates OH.
- the OH and other related free radicals and oxidizers created in the reactions can act as a catalyst independent of or in conjunction with the normal catalytic function of the precious metal particles such as Pt, Pd, Rh and combinations thereof in a catalytic converter.
- precious metal particles such as Pt, Pd, Rh and/or combinations thereof are preferred.
- TiO 2 preferably a porous structure of TiO 2 , can be used also. The porous structure should be selected such that the fluid stream can flow through.
- the apparatus of the present invention comprises at least one heterogeneous and/or homogeneous catalyst having an upstream end and a downstream end, and at least one surface having a plurality of catalytically active sites on the surface the catalyst positioned such that at least a portion of the gas stream contacts at least a portion of the catalytically active sites on the surface.
- the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp as used according of the present invention comprises a filling gas containing a noble gas selected from the group of Argon, Krypton and/or Xenon, whereby Xenon is preferred.
- the filling gas can comprise further a halogen gas such as Fluor and/or Chlor.
- the filling gas pressure of a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp used for the present invention can be 50 mbar to 600 mbar.
- the filling gas pressure is measured at room temperature.
- the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp can comprise a filling gas of: - 0 weight-% to 100 weight-% Argon, preferrably 10 weight-% to 90 weight-% Argon, more preferrably 20 weight-% to 80 weight-% Argon; and/or - 0 weight-% to 100 weight-% Krypton, preferrably 10 weight-% to 90 weight-% Krypton, more preferrably 20 weight-% to 80 weight-% Krypton; and/or - 0 weight-% to 100 weight-% Neon, preferrably 10 weight-% to 90 weight-% Neon, more preferrably 20 weight-% to 80 weight-% Neon; and/or - 0 weight-% to 100 weight-% Xenon, preferrably 10 weight-% to 90 weight-%) Xenon, more preferrably
- the lamp can also contain mixtures of the above mentioned fillings, whereby the total sum of fillings should not exceed 100 weight-% of the total weight of filling gas in the dielectric barrier discharge lamp.
- the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp comprise a phosphor material, whereby the phosphor material is preferably selected from the group of YPO 4 :Nd, YPO 4 :Bi, YPO 4 :Pr, LuPO 4 :Pr and/or LaPO 4 :Pr, more preferably a mixture thereof .
- the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp has the maximum emission intensity or maximum peak at a wavelength of between: - 150 nm and 200 nm, preferably 160 nm and 190 nm, more preferably 170 nm and 180 nm; or - 160 nm and 230 nm, preferably 170 nm and 210 nm, more preferably 175 nm and 190 nm; or - 220 nm and 250 nm, preferably 225 nm and 249 nm, more preferably 230 nm and 248 nm.
- Fig. 1 shows an example of an UN assisted catalytic converter with a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp without phosphor and suprasil
- Fig. 2 shows an emission spectrum of a UN assisted catalytic converter with a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp (without phosphor), suprasil
- Fig. 3 shows an emission spectrum of a DB Xe 2 excimer discharge lamp (without phosphor), suprasil
- Fig. 4 shows an emission spectrum of a DB Xe 2 excimer discharge lamp with YPO 4 : 1 wt.-% ⁇ d
- Fig. 5 shows an emission spectrum of a DB Xe 2 excimer discharge lamp with LaPO 4 : 1 wt.-% Pr
- Fig. 1 shows an example of an UN assisted catalytic converter with a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp without phosphor and suprasil
- Fig. 3 shows an emission spectrum of a DB Xe 2 excimer discharge lamp (without phosphor), suprasil
- FIG. 6 shows an emission spectrum of a DB Xe excimer discharge lamp with YPO 4 : 1 wt.-% Pr, suprasil;
- Fig. 7 shows an emission spectrum of a DB Xe 2 excimer discharge lamp with YPO 4 : 1 wt.-% Bi, suprasil.
- an apparatus for re- ducing contamination in a fluid stream having a combustion chamber with a precombustion gas stream to the combustion chamber and a postcombustion gas stream of exhaust from the combustion chamber, wherein at least one dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp is positioned in the precombustion gas stream.
- a common converter is used and than modified to accommodate a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp, which needs to be placed in front of the converter structure.
- the exhaust gas will stream around the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp, emitting UN light, which breaks the bonds of the incoming molecules of a fluid stream and releases a fluid stream of ionized materials, which will react, e.g.
- an apparatus for reducing contamination in said liquid stream having at least one sensor.
- a sensor can be used to control and/or to adjust the fluid stream rate, pollutant load of the fluid and/or the function of the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp.
- a second dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp can be activated. It is also possible to activate a number of dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamps, preferably at least two, more preferably at least three, dependent of the pollutant load of the fluid.
- an apparatus containing a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp inserted into an container, which is connected to an inlet tube.
- the container further comprises a porous structure of TiO 2 .
- the inner part of the container is formed such, that the incoming fluid streams passing first the part of the container containing the dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp and then streams through the porous TiO 2 structure.
- the fluid is decomposed into ionic species, which can further react at the TiO 2 surface to harmless species.
- the resulting fluid is released through the exit port of the container.
- the fluid stream is a liquid stream.
- An apparatus for reducing contamination in said liquid stream having a prechamber liquid stream to the contamination reduction chamber and a post liquid stream from the contamination reduction chamber, wherein at least one dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp is positioned in the apparatus, preferably in the contamination reduction chamber.
- the apparatus according to the present invention can be used for treating fluid stream to reduce the concentration of at least one pollutant of a fluid, preferably for treating an exhaust gas stream from the combustion of a fuel in an engine to reduce the concentration of at least one pollutant of said gas stream, more preferably to reduce the concentration of at least one pollutant of the fluid of an fuel cell.
- the apparatus according to the present invention can be preferably used for cleaning of industrial exhaust lines, for production of chemicals or for use as a reformer to generate hydrogen on board of a vehicle to supply a combustion engine or a fuel cell generating electrical current.
- a reformer to generate hydrogen on board of a vehicle to supply a combustion engine or a fuel cell generating electrical current.
- (1) is shown containing a Xe dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp (2) inserted into a metal encasing (3), which is connected to the exhaust pipe system of a combustion engine by an inlet tube (4).
- the container further comprises a porous structure of TiO 2 (5).
- the inner part of the metal enclosure is formed so, that the incoming gas moves around the lamp and then streams through the porous TiO 2 structure.
- the gas is decomposed into ionic species, which react at the TiO surface to harmless species.
- the resulting gas is released through the exit port (6) of the metal casing.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/566,550 US20070051902A1 (en) | 2004-07-21 | 2004-07-21 | Apparatus for reducing contaminants in fluid stream comprising a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp |
EP04744630A EP1656195A1 (en) | 2003-08-01 | 2004-07-21 | Apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream comprising a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp |
JP2006521730A JP2007501349A (en) | 2003-08-01 | 2004-07-21 | Apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream with a dielectric barrier discharge excimer lamp |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03102404 | 2003-08-01 | ||
EP03102404.5 | 2003-08-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005011843A1 true WO2005011843A1 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
Family
ID=34112484
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2004/051275 WO2005011843A1 (en) | 2003-08-01 | 2004-07-21 | Apparatus for reducing contaminants in a fluid stream comprising a dielectric barrier excimer discharge lamp |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1656195A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2007501349A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005011843A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
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US8108512B2 (en) | 2006-09-01 | 2012-01-31 | Massively Parallel Technologies, Inc. | System and method for accessing and using a supercomputer |
WO2014114243A1 (en) * | 2013-01-22 | 2014-07-31 | ZHANG, Christopher Chi | Fuel treatment apparatus |
CN106492852A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of zinc oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106492858A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of nickel oxide copper oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106492853A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of titanium dioxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106492857A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of cobalt oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106540725A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-29 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of tungsten oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
US10216692B2 (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2019-02-26 | Massively Parallel Technologies, Inc. | Multi-core parallel processing system |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP5814533B2 (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2015-11-17 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | Image forming apparatus provided with air cleaning device |
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2004
- 2004-07-21 JP JP2006521730A patent/JP2007501349A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-07-21 WO PCT/IB2004/051275 patent/WO2005011843A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-07-21 EP EP04744630A patent/EP1656195A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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DE4307204A1 (en) * | 1993-03-08 | 1994-09-15 | Univ Schiller Jena | Arrangement for purifying liquids and/or gases |
DE4327081A1 (en) * | 1993-08-12 | 1995-02-16 | Univ Schiller Jena | Flow-through reactor for liquids and/or gases |
DE19507189A1 (en) * | 1995-03-02 | 1996-09-12 | Stengelin Gmbh & Co Kg | Processing medium, esp. water, gas mixt. or air, in UV excimer-emitter |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8108512B2 (en) | 2006-09-01 | 2012-01-31 | Massively Parallel Technologies, Inc. | System and method for accessing and using a supercomputer |
US10216692B2 (en) | 2009-06-17 | 2019-02-26 | Massively Parallel Technologies, Inc. | Multi-core parallel processing system |
WO2014114243A1 (en) * | 2013-01-22 | 2014-07-31 | ZHANG, Christopher Chi | Fuel treatment apparatus |
CN106492852A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of zinc oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106492858A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of nickel oxide copper oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106492853A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of titanium dioxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106492857A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-15 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of cobalt oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
CN106540725A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2017-03-29 | 常州大学 | A kind of preparation method of tungsten oxide compound phosphoric acid yttrium catalyst |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2007501349A (en) | 2007-01-25 |
EP1656195A1 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
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