WO2005001269A1 - Multi section heat driven thermoacoustic engine - Google Patents

Multi section heat driven thermoacoustic engine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005001269A1
WO2005001269A1 PCT/NL2004/000405 NL2004000405W WO2005001269A1 WO 2005001269 A1 WO2005001269 A1 WO 2005001269A1 NL 2004000405 W NL2004000405 W NL 2004000405W WO 2005001269 A1 WO2005001269 A1 WO 2005001269A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
acoustic
taec
regenerator
energy converter
section
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2004/000405
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Cornelis Maria De Blok
Original Assignee
Cornelis Maria De Blok
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cornelis Maria De Blok filed Critical Cornelis Maria De Blok
Publication of WO2005001269A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005001269A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1403—Pulse-tube cycles with heat input into acoustic driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B27/00—Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
    • F25B9/145—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle pulse-tube cycle

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) .
  • TAEC regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter
  • a TAEC is a closed system in which in a thermodynamic cycle similar to a Stirling cycle heat and acoustic energy, i.e. gas pressure variations, are transformed into each other.
  • a regenerative TAEC comprises an acoustic or acoustic-mechanical resonance circuit, in which a gas is present, as well as two heat exchangers, on both sides of a "regenerator" of a porous material with good heat exchange properties .
  • a TAEC can be used as a heat pump or as an engine.
  • mechanical energy is added, by which the gas is brought into oscillation by means of e.g. a membrane, bellows or a free piston construction; by means of the oscillating gas heat is then "pumped" from the one heat exchanger to the other.
  • heat is supplied to the one heat exchanger and heat is drained at the other, whereby oscillation of the gas column is kept up; the gas movement can be coupled out as useful energy through the membrane.
  • Said heat pump can also be driven directly without intervention of a membrane and electro-mechanic converter by said engine, by which a heat pumping system driven by heat comes about without any moving parts at all.
  • thermoacoustic heat engine can be utilised only when such an engine is powered directly by a primary energy source like gas, oil or solar energy or, in general by heat at an appropriate temperature.
  • Pertain to applied radiation burners and co-axially build regenerators is the relatively large longitudinal acoustic length along the burner and regenerator assembly as seen in the propagation direction of the acoustic wave. Due to this long inherent burner length and the associated longitudinal length of regenerator and timing circuit, as described in [2] , even at low acoustic frequencies, a substantial longitudinal phase difference exist along the regenerator. As a consequence, appropriate timing can be maintained only in a small part of the regenerator. Timing of the thermodynamic energy conversion process in a substantial part of the regenerator therefore is subopti al, resulting in a severe efficiency penalty. This penalty occurs even for longitudinal burner or regenerator lengths less than 1% of the acoustic wavelength. For burner and regenerator of longitudinal lengths of 3% of the acoustic wavelength efficiency is halved in some configurations .
  • This limitation in longitudinal burner length also sets a limit to the maximum thermal power which can be supplied by radiation at given temperature and burner diameter and consequently this will limit the acoustic output power.
  • the same limitation in longitudinal length will occur when the radiation burner is replaced by a cylindrical heat exchanger or, in case of a heat pump, by a cylindrical heat exchanger at the cold side of the regenerator.
  • the present invention aims at increasing the capacity of a TAEC in a way wherein the efficiency loss observed in said exemplary embodiments does not or hardly take place.
  • the regenerator and low temperature or ambient temperature heat exchanger will be build up, as short, longitudinal, separated ring shaped sections connected acoustic an thermal in parallel over the total length of the burner while each section is provided with a dedicated timing circuit implemented as a radial volume and space between the separate sections .
  • the acoustic impedance in the regenerator of each separate section can be set to the appropriate high absolute value and nearly zero phase difference between pressure and velocity amplitude as described in [3], by adjusting the volume per section or space between the individual sections making them nearly independent of each other and of the longitudinal position (acoustic impedance) of the standing wave along the burner inside the resonator room.
  • the correct timing in the regenerator is hardly dependent of the position in the standing wave or Helmholz resonator and can be maintained in an arbitrary number of separate sections positioned over about 7% of the acoustic wavelength with hardly no penalty in efficiency as mentioned before.
  • the increased burner length allows for a much higher thermal and acoustic power level at given system dimensions .
  • multiple separate impedance matched sections can be located even on an arbitrary position of the acoustic wave length without loss of correct timing per section resulting in a further increase of the thermal and acoustic power level of a TAEC per given system dimensions .
  • the implementation according to the invention can also be used in case heat is supplied at lower operating temperatures at which radiation is inadequate as heat transfer mechanism or in case of a TAEC when configured as heat pump.
  • the radiant burner is replaced by a cylindrical or tube like heat exchanger per section, having an outside diameter which equals the regenerator inside diameter resulting in an optimal acoustic and thermal contact and a longitudinal length as short as the regenerator.
  • FIG 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) powered by a radiant burner located in an housing 1 coupled with a narrowed tube 2 to a second housing 3 together shaped as a Helmholtz or standing wave resonator, in which housing 3 could contain, a not drawn, second TAEC which is configured for example as a heat pump.
  • TAEC regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter
  • a regenerator 4 and low or ambient temperature heat exchanger 5 are implemented coaxial and cylindrical around a, not further described, recuperative radiation burner 6. This is further detailed in the cross-sectional view of figure 2.
  • the radiant burner is kept on a high temperature by burning a fossil fuel supplied by connection 7. Combustion products and heated gas are leaving the burner 6 by the outlet 8.
  • Acoustic timing is provided by the volume 9 and bypass 10.
  • Such a device is known from the Dutch patent application 1021412 as a burner driven thermoacoustic heat pump.
  • Figure 2 shows an exemplary embodiment according to the invention comprising a first TAEC build from multiple sections each of them equipped with a ring shaped or cylindrical regenerator 4, a ring shaped or cylindrical low temperature or ambient heat exchanger 5 and a dedicated timing circuit composed as a radial implemented buffer volume 9 and an acoustic bypass formed by the intersectional space 10.
  • Longitudinal length of each separate section is less than 2% of the acoustic wavelength.
  • the sections are coupled, thermal and acoustic, in parallel to the resonator 1,2 which resonator room also contains the radiant burner 6.
  • Figure 3 describes a second implementation of the invention characterised by non uniform dimensions of acoustic timing circuit 9,10 of the separate sections resulting in an further improved matching to the standing acoustic wave in the resonator room 1.
  • Figure 4 describes a third implementation of the invention at which regenerator 5 and low temperature or ambient temperature heat exchanger 5 are not uniform in diameter, resulting in an further improved matching to the standing acoustic wave in the resonator room 1.
  • Figure 5 describes a fourth implementation of the invention at which at which the burner 6 is not uniform in diameter, resulting in an further improved matching to the standing acoustic wave in the resonator room 1.
  • Figure 6 finally describes an implementation of the invention at which the sections are coupled by a travelling wave resonator 2 comprising an impedance matching and acoustic power extraction circuit 11.
  • a travelling wave resonator 2 comprising an impedance matching and acoustic power extraction circuit 11.
  • pressure amplitude is nearly independent of the longitudinal position allowing a large number of separate section to be coupled to a TAEC having a aggregate length equal or to a substantial part of the acoustic wave length
  • halogen lamps or concentrated solar energy can be used.
  • the burner 6 can be replaced by a cylindrical heat exchanger per section having an outside diameter which equals the inside diameter of the regenerator to establish an optimal acoustic and thermal contact.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)

Abstract

Regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) powered by a radiant or other heat source (6) at which the regenerator (4) and low temperature heat exchanger assembly (5) is build up, as short, separated ring shaped sections connected acoustic and thermal in parallel over the longitudinal length of the radiant heat source. Each section is provided with a dedicated acoustic timing circuit (9) to set the acoustic regenerator impedance in each separate section to the appropriate high absolute value and near zero phase difference between pressure and velocity amplitude. Because of this impedance setting per section is hardly dependent of the number of sections or longitudinal position of each section inside the acoustic resonator, much higher thermal and acoustic power levels are feasible at given system dimensions.

Description

Multi section heat driven thermoacoustic engine
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) . Generally, a TAEC is a closed system in which in a thermodynamic cycle similar to a Stirling cycle heat and acoustic energy, i.e. gas pressure variations, are transformed into each other. A regenerative TAEC comprises an acoustic or acoustic-mechanical resonance circuit, in which a gas is present, as well as two heat exchangers, on both sides of a "regenerator" of a porous material with good heat exchange properties .
A TAEC can be used as a heat pump or as an engine. In the former case mechanical energy is added, by which the gas is brought into oscillation by means of e.g. a membrane, bellows or a free piston construction; by means of the oscillating gas heat is then "pumped" from the one heat exchanger to the other. In the latter case, as an engine, heat is supplied to the one heat exchanger and heat is drained at the other, whereby oscillation of the gas column is kept up; the gas movement can be coupled out as useful energy through the membrane. Said heat pump can also be driven directly without intervention of a membrane and electro-mechanic converter by said engine, by which a heat pumping system driven by heat comes about without any moving parts at all. Experimental set-ups and prototypes, as for example described in [1] , often are equipped with a electrical heater for convenient power measurement. For real applications this is not an option because electrical heating introduce additional superfluous energy conversion steps . Efficiency of an thermoacoustic heat engine can be utilised only when such an engine is powered directly by a primary energy source like gas, oil or solar energy or, in general by heat at an appropriate temperature.
Methods for heat supply at high temperature are known from [2] at which a bar like, cylindrical radiation burner with or without recuperation is used and maintained on a high temperature (e.g. 900- 1000 °C) by a primary energy source. In order to maximise absorption of the radiated heat from the burner surface the regenerator is build co- axially around this radiation burner.
Pertain to applied radiation burners and co-axially build regenerators is the relatively large longitudinal acoustic length along the burner and regenerator assembly as seen in the propagation direction of the acoustic wave. Due to this long inherent burner length and the associated longitudinal length of regenerator and timing circuit, as described in [2] , even at low acoustic frequencies, a substantial longitudinal phase difference exist along the regenerator. As a consequence, appropriate timing can be maintained only in a small part of the regenerator. Timing of the thermodynamic energy conversion process in a substantial part of the regenerator therefore is subopti al, resulting in a severe efficiency penalty. This penalty occurs even for longitudinal burner or regenerator lengths less than 1% of the acoustic wavelength. For burner and regenerator of longitudinal lengths of 3% of the acoustic wavelength efficiency is halved in some configurations .
This is inevitable when using known acoustic measures for creating the required travelling wave condition of a near zero phase difference between pressure and velocity amplitude in longitudinal extended regenerator assemblies.
This limitation in longitudinal burner length also sets a limit to the maximum thermal power which can be supplied by radiation at given temperature and burner diameter and consequently this will limit the acoustic output power.
The same limitation in longitudinal length will occur when the radiation burner is replaced by a cylindrical heat exchanger or, in case of a heat pump, by a cylindrical heat exchanger at the cold side of the regenerator. The present invention aims at increasing the capacity of a TAEC in a way wherein the efficiency loss observed in said exemplary embodiments does not or hardly take place.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention the regenerator and low temperature or ambient temperature heat exchanger will be build up, as short, longitudinal, separated ring shaped sections connected acoustic an thermal in parallel over the total length of the burner while each section is provided with a dedicated timing circuit implemented as a radial volume and space between the separate sections . As a result the acoustic impedance in the regenerator of each separate section can be set to the appropriate high absolute value and nearly zero phase difference between pressure and velocity amplitude as described in [3], by adjusting the volume per section or space between the individual sections making them nearly independent of each other and of the longitudinal position (acoustic impedance) of the standing wave along the burner inside the resonator room. As a result of the measures according to the invention the correct timing in the regenerator is hardly dependent of the position in the standing wave or Helmholz resonator and can be maintained in an arbitrary number of separate sections positioned over about 7% of the acoustic wavelength with hardly no penalty in efficiency as mentioned before. In addition the increased burner length allows for a much higher thermal and acoustic power level at given system dimensions . When combined with a travelling wave resonator, multiple separate impedance matched sections can be located even on an arbitrary position of the acoustic wave length without loss of correct timing per section resulting in a further increase of the thermal and acoustic power level of a TAEC per given system dimensions . The implementation according to the invention can also be used in case heat is supplied at lower operating temperatures at which radiation is inadequate as heat transfer mechanism or in case of a TAEC when configured as heat pump. In both cases the radiant burner is replaced by a cylindrical or tube like heat exchanger per section, having an outside diameter which equals the regenerator inside diameter resulting in an optimal acoustic and thermal contact and a longitudinal length as short as the regenerator.
REFERENCES [1] S. Backhouse and G.W. Swift. "A thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine", j. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107,3148 (2000)
[2] Patent application NL 1021412
[3] International publication WO99/20957
EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Figure 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a regenerative thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) powered by a radiant burner located in an housing 1 coupled with a narrowed tube 2 to a second housing 3 together shaped as a Helmholtz or standing wave resonator, in which housing 3 could contain, a not drawn, second TAEC which is configured for example as a heat pump. In the first TAEC a regenerator 4 and low or ambient temperature heat exchanger 5 are implemented coaxial and cylindrical around a, not further described, recuperative radiation burner 6. This is further detailed in the cross-sectional view of figure 2. The radiant burner is kept on a high temperature by burning a fossil fuel supplied by connection 7. Combustion products and heated gas are leaving the burner 6 by the outlet 8.
Acoustic timing is provided by the volume 9 and bypass 10. Such a device is known from the Dutch patent application 1021412 as a burner driven thermoacoustic heat pump.
Figure 2 shows an exemplary embodiment according to the invention comprising a first TAEC build from multiple sections each of them equipped with a ring shaped or cylindrical regenerator 4, a ring shaped or cylindrical low temperature or ambient heat exchanger 5 and a dedicated timing circuit composed as a radial implemented buffer volume 9 and an acoustic bypass formed by the intersectional space 10. Longitudinal length of each separate section is less than 2% of the acoustic wavelength. The sections are coupled, thermal and acoustic, in parallel to the resonator 1,2 which resonator room also contains the radiant burner 6.
Figure 3 describes a second implementation of the invention characterised by non uniform dimensions of acoustic timing circuit 9,10 of the separate sections resulting in an further improved matching to the standing acoustic wave in the resonator room 1.
Figure 4 describes a third implementation of the invention at which regenerator 5 and low temperature or ambient temperature heat exchanger 5 are not uniform in diameter, resulting in an further improved matching to the standing acoustic wave in the resonator room 1.
Figure 5 describes a fourth implementation of the invention at which at which the burner 6 is not uniform in diameter, resulting in an further improved matching to the standing acoustic wave in the resonator room 1.
Figure 6 finally describes an implementation of the invention at which the sections are coupled by a travelling wave resonator 2 comprising an impedance matching and acoustic power extraction circuit 11. In a well matched travelling wave resonator pressure amplitude is nearly independent of the longitudinal position allowing a large number of separate section to be coupled to a TAEC having a aggregate length equal or to a substantial part of the acoustic wave length
In stead of a radiant burner 6, halogen lamps or concentrated solar energy can be used. For applications in which no high temperature is available as for example is the case in a heat pump, the burner 6 can be replaced by a cylindrical heat exchanger per section having an outside diameter which equals the inside diameter of the regenerator to establish an optimal acoustic and thermal contact.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC), comprising an acoustic resonator room 1,2,3 filled with gas and a regenerator assembly, consisting of regenerator 4 and heat exchanger 5, co-axially build around a radiant heat source 6, characterised in this regenerator assembly is splitted in separate sections, which are acoustic an thermal connected in parallel to resonator room 1 and radiant heat source 6 and each of these sections equipped with a dedicated acoustic network 9,10, by which means the acoustic impedance in each section can be set to an optimal high and nearly real value which is hardly dependent of the longitudinal position of that section in the resonator room 1. 2. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) according to claim 1, characterised in that the longitudinal length of each section is less than 2 % of the acoustic wavelength. 3. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) according to claim 1, characterised in that the dimensions of the acoustic timing network 9,10, are different per section and adapted to the local acoustic impedance in the resonator room 1. 4. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) according to claim
1, characterised in that the diameter of the cylindrical regenerator 4 and heat exchanger 5 assembly is not uniform in longitudinal direction. 5. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) according to claim 1, characterised in that the diameter of the radiant burner is not uniform in longitudinal direction. 6. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) according to claim 1, characterised in that as radiant heat source halogen lamps or concentrated solar energy is, used. 7. A thermoacoustic energy converter (TAEC) according to claim
1, characterised in that in stead of a radiant heat source one or more cylindrical heat exchangers are used with an outside diameter equal to the inside diameter of the regenerator assembly.
PCT/NL2004/000405 2003-06-27 2004-06-09 Multi section heat driven thermoacoustic engine WO2005001269A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1023759 2003-06-27
NL1023759A NL1023759C1 (en) 2003-06-27 2003-06-27 Multi-stage burner driven thermoacoustic heat engine.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005001269A1 true WO2005001269A1 (en) 2005-01-06

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8375729B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2013-02-19 Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated Optimization of a thermoacoustic apparatus based on operating conditions and selected user input
US8584471B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2013-11-19 Palo Alto Research Thermoacoustic apparatus with series-connected stages
WO2018094500A1 (en) * 2016-11-25 2018-05-31 Etalim Inc. Apparatus for performing energy transformation between thermal energy and acoustic energy
US11371431B1 (en) 2015-11-06 2022-06-28 United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of Nasa Thermal management system

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE818275C (en) * 1949-04-14 1951-10-25 Philips Nv Hot gas piston machine
US3133591A (en) * 1954-05-20 1964-05-19 Orpha B Brandon Method and apparatus for forming and/or augmenting an energy wave
US5161374A (en) * 1991-08-08 1992-11-10 Man Technologie Aktiengesellschaft Hot gas engine with tubular radial flow regenerators
US6345666B1 (en) * 1999-12-17 2002-02-12 Fantom Technologies, Inc. Sublouvred fins and a heat engine and a heat exchanger having same
WO2002042707A1 (en) * 2000-11-27 2002-05-30 Stork Prints B.V. Heat exchanger
WO2002057693A1 (en) * 2001-01-17 2002-07-25 Sierra Lobo, Inc. Densifier for simultaneous conditioning of two cryogenic liquids
NL1021412C1 (en) * 2002-09-06 2004-03-10 Aster Thermoakoestische System Burner-driven coaxial, thermo-acoustic heat engine involves heat fed by electro-magnetic radiation from primary fossil-fuel energy source, so that on high temperature side of regenerator a gas-gas heat exchanger is not necessary

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE818275C (en) * 1949-04-14 1951-10-25 Philips Nv Hot gas piston machine
US3133591A (en) * 1954-05-20 1964-05-19 Orpha B Brandon Method and apparatus for forming and/or augmenting an energy wave
US5161374A (en) * 1991-08-08 1992-11-10 Man Technologie Aktiengesellschaft Hot gas engine with tubular radial flow regenerators
US6345666B1 (en) * 1999-12-17 2002-02-12 Fantom Technologies, Inc. Sublouvred fins and a heat engine and a heat exchanger having same
WO2002042707A1 (en) * 2000-11-27 2002-05-30 Stork Prints B.V. Heat exchanger
WO2002057693A1 (en) * 2001-01-17 2002-07-25 Sierra Lobo, Inc. Densifier for simultaneous conditioning of two cryogenic liquids
NL1021412C1 (en) * 2002-09-06 2004-03-10 Aster Thermoakoestische System Burner-driven coaxial, thermo-acoustic heat engine involves heat fed by electro-magnetic radiation from primary fossil-fuel energy source, so that on high temperature side of regenerator a gas-gas heat exchanger is not necessary

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8375729B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2013-02-19 Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated Optimization of a thermoacoustic apparatus based on operating conditions and selected user input
US8584471B2 (en) 2010-04-30 2013-11-19 Palo Alto Research Thermoacoustic apparatus with series-connected stages
US11371431B1 (en) 2015-11-06 2022-06-28 United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of Nasa Thermal management system
WO2018094500A1 (en) * 2016-11-25 2018-05-31 Etalim Inc. Apparatus for performing energy transformation between thermal energy and acoustic energy
US10823110B2 (en) 2016-11-25 2020-11-03 Etalim Inc. Apparatus for performing energy transformation between thermal energy and acoustic energy

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