WO2005000040A1 - Infant formula - Google Patents
Infant formula Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005000040A1 WO2005000040A1 PCT/US2004/019738 US2004019738W WO2005000040A1 WO 2005000040 A1 WO2005000040 A1 WO 2005000040A1 US 2004019738 W US2004019738 W US 2004019738W WO 2005000040 A1 WO2005000040 A1 WO 2005000040A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- infant milk
- synthetic infant
- milk formula
- pufas
- Prior art date
Links
- 235000013350 formula milk Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
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- 235000020978 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 49
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- 125000005629 sialic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 61
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- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 59
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Classifications
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- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C1/00—Concentration, evaporation or drying
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
- A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
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- A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
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- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
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- A61K31/702—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- This invention relates to nutritional supplements and formulas, specifically enriched infant formulas that contain a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ("LC- PUFAs”), a source of sialic acid, and a source of cholesterol.
- LC- PUFAs long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- sialic acid a source of sialic acid
- cholesterol a source of cholesterol.
- the compositions can be used to provide enhanced neurological development, gastrointestinal protection, and immune function in both term and preterm infants.
- Description of Related Art Human milk has long been recognized as the ideal feeding for term infants because of its nutritional composition and immunologic benefits. Human milk contains all of the nutrients required for the growth and development of the neonate. Three important components of human milk include LC-PUFAs, sialic acids, and cholesterol. See generally Jensen, Handbook of Milk Composition (Academic Press 1995).
- Human milk contains on average about 50% of energy from fat. This equates to about 67 kcal/dl or about 3.7 g/dl of fat.
- the majority of fat consists of fatty acids in various glycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and complex lipids.
- oleic acid accounts for about 30 to 35 wt% of total fatty acids.
- about 15-19% of fatty acids are LC-PUFAs. See Putnam et al., The effect of variations in dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in human infants, Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36: 106-114.
- the docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid content ranges from about 0.05% to 2.8 wt% and about 0.3 to 1.0 wt% of total fatty acids, respectively, and decreases post-partum.
- the mean is about 0.35 wt% (12 mg/dl) and 0.6% (21mg/dl) for docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, respectively.
- Sialic acid bound to oligosaccharides accounts for about 75% of the total sialic acid contained in human milk - or about 200 to 1800 mg/L. Most of the sialic acid contained in human milk is found in the form of sialyllactose, an oligosaccharide formed from lactose and sialic acid. The amount of sialic acid in glycoproteins of milk ranges from about 100 to 500 mg/L, declining to about 70 mg/L by 12 weeks of lactation. See Carlson, ⁇ -acetylneuraminic acid concentrations in human milk oligosaccharides and glycoproteins during lactation, Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Apr;41(4): 720-6.
- gangliosides which are sialic acid-containing glycolipid, occur mainly as monosialoganglioside 3 (GM3) and disialoganglioside 3 (GD3).
- GM3 monosialoganglioside 3
- GD3 disialoganglioside 3
- the concentration of GM3 in human milk increases, while that of GD3 concentration decreases during lactation.
- Gangliosides account for about 1% or less of sialic acid in human milk, and decreases substantially within the first few months of lactation. See Nakano et al., Sialic acid in human milk: composition and functions, Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2001 Jan-Feb;42(l):ll-7.
- Human milk also contains 10-20 mg/dl of sterols, and the majority of that comprises cholesterol.
- Cholesterol is usually incorporated into infant formulas in minor amounts. For example, one study reported that formulas had cholesterol concentrations 3 to 35 times lower than human milk. See Huisman et al., Triglycerides, fatty acids, sterols, mono- and disaccharides and sugar alcohols in human milk and current types of infant formula milk. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996 Apr;50(4):255-60. Prior work by the inventor has shown that infants fed human milk have significantly higher total plasma cholesterol than infants fed formula and higher combined low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein (“LDL-VLDL”) levels.
- LDL-VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein
- U.S. Patent No. 4,303,692 to Gaull teaches an infant formulation containing cholesterol in the range from 20% less to 20% more than the cholesterol concentration found in human milk.
- human milk contains LC-PUFAs, sialic acid, and cholesterol
- no infant formula has incorporated the combination of these materials into a single formulation in amounts at or near those of human milk.
- the present invention is directed to a nutritional supplement which includes LC-PUFAs, and in particular AA and DHA, sialic acid, cholesterol in such a manner.
- infant formula which contains LC-PUFAs, sialic acid, and cholesterol in amounts that are within the ranges of human milk.
- infant formula contains LC-PUFAs, sialic acid, and cholesterol in amounts that are within the ranges of human milk.
- infant formula Those skilled in the art will readily understand what is meant by an infant formula.
- a typical infant formula contains about 10-35 g/L of protein; 20-50 g/L of lipid; 60-110 g/L of carbohydrates and other various components such as vitamins, minerals, fibers, emulsifiers and the like.
- infant formula includes so-called "pre-term” and "term” formulas well known to those skilled in the art.
- U.S. patents are herein incorporated by reference: (1) U.S. Patent No. 6J46,670 to Prieto et al. (2) U.S. Patent No. 6,080,787 to Carlson; (3) U.S. Patent No. 5,492,899 to Masor et al.; (4) U.S. Patent No. 5,021,245 to Borschel et al.; (5) U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,702 to Katz et al.; (6) U.S. Pat. No.
- Exemplary infant formulas which are commercially available include ENFAMLL, PROSOBEE, PREGESTIMIL, PORTAGEN, NUTRAMIGEN, LOFENALAC, LACTOFREE, GERBER, ALACTA, O-LAC, PROLOSAC (Mead Johnson & Company, Evansville, Indiana), SLMILAC, ISOMIL (Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio), SMA, NURSOY, WYSOY, INFASOY, BONNA MAYORCITOS, STARMIL, (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa), ALPREM, SOYALAC, FOLLOW-UP, GOODSTART (Nestle Carnation), NENATAL, PREMATALAC, AMMIRON, NUTRLLON, NUTRI-SOJA, FARILON, COW & GATE, CAMELPOW, NENATAL, PEPTI-JR (Nutricia/Cow & Gate, Netherlands), and PREAPTAMLL, APTAMIL, MILUM
- the synthetic infant formula of the present invention includes a source of LC- PUFAs, source of sialic acid, and source of cholesterol. Each of these three components is preferably contained in the infant formula in amounts corresponding to that of natural human milk.
- A. Long Chain Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid Source Fatty acids are carboxylic acids and are classified based on the length and saturation characteristics of the carbon chain. Short chain fatty acids have 2 to about 6 carbons and are typically saturated. Medium chain fatty acids have from about 6 to about 14 carbons and are also typically saturated. Long chain fatty acids have from 16 to 24 or more carbons and may also be saturated or unsaturated.
- LC-PUFA long chain polyunsaturated acid
- AA arachidonic acid
- ARA arachidonic acid
- docosahexaenoic acid has a chain length of 22 carbons with 6 double bonds beginning with the third carbon from the methyl end and is thus designated “22:6 n-3".
- Other important LC-PUFAs are the fatty acids that are precursors in these biosynthetic pathways o f AA and DHA, for example, linoleic (18:2 n-6), ⁇ -linolenic (18:3 n- 6), and dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic (20:3 n-6) acids in the n-6 pathway, and ⁇ -linolenic (18:3 n-3), stearidonic (18:4 n-3), eicosatetraenoic (20:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3), and docosapentaenoic (22:6 n-3) in the n-3 pathway.
- LC-PUFAs Less prevalent LC-PUFAs are known and listed in Tables I and TV of Carlson et al., U.S. Patent No. 6,080,787 and Table XI of Jensen (pp. 509), which are incorporated by reference.
- the most preferred LC-PUFAs are the 20 and 22 carbon metabolites, and in particular AA and DHA.
- Fatty acids are often found in nature as acyl radicals esterified to alcohols.
- a glyceride is such an ester of one or more fatty acids with glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol).
- glycerol backbone molecule If only one position of the glycerol backbone molecule is esterified with a fatty acid, a "mono glyceride” is produced; if two positions are esterified, a “diglyceride” is produced; and if all three positions of the glycerol are esterified with fatty acid a “triglyceride” or “triacylglycerol” is produced.
- a glyceride is called “simple” if all esterified positions contain the same fatty acid; or “mixed” if different fatty acids are involved.
- a phospholipid also called a "phosphoglyceride” or "phosphatide” is a special type of glyceride.
- a phosphoglyceride differs from a triglyceride in having a maximum of two esterified fatty acids, while the third position of the glycerol backbone is esterified to phosphoric acid, becoming a "phosphatidic acid".
- phosphatidic acid is usually associated with an alcohol which contributes a strongly polar head. Two such alcohols commonly found in nature are choline and enthanolamine.
- a "lecithin” is a phosphatidic acid associated with the aminoalcohol, "choline”, and is also known as “phosphatidylcholine”. Lecithins vary in the content of the fatty acid component and can be sourced from, for example, eggs and soy.
- Cephalin phosphatidylethanolamine
- phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol are other phosphoglycerides. Triglycerides and phospholipids are often classified as long chain or medium chain, according to the fatty acids attached thereto. In human milk, about 98% of the fatty acids are in triglycerides. A source of fatty acids may include any of these forms of glycerides from natural or other origins.
- Sources of LC-PUFAs include dairy products like eggs and butterfat; marine oils, such as cod, menhaden, sardine, tuna and many other fish; certain animal fats, lard, tallow and microbial oils such as fungal and algal oils as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,657, 5,550,156, and 5,658,767.
- fish oils are a good source of DHA and they are commercially available in "high EPA” and "low EPA” varieties, the latter having a high DHA:EPA ratio, preferably at least 3:1.
- Algal oils such as those from dinoflagellates of the class Dinophyceae, notably Crypthecodinium cohnii are also sources of DHA (including DHASCO.TM.), as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,397,591, 5,407,957, 5,492,938, and 5,711,983.
- DHA including DHASCO.TM.
- the genus Mortierella, especially M. alpina, and Pythium insidiosum are good sources of AA, including ARASCO as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,767 and as taught by Yamada, et al. J. Dispersion Science and Technology, 10(4&5), pp. 561-579 (1989), and Shirunen, et al. Appl. Microbiol.
- LC-PUFAs may be provided in the composition in the form of esters of free fatty acids; mono-, di- and tri-glycerides; phosphoglycerides, including lecithins; and/or mixtures thereof.
- LC-PUFAs in the form of phospho lipids, especially phosphatidylcholine.
- a presently preferred source appears to be egg yolk phospholipids, perhaps due to the high phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine content associated with egg derived LC-PUFAs.
- the infant formula of the present invention includes a source of LC-PUFAs that are within the range of human milk.
- the LC-PUFAs preferably comprise between about 4.5 to 15% by weight of total fatty acids, and comprise about 35 to 560 mg/dL.
- the amount of LC-PUFAs in the n-6 pathway and the and n-3 pathway are within the range of human milk.
- the amount of LC-PUFAs in the n-6 pathway preferably range from about 10-15 wt% total fatty acids.
- the LC-PUFAs in the n-6 pathway preferably contain less than about 10-15% linoleic acid (18:2n-3) of total fatty acids, and even more preferably between about 10-12 wt%.
- the formula preferably contains about 150 to 450 mg/dl of LC-PUFAs in the n-6 pathway and about 20 to 80 mg/dl of LC-PUFAs in the n-3 pathway.
- the 20 and 22 carbon metabolites in the n-6 pathway preferably comprise of total fatty acids.
- the amount of LC-PUFAs in the n-3 pathway preferably range from about 0.35 to 1.5% wt% total fatty acids.
- the 20 and 22 carbon metabolites in the n-3 pathway preferably comprise about 0.5 to 1% of total fatty acids.
- the n-6 and/or n-3 LC-PUFAs may be administered in the form of an intravenous (i.e. parenteral) solution, as can choline and phosphatidylcholine.
- An intravenous solution will preferably contain effective amounts of the LC-PUFA, the phospholipid and/or the choline in a reasonable daily intake of parenteral solution.
- compositions will generally include pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles and excipients, such as buffers, preservatives, and the like.
- the n-6 and/or n-3 LC-PUFAs and the choline and phospholipid may alternatively be administered in the form of an enteral composition.
- Enteral compositions containing the long chain PUFA, choline or phospholipid may be in the form of a solution or an emulsion of active ingredient; or in a nutritional matrix comprising protein, carbohydrates, other fats, minerals and vitamins.
- Enteral compositions containing active components may provide either supplemental or complete nutritional support.
- the concentration of the LC- PUFAs in the enteral composition can range from about 0.35 to 4.0% of AA and DHA depending on the mode of administration and intended purpose. In complete nutritional formulas the concentration may be even lower if enough of the formula is administered to deliver effective amounts of the LC-PUFA.
- the infant formula preferably provides about 35 to 15% of its energy, and more preferably about 45 to 55% of its energy in the form of fatty acids. More preferably, the invention present comprehends an infant formula containing about 40-50 gms of lipid per liter of formula wherein the lipid comprises a blend of medium chain triglycerides and egg phospholipid.
- the lipid blend comprises from about 1-40 wt. %, more preferably about 5 to about 30 wt. %, of the egg phospholipid.
- This embodiment is specifically designed to provide LC-PUFAs selected from n-3 fatty acids and n-6 fatty acids, phospholipids, and/or choline in amounts beneficial to infants.
- the infant formula contains amounts of AA and DHA that is with in the range of human milk.
- the DHA content of the infant formula of the present invention ranges between about 0.05% to about 2.8 wt% of the total fatty acids. Even more preferably, DHA content is between 0J5 and 1.5 wt% of the total fatty acids.
- the DHA content ranges between about 0.35 to 1.2 wt% of the total fatty acids.
- the infant formula of the present invention contains about 2 to 104 mg/dL of DHA, even more preferably, about 6 to 60 mg/dL of DHA, and still more preferably about 13 to 45 mg/dL of DHA.
- the AA content of the infant formula of the present invention ranges between about 0.3% to about 1.2 wt% of the total fatty acids. Even more preferably, AA content is between 0.4 and 1.0 wt% of the total fatty acids. Still more preferably, the AA content ranges between about 0.5 to 0.8 wt% of the total fatty acids.
- the infant formula of the present invention contains about 11 to 44 mg/dL of AA, even more preferably, about 15 to 35 mg/dL of AA, and still more preferably about 23 to 30 mg/dL of AA.
- the fatty acid composition of the infant formula mimics that of human milk. More specifically, the formula preferably includes about 30 to 50% of the fatty acids as monounsaturated acids. Even more preferably, the formula contains about 30 to 40%) of the fatty acids as oleic acid (18:n-9). Research has suggested that the prolonged feeding of a diet enriched in polyunsaturated acids in early infancy has a significant cholesterol-lowering effect compared to monounsaturates.
- infants fed formula with higher amounts of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) have lower cholesterol than those fed formulas high in oleic acid.
- linoleic acid 18:2 n-6
- Mize et al. Lipoprotein-cholesterol responses in healthy infants fed defined diets from ages 1 to 12 months: comparison of diets predominant in oleic acid versus linoleic acid, with parallel observations in infants fed a human milk-based diet, J Lipid Res. 1995 Jun;36(6):l 178-87.
- the present invention preferably includes a suitable balance of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fats so that the cholesterol is not undesirably lowered.
- Sialic acid refers to any member of a family of nine-carbon carboxylated sugars. The most common member of the sialic acid family is N- acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamindo-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D- galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid (often abbreviated as Neu5Ac, NeuAc, or NANA).
- a second member of the family is N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc or NeuGc), in which the N-acetyl group of NeuAc is hydroxylated.
- a third sialic acid family member is 2-keto-3- deoxy-nonulosonic acid (KDN) (Nadano et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261: 11550-11557; Kanamori et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265: 21811-21819.
- 9-substituted sialic acids such as a 9-0 — C ⁇ -C 6 acyl-Neu5Ac like 9-O-lactyl-Neu5Ac or 9-O-acetyl- Neu5Ac, 9-deoxy-9-fluoro-Neu5Ac and 9-azido-9-deoxy-Neu5Ac.
- sialic acid family see, e.g., Varki (1992) Glycobiology 2: 25-40; Sialic Acids: Chemistry,
- sources of sialic acid include, but are not limited to free sialic acid (such as NANA), as well as sialic acid (such as NANA) complexed to oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and gangliosides.
- NANA free sialic acid
- the sources of sialic acid are comprised predominantly of NANA sources as opposed to other sialic acids, such as Neu5Gc. Even more preferably, NANA sources are exclusively used.
- Oligosaccharides are polymers of varying number of residues, linkages, and subunits.
- the basic subunit is a carbohydrate monosaccharide or sugar, such as mannose, glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and the like.
- the number of different possible stereoisomeric oligosaccharide chains is enormous. It has been estimated that more than 130 separate neutral and acidic compounds with from 3 to 22 sugars/molecules have been identified in human milk.
- the sialyated oligosaccharides of the present invention preferably include one or more of the sialic acid containing oligosaccharides listed in Table VI of Jensen, Handbook of Milk Composition (Academic Press 1995), at pp. 293-300, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- the present invention can utilize sialic acid any form with sugar moieties, either naturally found or artificially formulated from simple to complex. The simplest is sialylglucose. See Carlson, Human milk nonprotein nitrogen: occurrence and possible functions, Adv Pediatr. 1985;32:43-70. Sialyllactose, which is commercially available from (MoBiTech, Germany), is most preferred.
- glycoproteins Natural sources of sialydated glycoproteins are well known to those skilled in the art based on of the functional roles of the glycoproteins themselves, e.g., bile salt- stimulated lipase (BSSL), erythropoietin (EPO) and lactoferrin as well as immunoglobulins. These biological glycoproteins are not good sources of NANA, but the sialic acid could be added to a protein source.
- Gangliosides are a class of glycolipids, often found in cell membranes, that consist of three elements. One or more sialic acid residues are attached to an oligosaccharide or carbohydrate core moiety, which in turn is attached to a hydrophobic lipid (ceramide) structure which generally is embedded in the cell membrane.
- the ceramide moiety includes a long chain base (LCB) portion and a fatty acid (FA) portion.
- LCB long chain base
- FA fatty acid
- Gangliosides, as well as other glycolipids and their structures in general, are discussed in, for example, Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, 1981) pp. 287-295 and Devlin, Textbook of Biochemistry (Wiley-Liss, 1992). Gangliosides are classified according to the number of monosaccharides in the carbohydrate moiety, as well as the number and location of sialic acid groups present in the carbohydrate moiety.
- GM Monosialogangliosides are given the designation "GM”, disialogangliosides are designated “GD”, trisialogangliosides “GT”, and tetrasialogangliosides are designated “GQ”. Gangliosides can be classified further depending on the position or positions of the sialic acid residue or residues bound.
- GM3, GD3, and GM1 are the most preferred gangliosides of the present invention.
- Sources of gangliosides include deer velvet (actively growing cartilage type tissue in premature deer antlers) and gangliosides isolated from brain (mostly bovine, but theoretically any animal brain could be a source). Gangliosides are commercially available from Larodan Lipids (Sweden). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that gangliosides may also be biosynthesized.
- the infant formula of the present invention includes a source of sialic acid that is within the range of human milk. More specifically, the infant formula preferably comprises about 200-2300 mg/L of sialic acid, even more preferably about 400 to 700 mg/L of sialic acid, and most preferably about 500 to 600 mg/L sialic acid.
- the infant formula of the present invention preferably includes sialic acids complexed with oligosaccharides.
- the oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids preferably comprise between about 50 and 100% of the total source of sialic acids. Even more preferably, the sialic acid complexed with oligosaccharides account for about 70 to 80% of the sialic acid in the formula.
- the oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids preferably range between about 200 and 1800 mg/L, even more preferably about 400 to 1200 mg/L, and still most preferably about 500 to 600 mg/L.
- the infant formula of the present invention preferably includes sialic acids complexed with glycoproteins.
- the glycoprotein-bound sialic acids preferably comprise between about 10% and 50% of the total source of sialic acids. Even more preferably, the sialic acid complexed with glycoproteins account for about 20 to 30% of the sialic acid in the formula.
- the glycoprotein-bound sialic acid preferably ranges between about 100 to 550 mg/L, and still more preferably between about 200 to 300 mg/L.
- the infant formula of the present invention preferably ganglioside-bound sialic acids.
- the gangliosides preferably comprises between about 0% and 5% of the total source of sialic acids. Even more preferably, the gangliosides account for less than 1% of the sialic acid in the formula.
- the formula preferably contains less than 5 mg/L gangliosides.
- the present invention also includes a source of cholesterol well known to those skilled in the art.
- cholesterol is found in eggs, beef tallow, dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish.
- Egg yolks and organ meats are high in dietary cholesterol.
- Fish generally contains less cholesterol 10 than other meats, but some shellfish is high in cholesterol content.
- Sources of cholesterol also include precursors such as squalene, lanosterol, dimethylsterol, methostenol, lathosterol, and desmosterol.
- the infant formula of the present invention comprises about 10 to 40 mg/dl cholesterol. Even more preferably, the present invention comprises about 15 to 26 mg/dl 15 cholesterol.
- the synthetic infant formula of the present invention may be made de novo using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- the infant formula may be made by modifying an existing infant formula to contain LC-PUFAs, sialic acids, and cholesterol within the range of human milk.
- 20 EXAMPLES Prophetic Example 1 Egg yolk cholesterol, N-acetylneuraminic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid obtained from commercial sources are used in the following Examples. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that procedures for isolating cholesterol and N- 25 acetylneuraminic acid from traditional food sources exist (for example from egg yolk and mammalian milk, respectively) and could be modified to produce these components in the quantities necessary for bulk addition to infant formula as specified herein.
- Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid from fish, egg yolk lipids, egg yolk phospholipids and single cell oil sources are commercially available from a number of sources and are well known to those 30 skilled in the art.
- egg yolk cholesterol and N-acetylneuraminic acid would be added to a cows-milk-derived formula that is currently marketed and that contains at least 0.35% docosahexaenoic acid (Martek Biosciences) and 0.5% arachidonic acid (Martek Biosciences) of total fatty acids from single cell oil sources.
- Cholesterol would comprise 200 mg/L of formula.
- N-acetylneuraminic acid would be added in amounts of 500 mg/L as the free sugar.
- cholesterol isolated from egg yolk and siallylactose from cows' milk would be added to a currently marketed formula that contains docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid as 0.35 and 0.5% of total fatty acids, respectively.
- Cholesterol would contribute 200 mg/L formula and siallylactose would contribute 500 mg sialic acid/L.
- Lactose in the formula is decreased in the amount of lactose added via siallylactose per liter.
- human milk contains cholesterol, LC-PUFAs, and sialic acid. All three of these components are found in the plasma membranes of cells. In particular all three compounds are present in regions of the membrane known as lipid rafts.
- lipid rafts are operationally defined as regions of the plasma membrane that are not soluble in detergent. These microdomains on the plasma membrane are rich in cholesterol (-50%), sphingolipids, including some gangliosides( ⁇ 10-20%) and phospholipids.
- proteins are enriched in lipid rafts. These include caveolins, flotilins, GPI-linked proteins, low molecular weight and heterotrimeric G proteins, src family kinases, EGF receptors,, platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, endothelin receptors, MAP kinase, protein kinase C etc.
- PDGF platelet- derived growth factor
- lipid rafts likely have both long-term and short-term consequences for the developing organism. These components likely influence the cell function, especially involving neutotransmitters, proteins involved in signal transduction, and proteins that function as enzymes in catalyzing the metabolic reactions.
- the present invention contemplates that all three components are thought to be important for signaling between cells of different types, such as myelination of neurons by oligodendrocytes.
- the present invention therefore predicts that alteration in LC-PUFAs, cholesterol in sialic acid can affect membranes in any organ or cell of the body and therefore function. For example changes in renal brush-border membrane cholesterol can suppress or promote domains.
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20040265462A1 (en) | 2004-12-30 |
CN1842277A (en) | 2006-10-04 |
CL2004001594A1 (en) | 2005-05-06 |
KR20060030860A (en) | 2006-04-11 |
AR044886A1 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
TW200509803A (en) | 2005-03-16 |
MXPA05014190A (en) | 2006-07-03 |
CA2530170A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 |
EP1643862A1 (en) | 2006-04-12 |
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