WO2004114008A1 - Electrochromic passive matrix display with a diode in each pixel - Google Patents

Electrochromic passive matrix display with a diode in each pixel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004114008A1
WO2004114008A1 PCT/EP2004/051200 EP2004051200W WO2004114008A1 WO 2004114008 A1 WO2004114008 A1 WO 2004114008A1 EP 2004051200 W EP2004051200 W EP 2004051200W WO 2004114008 A1 WO2004114008 A1 WO 2004114008A1
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Prior art keywords
electrochromic
layer
passive matrix
matrix display
diode
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PCT/EP2004/051200
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christoph Brabec
Jens Hauch
Original Assignee
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
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Priority to EP04741861A priority Critical patent/EP1636641A1/en
Publication of WO2004114008A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004114008A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
    • G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
    • G02F1/15165—Polymers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F2001/164—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect the electrolyte is made of polymers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a passive matrix display based on the electrochromic effect of organic layers, in particular organic polymers.
  • the discoloration curves for electrochromic pixels show a different position if the absorption is plotted in relation to the control voltage.
  • the electrochromic effect with a negative voltage and in the neutral state can already cause a slight discoloration, which increases when a positive voltage is applied.
  • Systems are also possible that make a pixel appear colorless with negative voltage and the neutral state. Discoloration occurs when a positive voltage is applied. Still other electrochromic systems only lead to discoloration when a certain activation voltage exceeds a certain threshold value.
  • the invention is based on the finding that crosstalk in a passive matrix display can be avoided if each individual layer structure within the arrangement has a nonlinearity in the voltage / absorption behavior which is associated with a specific value of an activation voltage, which is in the positive range.
  • a diode characteristic can be introduced into an electrochromic cell with additional layers, with a threshold or activation voltage being considered. It is essential that an electrochromic layer is applied to an electrode in order to separate the power supply from the coloring layer. Overall, so-called primary current paths can thus be controlled in a targeted manner, secondary current paths which bring about crosstalk being avoided.
  • a layer system which consists of organic materials, in particular of organic polymers.
  • the materials are electrochromic.
  • the aim is to operate two functions at the same time.
  • the discoloration of a layer package is to be achieved via the electrochromic effect when an electrical voltage is applied.
  • a diode or double diode behavior with one-sided or two-sided forward voltage should be achieved in the same element.
  • the display When using a simple diode, the display is discolored or recolored after a certain waiting period. time about the diffusion of ions due to a chemical potential.
  • the decolorization or decolorization is generated by applying a reverse voltage.
  • a passive matrix display consists of a large number of pixels, each of which is made up of a layer package. Organic materials are used, with at least one layer exhibiting electrochromic behavior and a second layer serving as an electrolyte or ion conductor.
  • the diode behavior can be effected in two ways.
  • additional layers that exhibit diode behavior can be introduced into the layer package of an electrochromic cell.
  • an electrochromic cell can be shown a voltage / absorption behavior which shows an activation voltage that is greater than zero.
  • the characteristic of such an element intersects the voltage axis in the positive voltage range.
  • FIG. 1 shows possible discoloration characteristics for electrochromic pixels
  • FIG. 2 shows the top view of a passive matrix display with primary and secondary current paths
  • FIG. 3 shows the current flow in the primary current path
  • FIG. 4 shows the current flow in a secondary current path (crosstalk)
  • FIG. 5 shows a diode characteristic
  • FIG. 6 shows a double diode characteristic
  • FIG. 7 shows a specific exemplary embodiment of an electrochromic pixel for a passive matrix display based on organic polymers.
  • Figure 1 shows various discoloration characteristics a, b and c.
  • the characteristic curve a indicates that a pixel is colorless when the voltage is negative and has a slight discoloration in the neutral state, which increases when a positive voltage is applied.
  • the characteristic curve b shows that the pixel is colorless when the voltage is negative and in the neutral state. Discoloration occurs when a positive voltage is applied.
  • the characteristic curve c is essential in the context of the invention, since the discoloration of the pixel only occurs when a certain threshold voltage or activation voltage is reached and is further intensified if the voltage continues to rise.
  • FIG. 2 shows a section of a passive matrix display with primary and secondary current paths, the secondary current path not being desired.
  • Individual elements of the passive matrix display can be controlled by switching between a pair of supply lines 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the one hand and on the other hand, a voltage is applied to the leads A, B, C or D.
  • the primary current path when applying voltages between z. B. 2 and C is represented by the reinforced solid line.
  • the undesired secondary current path is shown by a dashed line and also affects the control function 2-C.
  • the actually desired discoloration of the pixel with the coordinates 2, C when a voltage is applied between the supply lines 2 and C can thus be impeded by crosstalk in that neighboring pixels also show a certain discoloration.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show cross sections of current paths in the form of reinforced solid lines on matrix display systems.
  • FIG. 3 shows the current flow in the primary current path, the pixel 2C being driven.
  • the standard structure of the electrochromic cell has an electrolyte, a first electrochromic layer, a second electrochromic layer and an electrode on each side.
  • FIG. 4 shows the current flow in a secondary current path, which can also discolor pixels 2B, 3B and 3C.
  • FIGS 5 and 6 show the diode characteristics of single or double diodes, the voltage Vrj and V D ⁇ rj2 are the so-called threshold or activation voltages.
  • FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of an electrochromic pixel with an integrated diode for a passive matrix display based on organic polymers.
  • the substantial introduction of additional layers with diode behavior or the design of an electrochromic cell with a positive activation voltage in each case have the result that a discoloration characteristic curve c is present in Figure 1. If layers with diode behavior are additionally introduced, the curves a or b shift into the discoloration characteristic curve c.
  • FIG. 7 shows a special exemplary embodiment of the invention in which the second electrochromic layer, for example consisting of PEDOT or PANI, serves both the electrochromic cell and the diode due to its double function behavior with the electrochromic effect and the electrical conductivity.
  • the material PEDOT is in contact with the electrolyte 7, so that it can perform this double function.
  • the second electrochromic layer 8 thus represents the common electrode for the electrochromic cell and the diode. Without such a double function layer, a common electrode and additionally an electrochromic layer of the electrochromic cell would be necessary.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment provides the mixing of the materials with an electrochromic layer and an electrolyte. In total, a single layer is produced from this mixture, which means a significant simplification in the production of a passive matrix display.
  • the so-called diode behavior of a layer structure can be generated if, for example, two diodes are connected in reverse polarity in parallel. It is irrelevant whether the positive and negative forward voltages have the same absolute value. There is a double diode function. A discoloration or discoloration of the display happens when using a simple diode after a certain waiting time via the diffusion of ions. When using a double diode, the decolorization or recoloring is generated by applying a reverse voltage.
  • the layer of electrolyte 7 can be made of PC-LiC104, for example.
  • Layer is made, for example, from Pedot or Pani or the like.
  • the electrochromic layers 6, 8 provide the corresponding color effect.
  • the layer sequence must be set up depending on the function of individual layers, but there is a large number of variants. In principle, care must be taken that the incidence of light is not obstructed by the material of an electrode.
  • layer structures according to the invention can be realized with a wide variety of transparent materials.
  • the material of the semiconductor 9 can be P3HT, for example.
  • An electrode is made of metal, ITO or PEDOT, for example.

Abstract

The invention relates to a passive matrix display comprised of electrochromic organic materials, particularly of organic polymers, having a pixel structure with a layer construction of an electrochromic cell (11) depicted for each pixel and composed of a first electrode (5), at least one electrochemical layer (6, 8), electrolyte (7) and of a second electrode (10). The invention is characterized in that additional layers having a diode character are inserted.

Description

ELEKTROCHROME PASSIV-MATRIX-ANZEIGE MIT DIODE IN JEDEM PIXEL ELECTROCHROME PASSIVE MATRIX DISPLAY WITH DIODE IN EVERY PIXEL
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige auf der Basis des elektrochromen Effektes von organischen Schichten, insbesondere organischen Polymeren.The present invention relates to a passive matrix display based on the electrochromic effect of organic layers, in particular organic polymers.
Bei einer pixelweise strukturierten Matrix innerhalb der jedes Pixel ein mehr oder weniger selbständiges elektrochromes Farbsystem bildet, kann die zuverlässige Funktionsweise durch die Erscheinung des Übersprechens behindert werden. Dies begründet sich darauf, dass der elektrochrome Effekt auch bei geringen Spannungen schon eine Verfärbung zeigen kann. Insbesondere bei Passiv-Matrix-Anzeigen treten solche Probleme verstärkt auf.In the case of a pixel-by-matrix structured matrix within which each pixel forms a more or less independent electrochromic color system, the reliable functioning can be hindered by the appearance of the crosstalk. This is due to the fact that the electrochromic effect can show discoloration even at low voltages. Such problems occur particularly with passive matrix displays.
Innerhalb einer Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige soll lediglich ein sogenannter primärer Strompfad, der in der Regel zweidimensio- nal angesteuert wird, ausgebildet werden. Bilden sich daneben jedoch sekundäre Strompfade aus, so liegt bereits die Er- scheinungsform des Übersprechens vor.Only a so-called primary current path, which is generally controlled two-dimensionally, is to be formed within a passive matrix display. However, if secondary current paths are formed in addition, the crosstalk appears.
Die Verfärbungskurven für elektrochrome Pixel zeigen je nach verwendetem Material eine unterschiedliche Lage, wenn die Absorption in Relation zur AnsteuerSpannung aufgetragen wird. So kann der elektrochrome Effekt bei negativer Spannung und im neutralen Zustand bereits eine leichte Verfärbung bewirken, welche sich beim Anlegen einer positiven Spannung verstärkt. Weiterhin sind Systeme möglich, die bei negativer Spannung und dem neutralen Zustand ein Pixel farblos erschei- nen lassen. Bei Anlegen einer positiven Spannung tritt eine Verfärbung ein. Wieder andere elektrochrome Systeme führen erst zu einer Verfärbung, wenn eine bestimmte Aktivierungsspannung einen bestimmten Schwellwert übersteigt.Depending on the material used, the discoloration curves for electrochromic pixels show a different position if the absorption is plotted in relation to the control voltage. Thus, the electrochromic effect with a negative voltage and in the neutral state can already cause a slight discoloration, which increases when a positive voltage is applied. Systems are also possible that make a pixel appear colorless with negative voltage and the neutral state. Discoloration occurs when a positive voltage is applied. Still other electrochromic systems only lead to discoloration when a certain activation voltage exceeds a certain threshold value.
Bisher sind keine funktionierenden Lösungen bekannt bei Passiv-Matrix-Anzeigen ein Übersprechen zu vermeiden. Es ist daher eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, die Genauigkeit eines elektrochromen Anzeigesystems zu erhöhen, indem ein Übersprechen vermieden wird.So far, no working solutions are known for avoiding crosstalk in passive matrix displays. It is therefore an object of the present invention to increase the accuracy of an electrochromic display system by avoiding crosstalk.
Die Erfindung löst diese Aufgabe durch die jeweilige Merkmalskombination nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen können den Unteransprüchen entnommen werden.The invention solves this problem by the respective combination of features according to claim 1 or claim 2. Advantageous embodiments can be found in the subclaims.
Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, dass ein Über- sprechen in einer Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige vermeidbar ist, wenn jeder einzelne Schichtaufbau innerhalb der Anordnung eine Nichtlinearität im Spannungs-/Absorptions-Verhalten aufweist, die mit einem bestimmten Wert einer AktivierungsSpannung verbunden ist, die im positiven Bereich liegt. Alternativ kann eine Diodencharakteristik in eine elektrochrome Zelle mit zusätzlichen Schichten eingebracht werden, wobei eine Schwelloder AktivierungsSpannung zu betrachten ist. Dabei ist wesentlich, dass eine elektrochrome Schicht auf einer Elektrode aufgebracht ist, um die Stromzuführung von der farbgebenden Schicht zu trennen. Somit können insgesamt gezielt sogenannte Primärstrompfade angesteuert werden, wobei sekundäre Strompfade, die ein Übersprechen mit sich bringen, vermieden werden.The invention is based on the finding that crosstalk in a passive matrix display can be avoided if each individual layer structure within the arrangement has a nonlinearity in the voltage / absorption behavior which is associated with a specific value of an activation voltage, which is in the positive range. Alternatively, a diode characteristic can be introduced into an electrochromic cell with additional layers, with a threshold or activation voltage being considered. It is essential that an electrochromic layer is applied to an electrode in order to separate the power supply from the coloring layer. Overall, so-called primary current paths can thus be controlled in a targeted manner, secondary current paths which bring about crosstalk being avoided.
Bei der Erfindung wird ein Schichtsystem beschrieben, welches aus organischen Materialien besteht, insbesondere aus organischen Polymeren. Die Materialien sind elektrochrom. Ziel ist es, zwei Funktionen gleichzeitig zu bedienen. Zum einen soll die Verfärbung eines Schichtpaketes über den elektrochromen Effekt beim Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung erreicht werden. Weiterhin soll ein Dioden- oder Doppeldiodenverhalten mit einseitiger bzw. zweiseitiger DurchlassSpannung im gleichen Element erreicht werden.In the invention, a layer system is described which consists of organic materials, in particular of organic polymers. The materials are electrochromic. The aim is to operate two functions at the same time. On the one hand, the discoloration of a layer package is to be achieved via the electrochromic effect when an electrical voltage is applied. Furthermore, a diode or double diode behavior with one-sided or two-sided forward voltage should be achieved in the same element.
Eine Entfärbung oder Rückfärbung der Anzeige geschieht bei der Nutzung einer einfachen Diode nach einer gewissen Warte- zeit über die Diffusion von Ionen aufgrund von einem chemischen Potential.When using a simple diode, the display is discolored or recolored after a certain waiting period. time about the diffusion of ions due to a chemical potential.
Bei der Verwendung einer Doppeldiode wird die Ent- bzw. Rück- färbung durch Anlegen einer RückwärtsSpannung erzeugt.If a double diode is used, the decolorization or decolorization is generated by applying a reverse voltage.
Eine Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige besteht aus einer großen Anzahl von Pixeln, die jeweils aus einem Schichtpaket aufgebaut sind. Verwendet werden organische Materialien, wobei mindes- tens eine Schicht ein elektrochromes Verhalten zeigt und eine zweite Schicht als Elektrolyt bzw. Ionenleiter dient.A passive matrix display consists of a large number of pixels, each of which is made up of a layer package. Organic materials are used, with at least one layer exhibiting electrochromic behavior and a second layer serving as an electrolyte or ion conductor.
Das Diodenverhalten kann auf zwei Arten bewirkt werden. Zum einen können zusätzliche Schichten, die ein Diodenverhalten zeigen, in das Schichtpaket einer elektrochromen Zelle eingebracht werden. Zum anderen kann durch gezielte Materialauswahl und Kombination für das Schichtpaket eine elektrochrome Zelle ein Spannungs-/Absorptions-Verhalten dargestellt werden, welches eine AktivierungsSpannung ausweist, die größer Null ist. Anders ausgedrückt schneidet die Kennlinie eines derartigen Elementes die Spannungsachse im positiven Spannungsbereich. Dies bedeutet gleichzeitig, dass das lineare Verhalten des Elementes bei Erreichen der Schwellspannung bzw. AktivierungsSpannung in ein nichtlineares Verhalten ü- bergeht .The diode behavior can be effected in two ways. On the one hand, additional layers that exhibit diode behavior can be introduced into the layer package of an electrochromic cell. On the other hand, through targeted material selection and combination for the layer package, an electrochromic cell can be shown a voltage / absorption behavior which shows an activation voltage that is greater than zero. In other words, the characteristic of such an element intersects the voltage axis in the positive voltage range. At the same time, this means that the linear behavior of the element changes into a non-linear behavior when the threshold voltage or activation voltage is reached.
In dieser Kombination einer organischen Diode mit dem e- lektrochromen Effekt von organischen Polymeren kann somit eine Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige erzeugt werden, deren Betriebssi- cherheit durch Übersprechverhalten nicht gestört wird.In this combination of an organic diode with the electrochromic effect of organic polymers, a passive matrix display can thus be generated, the operational reliability of which is not disturbed by crosstalk behavior.
Im Folgenden werden anhand von schematischen, die Erfindung nicht einschränkenden Figuren Ausführungsbeispiele beschrieben: Figur 1 zeigt mögliche Verfärbungskennlinien für elektrochrome Pixel,Exemplary embodiments are described below with the aid of schematic figures which do not restrict the invention: FIG. 1 shows possible discoloration characteristics for electrochromic pixels,
Figur 2 zeigt die Aufsicht auf eine Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige mit primärem und sekundärem Strompfad,FIG. 2 shows the top view of a passive matrix display with primary and secondary current paths,
Figur 3 zeigt den Stromfluss im primären Strompfad,FIG. 3 shows the current flow in the primary current path,
Figur 4 zeigt den Stromfluss in einem sekundären Strompfad (Übersprechen) ,FIG. 4 shows the current flow in a secondary current path (crosstalk),
Figur 5 zeigt eine Diodenkennlinie,FIG. 5 shows a diode characteristic,
Figur 6 zeigt eine Doppeldiodenkennlinie,FIG. 6 shows a double diode characteristic,
Figur 7 zeigt ein bestimmtes Ausführungsbeispiel eines e- lektrochromen Pixels für eine Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige auf der Basis von organischen Polymeren.FIG. 7 shows a specific exemplary embodiment of an electrochromic pixel for a passive matrix display based on organic polymers.
Figur 1 zeigt verschiedene Verfärbungskennlinien a, b und c. Die Kennlinie a sagt aus, dass ein Pixel bei negativer Spannung farblos ist und im neutralen Zustand eine leichte Verfärbung aufweist, welche sich beim Anlegen einer positiven Spannung verstärkt. Die Kennlinie b stellt dar, dass bei ne- gativer Spannung und im neutralen Zustand das Pixel farblos ist. Beim Anlegen einer positiven Spannung tritt eine Verfärbung ein. Die Kennlinie c ist im Rahmen der Erfindung wesentlich, da die Verfärbung des Pixels erst beim Erreichen einer bestimmten Schwellspannung oder AktivierungsSpannung eintritt und sich weiter verstärkt, wenn die Spannung weiterhin ansteigt.Figure 1 shows various discoloration characteristics a, b and c. The characteristic curve a indicates that a pixel is colorless when the voltage is negative and has a slight discoloration in the neutral state, which increases when a positive voltage is applied. The characteristic curve b shows that the pixel is colorless when the voltage is negative and in the neutral state. Discoloration occurs when a positive voltage is applied. The characteristic curve c is essential in the context of the invention, since the discoloration of the pixel only occurs when a certain threshold voltage or activation voltage is reached and is further intensified if the voltage continues to rise.
In Figur 2 ist ein Ausschnitt aus einer Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige mit primärem und sekundärem Strompfad dargestellt, wobei der sekundäre Strompfad nicht erwünscht ist. Einzelne Elemente der Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige können angesteuert werden, indem zwischen einem Paar von Zuleitungen 1, 2, 3 oder 4 einerseits und den Zuleitungen A, B, C oder D andererseits eine Spannung angelegt wird. Der primäre Strompfad beim Anlegen von Spannungen zwischen z. B. 2 und C wird durch die verstärkte durchgezogene Linie dargestellt. Der unerwünschte sekundäre Strompfad wird durch eine gestrichelte Linie dargestellt und betrifft ebenfalls die Ansteuerfunktion 2-C. Die eigentlich gewünschte Verfärbung des Pixels mit den Koordinaten 2, C beim Anlagen einer Spannung zwischen den Zuleitungen 2 und C kann somit durch Übersprechen behindert werden, indem Nach- barpixel gleichzeitig eine gewisse Verfärbung zeigen. Theoretisch kann sich eine beliebig große Anzahl von sekundären Strompfaden ergeben.FIG. 2 shows a section of a passive matrix display with primary and secondary current paths, the secondary current path not being desired. Individual elements of the passive matrix display can be controlled by switching between a pair of supply lines 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the one hand and on the other hand, a voltage is applied to the leads A, B, C or D. The primary current path when applying voltages between z. B. 2 and C is represented by the reinforced solid line. The undesired secondary current path is shown by a dashed line and also affects the control function 2-C. The actually desired discoloration of the pixel with the coordinates 2, C when a voltage is applied between the supply lines 2 and C can thus be impeded by crosstalk in that neighboring pixels also show a certain discoloration. In theory, there can be any number of secondary current paths.
Die Figuren 3 und 4 zeigen ergänzend zur Figur 2 Strompfade in Form von verstärkten durchgezogenen Linien an Matrix- Anzeige-Systemen im Querschnitt. Figur 3 zeigt den Stromfluss im primären Strompfad, wobei das Pixel 2C angesteuert ist. Der Standardaufbau der elektrochromen Zelle weist einen E- lektrolyten, eine erste elektrochrome Schicht, eine zweite elektrochrome Schicht sowie beiderseits jeweils eine Elektrode auf.In addition to FIG. 2, FIGS. 3 and 4 show cross sections of current paths in the form of reinforced solid lines on matrix display systems. FIG. 3 shows the current flow in the primary current path, the pixel 2C being driven. The standard structure of the electrochromic cell has an electrolyte, a first electrochromic layer, a second electrochromic layer and an electrode on each side.
Figur 4 zeigt den Stromfluss in einem sekundären Strompfad, der zusätzlich Pixel 2B, 3B und 3C mitverfärben kann.FIG. 4 shows the current flow in a secondary current path, which can also discolor pixels 2B, 3B and 3C.
Die Figuren 5 und 6 zeigen die Diodenkennlinien von einzelnen oder Doppeldioden, wobei die Spannung Vrj bzw. VD^ rj2 die sogenannten Schwell- oder AktivierungsSpannungen sind.Figures 5 and 6 show the diode characteristics of single or double diodes, the voltage Vrj and V D ^ rj2 are the so-called threshold or activation voltages.
Die Figuren 1 bis 6 zeigen insgesamt theoretische Grundlagen für die Erfindung. Figur 7 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel für ein elektrochromes Pixel mit integrierter Diode für eine Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige auf der Basis von organischen Polymeren. Die wesentliche Einbringung von zusätzlichen Schichten mit Diodenverhalten bzw. die Auslegung einer elektrochromen Zelle mit positiver AktivierungsSpannung bewirken jeweils, dass als Resultat eine Verfärbungskennlinie entsprechend der Kurve c in Figur 1 vorliegt. Werden zusätzlich Schichten mit Diodenverhalten eingebracht, so ergibt sich eine Verlagerung der Kurven a oder b in die Verfärbungskennlinie c.Figures 1 to 6 show a total of theoretical foundations for the invention. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of an electrochromic pixel with an integrated diode for a passive matrix display based on organic polymers. The substantial introduction of additional layers with diode behavior or the design of an electrochromic cell with a positive activation voltage in each case have the result that a discoloration characteristic curve c is present in Figure 1. If layers with diode behavior are additionally introduced, the curves a or b shift into the discoloration characteristic curve c.
In Figur 7 ist ein spezielles Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wiedergegeben, bei dem die zweite elektrochrome Schicht, beispielsweise bestehend aus PEDOT oder PANI, durch ihr Doppelfunktionsverhalten mit dem elektrochromen Effekt und der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit zugleich die elektrochrome Zelle, als auch die Diode, bedient. Das Material PEDOT steht in diesem Fall in Kontakt mit dem Elektrolyten 7, so dass es diese Doppelfunktion wahrnehmen kann. Somit stellt die zweite e- lektrochrome Schicht 8 die gemeinsame Elektrode für die e- lektrochrome Zelle und die Diode dar. Ohne eine derartige Doppelfunktionsschicht wäre eine gemeinsame Elektrode und zusätzlich eine elektrochrome Schicht der elektrochromen Zelle notwendig.FIG. 7 shows a special exemplary embodiment of the invention in which the second electrochromic layer, for example consisting of PEDOT or PANI, serves both the electrochromic cell and the diode due to its double function behavior with the electrochromic effect and the electrical conductivity. In this case, the material PEDOT is in contact with the electrolyte 7, so that it can perform this double function. The second electrochromic layer 8 thus represents the common electrode for the electrochromic cell and the diode. Without such a double function layer, a common electrode and additionally an electrochromic layer of the electrochromic cell would be necessary.
Wird das störende Übersprechverhalten dadurch beseitigt, dass die Schichten der elektrochromen Zelle derart abgestimmt werden, dass eine positive AktivierungsSpannung notwendig ist, um eine Verfärbung zu erzielen, so liegt in der Regel ein Schichtaufbau entsprechend der Figur 3 vor.If the interfering crosstalk behavior is eliminated by the layers of the electrochromic cell being matched in such a way that a positive activation voltage is necessary in order to achieve discoloration, a layer structure corresponding to FIG. 3 is generally present.
Eine besonders vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung sieht die Mischung der Materialien eine elektrochromen Schicht und eines Elektrolyten vor. Dabei wird insgesamt eine einzige Schicht aus diesem Gemisch hergestellt, was eine wesentliche Vereinfachung in der Herstellung einer Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige bedeu- tet.A particularly advantageous embodiment provides the mixing of the materials with an electrochromic layer and an electrolyte. In total, a single layer is produced from this mixture, which means a significant simplification in the production of a passive matrix display.
Das sogenannte Diodenverhalten von einem Schichtaufbau kann erzeugt werden, wenn beispielsweise zwei Dioden umgekehrt gepolt parallel geschaltet werden. Hierbei ist es unerheblich, ob die positive und die negative DurchlassSpannung den gleichen absoluten Wert aufweisen. Es liegt eine Doppeldiodenfunktion vor. Eine Entfärbung oder Rückfärbung der Anzeige geschieht bei der Nutzung einer einfachen Diode nach einer gewissen Wartezeit über die Diffusion von Ionen. Bei der Verwendung einer Doppeldiode wird die Ent- oder Rückfärbung durch Anlegen einer RückwärtsSpannung erzeugt.The so-called diode behavior of a layer structure can be generated if, for example, two diodes are connected in reverse polarity in parallel. It is irrelevant whether the positive and negative forward voltages have the same absolute value. There is a double diode function. A discoloration or discoloration of the display happens when using a simple diode after a certain waiting time via the diffusion of ions. When using a double diode, the decolorization or recoloring is generated by applying a reverse voltage.
Bei der Auswahl von Materialien für die einzelnen Schichten kann beispielsweise die Schicht des Elektrolyten 7 aus PC- LiC104 hergestellt sein. Eine angrenzende, elektrochromeWhen selecting materials for the individual layers, the layer of electrolyte 7 can be made of PC-LiC104, for example. An adjacent, electrochromic
Schicht wird beispielsweise aus Pedot oder Pani oder ähnli- chem hergestellt. Die elektrochromen Schichten 6, 8 sorgen für den entsprechenden Farbeffekt. Die Schichtenfolge ist je nach Funktion einzelner Schichten aufzubauen, wobei sich jedoch eine große Variantenvielzahl ergibt. Prinzipiell ist darauf zu achten, dass der Lichteinfall nicht durch das Mate- rial einer Elektrode behindert wird. Durch die Verwendung von organischen Materialien können Schichtaufbauten entsprechend der Erfindung mit unterschiedlichsten transparenten Materialien realisiert werden. Das Material des Halbleiters 9 kann beispielsweise P3HT sein. Eine Elektrode ist beispielsweise aus Metall, ITO oder PEDOT. Layer is made, for example, from Pedot or Pani or the like. The electrochromic layers 6, 8 provide the corresponding color effect. The layer sequence must be set up depending on the function of individual layers, but there is a large number of variants. In principle, care must be taken that the incidence of light is not obstructed by the material of an electrode. By using organic materials, layer structures according to the invention can be realized with a wide variety of transparent materials. The material of the semiconductor 9 can be P3HT, for example. An electrode is made of metal, ITO or PEDOT, for example.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige aus elektrochromen organischen Materialien, insbesondere organischen Polymeren, mit Pixelstruk- tur mit für jedes Pixel dargestelltem Schichtaufbau einer e- lektrochro en Zelle (11) aus erster Elektrode (5) , mindestens einer elektrochromen Schicht (6,8), Elektrolyt (7) und zweiter Elektrode (10) , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zusätzliche Schichten mit Diodencharakter eingebracht sind.1. Passive matrix display made of electrochromic organic materials, in particular organic polymers, with a pixel structure with a layer structure of an electrochroic cell (11) consisting of a first electrode (5) and at least one electrochromic layer (6, 8) for each pixel ), Electrolyte (7) and second electrode (10), characterized in that additional layers with a diode character are introduced.
2. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige aus elektrochromen organischen Materialien, insbesondere organischen Polymeren, mit Pixelstruktur mit für jedes Pixel dargestelltem Schichtaufbau einer e- lektrochromen Zelle (11) aus erster Elektrode (5) , mindestens einer elektrochromen Schicht (6,8), Elektrolyt (7) und zweiter Elektrode (10) , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Schichtaufbau einer elektrochromen Zelle (11) derart ab- gestimmt ist, dass die zur Verfärbung einer elektrochromen Schicht (6,8) notwendige AktivierungsSpannung größer Null ist.2. Passive matrix display made of electrochromic organic materials, in particular organic polymers, with a pixel structure with a layer structure of an electrochromic cell (11) consisting of a first electrode (5), at least one electrochromic layer (6, 8), electrolyte, represented for each pixel (7) and second electrode (10), characterized in that the layer structure of an electrochromic cell (11) is coordinated in such a way that the activation voltage required for the coloring of an electrochromic layer (6, 8) is greater than zero.
3. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine erste und eine zweite elektrochrome Schicht (6, 8) vorhanden sind und sich zwischen einer elektrochromen Zelle (11) und einer Diode (12) eine gemeinsame Elektrode befindet.3. Passive matrix display according to claim 1, characterized in that a first and a second electrochromic layer (6, 8) are present and a common electrode is located between an electrochromic cell (11) and a diode (12).
4 . Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige nach Anspruch 3, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , das s eine zweite elektrochrome Schicht (8) einer elektrochromen Zelle (11) elektrochrome und elektrisch leitfähige Eigenschaften aufweist und somit für elektrochrome Zelle (11) und Diode (12) gleichzeitig gemeinsame Elektrode ist. 4th Passive matrix display according to Claim 3, characterized in that a second electrochromic layer (8) of an electrochromic cell (11) has electrochromic and electrically conductive properties and is therefore at the same time a common electrode for the electrochromic cell (11) and diode (12).
5. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schicht (8) aus einem Material wie PEDOT , PANI oder Ähn- lichem besteht.5. Passive matrix display according to claim 4, characterized in that the layer (8) consists of a material such as PEDOT, PANI or the like.
6. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Materialien einer elektrochromen Schicht und eines Elekt- rolyten gemischt sind, wobei die Mischung eine einzige Schicht mit beiden jeweiligen Eigenschaften darstellt.6. Passive matrix display according to claim 2, characterized in that the materials of an electrochromic layer and an electrolyte are mixed, the mixture being a single layer with both respective properties.
7. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Diodencharakteristik eines Schichtaufbaues Doppeldiodenverhalten mit einer DurchlassSpannung im positiven und im negativen Bereich aufweist.7. Passive matrix display according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a diode characteristic of a layer structure has double diode behavior with a forward voltage in the positive and in the negative range.
8. Passiv-Matrix-Anzeige nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Ent- oder Rückfärbung mittels einer RückwärtsSpannung an einer Doppeldiode erzeugbar ist. 8. Passive matrix display according to claim 6, characterized in that a decolorization or recolorization can be generated by means of a reverse voltage on a double diode.
PCT/EP2004/051200 2003-06-24 2004-06-23 Electrochromic passive matrix display with a diode in each pixel WO2004114008A1 (en)

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