WO2004109372A2 - Slug caterpillar piezoelectric latching reflective optical relay - Google Patents

Slug caterpillar piezoelectric latching reflective optical relay Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004109372A2
WO2004109372A2 PCT/US2004/002708 US2004002708W WO2004109372A2 WO 2004109372 A2 WO2004109372 A2 WO 2004109372A2 US 2004002708 W US2004002708 W US 2004002708W WO 2004109372 A2 WO2004109372 A2 WO 2004109372A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
slug
liquid metal
coupled
optical
wetting pads
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2004/002708
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2004109372A3 (en
Inventor
Marvin Glenn Wong
Arthur Fong
Original Assignee
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Agilent Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Priority to EP04707035A priority Critical patent/EP1652204B1/en
Publication of WO2004109372A2 publication Critical patent/WO2004109372A2/en
Publication of WO2004109372A3 publication Critical patent/WO2004109372A3/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3538—Optical coupling means having switching means based on displacement or deformation of a liquid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
    • G02B6/3578—Piezoelectric force
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
    • G02B6/3514—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element moving along a line so as to translate into and out of the beam path, i.e. across the beam path
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
    • G02B6/3548—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/358—Latching of the moving element, i.e. maintaining or holding the moving element in place once operation has been performed; includes a mechanically bistable system

Abstract

A reflective optical switch includes a chamber housed within a solid material and a plurality of piezoelectric elements within the chamber. A slug coupled to a liquid metal within the chamber may be coupled to one or more of the piezoelectric elements. Actuating one or more piezoelectric elements causes the slug to move from a first number of wetting pads to a second number of wetting pads. The slug moves from the first number of wetting pads to the second number of wetting pads breaking a liquid metal surface tension between the slug and the first number of wetting pads and couples the slug and the second number of wetting pads. The movement of the slug and the presence of the liquid metal creates a reflective surface routing one or more signals from the first one or more optical waveguides to the second one or more optical waveguides.

Description

Method and Structure For a Slug Caterpillar Piezoelectric Latching
Reflective Optical Relay
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to the following co-pending U.S. Patent Applications, being identified by the below enumerated identifiers and arranged in alphanumerical order, which have the same ownership as the present application and to that extent are related to the present application and which are hereby incorporated by reference:
Application 10010448-1 , titled "Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid Metal Switch", filed May 2, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/137,691 ; Application 10010529-1 , "Bending Mode Latching Relay", and having the same filing date .as the present application; Application 10010531 -1 , "High Frequency Bending Mode Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10010570-1 , titled "Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid Metal Switch", filed May 2, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/142,076; Application 10010571-1 , "High-frequency, Liquid Metal, Latching Relay with Face Contact", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10010572-1 , "Liquid Metal, Latching Relay with Face Contact", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10010573-1 , "Insertion Type Liquid Metal Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10010617-1 , "High-frequency, Liquid Metal, Latching Relay Array", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10010618-1 , "Insertion Type Liquid Metal Latching Relay Array", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10010634-1 , "Liquid Metal Optical Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10010640-1 , titled "A Longitudinal Piezoelectric Optical Latching
Relay", filed October 31 , 2001 and identified by Serial Number 09/999,590;
Application 10010643-1 , "Shear Mode Liquid Metal Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10010644-1 , "Bending Mode Liquid Metal Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10010656-1 , titled "A Longitudinal Mode Optical Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10010663-1 , "Method and Structure for a Pusher-Mode
Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid Metal Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10010664-1 , "Method and Structure for a Pusher-Mode
Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid' Metal Optical Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10010790-1 , titled "Switch and Production Thereof", filed
December 12, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/317,597;
Application 10011055-1 , "High Frequency Latching Relay with Bending Switch
Bar", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10011056-1 , "Latching Relay with Switch Bar", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011064-1 , "High Frequency Push-mode Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011065-1 , "Push-mode Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 1001 1121-1 , "Closed Loop Piezoelectric Pump", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011329-1 , titled "Solid Slug Longitudinal Piezoelectric Latching
Relay", filed May 2, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/137,692; Application 1001 1344-1 , "Method and Structure for a Slug Pusher-Mode Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid Metal Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011345-1 , "Method and Structure for a Slug Assisted Longitudinal Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid Metal Optical Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011397-1 , "Method and Structure for a Slug Assisted Pusher- Mode Piezoelectrically Actuated Liquid Metal Optical Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10011398-1 , "Polymeric Liquid Metal Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011410-1 , "Polymeric Liquid Metal Optical Switch", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10011436-1 , "Longitudinal Electromagnetic Latching Optical Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011437-1 , "Longitudinal Electromagnetic Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10011458-1 , "Damped Longitudinal Mode Optical Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10011459-1 , "Damped Longitudinal Mode Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10020013-1 , titled "Switch and Method for Producing the Same", filed December 12, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/317,963; Application 10020027-1 , titled "Piezoelectric Optical Relay", filed March 28, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/109,309;
Application 10020071-1 , titled "Electrically Isolated Liquid Metal Micro- Switches for Integrally Shielded Microcircuits", filed October 8, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/266,872; Application 10020073-1 , titled "Piezoelectric Optical Demultiplexing Switch", filed April 10, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/119,503;
Application 10020162-1 , titled "Volume Adjustment Apparatus and Method for
Use", filed December 12, 2002 and identified by Serial Number 10/317,293;
Application 10020241 -1 , "Method and Apparatus for Maintaining a Liquid Metal Switch in a Ready-to-Switch Condition", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10020242-1 , titled "A Longitudinal Mode Solid Slug Optical
Latching Relay",, and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10020473-1 , titled "Reflecting Wedge Optical Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10020540-1 , "Method and Structure for a Solid Slug Caterpillar
Piezoelectric Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10020541-1 , titled "Method and Structure for a Solid Slug
Caterpillar Piezoelectric Optical Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10030438-1 , "Inserting-finger Liquid Metal Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; Application 10030440-1 , "Wetting Finger Liquid Metal Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application;
Application 10030521-1 , "Pressure Actuated Optical Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application; and
Application 10030522-1 , "Pressure Actuated Solid Slug Optical Latching Relay", and having the same filing date as the present application. TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to the field of electronic devices and systems, and more specifically to optical switching technology.
BACKGROUND
A relay or switch may be used to change an optical signal from a first state to a second state. In general there may be more than two states. In applications that require a small switch geometry or a large number of switches within a small region, microfabrication techniques may be used to create switches with a small footprint. A microfabricated switch may be used in a variety of applications, such as industrial equipment, telecommunications equipment and control of electro-mechanical devices such as ink jet printers.
In switching applications, the use of piezoelectric technology may be used to actuate a switch. Piezoelectric materials have several unique characteristics. A piezoelectric material can be made to expand or contract in response to an applied voltage. This is known as the indirect piezoelectric effect. The amount of expansion or contraction, the force generated by the expansion or contraction, and the amount of time between successive contractions are important material properties that influence the application of a piezoelectric material in a particular application. Piezoelectric material also exhibits a direct piezoelectric effect, in which an electric field is generated in response to an applied force. This electric field may be converted to a voltage if contacts are properly coupled to the piezoelectric material. The indirect piezoelectric effect is useful in making or breaking a contact within a switching element, while the direct piezoelectric effect is useful in generating a switching signal in response to an applied force. SUMMARY
A method and structure for an optical switch is disclosed. According to a structure of the present invention, a chamber is housed within a solid material. A plurality of wetting pads within the chamber are coupled to the solid material, while a plurality of piezoelectric elements within the chamber are also coupled to the solid material. A slug within the chamber is coupled to one or more of the plurality of wetting pads and may be further coupled to one or more of the plurality of piezoelectric elements. The slug moves within the chamber and makes or breaks surface tension connections with one or more of the plurality of wetting pads. A liquid metal within the gas-filled chamber is coupled to the slug, and coupled to the plurality of wetting pads. The liquid metal, such as mercury or a Gallium alloy, acts as a friction-reducing lubricant, and also is operable to provide a surface tension that maintains a connection between the slug and a contact of the plurality of wetting pads.
According to a method of the present invention, one or more of the plurality of piezoelectric elements are actuated, with the actuation of the one or more piezoelectric elements causing the one or more piezoelectric elements to contact the slug and move the slug from a first number of wetting pads to a second number of wetting pads. The first number of wetting pads and' the second number of wetting pads are wetted by the liquid metal. The movement of the slug from the first number of wetting pads to the second number of wetting pads breaks a liquid metal surface tension between the slug and the first number of wetting pads and establishes a coupling between the slug and the second number of wetting pads. The position of the slug and the wetting of the slug by the liquid metal enables a reflective surface to be created by the liquid metal. The reflective surface is created at an angle that allows signals to be coupled between the first set of optical waveguides and the second set of optical waveguides. The surface tension of the liquid metal between the slug and the second number of wetting pads is then operable to maintain a coupling between the second number of wetting pads and the slug which also maintains the reflective surface.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects and advantages thereof, may be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, which describes certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a side view of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross section of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a second side view of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a top view of a liquid metal reflective optical switch with a cap layer and a via layer removed, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a top view of a cap layer of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a top view of a wetting pad substrata layer of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a top view of an optical layer of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a top view of a piezoelectric layer of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a cross section of an initial state of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a cross section of a first step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a cross section of a second step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a cross section of a third step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a cross section of a fourth step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a cross section of a fifth step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a cross section of a sixth step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a cross section of a seventh step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a cross section of an eighth step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain . embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a cross section of a ninth step of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a cross section of a final state of an actuation sequence of a liquid metal reflective optical switch, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail specific embodiments, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments .shown and described. In the description below, like reference numerals are used to describe the same, similar or corresponding parts in the several views of the drawings.
A liquid metal reflective optical switch may be represented using a plurality of layers, wherein the plurality of layers represent layers created during a fabrication of the liquid metal reflective optical switch. Referring now to FIG. 1 , a side view 100 of a liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to a certain embodiment of the present invention. Piezoelectric layer 110 is coupled to first plurality of optical waveguides 150, wherein first plurality of optical waveguides 150 is further coupled to optical layer 120. Optical layer 120 is coupled to wetting pad substrate 130, and wetting pad substrate 130 is coupled to cap layer 140. It is noted that circuit substrate layer 130 may further comprise a plurality of circuit traces, wherein the plurality of circuit traces are not shown in FIG. 1. It is further noted that additional layers may be coupled to cap layer 140, piezoelectric layer 110 and circuit substrate layer 130 without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In certain embodiments of the present invention, piezoelectric layer 1 10 may be coupled to optical " layer 120 and optical waveguide 130. In a certain embodiment of the present invention, the piezoelectric layer 110, optical layer- 120, wetting pad substrate layer 130, and cap layer 140 may be combined, further expanded or otherwise reorganized without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. A second plurality of optical ' waveguides 160 is coupled to piezoelectric layer 1 10, optical layer 120, wetting pad substrate layer 130, and cap layer 140. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the first plurality of optical waveguides 150 is perpendicular to the second plurality of optical waveguides 160. FIG. 1 further illustrates a cross section 170 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the cap layer 140, optical layer 120, piezoelectric layer 110, and substrate layer 130 may be composed of one or more of glass, ceramic, composite material and ceramic-coated material. It is noted that wetting pad substrate layer 150 may further comprise a plurality of circuit traces, wherein the plurality of circuit traces are not shown in FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a cross section 200 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according certain embodiments of the present invention. Cross-section 200 is substantially equivalent to cross section 170. First plurality of optical waveguides 150 are oriented perpendicular to the cross- section 200. Piezoelectric layer 110 is coupled to a conductive adhesive 245. Conductive adhesive 245 is further coupled to a plurality of piezoelectric elements 235. It is noted that plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 may be directly coupled to piezoelectric layer 110. A chamber 230 resides within optical layer 120, and said chamber 230 is coupled to plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 and further coupled to wetting pad substrate layer 130. Chamber 230 further comprises a plurality of wetting pads 220, wherein said plurality of wetting pads 220 are coupled to wetting pad substrate layer 130. A liquid metal 215, such as Mercury, resides within chamber 230 and is operable to wet plurality of wetting pads 220. The liquid metal 215, such as mercury or a Gallium alloy, acts as a friction-reducing lubricant. Chamber 230 further comprises slug 225, wherein slug 225 is coupled to one or more of the plurality of wetting pads 220. In certain embodiments of the present invention slug 225 is composed of a solid material. It is further noted that in certain embodiments of the present invention, slug 225 may be coupled with one or ■ more of the plurality of wetting pads 220 at all times. In certain embodiments of the present invention slug 225 is surrounded by liquid metal 215. Slug 225 may be hollow or solid, composed of a wettable material such as metal, ceramic or plastic, and in certain embodiments of the present invention, slug 225 may have tapered ends to facilitate a contact between slug 225 and plurality of piezoelectric elements 235. The slug 225 is wettable and so may be maintained in a stable position due to the surface tension of the liquid metal 215 and the coupling of the slug 225 to one or more of the plurality of switch contacts wetting pads 220.
Chamber 230 is filled with a gas, which in certain embodiments of the present invention is inert. In a certain embodiment of the present invention, the gas is Nitrogen. Slug 225 is represented in FIG. 2 as a solid material, although it is noted that slug 225 may be hollow without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In a certain embodiment of the present invention, . slug 225 is tapered at both longitudinal ends of said slug 225 "so that slug 225 may be actuated by a movement of a piezoelectric element of the plurality of piezoelectric elements 235. The piezoelectric elements 235 may be independently actuated and are constrained on one end so that the actuation occurs in the direction of the-cap layer 140. The piezoelectric element may be composed from ceramic, quartz, plastic, or specially designed materials. It is also noted that although liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown with three wetting pads 220, a greater number of metal wetting pads may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The plurality of wetting pads 220 are chosen from a material so that plurality of wetting pads 220 does not interact with liquid metal 215. It is noted that in a certain "embodiment of the present invention, one or more of plurality of wetting pads 220 are coupled to slug 225 at each time instant thereby enabling liquid metal switch 105 to switch one or more optical signals in a differential manner.
As shown in FIG. 2, wetting pad substrate layer 130 comprises one or more vias 240 coupled to chamber 230. The one or more vias 240 are further coupled to channel 250, wherein channel 250 is coupled to cap layer 140. In certain embodiments of the present invention, channel 250 resides within cap layer 140. Channel 250 is operable to substantially equalize a pressure within chamber 230. Although two vias representative of one or more vias 240 are shown in FIG. 2, more than two vias could be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Second plurality of optical waveguides 160 are represented as first optical waveguide 205 and second optical waveguide 210, wherein first optical waveguide 205 and second optical waveguide 210 are coupled to cap layer 140, channel 250, wetting pad substrate layer 130 prior to being coupled to chamber 230.
Referring now to FIG. 3 a second side view 300 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. The second side view illustrates an orientation of first plurality of optical waveguides 150 and second plurality of optical waveguides 160 relative to plurality of piezoelectric elements 235, chamber 230 and plurality of wetting pads 220. First plurality of optical waveguides 150 is coupled to chamber 230 and plurality of wetting pads 220, and one or more optical signals carried by first plurality of optical waveguides 150 may be deflected by motion of slug 225. Encapsulant 310 is coupled to first plurality of optical waveguides 150 and further coupled to optical layer 120 and piezoelectric layer 110. In certain embodiments of the present invention, encapsulant 310 is operable to provide stability for first plurality of optical waveguides 150. In certain embodiments of the present invention, encapsulant 310 is composed of an inert, mechanically stable, quick-setting adhesive such as a UV curable epoxy or acrylic.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the plurality of wetting pads 220 are oriented at a 45 degree angle relative to first plurality of optical waveguides 150 and second plurality of optical waveguides 160. It is noted that angles other than 45 degrees could be used. It is noted that the second side view 300 further illustrates a shape of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235. The shape of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 has a triangular notch in the lower left portion of the plurality of piezoelectric elements 235, wherein the triangular notch has a geometry that enables the plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 to extend without contacting plurality of wetting pads 220. The plurality of wetting pads 220 are oriented so that a signal may be coupled between a first waveguide of first plurality of waveguides 150 and a second waveguide of second plurality of waveguides 160. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the plurality of wetting pads 220 forms a same angle between the first plurality of optical waveguides 150 arid the second plurality of optical waveguides 160. This may be observed as a special case of an angle of incidence equaling the angle of reflection. The plurality of wetting pads 220 further comprises a plurality of ridges 322, wherein the plurality of ridges are operable to enable a creation of a pianar reflective coating on plurality of wetting pads 220.
Referring now to FIG. 4 a top view 400 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 with cap layer 140 and wetting pad substrate layer 130 removed is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. Slug 225 is also not shown. FIG. 4 illustrates how in certain embodiments of the present invention, plurality of wetting pads 220 are part of a single piece of material wherein the signal piece of material has a plurality of openings that enable the first plurality of optical waveguides 150 and the second plurality of optical waveguides 160 to pass through a plane of the plurality of wetting pads 220. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the plurality of openings are formed from a transparent material thereby allowing the liquid metal to latch to the pads 220 and form reflective mirrors by wetting to wettable metal 222 when the slug 225 is coupled to wettable metal 222. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the transparent material supplies mechanical support for the slug 225 and liquid metal 215. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the plurality of wetting pads 220 have a longitudinal extent that is smaller than the length of chamber 230. FIG. 4 further illustrates a sectional view 420 of top view 400. Sectional view 420 illustrates how first plurality of optical waveguides 150, represented by first optical waveguide 205 and second optical waveguide 210 are seated in a triangular trough of optical layer 120. The triangular trough is coupled to encapsulant 410, while encapsulant 410 is further coupled to first optical waveguide 205 and second optical waveguide 210.
Referring now to FIG. 5 a top view 500 of cap layer 140 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. Sectional view 510 is also shown to illustrate an extent of channel 250 coupling to cap layer 140. Channel 250 is operable to equalize a pressure of chamber 230, wherein said pressure change is caused by a motion of slug 225. As slug 225 moves, vias 205 and 210 enable a substantially equivalent pressure on a left side of slug 225 and a right side of slug 225. Referring now to FIG. 6 a top view 600 of wetting pad substrate layer 130 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6 illustrates an orientation of plurality of vias 240 relative to first plurality of optical waveguides 150 and encapsulant 310. It is noted that although plurality of vias 240 have a circular cross-section and an orifice of first plurality of optical waveguides 150 have a square cross-section, other geometric cross-sections could be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 7 a top view 700 of optical layer 120 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 7 also illustrates a top view of optical waveguide holders 720 and a side view 710 of optical waveguide holders 720. Optical waveguide holders 720 are operable to be coupled to first optical waveguide 205 and second optical waveguide 210. It is noted that in certain embodiments of the present invention, optical waveguide holders 720 are contained within optical layer 120. The plurality of ridges 222 are also shown in FIG. 7 in relation to optical waveguide holders 720.
Referring now to FIG. 8 a top view "800 of piezoelectric layer 110 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 8 illustrates a top view of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 and a section view 810 of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235. In certain embodiments of the present invention, plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 reside entirely within piezoelectric layer 110 when plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 are not actuated. Side view 810 further illustrates the shape of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 including the triangular notch first illustrated in FIG. 3. Referring now to FIG. 9 a cross section of an initial state 900 of an actuation sequence of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according' to certain embodiments of the present invention. The actuation sequence, which is shown in a plurality of steps in FIG. 10 through FIG. 18, illustrates a movement of slug 225 from a first side of the chamber 230 of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 to a second side. During the initial state, first optical waveguide 205 is unblocked, while second optical waveguide 210 is blocked by slug 225. The slug 225 is wetted by liquid metal 215 so that a signal of second optical waveguide 210 is reflected by a reflective coating due to liquid metal 215. The signal of second optical waveguide 150 is operable to be coupled to an optical waveguide of second plurality of optical waveguides 210 after being reflected by the reflective coating. Slug 225 is moved by actuation of successive elements (1010, 11 10, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610, 1710, 1810) of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235.
Referring now to FIG. 19 a cross section of a final state of the actuation sequence of liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 is shown, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. In the final state, slug 225 has moved from the first side to the second side of chamber 230. The slug 225 is wetted by liquid metal 215 so that a signal of first optical waveguide 150 is reflected by a reflective coating due to liquid metal 215. The signal of first optical waveguide 150 is operable to be coupled to a second optical waveguide of second plurality of optical waveguides 205 after being reflected by the reflective coating. It is noted that although successive actuations are shown in FIGs. 10-18, other sequences of actuation, such as actuating every other piezoelectric element of plurality of piezoelectric elements 235, could be used without departing. from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 operates by means of the lateral displacement of one or more of the plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 in an extension mode thereby displacing slug 225 that is wetted by a liquid metal 215 and causing the liquid metal 215 to wet a portion of the plurality of wetting pads 220. The wetting of the plurality of wetting pads 220 in conjunction with plurality of ridges 222 creates a reflective surface operable to route a signal of a third optical waveguide of first plurality of optical waveguides 150 to a fourth optical wavegui.de of second plurality of optical waveguides 160.
The lateral motions of the plurality of piezoelectric elements 235 squeeze the slug 225 tapered ends, thereby moving the slug 225 along a length of the chamber 230 to overcome surface tension forces that would constrain the slug 225. The liquid metal reflective optical switch 105 latches by means of a surface tension due to the liquid metal 215 wetting slug 225 to the plurality of wetting pads 220.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, permutations and variations will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:

Claims

1. A structure for a reflective optical switch (105), comprising:
a gas-filled chamber (230) housed within a solid material (110,120,130);
a first one or more optical waveguides (150) coupled to the gas-filled chamber wherein the first one or more optical waveguides are parallel to a longitudinal axis of the gas-filled chamber;
a second one or more optical waveguides (160) coupled to the gas- filled chamber wherein the second one or more optical waveguides are not parallel to the first one or more optical waveguides;
a plurality of piezoelectric elements (235) of the gas-filled chamber, coupled to the solid material;
a slug (225) within the gas-filled chamber coupled to one or more of the plurality of piezoelectric elements, said slug operable to move along the longitudinal axis of the gas-filled chamber; and
a liquid metal (215) within the gas-filled chamber, said liquid metal operable to be coupled to the slug wherein the coupling of the liquid metal to the slug and gas-filled chamber is operable to create an optically reflective surface.
2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the gas-filled chamber may be composed of one or more of glass, ceramic, composite material and ceramic-coated material.
3. The structure of claim 1, further comprising one or more vias (240) coupled to the gas-filled chamber, wherein the one or more vias are cc αpled to a channel (250) said channel operable to equalize a first pressure on a first end of the slug and a second pressure on a second end of the slug.
4. The structure of claim 1, wherein the chamber further comprises a plurality of wetting pads (220), said plurality of wetting pads being wettable by the liquid metal.
5. The structure of claim 4, wherein the plurahty of wetting pads are coupled to the slug and the liquid metal and wherein the plurality of wetting pads further comprise an upper ridge (322) and a lower ridge (322), said upper ridge and lower ridge operable to create a planar reflective surface using the liquid metal and the slug.
6. The structure of claim 4, wherein the slug, the liquid metal and the plurality of wetting pads are operable to create a reflective surface that reflects an optical signal from one or more of the first one or more optical waveguides to one or more of the second one or more optical waveguides.
7. A structure for a reflective optical switch (105), comprising:
a cap layer (140) comprising a channel (250);
a substrate layer (130) coupled to the cap layer, said substrate layer ' comprising one or more vias (240) coupled to the channel;
an optical layer (120) coupled to the substrate layer, said optical layer comprising a chamber (230) coupled to the one or more vias wherein the chamber comprises a slug (225), liquid metal (215) coupled to the slug, and a plurality of wetting pads (220) operable to be coupled to the slug and coupled to the liquid metal; a piezoelectric layer (110) coupled to the optical layer, said- piezoelectric layer comprising a plurality of piezoelectric elements (235) wherein the plurality of piezoelectric elements are operable- to contact the slug;
a first one or more optical waveguides (150) coupled to the cap layer, substrate layer and coupled to the chamber; and
a second one or more optical waveguides (160) coupled to the ' chamber, wherein the second one or more optical waveguides are not 'parallel to the first one or more optical waveguides, wherein the slug, the liquid metal and the plurality of wetting pads are operable to create a reflective surface that reflects an optical signal from one or more of the first one or more optical waveguides to one or more of the second one or more optical waveguides
8. The structure of claim 7, wherein the substrate layer further comprises a plurality of circuit traces and a plurahty of pads operable to route one or more signals generated by actuation of one or more of the plurality of piezoelectric elements.
9. A method for optical switching of one or more optical signals using a liquid metal reflective optical switch (105), comprising:
actuating one o more of a plurality of piezoelectric elements (235);
the actuation of the one or more piezoelectric elements causing a slug (225) coupled to the one or more piezoelectric elements to move from a first number of wetting pads (220) to a second number of wetting pads (220) wherein the first number of wetting pads and the second number of wetting pads are wetted by a liquid metal (215);
the movement of the slug from the first number of wetting pads to the second number of wetting pads breaking a liquid metal surface tension between the slug and the first number of wetting pads and establishing a coupling between the slug and the second number of wetting pads; and
the coupling between the slug and the second number of wetting pads creating a liquid metal reflective surface operable to reflect an optical signal of the one or more optical signals from a first one or more optical waveguides (150) to a second one or more optical waveguides (160).
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the coupling between the slug and the second number of wetting pads is due to a plurality of surface tension forces caused • by the liquid metal.
PCT/US2004/002708 2003-04-14 2004-01-30 Slug caterpillar piezoelectric latching reflective optical relay WO2004109372A2 (en)

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EP1652204B1 (en) 2013-03-13
EP1652204A4 (en) 2008-03-05
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EP1652204A2 (en) 2006-05-03
US6765161B1 (en) 2004-07-20

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