WO2004075813A2

WO2004075813A2 - Diagnostics and therapeutics for diseases associated with g-protein coupled receptor prostaglandin e2 ep3 ii (prostaglandin e2 ep3 ii)

Info

Publication number: WO2004075813A2
Application number: PCT/EP2004/001423
Authority: WO
Inventors: Stefan Golz; Ulf Brüggemeier; Holger Summer
Original assignee: Bayer Healthcare Ag
Priority date: 2003-02-26
Filing date: 2004-02-13
Publication date: 2004-09-10
Also published as: WO2004075813A3

Abstract

The invention provides a human prostaglandin E2 EP3 II which is associated with the cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases. The invention also provides assays for the identification of compounds useful in the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases. The invention also features compounds which bind to and/or activate or inhibit the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds.

Description

Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Diseases Associated with G-Protein Coupled Receptor Prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (Prostaglandin E2 EP3 IT)

Technical field of the invention

The present invention is in the field of molecular biology, more particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences of a human prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and its regulation for the treatment .^cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in mammals.

Background of the invention

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is a seven transmembrane G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) [Kunapuli et al. (1994), Yang et al., (1994), Schmid et al., (1995), Coleman et al. (1994), O02061087]. Many medically significant biological processes are mediated by signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins [Lefkowitz,

(1991)]. The family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) includes receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and viruses. Specific examples of GPCRs include receptors for such diverse agents as dopamiήe, calcitonine, adrenergic hormones, endotheline, cAMP, adenosine, acetylcholine, serotonine, histamine, thrombin, kinine, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1, rhodopsins, odorants, cytomegalovirus, G-proteins themselves, effector proteins such as phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phospho- diesterase, and actuator proteins such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C.

GPCRs possess seven conserved membrane-sparu ing domains connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. GPCRs, also known as seven transmembrane, 7TM, receptors, have been characterized as including these seven conserved hydrophobic stretches of about 20 to 30 amino acids, connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops. Most GPCRs have single conserved cysteine residues in each of the first two extracellular loops, which form disulfide bonds that are believed to stabilize functional protein structure. The seven transmembrane regions are designated as TM1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TM5, TM6, and TM7. TM3 is being implicated with signal transduction. Phosphorylation and lipidation (palmitylation or farnesylation) of cysteine residues can influence signal transduction of some GPCRs. Most GPCRs contain potential phosphorylation sites within the third cytoplasmic loop and/or the carboxy terminus. For several GPCRs, such as the beta-adrenergic receptor, phosphorylation by protein kinase A and/or specific receptor kinases mediates receptor desensitization.

For some receptors, the ligand binding sites of GPCRs are believed to comprise hydrophilic sockets formed by several GPCR transmembrane domains. The hydrophilic sockets are surrounded by hydrophobic residues of the GPCRs. The hydrophilic side of each GPCR transmembrane helix is postulated to face inward and form a polar ligand binding site. TM3 is being implicated with several GPCRs as having a ligand binding site, such as the TM3 aspartate residue. TM5 serines, a TM6 asparagine, and TM6 or TM7 phenylalanines or tyrosines also are implicated in ligand binding.

GPCRs are coupled inside the cell by heterotrimeric G-proteins to various intra- cellular enzymes, ion channels, and transporters. Different G-protein alpha-subunits preferentially stimulate particular effectors to modulate various biological functions in a cell. Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic residues of GPCRs is an important mechanism for the regulation of some GPCRs.. For example, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone binding is the activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase. G-protein exchanges GTP for ^■ bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor. The GTP-carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G- protein itself, returns the G-protein to its basal, inactive form. Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal.

Over the past 15 years, nearly 350 therapeutic agents targeting 7TM receptors have been successfully introduced into the market. This indicates that these receptors have an established, proven history as therapeutic targets. Clearly, there is a need for identification and characterization of further receptors which can play. a role in preventing, ameliorating, or correcting dysfunctions or diseases including, but not limited to, infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral infections, particularly those caused by HIN viruses, cancers, allergies including asthma, cardiovascular diseases including acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hemato logical diseases, genito-urinary diseases including urinary incontinence and benign prostate hyperplasia, osteoporosis, and peripheral and central nervous system disorders including pain, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

TaqMan-Technology / expression profiling

TaqMan is a recently developed technique, in which the release of a fluorescent reporter dye from a hybridisation probe in real-time during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is proportional to the accumulation of . the PCR product. Quantification is based on the early, linear part of the reaction, and by determining the threshold cycle (CT), at which fluorescence above background is first detected.

Gene expression technologies may be useful in several areas of drug discovery and development, such as target identification, lead optimization, and identification of mechanisms of action. The TaqMan technology can be used to compare differences between expression profiles of normal tissue and diseased tissue. Expression pro- filing has been used in identifying genes, which are up- or downregulated in a variety of diseases. An interesting application of expression profiling is temporal monitoring of changes in gene expression during disease progression and drug treatment or in patients versus healthy individuals. The premise in this approach is that changes in pattern of gene expression in response to physiological or environmental stimuli (e.g., drugs) may serve as indirect clues about disease-causing genes or drag targets. Moreover, the effects of drugs with established efficacy on global gene expression patterns may provide a guidepost, or a genetic signature, against which a new drug candidate can be compared.

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II

The nucleotide sequence of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is accessible in public databases by the accession number NM_000957 and is given in SEQ ID NO:l. The amino acid sequence of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is depicted in SEQ LD NO:2

Prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is a splice variant of E2 EP3 and was identified as a receptor for Enprostil and PGE2 (for example) [Yang et al, (1994); Schmid et al., (1995); Kunapuli et al., (1994)]. Prostanoid receptors of the EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 types cloned in the mouse and/or human- were reviewed by Coleman et al. [Coleman et al. (1994)]. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), one of various oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid, produces a broad range of biologic actions in diverse tissues. Not only are PGE2 and thromboxane A2 structurally related, but their receptors are also homologous. Epithelial tumors may be regulated by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme products.

Binding assays performed on human prostaglandin E2 EP3 proteins expressed in mammalian cells showed that the 4 isoforms have comparable ligand-binding properties.

The receptor prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is also discribed in patent WO02061087. Summary of the invention

The invention relates to novel disease associations of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptides and polynucleotides. The invention also relates to novel methods of screening for therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological . diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide, a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide, or regulators of prostaglandin E2 EP3 IT or modulators of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity. The invention further comprises methods of diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II receptor polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:l). Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II receptor polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:2).

Fig. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ LO

NO:3).

Fig. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ LD NO:4).

Fig. 5 shows a nucleotide sequence useful as a probe to detect proteins of the invention (SEQ ID NO:5). Detailed description of the invention

Definition of terms

An "oligonucleotide" is a stretch of nucleotide residues which has a sufficient number of bases to be used as an oligomer, amplimer or probe in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides are prepared from genomic or cDNA sequence and are used to amplify, reveal, or confirm the presence of a similar DNA or RNA in a particular cell or tissue. .Oligonucleotides or oligomers comprise portions of a DNA sequence having at least about. 10 nucleotides and as many as about 35 nucleotides, preferably about 25 nucleotides.

"Probes" may be derived from naturally occurring or recombinant single- or double- stranded nucleic acids or may be chemically synthesized. They are useful in detecting the presence of identical or similar sequences. Such probes may be labeled with reporter molecules using nick translation, Kl^'enow fill-in reaction, PCR or other methods well known in the art. Nucleic acid probes may be used in southern, northern or in situ hybridizations to determine whether DNA or RNA encoding a certain protein is present in a cell type, tissue, or organ.

A "fragment of a polynucleotide" is a nucleic acid that comprises all or any part of a given nucleotide molecule, the fragment having fewer nucleotides than about 6 kb, preferably fewer than about 1 kb.

"Reporter molecules" are radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogeπic agents which associate with a particular nucleotide or amino acid sequence, thereby establishing the presence of a certain sequence, or allowing for the quantification of a certain sequence.

"Chimeric" molecules may be constructed by introducing all or part of the nucleotide sequence of this invention into a vector containing additional nucleic acid sequence which might be expected to change any one or several of the following prostaglandin E2 EP3 II characteristics: cellular location, distribution, ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, degradation/turnover rate, signaling, etc.

"Active", with respect to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide, refers to those forms, fragments, or domains of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 It polypeptide which retain the biological and/or antigenic activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide.

"Naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide" refers to a polypeptide produced by cells which have not been genetically engineered and specifically

■ contemplates various polypeptides arising .from post-translational modifications of the polypeptide including but not limited to acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation.

"Derivative" refers to polypeptides which have been chemically modified by techniques such as ubiquitination, labeling (see above), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), and chemical insertion or substitution of amino acids such as ornithine which do not normally occur in human proteins.

"Conservative amino acid substitutions" result from replacing one amino acid with another having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.

"Insertions" or "deletions" are typically in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by producing the peptide synthetically while systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides in the sequence using recombinant DNA techniques.

A "signal sequence" or "leader sequence" can be used, when desired, to direct the polypeptide through a membrane of a cell. Such a sequence may be naturally present on the polypeptides of the present invention or provided from heterologous sources by recombinant DNA techniques.

An "oligopeptide" is a short stretch of amino acid residues and may be expressed from an oligonucleotide. Ohgopeptides comprise a stretch of amino acid residues of at least 3, 5, 10 amino acids and at most 10, 15, 25 amino acids, typically of at least 9 to 13 amino acids, and of sufficient length to display biological and/or antigenic activity.

"Inhibitor" is any substance which retards or prevents a chemical or physiological reaction or response. Common inhibitors include but are not limited to antisense molecules, antibodies, and antagonists.

"Standard expression" is a quantitative or qualitative measurement for comparison. It is based on a statistically appropriate number of normal samples and is created to use as a basis of comparison when performing diagnostic assays, running clinical trials, or following patient treatment profiles.

"Animal" as used herein may be defined to include human, domestic (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), agricultural (e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.) or test species (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.).

A "prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide", within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a nucleic acid molecule selected from a group consisting of

(i) nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ LO NO: 2,

(ii) nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1,

(iv) nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii); and

5

(v) nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code;

wherein the polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has prostaglandin E2 10 . EP3 II activity.

A "prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide", within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of

15 (i) polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2,

(ii) polypeptides comprising the sequence of SEQ LD NO: 2,

(iii) polypeptides encoded by prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides; and

20

(iv) polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii);

wherein said polypeptide has prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity.

^■25

The nucleotide sequences encoding a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (or their complement) have numerous applications in techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. These techniques include use as hybridization probes, use in the construction of oligomers for PCR, use for chromosome and gene mapping, use in 30 the recombinant production of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, and use in generation of anti- sense DNA or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like. Uses of nucleotides encoding a prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI disclosed herein are exemplary of known techniques and are not intended to limit their use in any technique known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein may be used in molecular biology techniques that have not yet been developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known,- e.g., the triplet genetic code, specific base pair interactions, etc.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II - encoding nucleotide sequences may be produced. Some of these will only bear minimal homology to the nucleotide sequence of the known and naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. The invention has specifically contemplated each and every possible variation of nucleotide sequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as applied to the nucleotide sequence of naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, and all such variations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed.

Although the nucleotide sequences which encode a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, its derivatives or its variants are preferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally .occurring prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide under stringent conditions, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptides or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage. Codons can be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host. Other reasons for substantially altering the nucleotide sequence encoding a prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI polypeptide and/or its derivatives without altering the encoded amino acid sequence include the production of RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence. Nucleotide sequences encoding a prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI polypeptide may be joined to a variety of other nucleotide sequences by means of well established recombinant DNA techniques. Useful nucleotide sequences for joining to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides include an assortment of cloning vectors such as plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage derivatives, phagemids, and the like. Vectors of interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, sequencing vectors, etc. In general, vectors of interest may contain an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sensitive sites, and selectable markers for one or more host cell systems.

Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II- specific hybridization probes capable of hybridizing with naturally ^' occurring nucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Such probes may also be used for the detection of similar GPCR encoding sequences and should preferably show at least 40% nucleotide identity to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides. The hybridization probes of the subject invention may be derived from the nucleotide sequence presented as SEQ LD NO: 1 or from genomic sequences including promoter, enhancers or introns of the native gene. Hybridization probes may be labelled by a variety of reporter molecules using techniques well known in the art.

It will be recognized that many deletional or mutational analogs of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides will be effective hybridization probes for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides. Accordingly, the invention relates to nucleic acid sequences that hybridize with such prostaglandin E2 EP3 II encoding nucleic acid sequences under stringent conditions.

"Stringent conditions" refers to conditions that allow for the hybridization of substantially related nucleic acid sequences. For instance, such conditions will generally allow hybridization of sequence with at least about 85% sequence identity, preferably with at least about 90% sequence identity, more preferably with at least about 95% sequence identity. Hybridization conditions and probes can be adjusted in well-characterized ways to achieve selective hybridization of human-derived probes. Stringent conditions, within the meaning of the invention are 65°C in a buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2), 7 % (w/v) SDS.

Nucleic acid molecules that will hybridize to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides under stringent conditions can be identified functionally. Without limitation, examples of the uses for hybridization probes include: histochemical uses such as identifying tissues that express prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI; measuring mRNA levels, for instance to identify a sample's tissue type or to identify cells that express abnormal levels of prostaglandin E2 EP3 It; and detecting polymorphisms of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

PCR provides additional uses for oligonucleotides based upon the nucleotide sequence which encodes prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Such probes used in PCR may be of recombinant origin, chemically synthesized, or a mixture of both. Oligomers may comprise discrete nucleotide sequences employed under optimized conditions for identification of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in specific tissues or diagnostic use. The same two oligomers, a nested set of oligomers, or even a degenerate pool of oligo- mers may be employed under less stringent conditions for identification of closely related DNAs or RNAs.

Rules for designing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers are now established, as reviewed by PCR Protocols. Degenerate primers, i.e., preparations of primers that are heterogeneous at given sequence locations, can be designed to amplify nucleic acid sequences that are highly homologous to, but not identical with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Strategies are now available that allow for only one of the primers to be required to specifically hybridize with a known sequence. For example, appropriate nucleic acid primers can be ligated to the nucleic acid sought to be amplified to provide the hybridization partner for one of the primers. In this way, only one of the primers need be based on the sequence of the nucleic acid sought to be amplified. PCR methods for amplifying nucleic acid will utilize at least two primers. One of these primers will be capable of hybridizing to a first strand of the nucleic acid to be amplified and of priming enzyme-driven nucleic acid synthesis in a first direction. The other will be capable of hybridizing the reciprocal sequence of the first strand (if the sequence to be amplified is single stranded, this sequence will initially be hypothetical, but will be synthesized in the first amplification cycle) and of priming nucleic acid synthesis from that strand in the direction opposite the first direction and towards the site of hybridization for the first primer. Conditions for conducting such amplifications, particularly under preferred stringent hybridization conditions, are well known.

Other means of producing specific hybridization probes for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II include the cloning of nucleic acid sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or prostaglandin E2 EP3 II derivatives into vectors for the production of mRNA probes.

Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerase as T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase and the appropriate reporter molecules.

It is possible to produce a DNA sequence, or portions thereof, entirely by synthetic chemistry. After synthesis, the nucleic acid sequence can be inserted into any of the many available DNA vectors and their respective host cells using techniques which are well known in the art. Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into the nucleotide sequence. Alternately, a portion of sequence in which a mutation is desired can be synthesized and recombined with longer portion of an existing genomic or recombinant sequence.

prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI polynucleotides may be used to produce a purified oligo-or polypeptide using well known methods of recombinant DNA technology. The oligo- peptide may be expressed in. a variety of host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Host cells may be from the same species from which the nucleotide sequence was derived or from a different species. Advantages of producing an oligonucleotide by recombinant DNA technology include obtaining adequate amounts of the protein for purification and the availability of simplified purification procedures.

Quantitative determinations of nucleic acids

An important step in the molecular genetic analysis of human disease is often the enumeration of the copy number of a nucleis acid or the relative expression of a gene in particular tissues.

Several different approaches are currently available to make quantitative determinations of nucleic acids. Chromosome-based techniques, such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) facilitate efforts to cytogenetically localize genomic regions that are altered in tumor cells. Regions of genomic alteration can be narrowed further using loss of heterozygosity analysis (LOH), in which disease DNA is analyzed and compared with normal DNA for the loss of a heterozygous polymorphic marker. The first experiments used restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) [Johnson, (1989)], or hyper- variable minisatellite DNA [Barnes, 2000]. In recent years LOH has been performed primarily using PCR amplification of microsatellite markers and elecfrophoresis of the radio labelled [Jeffreys, (1985)] or fluorescently labelled PCR products [Weber, (1990)] and compared between paired normal and disease DNAs.

A number of other methods have also been developed to quantify nucleic acids [Gergen, (1992)]. More recently, PCR and RT-PCR methods have been, developed which are capable of measuring the amount of a nucleic acid in a sample. One approach, for example, measures PCR product quantity in the log phase of the reaction before the formation of reaction products plateaus [Thomas, (1980)].

A gene sequence contained in all samples at relatively constant quantity is typically utilized for sample amplification efficiency normalization. This approach, however, suffers from several drawbacks. The method requires that each sample has equal input amounts of the nucleic acid and that the amplification efficiency between samples is identical until the time of analysis. Furthermore, it is difficult using the conventional methods of PCR quantitation such as gel elecfrophoresis or plate capture hybridization to determine that all samples are in fact analyzed during the log phase of the reaction as required by the method.

Another method called quantitative competitive (QC)-PCR, as the name implies, relies on the inclusion of an internal control competitor in each reaction [Piatak, (1993), BioTechniques]. The efficiency of each reaction is normalized to the internal competitor. A known amount of internal competitor is typically added to each sample. The unknown target PCR product is compared with the known competitor PCR product to obtain relative quantitation. A difficulty with this general approach lies in developing an internal control that amplifies with the same efficiency than the target molecule.

5' Fluorogenic Nuclease Assays

Fluorogenic nuclease assays are a real time quantitation method that uses a probe to monitor formation of amplification product. The basis for this method of monitoring the formation of amplification product is to measure continuously PCR product accumulation using a dual-labelled fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe, an approach frequently referred to in the literature simply as the "TaqMan method" [Piatak,(1993), Science; Heid, (1996); Gibson, (1996); Holland. (1991)].

The probe used in such assays is typically a short (about 20-25 bases) oligonucleotide that is labeled with two different fluorescent dyes. The 5' terminus of the probe is attached to a reporter dye and the 3' terminus is attached to a quenching dye, although the dyes could be attached at other locations on the probe as well. The probe is designed to have at least substantial sequence complementarity with the probe binding site. Upstream and downstream PCR primers which bind to flanking regions of the locus are added to the reaction mixture. When the probe is intact, energy transfer between the two fluorophors occurs and the quencher quenches emission from the reporter. During the extension phase of PCR, the probe is cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase, thereby releasing the reporter from the oligonucleotide-quencher and resulting in an increase of reporter emission intensity which can be measured by an appropriate detector.

One detector which is specifically adapted for measuring fluorescence emissions such as those created during a fluorogenic assay is the ABI 7700 or 4700 HT manufactured by Applied Biosystems, Inc. in Foster City, Calif. The ABI 7700 uses fiber optics connected with each well in a 96-or 384 well PCR tube arrangement. The instrument includes a laser for exciting the labels and is capable of measuring the fluorescence spectra intensity from each tube with continuous monitoring during PCR amplification. Each tube is re-examined every 8.5 seconds.

Computer software provided with the instrument is capable of recording the fluorescence intensity of reporter and quencher over the course of the amplification. The recorded values will then be used to calculate the increase in normalized reporter emission intensity on a continuous basis. The increase in emission intensity is plotted versus time, i.e., the number of amplification cycles, to produce a continuous measure of amplification. To quantify the locus in each amplification reaction, the amplification plot is examined at a point during the log phase of product accumulation. This is accomplished by assigning a fluorescence threshold intensity above background and determining the point at which each amplification plot crosses the threshold (defined as the threshold cycle number or Ct). Differences in threshold cycle number are used to quantify the relative amount of PCR target contained within each tube. Assuming that each reaction functions at 100% PCR efficiency, a difference of one Ct represents a two-fold difference in the amount of starting template. The fluorescence value can be used in conjunction with a standard curve to determine the amount of amplification product present. Non-Probe-Based Detection Methods

A variety of options are available for measuring the amplification products as they are formed. One method utilizes labels, such as dyes, which only bind to double stranded DNA. In this type of approach, amplification product (which is double stranded) binds dye molecules in solution to form a complex. With the appropriate dyes, it is possible to distinguish between dye molecules free in solution and dye molecules bound to amplification product. For example, certain dyes fluoresce only when bound to amplification product.. Examples of dyes which can be used in methods of this general type include, but are not limited to, Syber Green.TM. and Pico Green from Molecular Probes, Inc. of Eugene, Oreg., ethidium bromide, propidium iodide, chromomycin, acridine orange, Hoechst 33258, Toto-1, Yoyo-1, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride).

Another real time detection technique measures alteration in energy fluorescence energy transfer between fluorophors conjugated with PCR primers [Livak, (1995)].

Probe-Based Detection Methods

These detection methods involve some alteration to the structure or conformation of a probe hybridized to the locus between the amplification primer pair. In some instances, the alteration is caused by the template-dependent extension catalyzed by a nucleic acid polymerase during the amplification process. The alteration generates a detectable signal which is an indirect measure of the amount of amplification product formed.

For example, some methods involve the degradation or digestion of the probe during the extension reaction. These methods are a consequence of the 5'-3' nuclease activity associated with some nucleic acid polymerases. Polymerases having this activity cleave mononucleotides or small oligonucleotides from an oligonucleotide probe annealed to its complementary sequence located within the locus.

The 3' end of the upstream primer provides the initial binding site for the nucleic acid polymerase. As the polymerase catalyzes extension of the upstream primer and encounters the bound probe, the nucleic acid polymerase displaces a portion of the 5' end of the probe and through its nuclease activity cleaves mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the probe.

The upstream primer and the probe can be designed such that they anneal to the complementary strand in close proximity to one another. In fact, the 3' end of the upstream primer and the 5' end of the probe may abut one another. In this situation, extension of the upstream primer is not necessary in order for the nucleic acid polymerase to begin cleaving the probe. In the case in which intervening nucleotides separate the upstream primer and the probe, extension of the primer is necessary before the nucleic acid polymerase encounters the 5' end of the probe. Once contact occurs and polymerization continues, the 5'-3' exonuclease activity of the nucleic acid polymerase begins cleaving mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from, the 5' end of the probe. Digestion of the probe continues until the remaining portion of the probe dissociates from the complementary strand. -

In solution, the two end sections can hybridize with each other to form a hairpin loop. In this conformation, the reporter and quencher dye are in sufficiently close proximity that fluorescence from the reporter dye is effectively quenched by the quencher dye. Hybridized probe, in contrast, results in a linearized conformation in which the extent of quenching is decreased. Thus, by monitoring emission changes for the two dyes, it is possible to indirectly monitor the formation of amplification product. Probes

The labeled probe is selected so that its sequence is substantially complementary to a segment of the test locus or a reference locus. As indicated above, the nucleic acid site to which the probe binds should be located between the primer binding sites for the upstream and downstream amplification primers.

Primers

The primers used in the amplification are selected so as to be capable of hybridizing to sequences at flanking regions of the locus being amplified. The primers are chosen to have at least substantial complementarity with the different strands of the nucleic acid being amplified. When a probe is utilized to detect the formation of amplification products, the primers are selected in such that they flank the probe, i.e. are located upstream and downstream of the probe.

The primer must have sufficient length so that it is capable of priming the synthesis of extension products in the presence of an agent for polymerization. The length and composition of the primer depends on many parameters, including, for example, the temperature at which the annealing reaction is conducted, proximity of the probe binding site to that of the primer, relative concentrations of the primer and probe and the particular nucleic acid composition of the probe. Typically the primer includes 15-30 nucleotides. However, the length of the primer may be more or less depending on the complexity of the primer binding site and the factors listed above.

Labels for Probes and Primers

The labels used for labeling the probes or primers of the current invention and which can provide the signal corresponding to the quantity of amplification product can take a variety of forms. As indicated above with regard to the 5' fluorogenic nuclease method, a fluorescent signal is one signal which can be measured. However, measurements may also be made, for example, by monitoring radioactivity, colorimetry, absorption, magnetic parameters, or enzymatic activity. Thus, labels which can be employed include, but are not limited to, fluorophors, chromophores, radioactive isotopes, electron dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific 5 binding partners (e.g., biotin-avidin).

Monitoring changes in. fluorescence is a particularly useful way to monitor the accumulation of amplification products. A number of labels useful for attachment to probes or primers are commercially available including fiuorescein and various 10 fiuorescein derivatives such. as FAM, HEX, TET and JOE (all which are available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif); lucifer yellow, and coumarin derivatives.

Labels may be attached to the probe or primer using a variety of techniques and can 15. be attached at the 5' end, and or the 3' end and/or at an internal nucleotide. The label can also be attached to spacer arms of various sizes which are attached to the probe or primer. These spacer arms are useful for obtaining a desired distance between multiple labels attached to the probe or primer.

0 In some instances, a single label may be utilized; whereas, in other instances, such as with the 5' fluorogenic nuclease assays for example, two or more labels are attached to the probe. In cases wherein the probe includes multiple labels, it is generally advisable to maintain spacing between the labels which is sufficient to permit separation of the labels during digestion of the probe through the 5'-3' nuclease

25 activity of the nucleic acid polymerase.

Patients Exhibiting Symptoms of Disease

A number of diseases are associated with changes in the copy number of a certain 30 gene. For patients having symptoms of a disease, the real-time PCR method can be used to determine if the patient has copy number alterations which are known to be linked with diseases that are associated with the symptoms the patient has.

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II expression

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II fusion proteins

Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptides and for use in various assay systems. For example, fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins which interact with portions of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptides. Protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein- protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.

A prostaglandin E2 EP3 It fusion protein comprises two polypeptide segments fused together by means of a peptide bond. The first polypeptide segment can comprise at least 54, 75, 100, 125, 139, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, or 275 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 or of a biologically active variant, such as those described above. The first polypeptide segment also can comprise full-length prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

The second polypeptide segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment. Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include, but are not limited to β galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Additionally, epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV- G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags. Other fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4

DNA binding domain fusions, herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions and G-protein fusions (for example G(alpha)16, Gs, Gi). A fusion protein also can be engineered to contain a cleavage site located adjacent to the prostaglandin E2 EP3 E.

Preparation of Polynucleotides

A naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids. Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, or synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer. Methods for isolating polynucleotides_. are routine and are known in the; art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides. For example, restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which comprise prostaglandin E2 EP3 II nucleotide sequences. Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70,

80, or 90% free of other molecules.

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using prostaglandin E2 EP3 II mRNA as a template. prostaglandin E2 EP3 II cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques known in the art. An^" amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template. .

Alternatively, synthetic chemistry techniques can be used to synthesizes prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides. The degeneracy of the genetic code allows alternate nucleotide sequences to be synthesized which will encode prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI having, for example, an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a biologically active variant thereof. Extending Polynucleotides

Narious PCR-based methods can be used to extend nucleic acid sequences encoding human prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, for example to detect upstream - sequences of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II gene such as promoters and regulatory elements. For example, restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus. Genomic DΝA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RΝA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.

Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using, divergent primers based on a known region. Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68-72°C. The method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.

Another method which can be used is capture PCR, which involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA. In this method, multiple -restriction enzyme digestions and ligations also can be used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.

When screening for full-length cDNAs, it is preferable to use libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. Randomly-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.

Commercially available capillary elecfrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products. For example, capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera. Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate equipment and software (e.g., GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display can be computer controlled. Capillary elecfrophoresis is especially preferable for the sequencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.

Obtaining Polypeptides

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of prostaglandin. E2 EP3 II polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.

Protein Purification

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be purified from any human cell which expresses the receptor, including those which have been transfected with expression constructs which express prostaglandin E2 EP3 H A purified prostaglandin E2 EP3 It is separated from other compounds which normally associate with prostaglandin E2

EP3 LI in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel elecfrophoresis.

Expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II Polynucleotides

To express prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding, sequence. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination.

A variety of expression vectorhost systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g. , cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMN) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.

The control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector - enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions — which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the

BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies) and the like can be used. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells. Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses (e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) can be cloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, vectors based on SN40 or EBN can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.

Bacterial and Yeast Expression Systems

In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors can be selected. For example, when a large quantity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is needed for the induction of antibodies, vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRLPT (Stratagene). In a BLUESCRLPT vector, a sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the ammo-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced. pIΝ vectors or pGEX vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.) also can be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.

Plant and Insect Expression Systems

If plant expression vectors are used, the expression of sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be driven by any of a number of promoters. For example, viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMN can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMN. Alternatively, plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used. These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DΝA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection.

An insect system also can be used to express prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI. For example, in one such system Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcΝPN) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae. Sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be cloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter. Successful insertion of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein. The recombinant viruses can then be used to infect S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be expressed.

Mammalian Expression Systems

A number of viral-based expression systems can be used to express prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in mammalian host cells. For example, if an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be ligated into- an adenovirus transcription/translation complex comprising the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome can be used to obtain a viable virus which is capable of expressing prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in infected host cells [Engelhard, 1994)]. If desired, transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSN) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) also can be used to deliver larger fragments of DΝA than can be contained and expressed in a plasmid. HACs of 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles). Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only coding sequence, or a fragment thereof, is inserted, exogenous translational control signals (including the ATG initiation codon) should be provided. The initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert. Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic.

Host Cells

A host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed prostaglandin E2 EP3 π in the desired fashion. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function. Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post- translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38), are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.

Stable expression is preferred for long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins. For example, cell lines which stably express prostaglandin E2 EP3 If can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium. The purpose of the selectable marker is to < confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced prostaglandin E2 EP3 II sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques^' appropriate to the cell type. Any number of selection systems can be used to recover transformed cell lines. These include, but are not limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase [Logan, (1984)] and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase [Wigler, (1977)] genes which can be employed in tk^~ or aprf cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection. For example, dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate [Lowy, (1980)], npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 [Wigler, (1980)], and als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfiiron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively

[Colbere-Garapin, 1981]. Additional selectable genes have been described. For example, trpB allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine. Visible markers such as anthocyanins, β-glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system

Detecting Polypeptide Expression

Although the presence of marker gene expression suggests that a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if a sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide. Alternatively, host cells which contain a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide and which express prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein. For example, the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using. probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI. Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II to detect transformants which contain a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide.

A variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of prostaglandin

E2 EP3 II, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmuno assay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.

A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by those skilled in the art and can be used in various nucleic acid and amino acid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 It include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide. . Alternatively, sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.

Expression and Purification of Polypeptides

Host cells transformed with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture. The polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, expression vectors containing prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble prostaglandin E2 EP3 II through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound prostaglandin E2 EP3 K.

As discussed above^ other constructions can be used to join a sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which will facilitate purification of soluble proteins. Such purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine- tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized ^' in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp.,

Seattle, Wash.). Inclusion of cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for

Factor XA or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) between the purification domain and prostaglandin E2 EP3 II also can be used to facilitate purification. One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification by 3MAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography) Maddox, (1983)], while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying prostaglandin E2 EP3 It from the fusion protein [Porath, (1992)].

Chemical Synthesis

Sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art. Alternatively,. prostaglandin E2 EP3 II itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques. Protein synthesis can either be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431 A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Optionally, fragments of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.

The newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The composition of a synthetic prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing. Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.

Production of Altered Polypeptides

As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it may be advantageous to produce prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides possessing non-naturally occurring codons. For example, codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence. The nucleotide sequences referred to herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotides for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, site-directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.

Antibodies

Any type of antibody known in the art can be generated to bind specifically to an epitope of prostaglandin E2 EP3 It.

"Antibody" as used herein includes intact immuno globulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab')₂, and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Typically, at least 6, 8, 10, or 12 contiguous amino acids are required to form an epitope. However, epitopes which involve noncontiguous amino acids may require more, e.g., at least 15, 25, or 50 amino acid. An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, such as Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art. Narious immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II immunogen. Typically, an antibody which specifically binds to prostaglandin E2 EP3 It provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immunochemical assay. Preferably, antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI from solution.

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies. If desired, prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants can be used to increase the immuno logical response. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol). Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG (bacilli Calmette-Gueri ) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially useful.

Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human' B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBN-hybridoma technique [Roberge, (1995)].

In addition, techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies", the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity, can be used. Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be "humanized" to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically. Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions. Antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. 5,565,332.

Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries. Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template. Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught. A nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below. Alternatively, single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for . example, filamentous phage technology.

Antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents. Other types of antibodies can be constructed and used therapeutically in methods of the invention. For example, chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151. Binding proteins which are derived from immunoglobulins and which are multivalent and multispecific, such as the "diabodies" described in WO 94/13804, also can be prepared. Antibodies according to the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.

Antisense Oligonucleotides

Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either transcription or translation. Preferably, an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used. Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II gene products in the cell.

Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5' end of one nucleotide with the 3' end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages such alkyl- phosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkylphosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetamidate, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters.

Modifications of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5', or regulatory regions of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 It gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions -10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, .transcription factors, or chaperons. Therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature [Nicholls, (1993)]. An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.

Precise complementarity is not required for successful complex formation¹ between an antisense oligonucleotide and the complementary sequence of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide. Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 It polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent prostaglandin E2 EP3 II nucleotides, can provide sufficient targeting specificity for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II mRNA. Preferably, each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length. Non- complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length. One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particular prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI polynucleotide sequence. Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends of the antisense molecule. For example, internucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose. Modified bases and/or sugars, such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3', 5'-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3' hydroxyl group or the 5' phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide. These modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art. Ribo2ymes

Ribozymes are, RNA molecules with catalytic ^■ activity [Uhlmann, (1987)]. Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences. The coding sequence of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA transcribed from a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide. Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art. For example, the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete "hybridization" region into the ribozyme. The hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target RNA:

Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II RNA target can be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and' GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleo tides corresponding to the region of the target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. Suitability of candidate prostaglandin E2 EP3 II RNA targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays. The nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and its complement provide sources of suitable hybridization region sequences. Longer complementary sequences can be used to increase the affinity of the hybridization sequence for the target. The hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related such that upon hybridizing to the target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region of the ribozyme can cleave the target.

Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, elecfroporation, or

- calcium phosphate precipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease prostaglandin E2 EP3 It expression. Alternatively, if it is desired that the cells stably retain the DNA construct, the construct can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art. A ribozyme-encoding DNA construct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for controlling transcription of ribozymes in the cells (U.S. 5,641,673). Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells.

Screening / Screening Assays

Regulators

Regulators as used herein, refer to compounds that affect the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in vivo and/or in vivo. Regulators can be agonists and antagonists of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide and can be compounds that exert their effect on the prostaglandin E2 EP3 It activity via the expression, via post- translational modifications or by other means. Agonists of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II are molecules which, when bound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, increase or prolong the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI. Agonists of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other molecule which activate prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Antagonists of prostaglandin E2 EP3 It are molecules which, when bound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, decrease the amount or the duration of the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Antagonists include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, antibodies, small molecules, or any other molecule which decrease the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

The term "modulate", as it appears herein, refers to a change in the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

As used herein, the terms "specific binding" or "specifically binding" refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, or an antagonist. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein recognized by the binding molecule (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope). For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A" the presence of a polypeptide containing the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.

The invention provides methods (also referred to herein as "screening assays") for identifying compounds which can be used for the treatment of- hemato logical and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system,

COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases. The methods entail the identification of candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules) which bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 If and or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the biological activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or its expression and then determining which of these compounds have an effect on symptoms or diseases regarding the hematological and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system,

COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases in an in vivo assay. Candidate or test compounds or agents which bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the activity or the expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI are identified either in assays that employ cells which express prostaglandin E2 EP3 II on the cell surface (cell-based assays) or in assays with isolated prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI (cell-free assays). The various assays can employ a variety of variants of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (e.g., full-length prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, a biologically active fragment of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et). Moreover, prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be derived from any suitable mammalian species (e.g., human prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, rat prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or murine prostaglandin E2 EP3 II). The assay can be a binding assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the binding of a test compound or a known prostaglandin E2 EP3 II ligand to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. The assay can also be an activity assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. The assay can also be an expression assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II mRNA or prostaglandin E2 EP3 II protein. The various screening assays are combined with an in vivo assay entailing measuring the effect of the test compound on the symptoms of hematological and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases._.

In one embodiment, the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of a membrane-bound (cell surface expressed) form of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Such assays can employ full- length prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, a biologically active fragment of prostaglandin E2

EP3 LI, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. As described in greater detail below, the test compound can be obtained by any suitable means, e.g., from conventional compound libraries. Determining the ability of the test compound to bind to a membrane-bound form of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the test compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the test compound to the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II -expressing cell can be measured by detecting the labeled compound in a complex. For example, the test compound can be labelled with ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, or ³H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemmission or by scintillation counting. Alternatively, the test compound can be enzymatically labelled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate to product.

In a competitive binding format, the assay comprises contacting prostaglandin E2 EP3 II expressing cell with a known compound which binds to prostaglandin E2 EP3

II to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II expressing cell, wherein- determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expressing cell comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II expressing cell as compared to the known compound.

In another embodiment, the assay is a cell-based assay comprising contacting a cell expressing a membrane-bound form of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (e.g., full-length prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, a biologically active fragment of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II) expressed on the cell surface with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity of the membrane- bound form of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of the membrane-bound form of prostaglandin E2

EP3 II can be accomplished by any method suitable for measuring the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, e.g., any method suitable for measuring the activity of a G- protein coupled receptor or other seven-transmembrane receptor (described in greater detail below). The activity of a seven-transmembrane receptor can be measured in a number of ways,, not- all of which are suitable for any given receptor. Among the measures of activity are: alteration in infracellular Ca concentration, activation of phospholipase C, alteration in infracellular inositol triphosphate (EP₃) concentration, alteration in infracellular diacylglycerol (DAG) concentration, and alteration in infracellular adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) concentration.

Determining the ability of the test . compound to modulate the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3. Et can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of prostaglandin E2 EP3 El to bind to or interact with a target, molecule. The target molecule can be a molecule with which prostaglandin E2 EP3 II binds or interacts with in nature, for example, a molecule on the surface of a cell which expresses prostaglandin E2 EP3 It, a molecule on the surface of a second cell, a molecule in the extracellular milieu, a molecule associated with the internal surface of a cell membrane or a cytoplasmic molecule. The target molecule can be a component of a signal transduction pathway which facilitates transduction of an extracellular signal (e.g., a signal generated by binding of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II ligand, through the cell membrane and into the cell. The target prostaglandin E2 EP3

II molecule can be, for example, a second infracellular protein which has catalytic activity or a protein which facilitates the association of downstream signaling molecules with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

Determining the ability of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining direct binding. In one embodiment, determining the ability of a polypeptide of the invention to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by determining the activity of the target molecule. For example, the activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (e.g., infracellular Ca²⁺, diacylglycerol, EP₃, etc.), detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target on an appropriate substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene (e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting a cellular response. The present invention also includes cell-free assays. Such assays involve contacting a form of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (e.g., full-length prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, a biologically active fragment of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of prostaglandin E2 EP3 El) with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et.

Binding of the test compound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be determined either directly or indirectly as described above. In one embodiment, the assay includes contacting prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et with a known compound which binds prostaglandin E2 EP3 II to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II as compared to the known compound.

The cell-free assays of the present invention are amenable to use of either a membrane-bound form of prostaglandin E2 EP3 It or a soluble fragment thereof. In the case of cell-free assays comprising the membrane-bound form of the polypeptide, it may be desirable to utilize a solubilizing agent such that the membrane-bound form of the polypeptide is maintained in solution. Examples of such solubilizing agents include but are not limited to non-ionic detergents such as n-octylglucoside, n- dodecylglucoside, n-dodecylmaltoside, octanoyl-N-methylglucamide, decanoyl-N- methylglucamide, Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Thesit, Isotridecypoly(ethylene glycol ether)n, 3-[(3-cholaιnidopropyl)dimethylarnminio]-l-propane sulfonate (CHAPS), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylamminio]-2-hydroxy-l-propane sulfonate

(CHAPSO), or N-dodecyl=N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio- 1 -propane sulfonate.

In various embodiments of the above assay methods of the present invention, it may be desirable to immobilize prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (or a prostaglandin E2 EP3 It target molecule) to facilitate separation of complexed from uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to accommodate automation of the assay. Binding of a test compound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, or interaction of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate compound, can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtitre plates, test tubes, and micro- centrifuge tubes. In one embodiment, a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be. adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical; St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the non-adsorbed target protein or prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtitre plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components and complex formation is measured either directly or indirectly, for example, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of binding or activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be determined using standard techniques.

Other techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can also be used in the screening assays of the invention. For example, either prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and sfreptavidin.

Biotihylated polypeptide of the invention or target molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals; Rockford, 111.), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical). Alternatively, antibodies reactive with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or target molecules but which do not interfere with binding of the polypeptide of the invention to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and unbound target or polypeptide of the invention trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation. Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for the GST-immobilized complexes, include immuno- detection of. complexes using antibodies reactive with prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or target molecule.

The screening assay can also involve monitoring the expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. For example, regulators of expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be identified in a method in which a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 El protein or mRNA in the cell is determined. The level of expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et protein or mRNA the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II protein or mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II based on this comparison. For example, when expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et protein or mRNA protein is greater (statistically significantly greater) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et protein or mRNA expression.

Alternatively, when expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II protein or mRNA is less (statistically significantly less) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II protein or mRNA expression. The level of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II protein or mRNA expression in the cells can be determined by methods described below.

Binding Assays

For binding assays, the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies the active site of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide, thereby making the ligand binding site inaccessible to substrate such that normal biological activity is prevented. Examples of such small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules. Potential ligands which bind to a polypeptide of the invention include, but are not limited to, the natural ligands of known prostaglandin E2 EP3 It GPCRs and analogues or derivatives thereof. In binding assays, either the test compound or the prostaglandin E2 EP3 It polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase. Detection of a test compound which is bound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide can then be accomplished,, for example, by- direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product. Alternatively, binding of a test compound to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants. For example, a microphysiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a prostaglandin- E2 EP3 El polypeptide. A microphysiometer (e.g., Cytosensor™) is an analytical instrument that measures the rate at which a cell acidifies its environment using a light- addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Changes in this acidification rate can be used as an indicator of the interaction between a test compound and prostaglandin E2 EP3 π [Haseloff, (1988)].

Determining the ability of a test compound to bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et also can be accomplished using a technology such as real-time Bimolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) [McConnell, (1992); Sjolander, (1991)]. BIA is a technology for studying biospecifϊc interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants (e.g., BIAcore™). Changes in the optical phenomenon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Il-like polypeptide can be used as a "bait protein" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay [Szabo, (1995); U.S. 5,283,317), to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and modulate its activity.

The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains. Briefly, the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs. For example, in one construct, polynucleotide encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4). In the other construct a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein ("prey" or "sample") can be fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor. If the "bait" and the "prey" proteins are able to interact in vivo to form an protein-dependent complex, the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g. , LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

It may be desirable to immobilize either the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et (or polynucleotide) or the test compound to facilitate separation of the bound form from unbound forms of one or both of the interactants, as well as to accommodate automation of the assay. Thus, either the prostaglandin E2 EP3 El-like polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support. Suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads). Any method known in the art can be used to attach prostaglandin E2 EP3 Il-like polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive absorption, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound and the solid support. Test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et (or a polynucleotide encoding for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II) can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes. Ln one embodiment, prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows binding of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et to a solid support. For example, glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non- adsorbed prostaglandin E2 EP3 II; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components. Binding of the interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.

Other techniques for immobilizing proteins or polynucleotides on a solid support also can be used in the screening assays of the invention. For example, either prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et (or a polynucleotide encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et) or a test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.

Biotinylated prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et (or a polynucleotide encoding biotinylated prostaglandin E2 EP3 II) or test compounds can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N- hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit,

Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical). Alternatively, antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, polynucleotide, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, can be derivatized to the wells of the plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.

Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for the

GST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 EC polypeptide or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide, and SDS gel elecfrophoresis under non- reducing conditions.

Screening for test compounds which bind to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide or polynucleotide also can be carried out in an intact cell. Any cell which comprises a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide or polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system. A prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Binding of the test compound to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or a polynucleotide encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is determined as described above.

Functional Assays

Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide. The prostaglandin E2 EP3

Et activity can be measured, for example, using methods described in the specific examples, below, prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity can be measured after contacting either a purified prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, a cell membrane preparation, or an intact cell with a test compound. A test compound which decreases prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or

100% is identified as a potential agent for decreasing prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity. A test compound which increases prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for increasing prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity.

One such screening procedure involves the use of melanophores which are transfected to express prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. Such a screening technique is described in PCT WO 92/01810 published Feb. 6, 1992. Thus, for example, such an assay may be employed for screening for a compound which inhibits activation of the receptor polypeptide of the present invention by contacting the melanophore cells which encode the receptor with both the receptor ligand and a compound to be screened. Inhibition of the signal generated by the ligand indicates that a compound is a potential antagonist for the receptor, i.e., inhibits activation of the receptor. The screen may be employed for identifying a compound which activates the receptor by contacting such cells with compounds to be screened and determining whether each compound generates a signal, i.e., activates the receptor.

Other screening techniques include the use of cells which express prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et (for example, transfected CHO cells) in a system which measures extracellular pH changes caused by receptor activation [Iwabuchi , (1993)]. For example, compounds may be contacted with a cell which expresses the receptor polypeptide of the present invention and a second messenger response, e.g., signal transduction or pH changes, can be measured to determine whether the potential compound activates or inhibits the receptor. Another such screening technique involves introducing RNA encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II into Xenopus oocytes to transiently express the receptor. The receptor oocytes can then be contacted with the receptor ligand and a compound to be screened, followed by detection of inhibition or activation of a calcium signal in the case of screening for compounds which are thought to inhibit activation of the receptor.

Another screening technique involves expressing prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in cells in which the receptor is linked to a phospholipase C or D. Such cells include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, embryonic kidney cells, etc. The screening may be accomplished as described above by quantifying the degree of activation of the receptor from changes in the phospholipase activity.

Gene Expression

In another embodiment, test compounds which increase or decrease prostaglandin E2

EP3 Et gene expression are identified. As used herein, the term "correlates with expression of a polynucleotide" indicates that the detection of the presence of nucleic acids, the same or related to a nucleic acid sequence encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, by northern analysis or relatime PCR is indicative of the presence of nucleic acids encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 If in a sample, and thereby correlates with expression of the transcript from the polynucleotide encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. The term "microarray", as used herein, refers to an array of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides arrayed on a substrate, such as paper, nylon or any other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support. A prostaglandin. E2 EP 3 Ef polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide is determined. The level of expression of appropriate mRNA or polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is compared to the level of expression of mRNA or polypeptide in the absence of the test compound. The test compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression based on this comparison. For example, when expression of mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of the mRNA or polypeptide expression. Alternatively, when expression of the mRNA or polypeptide is less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.

The level of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well known in the art for detecting mRNA or polypeptide. Either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used. The presence of polypeptide products of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immunochemical methods such as radioimmuno assay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Alternatively, polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting incorporation of labelled amino acids into prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et.

Such screening can be carried out either in a cell- free assay system or in an intact cell. Any cell which expresses prostaglandin E2 EP3 IE polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system. The prostaglandin E2 EP3 LI polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. . Either a primary culture or an established cell line can be used.

Test Compounds

Suitable test compounds for use in the screening assays of the invention can be obtained from any suitable source, e.g., conventional compound libraries. The test compounds can also be obtained using any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library

- methods requiring deconvolution; the "one-bead one-compound" library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection. The biological library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other four, approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds [Lam, (1997)]. Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art. Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution or on beads, bacteria, spores, plasmids or phage.

Modeling of Regulators

Computer modeling and searching technologies permit identification of compounds, or the improvement of already identified compounds, that can modulate prostaglandin E2 EP3 II expression or activity. Having identified such a compound or composition, the active sites or regions are identified. Such active sites might typically be ligand binding sites, such as the interaction domain of the ligand with prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. The active site can be identified, using methods known in the art including, for example, from the amino acid sequences of peptides, from the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids, or from study of complexes of the relevant compound or composition with its natural ligand. In the latter case, chemical or X- ray crystallographic methods can be used to find the active site by finding where on the factor the complexed ligand is found.

Next, the three dimensional geometric structure of the active site is determined. This can be done by known methods, including X-ray crystallography, which can determine a complete molecular structure. On the other hand, solid or liquid phase NMR can be used to determine certain intramolecular distances. Any other experimental method of structure determination can be used to obtain partial or complete geometric structures. The geometric structures may be measured with a complexed ligand, natural or artificial, which may increase the accuracy of the active site structure determined.

If an incomplete or insufficiently accurate structure is determined, the methods of computer based numerical modeling can be used to complete the structure or improve its accuracy. Any recognized modeling method may be used, including parameterized models specific to particular biopolymers such as proteins or nucleic acids,, molecular dynamics models based on computing molecular motions, statistical mechanics models based on thermal ensembles, or combined models. For most types of models, standard molecular force fields, representing the forces between constituent atoms and groups, are necessary, and can be selected from force fields known in physical chemistry. The incomplete or less accurate experimental structures can serve as constraints on the complete and more accurate structures computed by these modeling methods.

Finally, having determined the structure of the active site, either experimentally, by modeling, or by a combination, candidate modulating compounds can be identified by searching databases containing compounds along with information on their molecular structure. Such a search seeks compounds having structures that match the determined active site structure and that interact with the groups defining the active site. Such a search can be manual, but is preferably computer assisted. These compounds found from this search are potential prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et modulating compounds.

Alternatively, these methods can be used to identify improved modulating compounds from an already known modulating compound or ligand. The composition of the known compound can be modified and the structural effects of modification can be determined using the experimental and computer modeling methods described above applied to the new composition. The altered structure is then compared to the active site structure of the compound to determine if an improved fit or interaction results. In this manner systematic variations in composition, such as by varying side groups, can be quickly evaluated to obtain modified modulating compounds or ligands of improved specificity or activity.

Therapeutic Indications and Methods

It was found by the present applicant that prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is expressed in various human tissues.

Cardiovascular Disorders

Heart failure is defined as a pathophysiological state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissue. It includes all forms of pumping failures such as high-output and low-output, acute and chronic, right- sided or left-sided, systolic or diastolic, independent of the underlying cause.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is generally caused by an abrupt decrease in coronary blood flow that follows a thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery previously narrowed by arteriosclerosis. MI prophylaxis (primary and secondary prevention) is included as well as the acute treatment of MI and the prevention of complications. Ischemic diseases are conditions in which the coronary flow is restricted resulting in a perfusion which is inadequate to meet the myocardial requirement for oxygen. This group of diseases includes stable angina, unstable angina and asymptomatic ischemia.

Arrhythmias include all forms of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia, preexitation syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, as well as bradycardic forms of arrhythmias.

Hypertensive vascular diseases include primary as well as all kinds of secondary arterial hypertension, renal, endocrine, neurogenic, others. The genes may be used as drug targets for the treatment of hypertension as well as for the prevention of all complications arising from cardiovascular diseases.

Peripheral vascular diseases are defined as vascular diseases in which arterial and or venous flow is reduced resulting in an imbalance between blood supply and tissue oxygen demand. It includes chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), acute arterial thrombosis and embolism, inflammatory vascular disorders, Raynaud's phenomenon and venous disorders.

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease in which the vessel wall is remodeled, compromising the lumen of the vessel. The atherosclerotic remodeling process involves accumulation of cells, both smooth muscle cells and monocyte/macrophage inflammatory cells, in the intima of the vessel wall. These cells take up lipid, likely from the circulation, to form a mature atherosclerotic lesion. Although the formation of these lesions is a chronic process, occurring over decades of an adult human life, the majority of -the morbidity associated with atherosclerosis occurs when a lesion ruptures, releasing thrombogenic debris that rapidly occludes the artery. When such an acute event occurs in the coronary artery, myocardial infarction can ensue, and in the worst case, can result in death. The formation of the atherosclerotic lesion can be considered to occur in five ' overlapping stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition. Each of these processes can be shown to occur in man and in animal models of atherosclerosis, but the relative contribution of each to the pathology and clinical significance of the lesion is unclear.

Thus, a need exists for therapeutic methods and agents to treat cardiovascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, and other conditions related to coronary artery disease.

Cardiovascular diseases include but are not limited to disorders of the heart and the vascular system like congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic diseases of the heart, all kinds of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, hypertensive vascular diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, and atherosclerosis.

Too high or too low levels of fats in the bloodstream, especially cholesterol, can cause long-term problems. The risk to develop atherosclerosis and coronary artery or carotid artery disease (and thus the risk of having a heart attack or stroke) increases with the total cholesterol level increasing. Nevertheless, extremely low cholesterol levels may not be healthy. Examples of disorders of lipid metabolism are hyperlipidemia (abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol, triglycerides, or both) in the blood, may be caused by family history of hyperlipidemia), obesity, a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, moderate to high alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, poorly controlled diabetes, and an underactive thyroid gland), hereditary hyper- lipidemias (type I hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hyperchylomicronemia), type Et hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hypercholesterolemia), type EH hyperlipoproteinemia, type IN hyperlipoproteinemia, or type N hyperlipoproteinemia), hypolipo- proteinemia, lipidoses (caused by abnormalities in the enzymes that metabolize fats),

Gaucher's disease, Νiemann-Pick disease, Fabry's disease, Wolman's disease, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, sitosterolemia, Refsum's disease, or Tay-Sachs disease.

Kidney disorders may lead to hypertension or hypotension. Examples for kidney problems possibly leading to hypertension are renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, kidney tumors, polycistic kidney disease, injury to the kidney, or radiation therapy affecting the kidney. Excessive urination may lead to hypotension.

The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following cardiovascular related tissues: heart, heart atrium (right), heart atrium (left), heart ventricle (left), interventricular septum, aorta, aorta sclerotic. Expression in the above, mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue aorta sclerotic and healthy tissue aorta demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases

Gastrointestinal diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant or metaplastic, and which may affect the organs of the gastrointestinal tract or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to 1) disorders of the esophagus like .achalasia, vigoruos achalasia, dysphagia, cricopharyngeal incoordination, pre-esophageal dysphagia, diffuse esophageal spasm, globus sensation, Barrett's metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux, 2) disorders of the stomach and duodenum like functional dyspepsia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, gastritis, stress gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis, atrophy of gastric glands, metaplasia of gastric tissues, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, neoplasms of the stomach, 3) disorders of the pancreas like acute or chronic pancreatitis, insufficiency of the exocrinic or endocrinic tissues of the pancreas like steatorrhea, diabetes, neoplasms of the exocrine or endocrine pancreas like 3.1) multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, ductal adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, islet cell tumors, insulinoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, glucagonoma, Zollinger-EUison syndrome, Nipoma syndrome, malabsorption syndrome, 4) disorders of the bowel like chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel, Crohn's disease, ileus, diarrhea and constipation, colonic inertia, megacolon, malabsorption syndrome, ulcerative colitis, 4.1) functional bowel disorders like irritable bowel syndrome, 4.2) neoplasms of the bowel like familial polyposis, adenocarcinoma, primary malignant lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, polyps, cancer of the colon and rectum.

Liver diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases or injury of the liver which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant, and which may affect the liver or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to disorders of the bilirubin metabolism, jaundice, syndroms of Gilbert's, Crigler-Νajjar, Dubin- Johnson and Rotor; intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal-systemic encephalopathy, fatty liver, steatosis, Reye's syndrome, liver diseases due to alcohol, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, fibrbsis and cirrhosis of the liver due to inborn errors of metabolism or exogenous substances, storage diseases, syndromes of Gaucher's, Zellweger's, Wilson's - disease, acute or chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis and its variants, inflammatory conditions of the liver due to viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths; drug induced disorders of the liver, chronic liver diseases like primary sclerosing cholangitis, alpha antitrypsin-deficiency, primary biliary cirrhosis, postoperative liver disorders like postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatic granulomas, vascular liver disorders associated with systemic disease, benign or malignant neoplasms of the liver, disturbance of liver metabolism in the new-born or prematurely born.

The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the gastroentero logical system: stomach, stomach tumor, small intestine, rectum. The expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue stomach tumor and healthy tissue stomach demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of gasfroenterological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat gastro- enterological disorders.

Endocrine System and Hormones

The endocrine system consists of a group of organs whose main function is to produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major organs of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the islets of the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the testes, and the ovaries.

The hypothalamus secretes several hormones that stimulate the pituitary: Some trigger the release of pituitary hormones; others suppress the release of pituitary hormones. .

The pituitary gland coordinates many functions of the other endocrine glands, but some pituitary hormones have direct effects.

The insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas respond to glucose and fatty acids. Parathyroid cells respond to calcium and phosphate. The adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal gland) responds to direct stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system.

When endocrine glands malfunction, hormone levels in the blood can become abnormally high or low, disrupting body functions. Many disorders are caused by malfunction of the endocrine system or hormones. Examples of such disorders are presented in the following. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which blood levels of glucose are abnormally high because the body doesn't release or use insulin adequately.

People with type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) produce little or no insulin at all. In type I diabetes more than 90 percent of the insulin-producing cells

(beta cells) of the pancreas are permanently destroyed. The resulting insulin deficiency is severe, and to survive, a person with type I diabetes must regularly inject insulin.

- In type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) the body develops resistance to insulin effects, resulting in a relative insulin deficiency.

The pancreas has two major functions: to secrete fluid containing digestive enzymes into the duodenum and to secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas. Eventually, the insulin- secreting cells of the pancreas may be destroyed, gradually leading to diabetes. An insulinoma is a rare type of pancreatic tumor that secretes insulin. The symptoms of an insulinoma result from low blood glucose levels. A gastrinoma is a pancreatic tumor that produces excessive levels of the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the -stomach to secrete acid and enzymes, causing peptic ulcers. The excess gastrin secreted by the gastrinoma causes symptoms, called the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A glucagonoma is a tumor that produces the hormone glucagon, which raises the level of glucose in the blood and produces a distinctive rash.

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder in which insufficient levels of antidiuretic hormone cause excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive production of very dilute urine (polyuria). Diabetes insipidus results from the decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin).

The body has two adrenal glands. The medulla of the adrenal glands secretes hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) that affect blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, and other activities also regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. The cortex secretes many different hormones, including corticosteroids (cortisone-like hormones), androgens (male hormones), and mineralocorticoids, which confrol blood pressure and the levels of salt and potassium in the body.

A diseases characterized by underactive adrenal glands is Addison's disease (adreno- cortical insufficiency).

Several disorders are characterized by overactive Adrenal Glands. The causes can be changes in the adrenal glands themselves or overstimulation by the pituitary gland.

^' Examples of these diseases are listed in the following.

Overproduction of androgenic steroids (testosterone and similar hormones, leads to virilization), overproduction of corticosteroids (causes could be tumors of the pituitary or the adrenal gland, results in Cushing's syndrome), Nelson's syndrome

(developed by people who have both adrenal glands removed, characterized by an enlargement of the pituitary gland), Overproduction of aldosterone (hyper- aldosteronism), Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosterism caused by a tumor), pheo- chromocytoma (a tumor that originating from the adrenal gland's chromaffin cells, causing overproduction of catecholamines),

The thyroid is a small gland located under the Adam's apple. It secretes thyroid hormones, which control the metabolic rate. The thyroid gland traps iodine and processes it into thyroid hormones. The euthyroid sick syndrome is characterized by lack of conversion of the T4 form of thyroid hormone to the T3 form.

Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland, production of too much hormone) may have several causes. Thyroiditis (an inflammation of the thyroid gland), typically leads to a phase of hyperthyroidism. The inflammation may damage the thyroid gland, so that in later stages the disease is characterized by transient or permanent underactivity (hypothyroidism). Toxic thyroid nodules (adenomas) often produce thyroid hormone in large quantities. Toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's disease) is a disorder in which there are many nodules. Graves' disease (toxic diffuse goiter) is believed to^' be caused by an antibody that stimulates the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone. In toxic nodular goiter, one or more nodules in the thyroid produce too much thyroid hormone and aren't under the control of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Secondary hyperthyroidism may (rarely) be caused by a pituitary tumor that secretes too much thyroid-stimulating hormone, by resistance of the pituitary to thyroid hormone, which results in the pituitary gland secreting too much thyroid- stimulating hormone, or by a hydatidiform mole in women. Thyroid storm is a sudden extreme overactivity of the thyroid gland is a life-threatening emergency requiring prompt treatment.

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive and produces too little thyroid hormone. Nery severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis) the thyroid gland is often enlarged, and hypothyroidism results because the gland's functioning areas are gradually destroyed. Rarer causes of hypothyroidism include some inherited disorders which are, caused by abnormalities of the enzymes in thyroid cells. In other rare disorders, either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland fails to secrete enough of the hormone needed to stimulate normal thyroid function.

Other examples of Thyroiditis are silent lymphocytic thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or subacute granulomatous thyroiditis.

Thyroid cancer is any one of four main types of malignancy of the thyroid: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, or medullary.

The pituitary is a pea-sized gland that sits in a bony structure (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. The sella turcica protects the pituitary but allows very little room for expansion. If the pituitary enlarges, it tends to push upward, often pressing on the areas of the brain that carry signals from the eyes, possibly resulting in headaches or impaired vision. The pituitary gland has two distinct parts: the anterior (front) and the posterior (back) lobes. The anterior lobe produces (secretes) hormones that ultimately control the function of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs .(ovaries and testes); milk production (lactation) in the breasts; and overall body growth. It also produces hormones that cause the skin to darken and that inhibit.pain sensations. The posterior lobe produces hormones that regulate water balance, stimulate the let-down of milk from the breasts in lactating women, and stimulate • contractions of the uterus.

Examples for disorders of the pituitary gland are Empty Sella Syndrome; hypopituitarism (an underactive pituitary gland); acromegaly, which is excessive growth caused by oversecretiori of growth hormone, which is almost always caused by a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma); galactorrhea, which is the production of breast milk in men or in women who aren't breastfeeding, in both sexes, the most common cause of galactorrhea is a prolactin-producing tumor (prolactinoma) in the pituitary gland.

The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the endocrinological system: adrenal gland, thyroid, pancreas, pancreas liver cirrhosis. The expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the - differential expression between diseased tissue pancreas liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue pancreas demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of endocrinological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat endocrinological disorders.

Dermatologic Disorders

The skin serves several functions. It's an multi-layered organ system that builds an effective protective cover and regulates body temperature, senses painful and pleasant stimuli, keeps substances from entering the body, and provides a shield from the sun's harmful effects. Skin color, texture, and folds help mark people as individuals. Thus, skin disorders or diseases often have important consequences for physical and mental health. Skin disorders include, but are not limited to the conditions described in the following.

Itching (pruritus) is a sensation that instinctively demands scratching, which may be caused by a skin condition or a systemic diseas.

Superficial Skin Disorders affect the uppermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum or the keratin layer, and it consists of many layers of flattened, dead cells and acts as a barrier to protect the underlying tissue from injury and infection.

Disorders of the superficial skin layers involve the stratum corneum and deeper layers of the epidennis.

Examples of superficial skin disorders are provided in the following.

Dry skin often occurs in people past middle age, severe dry skin (ichthyosis) results from an inherited scaling disease, such as ichthyosis vulgaris or epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Ichthyosis also results from nonhereditary disorders, such as leprosy, underactive thyroid, lymphoma, AIDS, and sarcoidosis.

Keratosis pilaris is a common disorder in which dead cells shed from the upper layer of skin and form plugs that fill the openings of hair follicles.

A callus is an area on the stratum comeum or keratin layer, that becomes abnormally thick in response to repeated rubbing.

A corn is a pea-sized, thickened area of keratin that occurs on the feet.

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring disease recognizable by silvery scaling bumps and various-sized plaques (raised patches). An abnormally high rate of growth and turnover of skin cells causes the scaling. Pityriasis rosea is a mild disease that causes scaly, rose-colored, inflamed skin. Pityriasis rosea is possibly caused by an infectious agent, although none has been identified. ^" 5

Lichen planus, a recurring itchy disease, starts as a rash of small discrete bumps that then combine and become rough, scaly plaques (raised patches).

Dermatitis (eczema) is an inflammation of the upper layers of the skin, causing 10 blisters, redness, swelling, oozing, scabbing, scaling, and usually itching.

Forms of dermatitis are contact dermatitis, or chronic dermatitis of the hands and feet, e.g. Pompholyx.

15 Further examples of dermatitic disorders are atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, or localized scratch dermatitis (lichen simplex chronicus, neurodermatitis).

Other skin disorders are caused by inflammation. The skin can break out in a variety 20 of rashes, sores, and blisters. Some skin eruptions can even be life threatening.

Drug rashes are side effects of medications, mainly allergic reactions to medications. Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a life-threatening skin disease in which the top layer of the skin peels off in sheets. This condition can be caused by a reaction to a drug, or 25 by some other serious disease. .

Erythema multiforme, often caused by herpes simplex is a disorder characterized by patches of red, raised skin that often look like targets and usually are distributed symmetrically over the body. 30 Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory disorder that produces tender red bumps (nodules) under the skin, most often over the shins but occasionally on the arms and other areas.

Granuloma annulare is a chronic skin condition of unknown cause in which small, firm, raised bumps form a ring with normal or slightly sunken skin in the center.

Some skin disorders are characterized as blistering diseases. Three autoimmune diseases—pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis~are among the most serious.

Pemphigus is an uncommon, sometimes fatal, disease in which blisters (bullae) of varying sizes break out on the skin, the lining of the mouth, and other mucous membranes.

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disease that causes blistering.

Dermatitis herpetiformis is an autoimmune disease in which clusters of intensely itchy, small blisters and hive-like swellings break out and persist. In people with the disease, proteins in wheat, rye, barley, and oat products activate the immune system, which attacks parts of the skin and somehow causes the rash and itching.

Sweating disorders also belong to skin disorders.

Prickly heat is an itchy skin rash caused by trapped sweat.

Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) may affect the entire surface of the skin, but often it's limited to the palms, soles, armpits, or groin. The affected area is often pink or bluish white, and in severe cases the skin may be cracked, scaly, and soft, especially on the feet. Skin^' disorders can affect the sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands, which secrete, oil onto the skin, lie in the dermis, the, skin layer just below the surface layer (epidermis). Sebaceous gland disorders include acne, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, and sebaceous cysts. .

Acne is a common skin condition in which the skin pores become clogged, leading to pimples and inflamed, infected abscesses (collections of pus). Acne tends to develop in teenagers.

Acne is further subdivided in superficial acne or deep acne.

Rosacea is a persistent skin disorder that produces redness, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels, usually on the central area of the face.

Perioral dermatitis is a red, often bumpy rash around the mouth and on the chin.

A sebaceous cyst (keratinous cyst) is a slow-growing bump containing dead skin, skin excretions, and other skin particles. These cysts may be small and can appear anywhere.

Hair Disorders also are skin disorders. Hair disorders include excessive hairiness, baldness, and ingrown beard hairs.

The skin can be infected by bacteria. Bacterial skin infections can range in seriousness from minor acne to a life-threatening condition, such as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. The most common bacterial skin infections are caused by

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Risk factors for skin infections are for example diabetes, AIDS or skin leasons.

Impetigo is a skin infection, caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, leading to the formation of small pus-filled blisters (pustules). Folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles caused by infection with Staphylococcus. The infection damages the hairs, which can be easily pulled out.

Boils (furuncles) are large, tender, swollen, raised areas caused by staphylococcal infection around hair follicles.

Carbuncles are clusters of boils that result in extensive sloughing of skin and scar formation. Carbuncles develop and heal more slowly than single boils and may lead to fever and fatigue.

Erysipelas is a skin infection caused by Streptococcus. A shiny, red, slightly swollen, tender rash develops, often with small blisters. Lymph nodes around the infected area may become enlarged and painful.

Cellulitis is a spreading infection in, and sometimes beneath, the deep layers of the skin. Cellulitis most often results from a streptococcal infection or a staphylococcal infection. However, many other bacteria can also cause cellulitis.

Paronychia is an infection around the edge of a fingernail or toenail. Paronychia can be caused by many different bacteria, including Pseudomonas and Proteus, and by fungi, such as Candida.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a widespread skin infection that can lead to toxic shock syndrome, in which the skin peels off as though burned. Certain types of staphylococci produce a toxic substance that causes the top layer of skin (epidermis) to split from the rest of the skin.

Eryfhrasma is an infection of the top layers of the skin by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Skin^' infections are often caused by fungi. Fungi that infect the skin (dermatophytes) live only in the dead, topmost layer (stratum corneum) and don't penetrate deeper. Some fungal infections cause no symptoms or produce only a small amount of irritation, scaling, and redness. Other fungal infections cause itching, swelling, blisters, and severe scaling.

Ringworm is a fungal skin infection caused by several different fungi and generally classified by its location on the body.

Examples are Athlete's foot (foot ringworm, caused by either Trichophyton or

Epidermophytόn), jock itch (groin ringworm, can be caused by a variety of fungi and yeasts), scalp ringworm, caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum), nail ringworm and body ringworm (caused by Trichophyton).

Candidiasis (yeast infection, moniliasis) is an infection by the yeast Candida.

Candida usually infects the skin and mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth and vagina. Rarely, it invades deeper tissues as well as the blood, causing life- threatening systemic candidiasis. The following types of Candida infections can be distinguished: Infections in skinfolds (intertriginous infections), vaginal and penile Candida infections (vulvovaginitis), thrush, Perleche (candida infection at the comers of the mouth), candidal paronychia (candida growing in the nail beds, produces painful swelling and pus).

Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection that causes white to light brown patches on the skin.

The skin can also be affected by parasites, mainly tiny insects or worms.

Scabies is a mite infestation that produces tiny reddish pimples and severe itching. Scabies is caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Lice infestation (pediculosis) causes intense itching and can affect almost any area of the skin. Head lice and pubic lice are two different species.

Creeping eruption (cutaneous larva migrans) is a hookworm infection transmitted from warm, moist soil to exposed skin. The infection is caused by a hookworm that normally inhabits dogs and cats.

Many types of viruses invade the skin. The medically important once cause warts and cold sores (fever blisters) on the lip. Warts are caused by the papillomavirus, and cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus. Another important group of viruses that infect the skin belongs to the poxvirus family. Chickenpox remains a common childhood infection. A poxvirus also causes molluscum contagiosum, which is an infection of the skin by a poxvirus that causes skin-colored, smooth, waxy bumps.

Sunlight can cause severe skin damage. Sunburn results from an overexposure to ultraviolet B (UNB) rays. Some sunburned people develop a fever, chills, and weakness, and those with very bad sunburns even may go into shock-low blood pressure, and fainting.

People, who are in the sun a lot have an increased risk of skin cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and to some degree, malignant melanoma.

Drugs, among other causes, can cause skin photosensitivity reactions which can occur after only a few minutes of sun exposure. These reactions include redness, peeling, hives, blisters, and thickened, scaling patches (photosensitivity).

Some skin disorders are characterized as Pigment Disorders.

Albinism is a rare, inherited disorder in which no melanin is formed. Nitiligo is a condition in which a loss of melanocytes results in smooth, whitish patches of skin, which may occur after unusual physical trauma and tends to occur with certain other diseases, including Addison's disease, diabetes, pernicious anemia, and thyroid disease.

Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection of the skin that sometimes results in hyperpigmentation.

Melasma appears on the face (usually the forehead, cheeks, temples, and jaws) as a roughly symmetric group of dark brown patches of pigmentation that are often clearly delineated.

Skin growths, which are abnormal accumulations of different types of cells, may be present at birth or develop later. Νoncancerous (benign) growth and cancerous (malignant) growth types are distinguished.

Moles (nevi) are small, usually dark, skin growths that develop from pigment- producing cells in the skin (melanocytes). Most moles are harmless. However, noncancerous moles can develop into malignant melanoma.

Skin tags are soft, small, flesh-colored or slightly darker skin flaps that appear mostly on the neck, in the armpits, or in the groin.

Lipomas are soft deposits of fatty material that grow under the skin, causing round or oval lumps.

Angiomas are collections of abnormally dense blood or lymph vessels that are usually located in and below the skin and that cause red or purple discolorations.

Examples of angiomas are port- wine stains, strawberry marks, cavernous hemangiomas, spider angiomas, and lymphangiomas. Pyogenic granulomas are scarlet, brown, or blue-black slightly raised areas caused by increased growth of capillaries (the smallest blood vessels) and swelling of the surrounding tissue.

Seborrheic keratoses (sometimes called seborrheic warts) are flesh-colored, brown, or black growths that can appear anywhere oh the skin. ^' „

Dermatofibromas are small, red-to-brown bumps (nodules) that result from an accumulation of fibroblasts, the cells that populate the soft tissue under the skin.

Keratoacanthomas are round, firm, usually flesh-colored growths that have an unusual central crater containing a pasty material.

Keloids are smooth, shiny, slightly pink, often dome-shaped, prohferative growths of fibrous tissue that form over areas of injury or over surgical wounds.

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, but most types of skin cancers are curable.

Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that originates in the lowest layer of the epidermis. Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer that originates in the middle layer of the epidermis.

Bowen's disease is a form of squamous cell carcinoma that's confined to the epidermis and hasn't yet invaded the underlying dermis.

Melanoma is a cancer that originates in the pigment-producing cells of the skin (melanocytes).

Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that originates in the blood vessels, usually of the skin. Paget's disease is a rare type of skin cancer that looks like an inflamed, reddened patch of skin (dermatitis); it originates in glands in or under the skin.

The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following dermatological tissues: skin. The expression in liver tissues demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or -mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of dermatological diseases. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat those diseases.

Cancer Disorders

Cancer disorders within the scope of this definition comprise any disease of an organ or tissue in mammals characterized by poorly controlled or uncontrolled multiplication of normal or abnormal cells in that tissue and its effect on the body as a whole. Cancer diseases within the scope of the definition comprise, benign neoplasms, dysplasias, hyperplasias as well as neoplasms showing metastatic growth or any other transformations like e.g. leukoplakias which often precede a breakout of cancer. Cells and tissues are cancerous when they grow more rapidly than normal cells, displacing or spreading into the surrounding. healthy tissue or any other_. tissues of the body described as metastatic growth, assume abnormal shapes and sizes, show changes in their nucleocytoplasmatic ratio, nuclear polychromasia, and finally may cease. Cancerous cells and tissues may affect the body as a whole when causing paraneoplastic syndromes or if cancer occurs within a vital organ or tissue, normal function will be impaired or halted, with possible fatal results. The ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer, either primary or metastatic, may lead to the death of the mammal affected. Cancer tends to spread, and the extent of its spread is usually related to an individual's chances of surviving the disease.. Cancers are generally said to be in one of three stages of growth: early, or localized, when a tumor is still confined to the tissue of origin, or primary site; direct extension, where cancer cells from the tumour have invaded adjacent tissue or have spread only to regional lymph nodes; or metastasis, in which cancer cells have migrated to distant parts of the body from the primary site, via the blood or lymph systems, and have established secondary sites of infection. Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated. Benign tumors usually do not cause death, although they may if they interfere with a normal body function by virtue of their location, size, or paraneoplastic side effects. Hence benign tumors fall under the definition of cancer within the scope of this definition as well. In general, cancer cells divide at a higher rate than do normal cells, but the distinction between the growth of cancerous and normal tissues is not so much the rapidity of cell division in the former as it is the partial or complete loss of growth restraint in cancer cells and their failure to differentiate into a useful, limited tissue of the type that characterizes the functional equilibrium of growth of normal tissue. Cancer tissues may express certain molecular receptors and probably are influenced by the host's susceptibility and immunity and it is known that certain cancers of the breast and prostate, for example, are considered dependent on specific hormones for their existence. The term "cancer" under the scope of the definition is not limited to simple benign neoplasia but comprises any other benign and malign neoplasia like 1) Carcinoma, 2) Sarcoma, 3) Carcinosarcoma, 4) Cancers of the blood-forming tissues, 5) tumors of nerve tissues including the brain, 6) cancer of skin cells. Cancer according to 1) occurs in epithelial tissues, which cover the outer body (the skin) and line mucous membranes and the inner cavitary structures of organs e.g. such as the breast, lung, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the endocrine glands, and the genitourinary system. Ductal or glandular elements may persist in epithelial tumors, as in adenocarcinomas like e.g. thyroid adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, uterine adenocarcinoma. Cancers of the pavement-cell epithelium of the skin and of certain mucous membranes, such as e.g. cancers of the tongue, lip, larynx, urinary bladder, uterine cervix, or penis, may be termed epidermoid or squamous-cell carcinomas of the respective tissues and are in the scope of the definition of cancer as well. Cancer according to 2) develops in connective tissues, including fibrous tissues, adipose (fat) tissues, muscle, blood vessels, bone, and cartilage like e.g. osteogenic sarcoma; liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma. Cancer according to 3) is cancer that - 16 -

develops in both epithelial and connective tissue. Cancer disease within the scope of this definition may be primary or secondary, whereby primary indicates that the cancer originated in the tissue where it is found rather than was established as a secondary site through metastasis from another lesion. Cancers and tumor diseases within the scope of this definition may be benign or malign and may affect all anatomical structures of the body of a mammal. By example but not limited to they comprise cancers and tumor diseases of I) the bone marrow and bone marrow derived cells (leukemias), II) the endocrine and exocrine glands like e.g. thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, salivary glands, pancreas En) the breast, like e.g. benign or malignant tumors in the mammary glands of either a male or a female, the mammary ducts, adenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, Paget's disease of the nipple, inflammatory carcinoma of the young woman, IN) the lung, N) the stomach, NI) the liver and spleen, Nil) the small intestine, NIII) the colon, IX) the bone and its supportive and connective tissues like malignant or benign bone tumour, e.g. malignant osteogenic sarcoma, benign osteoma, cartilage tumors; like malignant chondrosarcoma or benign chondroma; bone marrow tumors like malignant myeloma or benign eosinophilic granuloma, as well as metastatic tumors from bone tissues at other locations of the body; X) the mouth, throat, larynx, and the esophagus, XI) the urinary bladder and the internal and external organs and structures of the urogenital system of male and female like ovaries, uterus, cervix of the uterus, testes, and prostate gland, XEI) the prostate, XIII) the pancreas, like ductal carcinoma of the pancreas; XIN) the lymphatic tissue like lymphomas and other tumors of lymphoid origin, XN) the skin, XNI) cancers and tumor diseases of all anatomical structures belonging to the respiration and respiratory systems including thoracal muscles and linings, XNII) primary or secondary cancer of the lymph nodes XNEH) the tongue and of the bony structures of the hard palate or sinuses, XNJN) the mouth, cheeks, neck and salivary glands, XX) the blood vessels including the heart and their linings, XXI) the smooth or skeletal muscles and their ligaments and linings, XXEt) the peripheral, the autonomous, the central nervous system including the cerebellum, XXEtl) the adipose tissue. The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following cancer tissues: stomach tumor, uterus tumor, prostate, kidney tumor. The expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue stomach tumor and healthy tissue stomach, between diseased tissue uterus tumor and healthy tissue uterus, between diseased tissue kidney tumor and healthy tissue kidney demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cancer. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat cancer.

Disorders Related to Urology

Genitourinary disorders comprise benign and malign disorders of the organs constituting the genitourinary system of female and male, renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure, immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), neurogenic bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow incontinence, pelvic pain, and erectile dysfunction.

The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following urological tissues: prostate, bladder, ureter, penis, kidney, kidney tumor. The expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue kidney tumor and healthy tissue kidney demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of urological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat urological disorders.

Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic diseases are defined as conditions which result from an abnormality in any of the chemical or biochemical transformations and their regulating systems essential to producing energy, to regenerating cellular constituents, to eliminating unneeded products arising from these processes, and to regulate and maintain homeostasis in a mammal regardless • of whether acquired or the result of a genetic transformation. Depending on which metabolic pathway is involved, a single defective transformation or disturbance of its regulation may produce consequences that are narrow, involving a single body function, or broad, affecting many organs, organ- systems or the body as a whole. Diseases resulting from abnormalities related to the fine and coarse mechanisms that affect each individual transformation, its rate and direction or the availability of substrates like amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, minerals, cofactors, hormones, regardless, whether they are inborn or acquired, are well within the scope of the definition of a metabolic disease according to this application.

Metabolic diseases often are caused by single defects in particular biochemical pathways, defects that are due to the deficient activity of individual enzymes or molecular receptors leading to the regulation of such enzymes. Hence in a broader sense disturbances of the underlying genes, their products and their regulation lie well within the scope of this definition of a metabolic disease. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases may affect 1) biochemical processes and tissues ubiquitous all over the body, 2) the bone, 3) the nervous system, 4) the endocrine system, 5) the muscle including the heart, 6) the skin and nervous tissue, 7) the urogenital system, 8) the homeostasis of body systems like water and electrolytes. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 1) comprise obesity, amyloidosis, disturbances of the amino acid metabolism like branched chain disease, hyperaminoacidemia, hyperaminoaciduria, disturbances of the metabolism of urea, hyperammonemia, mucopolysaccharidoses e.g. Maroteaux-Lamy syndrom, storage diseases like glycogen storage diseases and lipid storage diseases, glycogenosis diseases like Cori's disease, malabsorption diseases like intestinal carbohydrate malabsorption, oligosaccharidase deficiency like maltase-, lactase-, sucrase- insufficiency, disorders of the metabolism of fructose, disorders of the metabolism of galactose, galactosaemia, disturbances of carbohydrate utilization like diabetes, hypoglycemia, disturbances of pyruvate metabolism, hypolipidemia, hypolipo- proteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteineπiia, camitine or camitine acylfransferase deficiency, disturbances of the porphyrin metabolism, porphyrias, disturbances of the purine metabolism, lysosomal diseases, metabolic diseases of nerves and nervous systems like gangliosidoses, sphingolipidoses, sulfatidoses, leucodystrophies, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 2) comprise osteoporosis, osteomalacia like osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopefrosis, osteonecrosis, Paget's disease of bone, hypophosphatemia. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 3) comprise cerebellar dysfunction, disturbances of brain metabolism like dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, toxic encephalopathy, demyelinating neuropathies like inflammatory neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 4) comprise primary and secondary metabolic disorders associated with hormonal defects like any disorder stemming from either an hyperfunction or hypofunction of some hormone-secreting endocrine gland and any combination thereof. They comprise Sipple's syndrome, pituitary gland dysfunction and its effects on other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testes, acromegaly, hyper- and hypothyroidism, euthyroid goiter, euthyroid sick syndrome, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer, over- or underproduction of the adrenal steroid hormones, adrenogenital syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease of the adrenal cortex, Addison's pernicious anemia, primary and secondary aldosteronism, diabetes insipidus, carcinoid syndrome, disturbances caused by the dysfunction of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cell dysfunction, diabetes, disturbances of the endocrine system of the female like estrogen deficiency, resistant ovary syndrome. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 5) comprise muscle weakness, myotonia, Duchenne's and other muscular dystrophies, dystrophia myotonica of Steinert, mitochondrial myopathies like disturbances of the catabolic metabolism in the muscle, carbohydrate and lipid storage myopathies, glycogenoses, myoglobinuria, malignant hyperthermia, polymyalgia rheumatica, dermatomyositis, primary myocardial disease, cardiomyopathy. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 6) comprise disorders of the ectoderm, neurofibromatosis, scleroderma and polyarteritis, Louis-Bar syndrome, von Hippel- Lindau disease, Sturge- Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, amyloidosis, porphyria. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 7) comprise sexual dysfunction of the male and female. For example, but not limited to, metabolic diseases according to 8) comprise confused states and seizures due to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland, Liddle's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, Fanconi's syndrome, renal electrolyte wasting, diabetes insipidus.

The human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 is highly expressed in the following metabolic disease related tissues: pancreas, pancreas liver cirrhosis.. The expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue pancreas liver cirrhosis and healthy tissue pancreas demonstrates that the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of metabolic diseases. Additionally the activity of the human prostaglandin e2, ep3 subtype 2 can be modulated to treat metabolic diseases.

Applications

The present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods for cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, _.gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases.

The regulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell with an agent that modulates one or more of the activities of prostaglandin E2 EP3 IE. An agent that modulates activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring cognate ligand of the polypeptide, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, or any small molecule. In one embodiment, i e agent stimulates one or more of the biological activities of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. Examples of such stimulatory agents include the active prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et and nucleic acid molecules encoding a portion of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. In another embodiment, fhe agent inhibits one or more of the biological activities of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense nucleic acid molecules and antibodies. These regulatory methods can be performed in vitro (e.g., by culruring the cell with the agent) or, alternatively, in vivo (e.g, by administering the agent to a subject). As such, the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by unwanted expression or activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or a protein in the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II signaling pathway. In one embodiment, the method involves administering an agent like any agent identified or being identifiable by a screening assay as described herein, or combination of such agents that modulate say upregulate or downregulate the expression or activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or of any protein in the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II signaling pathway. In another embodiment, the method involves admimstering a regulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et as therapy to compensate for reduced or undesirably low expression or activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or a protein in the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et signaling pathway.

Stimulation of activity or expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 El is desirable in situations in which activity or expression is abnormally low and in which increased activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Conversely, inhibition of activity or expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is desirable in situations in which activity or expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is abnormally high and in which decreasing its activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference. Pharmaceutical Compositions

This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays and uses thereof for treatments as described herein.

The nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and antibodies (also referred to herein as "active compounds") of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 El expression or activity (and/or a regulator of the activity or expression of a protein in the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II signaling pathway) as well as methods for preparing such compositions by combining one or more such regulators and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also within the invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator identified using the screening assays of the invention packaged with instructions for use. For regulators that are antagonists of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity or which reduce prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expression, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for treatment of hematological and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases. For regulators that are agonists of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity or increase prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expression, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for treatment of he atological and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases.

An antagonist of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art. In particular, purified prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents to identify those which specifically bind prostaglandin E2 EP3 El. Antibodies to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies like those which inhibit dimer formation are especially preferred for therapeutic use.

In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encoding prostaglandin

E2 EP3 It, or any fragment or complement thereof, may be used for therapeutic purposes. En one aspect, the complement of the polynucleotide encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may be used in situations in which it would be desirable to block the transcription of the mRNA. In particular, cells may be transformed with sequences complementary to polynucleotides encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

Thus, complementary molecules or fragments may be used to modulate prostaglandin E2 EP3 II activity, or to achieve regulation of gene function. Such technology is now well known in the art, and sense or antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or control regions of sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et.

Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or herpes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct vectors which will express nucleic acid sequence complementary to the polynucleotides of the gene encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. These techniques are described, for example, in [Scott and Smith (1990) Science 249:386-390].

Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.

An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed- above. Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, antibodies to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. The compositions may be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound, which may be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. The compositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous,^' intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EM™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J:) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol like glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyetheylene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, tbimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., a polypeptide or antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and/used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a moufhwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.

Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressurized container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by fransmucosal or transdermal means. For fransmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for fransmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.

Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposόmal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the freatment of individuals.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. For pharmaceutical compositions which include an antagonist of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity, a compound which reduces expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, or a compound which reduces expression or activity of a protein in the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et signaling pathway or any combination thereof, the instructions for administration will specify use of the composition for hematological and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases. For pharmaceutical compositions which include an agonist of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity, a compound which increases expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, or a compound which increases expression or activity of a protein in the prostaglandin E2 EP3 El signaling pathway or any combination thereof, the instructions for administration will specify use of the composition for hematological and cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system, COPD, asthma, genito-urological disorders and inflammation diseases.

Diagnostics

In another embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by the expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II or agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of prostaglandin E2

EP3 II. Antibodies useful for diagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as those described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent joining with a reporter molecule. A wide variety of reporter . molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.

A variety of protocols for measuring prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, including ELISAs,

RIAs, and FACS, are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expression. Normal or standard values for prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expression are established by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably human, with antibody to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et under conditions suitable for complex formation The amount of standard complex formation may be quantified by various methods, preferably by photometric means. Quantities of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expressed in subject samples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.

In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may be used for diagnostic purposes. The polynucleotides which may be used include oligonucleotide sequences, complementary RNA arid DNA molecules, and PNAs. The polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II may be correlated with disease. The diagnostic assay may be used to distinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, and to monitor regulation of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et levels during therapeutic intervention.

Polynucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may be used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases associated with expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. The polynucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II may be used in Southern, Northern, or dot-blot analysis, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and ELISA assays; and in microarrays utilizing fluids or tissues from patient biopsies to detect altered prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.

In a particular aspect, the nucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et may be useful in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above. The nucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II may be labelled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantitated and compared with a standard value. If the amount of signal in the patient sample is significantly altered from that of a comparable control sample, the nucleotide sequences have hybridized with nucleotide sequences in the sample, and the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequences encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et in the sample indicates the presence of the associated disorder. Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or in. monitoring the treatment of an individual patient.

In order to provide a basis for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases associated with expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, a normal or standard profile for expression is established. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained from normal samples may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to establish the presence of a disorder.

Another technique for drug screening which may be used provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest as described in published PCT application WO84/03564. In this method, large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The test compounds are reacted with prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et is then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can also be coated directly onto plates for use in -the aforementioned drug screening techniques. Alternatively, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.

In another embodiment, one may use competitive drag screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II specifically compete with a testcompound for binding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. In this manner, antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

G-protein coupled receptors are ubiquitous in the mammalian ' host and are responsible for many biological functions, including many pathologies. Accordingly, it is desirable to find compounds and drugs which stimulate a G-protein coupled receptor on the one hand and which can inhibit the function of a G-protein coupled receptor on the other hand. For example, compounds which activate the G-protein coupled receptor may be employed for therapeutic purposes, such as the treatment of asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, urinary retention, and osteoporosis. In particular, compounds which activate the receptors of the present invention are useful in treating various cardiovascular ailments such as caused by the lack of pulmonary blood flow or hypertension. In addition these compounds may also be used in treating various physiological disorders relating to abnormal control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and in diseases associated with abnormal angiotensin- induced aldosterone secretion.

In general, compounds which inhibit activation of the G-protein coupled receptor may be employed for a variety of therapeutic purposes, for example, for the treatment of hypotension and/or hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders including schizophrenia, manic excitement, depression, delirium, dementia or severe mental retardation, dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Tourett's syndrome, among others. Compounds which inhibit G-protein coupled receptors have also been useful in reversing endogenous anorexia and in the confrol of bulimia.

Determination of a Therapeutically Effective Dose

The determination of a therapeutically effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in the art. A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient which increases or decreases prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity relative to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity which occurs in the absence of the therapeutically effective dose. For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially ^"either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.

Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity, e.g., ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%) of the population) and LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population), can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. The dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED5Q. Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use. The dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration. The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drag combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every -two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.

Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 micrograms to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery

' of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc. If the reagent is a single-chain antibody, polynucleotides encoding the . antibody can be constructed and introduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well-established techniques including, but not limited to, transferrin-polycation- mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated- nucleic acids, liposome-mediated cellular fusion, infracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, elecfroporation, "gene gun", and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.

If the expression product is mRNA, the reagent is preferably an antisense oligonucleotide or a ribozyme. Polynucleotides which express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be introduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above. Preferably, a reagent reduces expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II gene or the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the reagent. The effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II gene or the activity of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II-specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, or measurement of prostaglandin

E2 EP3 π activity. In any of the embodiments described above,- any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles. The combination of therapeutic agents can act syner- gistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects. Any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, ι horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.

Nucleic acid molecules of the invention are those nucleic acid molecules which are contained in a group of nucleic acid molecules consisting of (i) nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ED NO: 2, (ii) nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ED NO: 1, (iii) nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ED NO: 1, (iy)nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid. molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii); and (v) nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, wherein the polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity.

Polypeptides of the invention are those polypeptides which are contained in a group of polypeptides consisting of (i) polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) polypeptides comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (iii) polypeptides encoded by nucleic acid molecules of the invention and (iv) polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii), wherein said purified polypeptide has prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity. An object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a prostaglandin

E2 EP3 II polypeptide, (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide. E.g., compounds that bind to the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.

Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological

• diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound or in the absence of said test compound, (ii) determining the activity of said polypeptide at a different concentration of said test compound. E.g., compounds that lead to a difference in the activity of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 EL polypeptide in (i) and (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.

Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents^' useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a prostaglandin E2

EP3 II polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound, (ii) determining the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide at the presence of a compound known to be a regulator of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide. E.g., compounds that show similar effects on the activity of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide in (i) as compared to compounds used in (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease. Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the step of contacting is in or at the surface of a cell.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the cell is in vitro.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the step of contacting is in a cell-free system.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the polypeptide is coupled to a detectable label.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the compound is coupled to a detectable label.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the test compound displaces a ligand which is first bound to the polypeptide.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the polypeptide is attached to a solid support.

Other objects of the invention are methods of the above, wherein the compound is attached to a solid support.

Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polynucleotide, (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide. Compounds that, e.g., bind to the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of such diseases.

Another object of the invention is the method of the above, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.

Another object, of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in or at the surface of a cell.

Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in a cell-free system.

Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the polynucleotide is coupled to a detectable label.

Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the test compound is coupled to a detectable label.

Another object of the invention is a method of diagnosing a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the amount of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polynucleotide in a sample taken from said mammal, (ii) determining the amount of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide in healthy and/or diseased mammal. A disease is diagnosed, e.g., if there is a substantial similarity in the amount of prostaglandin E2 EP3TI polynucleotide in said test mammal as compared to a diseased mammal.

Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroentero- logical diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a. mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which binds to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide.

Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological ■ diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity, of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide.

Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide, wherein said therapeutic agent is (i) a small molecule, (ii) an RNA molecule, (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, (iv) a polypeptide, (v) an antibody, or (vi) a ribozyme.

Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polynucleotide.

Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide. Another object of the invention is the use of regulators of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal.

Another object of the invention is a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endo- crinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) identifying a regulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, (ii) determining whether said regulator ameliorates the symptoms of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gastero- entero logical diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal; and (iii) combining of said regulator with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.

Another object of the invention is the use of a regulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et for the regulation of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et activity in a mammal having a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases.

The examples below are provided to illustrate the subject invention. These examples are provided by way of illustration and are not included for the purpose of limiting the invention. Examples

Example 1 : Search for homologous sequences in public sequence data bases

The degree of homology can readily be calculated by known methods. Preferred methods to determine homology are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine homology are codified in publicly available computer programs such as BestFit, BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA. The BLAST programs are publicly available from NCBI and other sources in the internet.

For prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et the following hits to known sequences were identified by using the BLAST algorithm [Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ; Nucleic Acids Res 1997 Sep 1; 25(17): 3389-402] and the following set of parameters: matrix = BLOSUM62 and low complexity filter. The following databases were searched: NCBI (non-redundant database) and

DERWENT patent database (Geneseq).

The following hits were found:

>emb|AX549008.l| Sequence 293 from Patent WO02061087, Length = 1922, Score = 3696 bits (1922), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1922/1922 (100%)

>ref |NM_000957. l| Homo sapiens prostaglandin E receptor 3 (subtype EP3) (PTGER3) , mRNA, Length = 1922, Score = 3696 bits (1922), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1922/1922 (100%)

>dbj |D86097.11 Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin EP3 receptor subtype isoform, -complete eds, Length = 1922, Score = 3696 bits (1922), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1922/1922 (100%)

>dbj |E15918.11 cDNA encoding prostaglandin EP3-5 receptor, Length = 1930,. Score = 3580 bits (1862), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1919/1930 (99%) , Gaps = 8/1930 (0%) >gb|.BC024229.l| Homo sapiens, prostaglandin E receptor 3 (subtype EP3), clone MGC:27302 IMAGE : 4660371, mRNA, complete eds, Length = 1611, Score = 2573 _bits (1338) , Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1338/1338 (100%)

_>dbj |D38300.1 |HUMPEREBD Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin Ξ receotor EP3 subtype 4 isoform, comple^'te eds, Length = 1425, Score = 2573 bits (1338), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1338/1338 (100%)

>dbj |D38298.1 |HUMPEREEB Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin Ξ receotor ΞP3 subtype lb isoform, complete eds, Length = 1613, Score = 2519 bits (1310), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1310/1310 (100%)

>dbj |D38297.1 IHUMPEREA Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype la isoform, complete eds, Length = 1891, Score, = 2519 bits (1310), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1310/1310 (100%)

>dbj |E15919.11 cDNA encoding prostaglandin EP3-6 receptor, ^" Length = 1903, Score = 2515 bits (1308), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1308/1308 (100%)

>dbj |D38299.I|HUMPEREFC Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype 2 isoform, complete eds, Length = 1664, Score = 2515 bits (1308), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1308/1308 (100%)

>dbj |D86098. l| Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin ΞP3 receptor subtype isoform, complete eds, Length = 1895, Score = 2515 bits (1308), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1308/1308 (100%)

>dbj |D38301.l|HUMPERECE Homo sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype 3 isoform, complete eds, Length = 1434, Score = 2515 bits (1308), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1308/1308 (100%)

>gb|L27489.1 [HUMPEIRA Homo sapiens prostanoid EP3-III receptor mRNA, complete eds, Length = 1379, Score = 2488 bits , (1294) , Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1294/1294 (100%)

>gb|L27488.l|HUMPEIR Homo sapiens prostanoid EP3-II receptor mRNA, complete eds, Length = 1682, Score = 2488 bits (1294), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1294/1294 (100%) >gb|.S69200.1 |S69200 EP3 prostanoid receptor isoform EP 3-II {alternatively spliced} [human, mRNA, 1682 nt] , Length = 1682, Score = 2488 bits (1294), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1294/1294 (100%)

>emb|X83861. l|HSEP3D H. sapiens mRNA . for prostaglandin E receptor (EP3d) , Length = 1819, Score = 2473 ^' bits (1286), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1314/1318 (99%) , Gap^'s = 4/1318 (0%)

>emb|X83863.1 |HSEP3F H. sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin E receptor (EP3f) , Length = 1967, Score = 2469 bits (1284), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1312/1316 (99%) , Gaps = 4/1316 (0%)

>emb|X83862.1 |HSΞP3E H. sapiens mRNA for prostaglandin E receptor (EP3e) , Length = 1940, Score = 2467 bits (1283), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1311/1315 (99%), Gaps = 4/1315 (0%)

>gb|L27490.1 |HUMPEIRB Homo sapiens prostanoid EP3-I receptor mRNA, complete eds, Length = 1870, Score = 2450 bits (1274), Expect = 0.0, Identities = 1274/1274 (100%)

Example 2: Expression profiling

Total cellular RNA was isolated from cells by one of two standard methods: 1) guanidine isothiocyanate/Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation [Kellogg, (1990)] ; or with the Tri-Reagent protocol according to the manufacturer's specifications (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinatti, Ohio). Total RNA prepared by the Tri-reagent protocol was treated with DNAse I to remove genomic DNA contamination.

For relative quantitation of the mRNA distribution of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et, total

RNA from each cell or tissue source was first reverse transcribed. 85 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using 1 μmole random hexamer primers, 0.5 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), 3000 U RnaseQut (Invitrogen, Groningen, Netherlands) in a final volume of 680 μl. The first strand synthesis buffer and Onmiscri.pt reverse franscriptase (2 u/μl) were from (Qiagen,

Hilden, Germany). The reaction was incubated at 37°C for 90 minutes and cooled on ice. The volume was adjusted to 6800 μl with water, yielding a final concentration of 12.5 ng/μl of starting RNA.

For relative quantitation of the distribution of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et mRNA in cells and tissues the Applied Biosystems 7900 HT Sequence Detection system or

Biorad iCycler was used according to the manufacturer's specifications and protocols. PCR reactions were set up to quantitate prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and the housekeeping genes HPRT (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), β-actih, and others. Forward and reverse primers and probes for prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et were designed using the

Perkin Elmer ABI Primer Express™ software and were synthesized by TibMolBiol (Berlin, Germany). The prostaglandin E2 EP3 II forward primer ' sequence was: Primerl (SEQ ID NO: 3). The prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et reverse primer sequence was Primer2 (SEQ ED NO: 4). Probel (SEQ ID NO: 5), labelled with FAM (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) as the reporter dye and TAMRA (carboxy- tetramethyhhodamine) as the quencher, is used as a probe for prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. The following reagents were prepared in a total of 25 μl : lx TaqMan buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl₂, 200 nM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dUTP, 0.025 U/μl AmpliTaq Gold™, 0.01 U/ μl AmpErase and Probel (SEQ ED NO: 4), prostaglandin E2 EP3 II forward and reverse primers each at 200 nM, 200 nM prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et

FAM/TAMRA-labelled probe, and 5 μl of template cDNA. Thermal cycling parameters were 2 min at 50°C, followed by 10 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of melting at 95 °C for 15 sec and annealing/extending at 60°C for 1 min.

Calculation of corrected CT values

The CT (threshold cycle) value is calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section. The CF-value (factor for threshold cycle correction) is calculated as follows : 1. ^• PCR reactions were set up to quantitate the housekeeping genes (HKG) for each cDNA sample.

2. CTnK_G-values (threshold cycle for housekeeping gene) were calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section.

3. CTHKG-mean values (CT mean value of all HKG tested on one cDNAs) of all HKG for each cDNA are calculated (n = number of HKG):

, CTHKG-n-mean value = (CT oi -value + CT_HKG₂- value +... + CT_HKG-_n-value) / n

4. CTpannei mean value (CT mean value of all HKG in all tested cDNAs) =

(CTHK_GI -mean value + CTHKG₂-mean value +...+ CTu_KG-_y-niean value) / y (y = number of cDNAs)

5. CF_CDNA-n (correction factor for cDNA n) = CT_panneι-mean value - CT_HKG-_n- mean value

6. CT_CDNA-n (CT value of the tested gene for the cDNA n) + CF_oDNA-_n (correction factor for cDNA n) = CT_COI-cDNA-n (corrected CT value for a gene on cDNA n)

Calculation of relative expression

Definition : highest CT_cor-CDNA-n ≠ 40 is defined as CT_COΓ-CDNA [high]

Relative Expression = ₂* ∞wm - cτ^cor-^c _DN ^A-ⁿ⁾ Tissues

The expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et was investigated in the tissues listed in table 1.

Expression profile

The results of the the mRNA-quantification (expression profiling) is shown in Table 1.

Table I: Relative expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in various human tissues.

Tissue Relative Expression

fetal heart 55 heart 241 pericardium 55 heart atrium (right) 541 heart atrium (left) 229 heart ventricle (left) 385 interventricular septum 315 fetal aorta 31 aorta 92

-aorta sclerotic 59 artery 24 coronary artery 34 coronary artery sclerotic 44 vein 44 HUVEC cells . 80

skin 5557

adrenal gland 224 thyroid 16 thyroid tumor 9 pancreas 383 pancreas liver cirrhosis 57

esophagus 37 esophagus tumor 60 stomach 1734 stomach tumor 428 colon 39 colon tumor 11 small intestine 1144 ileum 167 ileum tumor 18 ileum chronic inflammation 560 rectum 3214 salivary gland 512 fetal liver 33 liver 15 liver liver cirrhosis . 139 liver tumor 20

HEP G2 cells 8

leukocytes (peripheral blood) 51 Jurkat (T-cells) 25 bone marrow - 7 erythrocytes - ■ -168 lymphnode 43 thymus 169 thrombocytes 117 bone marrow stromal cells 1 bone marrow CD71+ cells 13 bone marrow CD33+ cells 39 bone marrow CD34+ cells 28 bone marrow CD15+ cells 50 cord blood CD71+ cells 19 spleen . 56 spleen liver cirrhosis 19

skeletal muscle 62 adipose 151.

^' fetal brain 195 brain 267

Alzheimer brain 174 cerebellum 1 cerebellum (right) 56 cerebellum (left) 63 cerebral cortex 171

Alzheimer cerebral cortex 2 frontal lobe 204 Alzheimer- brain frontal lobe . ,- 258 occipital lobe - 263 parietal lobe 50 temporal lobe 155 precentral gyrus 65 postcentral gyrus 6 tonsilla cerebelli 70 vermis cerebelli 52 pons 560 substantia nigra 122 cerebral meninges 300 cerebral peduncles 19 corpus callosum 193 hippocampus 143 thalamus 32 dorsal root ganglia 202 spinal cord 103 neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells 4608 neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells 309 neuroblastoma IMR32 cells 64 glial tumor H4 cells 33 glial tumor H4 cells + APP 39 HEK CNS 68 HEK CNS + APP 158 retina 335

fetal lung 17 fetal lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells 1 lung 61 lung right upper lobe 48 lung right mid lobe 36 lung right lower lobe 36 lung tumor 30 lung COPD 74 trachea 355

cervix 31 testis 124

HeLa cells (cervix tumor) 2 placenta 32 uterus 6081 uterus tumor 272 ovary 124 ovary tumor 132 breast 16 breast tumor 73 MDA MB 231 cells (breast tumor) 11 mammary gland 879

prostate 100 prostate BPH 47 bladder _. ^'278 ureter 169 penis 898 corpus cavernosum 27 fetal kidney 234 kidney . 5405 kidney tumor 93

HEK 2^'93 cells 9

Example 3: Antisense Analysis

Knowledge of the correct, complete cDNA sequence coding for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II enables its use as a tool for antisense technology in the investigation of gene function. Oligonucleotides, cDNA or genomic fragments comprising the antisense strand of a polynucleotide coding for prostaglandin E2 EP3 II are used either in vitro or in vivo to inhibit translation of the mRNA. Such technology is now well known in the art, and antisense molecules can be designed at various locations along the nucleotide sequences. By treatment of cells or whole test animals with such antisense sequences, the gene of interest is effectively turned off. Frequently, the function of the gene is ascertained by observing behavior at the infracellular, cellular,

, tissue or organismal level (e.g., lethality, loss of differentiated function, changes in morphology, etc.).

In addition to using sequences constructed to interrupt transcription of a particular open reading frame, modifications of gene expression is obtained by designing antisense sequences to intron regions, promoter/enhancer elements, or even to transacting regulatory genes.

Example 4: Expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et

Expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs into appropriate expression vectors and transfecting the vectors into expression hosts such- as, e.g., E. coli. In a particular case, the vector is engineered such that it contains a promoter for β-galactosidase, upstream of the cloning site, followed by sequence containing the ammo-terminal Methionine and the subsequent seven residues of β-galactosidase. Immediately following these eight residues is an engineered bacteriophage promoter useful for artificial priming and transcription and for providing a number of unique endonuclease restriction sites for cloning.

Induction of the isolated, fransfected bacterial strain with Isopropyl-β-D-fhio- galactopyranoside (EPTG) using standard methods produces a fusion protein conesponding to the first seven residues of β-galactosidase, about 15 residues of

"linker", and the peptide encoded within the cDNA. Since cDNA clone inserts are generated by an essentially random process, there is probability of 33% that the included cDNA will lie in the correct reading frame for proper translation. If the cDNA is not in the proper reading frame, it is obtained by deletion or insertion of the appropriate number of bases using well known methods including in vitro mutagenesis, digestion with exonuclease III or mung bean nuclease, or the inclusion of an oligonucleotide linker of appropriate length.

The prostaglandin E2 EP3 II cDNA is shuttled into other vectors known to be useful for expression of proteins in specific hosts. Oligonucleotide primers containing cloning sites as well as a segment of DNA (about 25 bases) sufficient to hybridize to stretches at both ends of the target cDNA is synthesized chemically by standard methods. These primers are then used to amplify the desired gene segment by PCR.

The resulting gene segment is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes under standard conditions and isolated by gel elecfrophoresis. Alternately, similar gene segments are produced by digestion of the cDNA with appropriate restriction enzymes. Using appropriate primers, segments of coding sequence from more than one gene are ligated together and cloned in appropriate vectors. It is possible to optimize expression by construction of such chimeric sequences. Suitable expression hosts for such chimeric molecules include, but are not limited to, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and human 293 cells., insect cells such as Sf9 cells, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacterial cells such as E. coli. For each of these cell systems, a useful expression vector also includes an origin of replication to allow propagation in bacteria, and a selectable marker such as the β-lactamase antibiotic resistance gene to allow plasmid selection in bacteria. In addition, the vector may include a second selectable marker such as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene to^' allow selection in fransfected eukaryotic host cells. Vectors for use in eukaryotic expression hosts require RNA processing elements such as 3' polyadenylation sequences if such are not part of the cDNA of interest.

Additionally, the vector contains promoters or enhancers which increase gene expression. Such promoters are host specific and include MMTV, SV40, and metallothionine promoters for CHO cells; tip, lac, tac and T7 promoters for bacterial hosts; and alpha factor, alcohol oxidase and PGH promoters for yeast. Transcription enhancers, such as the rous sarcoriia virus enhancer, are used in mammalian host cells. Once homogeneous cultures of recombinant cells are obtained through standard culture methods, large quantities of recombinantly produced prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et are recovered from the conditioned medium and analyzed using chromatographic methods known in the art. For example, prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3, as exemplified herein. This product can be used to transform, for example, HEK293 or COS by^' methodology standard in the art. Specifically, for example, using Lipofectamine (Gibco BRL catolog no. 18324-020) mediated gene transfer.

Example 5: Isolation of Recombinant prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et

prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is expressed as a chimeric protein with one or more additional polypeptide domains added to facilitate protein purification. Such purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals [Appa Rao, 1997] and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Washington). The inclusion of a cleavable linker sequence such as Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) between the purification domain and the prostaglandin E2 EP3 It sequence is useful to facilitate expression of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II.

Example 6: Testing of Chimeric GPCRs

Functional chimeric GPCRs are constructed by combining the extracellular receptive sequences of a new isoform with the transmembrane and infracellular segments of a known isoform for test purposes. This concept was demonstrated by Kόbilka et al. (1988), Science 240:1310-1316) who created a series of chimeric α2-β2 adrenergic receptors (AR) by inserting progressively greater amounts of α2-AR transmembrane sequence into β2-AR. The binding activity of known agonists changed as the molecule shifted from having more α2 than β2 conformation, and intermediate constructs demonstrated mixed specificity. The specificity for binding antagonists, however, correlated with the source of the domain NIL The importance of T7G domain Nil for ligand recognition was also found in chimeras utilizing two yeast α- factor receptors and is significant because the yeast receptors are classified, as miscellaneous receptors. Thus, functional role of specific domains appears to be preserved throughout the GPCR family regardless of category.

In parallel fashion, internal segments or cytoplasmic domains from a particular isoform are exchanged with the analogous domains of a known GPCRs and used to identify the structural determinants responsible for coupling the receptors to trimeric G-proteins. A chimeric receptor in which domains N, NI, and the infracellular connecting loop from β2-AR were substituted into α2-AR was shown to bind ligands with α2-AR specificity, but to stimulate adenylate cyclase in the manner of β2-AR. This demonstrates that for adrenergic-type receptors, G-protein recognition is present in domains N and VI and their connecting loop. The opposite situation was predicted and observed for a chimera in which the V->VI loop from αl-AR replaced the corresponding domain on β2-AR and the resulting receptor bound ligands with β2- AR specificity and activated G-protein-mediated phosphatidylinositol turnover in the αl-AR manner. Finally, chimeras constructed from muscarinic receptors also demonstrated that N->NI loop is the major determinant for specificity of G-protein activity.

Chimeric or modified GPCRs containing substitutions in ϋi extracellular and transmembrane regions have shown that these portions of the receptor determine ligand binding specificity. For example, two Serine residues conserved in domain N of all adrenergic and D catecholainine GPCRs are necessary for potent agonist activity. These serines are believed to form hydrogen bonds with the catechol moiety of the agonists within the GPCR binding site. Similarly, an Asp residue present in domain III of all GPCRs which bind biogenic amines is believed to form an ion pair with the ligand amine group in the GPCR binding site.

Functional, cloned GPCRs are expressed in heterologous expression systems and their biological activity assessed. One heterologous system introduces genes for a mammalian GPCR and a mammalian G-protein into yeast cells. The GPCR is shown to have appropriate ligand specificity and affinity and trigger appropriate biological activation (growth arrest and morpho logical changes) of the yeast cells.

An alternate procedure for testing chimeric receptors is based on the procedure utilizing the purinergic receptor (P₂u). Function is easily tested in cultured K562 human leukemia cells because these cells lack P₂u receptors. K562 cells are transfected with expression vectors containing either normal or chimeric P₂u and loaded with fura-a, fluorescent probe for Ca . Activation of properly assembled and functional P₂u receptors with extracellular UTP or ATP mobilizes infracellular Ca^"1-1" which reacts with fura-a and is measured specfrofluorometrically. As with the GPCRs above, chimeric genes are created by combining sequences for extracellular receptive segments of any new GPCR polypeptide with the nucleotides for the transmembrane and infracellular segments of the known P₂u molecule. Bathing the fransfected K562 cells in micro wells containing appropriate, ligands triggers binding and fluorescent activity defining effectors of the GPCR molecule. Once ligand and function are established, the P₂u system is useful for defining antagonists or inhibitors which block binding and prevent such fluorescent reactions.

Example 7: Production of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II Specific Antibodies

Two approaches are utilized to raise antibodies to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, and each approach is useful for generating either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. In one approach, denatured protein from reverse phase HPLC separation is obtained in quantities up to 75 mg. This denatured protein is used to immunize mice or rabbits using standard protocols; about 100 μg are adequate for immunization of a mouse, while up to 1 mg might be used to immunize a rabbit. For identifying mouse hybridomas, the denatured protein is radioiodinated and used to screen potential murine B-cell hybridomas for those which produce antibody. This procedure requires only small quantities of protein, such that 20 mg is sufficient for labeling and screening of several thousand clones.

In the second approach, the amino acid sequence of an appropriate prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et domain, as deduced from translation of the cDNA, is analyzed to determine regions of high antigenicity. Ohgopeptides comprising appropriate hydrophilic- regions are synthesized and used in suitable immunization protocols to raise antibodies. The optimal amino acid sequences for immunization are usually at the C- terminus, the N-terminus and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the protein is in its natural conformation. Typically, selected peptides, about 15 residues in length, are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431 A using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) by reaction with M-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, MBS. If necessary, a^" cysteine is introduced at the N-terminus of the peptide to permit coupling to KLH.

Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin, reacting with antisera, washing and reacting with labeled (radioactive or fluorescent), affinity purified, specific goat anti-rabbit IgG.

Hybridomas are prepared and screened using standard techniques. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with labeled prostaglandin E2 EP3 II to identify those fusions producing the monoclonal antibody with the desired specificity. In a typical protocol, wells of plates (FAST; Becton-Dickinson, Palo Alto, CA) are coated during incubation with affinity purified, specific rabbit anti-mouse (or suitable antispecies 1 g) antibodies at 10 mg/ml. The coated wells are blocked with 1% bovine, serum albumin, (BSA), washed and incubated with supernatants from hybridomas. After washing the wells are incubated with labeled prostaglandin E2 EP3 II at 1 mg/ml. Supernatants with specific antibodies bind more labeled prostaglandin E2 EP3 II than is detectable in the background. Then clones producing specific antibodies are expanded and subjected to two cycles of cloning at limiting dilution. Cloned hybridomas are injected into pristane-freated mice to produce ascites, and monoclonal antibody is purified from mouse ascitic fluid by affinity chromatography on Protein A. Monoclonal antibodies with affinities of at least

10⁸ M^"1, preferably 10⁹ to 10¹⁰ M^"1 or stronger, are typically made by standard procedures. Example 8: Diagnostic Test Using prostaglandin E2 EP3 II Specific Antibodies

Particular prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et antibodies are useful for investigating signal transduction and the diagnosis of infectious or hereditary conditions which are characterized by differences in the amount or distribution of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or downstream products of an active signaling cascade.

Diagnostic tests for prostaglandin E2 EP3 IL include methods utilizing antibody and a label to detect prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et in human body fluids, membranes, cells, tissues or extracts of such. The polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention are used with or without modification. Frequently, the polypeptides and antibodies are labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a substance which provides for a detectable signal. A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known and have been reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents, chromogenic agents, magnetic particles and the like.

A variety of protocols for measuring soluble or membrane-bound prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein, are known in the. art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non- interfering epitopes on prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed.

Example 9: Purification of Native prostaglandin E2 EP3 El Using Specific Antibodies

Native or recombinant prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et. In general, an immuno affinity column is constracted by covalently coupling the anti-TRH antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.

Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia

LKB Biotechnology, Piscataway N.J.). Likewise, monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A. Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic. resin such^' as CnBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Such immunoaffmity columns are utilized in the purification of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et by preparing a fraction from cells containing prostaglandin E2 EP3 II in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of whole cells or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation (with or without addition of detergent) or by other methods well known in the art. Alternatively, soluble prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et containing a signal sequence is secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.

A soluble prostaglandin E2 EP3 II-containing preparation is passed over the i munoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of prostaglandin E2 EP3 II (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/protein binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et is collected. Example 10: Drag Screening

This invention is particularly useful for screening therapeutic compounds by using prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or binding fragments thereof in any of a variety of drug screening techniques. As prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is a G protein coupled receptor any of the methods commonly used in the art may potentially be used to identify prostaglandin E2 EP3 II ligands. For example, the activity of a G protein coupled receptor such as prostaglandin E2 EP3 II can be measured using any of a variety of appropriate functional assays in which activation of the receptor results in an observable change in the level of some second messenger system, such as adenylate cyclase, guanylylcyclase, calcium mobilization, or inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. Alternatively, the polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test is either free in solution, affixed to a solid support, bome on a cell surface or located intracellularly. One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the polypeptide or fragment. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, are used for standard binding assays.

Measured, for example, is the formation of complexes between prostaglandin E2 EP3

II and the agent being tested. Alternatively, one examines the diminution in complex formation between prostaglandin E2 EP3 II and a ligand caused by the agent being tested.

Thus, the present invention provides methods of screening for drug canditates, drags, or any other agents which affect signal transduction. These methods, well known in the art, comprise contacting such an agent with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide or a fragment thereof and assaying (i) for the presence of a complex between the agent and prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between prostaglandin E2 EP3 El polypeptide or fragment and the cell. In such competitive binding assays, the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled. After suitable incubation, free prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present in bound form, and- the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or to interfere with the prostaglandin E2 EP3 El-agent complex.

Another technique for drag screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et polypeptides. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The peptide test compounds are reacted with prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide and washed. Bound prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide is then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et are also coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drag screening techniques. In addition, non- neutralizing antibodies are used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.

This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drag screening, assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding prostaglandin E2 EP3 II specifically compete with a test compound for binding to prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptides or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies are used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with prostaglandin E2 EP3 π.

Example 11 : Rational Drug Design

The goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptides of interest or of small molecules with which they interact, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples are used to fashion drags which are more active or stable forms of the polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of a polypeptide in vivo. In one approach, the three-dimensional structure of a protein of interest, or of a protein-inhibitor complex, is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the stracture and to determine active site(s) of the molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of a polypeptide is gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drag design include molecules which have improved activity or stability or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides.

It is also possible to isolate a target-specific antibody, selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal stracture. This approach, in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design is based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a minor image of a mirror image, the binding site of the anti-ids is expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id is then used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides then act as the pharmacore.

By virtue of the present invention, sufficient amount of polypeptide are made available to perform such analytical studies as X-ray crystallography. In addition, knowledge of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II amino acid sequence provided herein provides guidance to those employing computer modeling techniques in place of or in addition to x-ray crystallography. Example 12: Identification of Other Members of the Signal Transduction Complex

The inventive purified prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et is a research tool for identification, characterization and purification of interacting G or other signal transduction pathway proteins. Radioactive labels are incorporated into a selected prostaglandin E2 EP3 II domain by various methods known in the art and used in vitro to capture ■ interacting molecules. A preferred method involves labeling the primary amino groups in prostaglandin E2 EP3 II with I Bolton-Hunter reagent. This reagent has been used to label various molecules without concomitant loss of biological activity.

Labeled prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts. In one embodiment of affinity purification, membrane-bound prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is covalently coupled to a chromatography column. Cell-free extract derived from synovial cells or putative target cells is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to prostaglandin E2 EP3 El. prostaglandin E2 EP3 It-complex is recovered from the column, and the prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et-binding ligand disassociated and subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. The amino acid sequence information is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the' relevant gene from an appropriate cDNA library.

In an alternate method, antibodies are raised against prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, specifically monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies are screened to identify those which inhibit the binding of labeled prostaglandin E2 EP3 II. These monoclonal antibodies are then used therapeutically.

Example 13 : Use and Administration of Antibodies, Inhibitors, or Antagonists

Antibodies, inhibitors, or antagonists of prostaglandin E2 EP3 Et or other treatments and compunds that are limiters of signal transduction (LSTs), provide different effects when administered therapeutically. LSTs are formulated in a nontoxic, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier medium preferably at a pH of about 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 8, although pH may vary according to the characteristics of the antibody, inhibitor, or antagonist being formulated and the condition to be treated. Characteristics of LSTs include solubility of the molecule, its half-life and antigenicit /immunogenicity. These and other characteristics aid in defining an effective carrier. Native human proteins are preferred as LSTs, but organic or synthetic molecules resulting from drag screens are equally effective in particular situations.

LSTs are delivered by known routes of administration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; fransmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes. The particular formulation, exact dosage, and route of administration is determined^' by the attending physician and varies according to each specific situation.

Such determinations are made by considering multiple variables such as the condition to be treated, the LST to be administered, and the pharmacokinetic profile of a particular LST. Additional factors which are taken into account include severity of the disease state, patient's age, weight, gender and diet, time and frequency of LST administration, possible combination with other drags, reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long acting LST formulations might be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular LST.

Normal dosage amounts vary from 0.1 to 10⁵ μg, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or 5,225,212. Those skilled in the art employ different formulations for different LSTs. Administration to cells such as nerve cells necessitates delivery in a manner different from that to other cells such as vascular endothelial cells. It is contemplated that abnormal signal transduction, trauma, or diseases which trigger prostaglandin E2 EP3 E activity are treatable with LSTs. These conditions or diseases are specifically diagnosed by the tests discussed above, and such testing should be performed in suspected cases of viral, bacterial or fungal infections, allergic responses, mechanical injury associated with trauma, hereditary diseases, lymphoma or carcinoma, or other conditions which activate the genes of lymphoid or neuronal tissues.

Example 14: Production of Non-human Transgenic Animals

Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 II are produced by creating nonhuman transgenic animals in which the activity of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 E is either increased or decreased, or the amino acid sequence of the expressed prostaglandin E2 EP3 II is altered, by a variety of techniques. Examples of these techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) Insertion of normal or mutant versions of DNA encoding a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E, by microinjection, elecfroporation, retro viral transfection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriately fertilized embryos in order to produce a transgenic animal or 2) homologous recombination of mutant or normal, human or animal versions of these genes with the native gene locus in transgenic animals to alter the regulation of expression or the stracture of these prostaglandin E2 EP3 E sequences. The technique of homologous recombination is well known in the art. It replaces the native gene with the inserted gene and hence is useful for producing an animal that cannot express native prostaglandin E2 EP3 Es but does express, for example, an inserted mutant prostaglandin E2 EP3 II, which has replaced the native prostaglandin E2 EP3 E in the animal's genome by recombination, resulting in underexpression of the transporter. Microinjection adds genes to the genome, but does not remove them, and the technique is useful for producing an animal which expresses its own and added prostaglandin E2 EP3 E, resulting in overexpression of the prostaglandin E2 EP3 E. One means available for producing a transgenic animal, with a mouse as an example, is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as cesiumchloride M2 medium. DNA or cDNA encoding prostaglandin E2 EP3 E is purified from a vector by methods well known to the one skilled in the art. Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region of the DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the fransgene. Alternatively or in addition, tissue specific regulatory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression of the fransgene. The DNA, in an appropriately buffered solution, is put into a microinjection needle (which may be made from capillary tubing using a piper puller) and the egg to be injected is put in a depression slide. The needle is inserted into the pronucleus of the egg, and the DNA solution is injected. The injected egg is then transferred into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant mouse which is a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones in order to maintain false pregnancy, where it proceeds to the uterus, implants, and develops to term. As noted above, microinjection is not the only method for inserting- DNA into the egg but is used here only for exemplary purposes.

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Claims

1. A method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological -diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of

i) contacting a test compound with a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E poly- peptide,

ii) detect binding of said test compound to said prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide.

2. A method of screemng for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of

i) determining the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound or in the absence of said test compound,

ii) determining the activity of said polypeptide at a different concentration of said test compound.

3. A method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of

i) determining the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound,

ii) determining the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polypeptide at the presence of a compound known to be a regulator of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polypeptide.

4. • The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the step of contacting is in or at the surface of a cell.

5. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cell is in vitro ;

6. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the step of contacting is in a cell- free system.

7. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the polypeptide is coupled to a detectable label.

8. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compound is coupled to a detectable label.

9. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the test compound displaces a ligand which is first bound to the polypeptide.

10. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the polypeptide is attached to a solid support.

11. ^• The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compound is attached to a solid support.

- 12. A method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a ^■ disease comprised in a group of diseases . consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of

i) contacting a test compound with a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polynucleotide,

ii) detect binding of said test compound to said prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polynucleotide.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the contacting step is in or at the surface of a cell.

15. The method of claim 12 wherein the contacting, step is in a cell- free system.

16. The method of claim 12 wherein polynucleotide is coupled to a detectable label.

17. The method of claim 12 wherein the test compound is coupled to a detectable label.

18. A method of diagnosing a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrino- ^• logical diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of

i) determining the amount of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polynucleotide in a sample taken from said mammal,

ii) determining the amount of prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polynucleotide in healthy and/or diseased mammals,

19. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which binds to a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polypeptide.

20. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide.

21. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polypeptide, wherein said therapeutic agent is

i) a small molecule, ii) an RNA molecule, iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, ^• iv) a polypeptide, v) an antibody, or vi) a ribozyme.

22. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, ^"endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E polynucleotide.

23. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising a prostaglandin E2 EP3 II polypeptide.

24. Use of regulators of a prostaglandin E2 EP3 E for the preparation of a pharmaceuticaL composition for the freatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal..

25. Method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of

i) identifying a regulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 E, ii) determining whether said regulator ameliorates the symptoms of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases in a mammal; and

. iii) combining of said regulator with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.

26. Use of a regulator of prostaglandin E2 EP3 E for the regulation of prostaglandin E2 EP3 E activity in a mammal having a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, urological diseases,

' metabolic diseases, endocrinological diseases, gasteroenterological diseases, cancer and dermatological diseases.