WO2004074215A1 - Process for preparation of clopidogrel, its salts and pharmaceutical compositions - Google Patents

Process for preparation of clopidogrel, its salts and pharmaceutical compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004074215A1
WO2004074215A1 PCT/IB2004/000305 IB2004000305W WO2004074215A1 WO 2004074215 A1 WO2004074215 A1 WO 2004074215A1 IB 2004000305 W IB2004000305 W IB 2004000305W WO 2004074215 A1 WO2004074215 A1 WO 2004074215A1
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Prior art keywords
clopidogrel
acetate
chlorophenyl
alpha
pyridine
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PCT/IB2004/000305
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French (fr)
Inventor
Sunil Sadanand Nadkarni
Hasmukh Mathurbhai Patel
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Sunil Sadanand Nadkarni
Hasmukh Mathurbhai Patel
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Application filed by Sunil Sadanand Nadkarni, Hasmukh Mathurbhai Patel filed Critical Sunil Sadanand Nadkarni
Priority to EP04705140A priority Critical patent/EP1606231A1/en
Publication of WO2004074215A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004074215A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4365—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system having sulfur as a ring hetero atom, e.g. ticlopidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/282—Organic compounds, e.g. fats
    • A61K9/2826—Sugars or sugar alcohols, e.g. sucrose; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/4866—Organic macromolecular compounds

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an improved and cost effective process for preparation of clopidogrel and its salts including clopidogrel bisulphate, a biologically active thiophene, preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of clopidogrel and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
  • the invention also relates to novel salts of clopidogrel, their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
  • Clopidogrel bisulfate (I) i.e., methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate sulphate
  • ADP Adosine Di- Phosphate
  • Atherothrombosis can give rise to unstable angina, myocardial infarction or stroke in susceptible individuals. Platelets, which do not interact with the endothelium of normal vessels, play a central role in atherothrombosis by adhering to exposed sub-endothelial structures in damaged vessels.
  • Platelets may be activated by several substances. Among these, ADP plays an important role. ADP is present in high concentrations in the dense granules within platelets and can initiate and reinforce aggregation after secretion of these granules (George JN. Platelets. Lancet 2000 Apr. 29: 355: 1531-9). Clopidogrel bisulfate is an antiplatelet agent that selectively and irreversibly blocks ADP-induced platelet aggregation.
  • clopidogrel bisulfate is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation (Blair Jarvis and Kerryn Simpson, Drugs 2000, Aug; 60(2): 347-377).
  • US 4,847,265 describes the process to obtain clopidogrel bisulphate (I) i.e., methyl(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate sulphate, wherein methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) is resolved by laevorotatory camphor- 10-sulfonic acid to give methyl(R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (III), which remains in the mother liquor and can be converted in to methyl (R)-(-)-alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-
  • camphor sulfonic acid salt (IV) is converted into (+)- stereo isomer of (II) i.e., methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate by using aqueous sodium bicarbonate in dichloromethane, which is further reacted with H 2 SO 4 in acetone to give desired product, clopidogrel bisulfate(l).
  • the resolution step being the extreme last step, all the reagents, solvents, drying agents, purification agents, utilities, manpower from the first step of the synthesis till the resolution step which are used up in the formation of discarded R-isomer (III) are wasted.
  • WO 00/27840 (Sanofi - Synthelabo) describes the racemization of undesired intermediate amide (V) i.e., (-)-[2-(2- thienyl)ethylamino] (2-chlorophenyl)acetamide.
  • the racemization process converts undesired R-isomer of amide (V) into racemic amide (VI) i.e., [2-(2- thienyl)ethylamino] (2-chlorophenyl)acetamide using base.
  • racemized amide (VI) further needs to be converted into clopidogrel bisulfate(l) by a number of reaction steps as shown in Scheme 3.
  • it requires more number of reaction steps for recycling racemic amide (VI), in order to get the final product i.e., clopidogrel bisulfate (I).
  • it requires more (a) time, (b) reagents, (c) solvents, (d) purifying agents, (e) manpower, (f) utility, which makes this recycling of undesired stereoisomer to get clopidogrel bisulfate a costlier process.
  • WO 02/059128 describes the process for the racemization of undesired R- isomer i.e., compound (V) to intermediate amide (VI) as well as undesired
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an improved process for racemization of the said R-isomer for recycling to the process for synthesis of clopidogrel
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved commercially viable and cost effective racemization process towards the synthesis of the clopidogrel or its salts, which requires minimum (a) reaction steps, (b) time, (c) reagents, (d) solvents, (e) purifying agents (f) manpower and (g) utility and also avoids hazardous reagents.
  • a further object of the invention is to reduce the time required for the preparation of the reaction intermediates.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a cost effective method of preparation of clopidogrel and its salts, namely clopidogrel mesylate, clopidogrel hydroiodide and clopidogrel perchlorate, and the other
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide the industrially suitable
  • Another object of the invention is to provide novel clopidogrel salts.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide pharmaceutical composition with
  • the present invention accordingly provides a process for the racemization of
  • the acid used in the step (a) is selected from the group comprising of HCI, H 2 SO 4 , CH3COOH, H 3 PO4.
  • the preferred acid is selected from HCI, H 2 SO 4 .
  • the most preferred acid is HCI.
  • the solvent used in the step (a) is selected form the group comprising of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and tert-butanol.
  • the preferred solvent is isopropyl alcohol.
  • the base used in the step (b) is selected from the group comprising of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethoxide, liquor ammonia, triethyl amine, diethyl amine and monomethyl amine.
  • the preferred base is liquor ammonia.
  • the reaction step (a) is carried out for 30 minutes to 4 hrs.
  • the reaction step (b) is carried out for 15 minutes to 45 minutes.
  • undesired R-isomer (XII) is racemized to methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II), which is further converted to methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate sulphate (I) according to a literature process (US 4,847,265) as given in Scheme -4.
  • the invention also provides an improved process for the preparation of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (XIV) i.e. clopidfogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
  • step (f) reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII) with base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (II) for reuse in step (a).
  • the present invention further provides novel method of preparation of clopidogrel salts as shown in Scheme - 5, below, which comprises the steps of
  • camphor sulphonate camphor sulphonate
  • the solvent used for the resolution in step (b) is alkoxy substituted acyclic ethers.
  • the preferred alkoxy substituted acyclic ether used as solvent is CH 3 -O-CH 2 - CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH 3 i.e., bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (diglyme).
  • step (b) The time required for step (b) is 48 hrs.
  • the reduction of reaction time compared to prior art processes (US 4,847,265), wherein the reaction time is 72 hrs and which also requires intermittent work-up of volume reduction results in a substantial decrease in utilities, manpower and expenditure, thus making the process more convenient and economic.
  • the invention provides an improved process for the preparation of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV), i.e., clopidogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
  • step (b) treating the compound (Xlll-A), thus obtained from step (a) with aqueous sodium bicarbonate in methylene chloride to obtain racemic methyl-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) by a method known per se;
  • the invention further provides novel clopidogrel salts and pharmaceutical
  • composition comprising them.
  • the present invention has the following advantages:
  • novel pharmaceutically acceptable salts namely clopidogrel mesylate (clopidogrel methane sulfonic acid salt), clopidogrel hydroiodide, clopidogrel besylate, clopidogrel oxalate clopidogrel trifluoroacetate, clopidogrel acetate, clopidogrel nitrate, clopidogre perchlorate, clopidogrel phosphonate, clopidogrel benzoate, clopidogre fumarate, clopidogrel maleate, clopidogrel citrate, clopidogrel tartrate clopidogrel benzene sulfonate, clopidogrel gentisate, clopidogrel pamoate clopidogrel palmitate, clopidogrel succinate, clopidogrel estolate, clopidogre acistrate, clopidogrel succinate
  • the solvent for the reaction to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be selected from the group comprising of alcohol, ester, ether, ketone and acetonitrile or a mixture thereof.
  • Alcohol as mentioned above, when used as reaction solvent may be selected from the group comprising of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol n- butanol and t-butanol.
  • Ketone when used as reaction solvent may be selected from the solvent such as acetone.
  • Ester when used as reaction solvent may be selected from the group comprising of ethyl acetate and butylacetate.
  • Ether when used as reaction solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
  • the solvent for the isolation is preferably ether.
  • the ether may be selected from the group comprising of t-butyl methyl ether and di-isopropyl ether.
  • Methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)- ⁇ ,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) as received by above examples is further converted to clopidogrel bisulfate (I) by the manner known per se.
  • clopidogrel (XIV) in 500 ml of methanol was dissolved at room temperature. To it, 10 gm of acetic acid was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 hours. Methanol was distilled under vacuum at 60 to 65°C. To the residue, n-hexane was added at room temperature, stirred and then decanted n-hexane. Distilled out n-hexane completely under vacuum at 60 to 65°C to get 40 gm of clopidogrel acetate.
  • Clopidogrel hydroiodide thus produced is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern with peaks at two-theta values (Values in parentheses indicate the lattice spacing in angstroms) at about : 3.7 ⁇ 0.2 (23.592), 4.3 ⁇ 0.2(20.441), 5.2 ⁇ 0.2(16.895), 8.7 ⁇ 0.2(10.072), 9.6 ⁇ 0.2(9.179), 11.4 ⁇ 0.2(7.693), 12.8 ⁇ 0.2(6.862), 13.8 ⁇ 0.2(6.396), 16.6 ⁇ 0.2(5.334), 17.0 ⁇ 0.2(5.191), 17.7 ⁇ 0.2(4.983), 18.0 ⁇ 0.2(4.899), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2(4.715), 19.2 ⁇ 0.2(4.596), 20.6 ⁇ 0.2(4.292) at degrees 29.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
  • Clopidogrel perchlorate thus prepared is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern with peaks at two-theta values (Values in parentheses indicate the lattice spacing in angstroms) at about: 7.9 ⁇ 0.2 (11.059), 13.8 ⁇ 0.2(6.413), 16.3 ⁇ 0.2(5.414), 17.4 ⁇ 0.2(5.084), 17.7 ⁇ 0.2(5.006), 18.8 ⁇ 0.2(4.718), 20.2 ⁇ 0.2(4.385), 20.7 ⁇ 0.2(4.287), 21.8 ⁇ 0.2(4.059), 23.0 ⁇ 0.2(3.853), 24.1 ⁇ 0.2(3.678), 24.7 ⁇ 0.2(3.606), 25.0 ⁇ 0.2(3.550), 25.7 ⁇ 0.2(3.462), 27.8 ⁇ 0.2(3.205) degrees 2 ⁇ .
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
  • clopidogrel (XIV) was reacted with 104.3183 gm of methane sulfonic acid in 1646.9 gm of methanol at 30-35°C followed by distillation of the methanol to prepare a solution of clopidogrel mesylate (645.553 gm).
  • the sample of the solution was analyzed for the content of clopidogrel mesylate % w/w. The analysis indicated that clopidogrel mesylate was present in 69.68% w/w in methanol.
  • clopidogrel (XIV) was reacted with 20.27 gm of 55% hydriodic acid in 300 ml of diethyl ether at 0-5°C to produce 35.0 gm of clopidogrel hydriodide (50.07%).
  • clopidogrel (XIV) was reacted with 14.81 gm of concentrated nitric acid in 2.5 lit of diethyl ether at 0-5°C to produce 32.0 gm of clopidogrel nitrate (53.52%).
  • the new salts of instant invention can be prepared from any salt / form disclosed in the literature or by using the salts mentioned in the instant invention, preferably, the new salts can be prepared, using clopidogrel perchlorate obtained in the above example. This is especially to achieve the higher purity / assay levels of the newly formed salt including the known salt such as bisulfate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, taurocholate etc., which in turn are obtained from the higher purity / assay of clopidogrel perchlorate.
  • Pharmaceutical Compositions including the known salt such as bisulfate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, taurocholate etc.
  • compositions with novel salts of the invention as active ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository (for rectal dosing).
  • oral use for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elix
  • compositions according to the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art.
  • compositions can be prepared from active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient is in a pure form or can also be in a solution form of desired concentration.
  • the solution form can be in various organic solvents or mixtures thereof.
  • Organic solvents can be selected from the group comprising of alcohols, halogenated solvents, ethers, amides, esters, ketones, hydrogenated solvents, acetonitrile, nitromethane and the like.
  • alcohols, halogenated solvents, ethers and amides that can be used are given below:
  • Halogenated Solvents Dichloromethane, Chloroform, Ethylenedichloride and the like
  • the active ingredients either in solid or solution form can be converted into pharmaceutical composition, wherein depending on the process of preparation of pharmaceutical composition, the solvent associated with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient can be optionally removed before or during the process.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include for example, inert diluents such as lactose, spray dried anhydrous lactose, mannitol, spray dried mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch, hydroxy propyl cellulose (Klucel LF RTM), sodium starch glycolate, cross povidone, cross carmellose sodium or alginic acid; binding agents such as starch, povidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, gelatin, pregelatinised starch, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc, hydrogenated castor oil, colloidal silicon dioxide, preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl p- hydroxybenzoate, and anti-oxidants, such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and other organic acids, butylated hydroxyanisole
  • the granules for the tablet can be prepared by using high or low shear granulator or fluid bed processor.
  • the granules or pellets can also be prepared in extruders, merumeriser, rotor or wurster equipment.
  • Tablet formulations may be uncoated or coated either to modify their disintegration and the subsequent absorption of the active ingredient within the gastrointestinal tract like enteric coating comprising polymers like cellulose acetate pthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pthalate, methacrylic acid copolymer type A, B or C (Eudragit L, Eudragit S or Eudragit L 30 D 55) , or to improve their stability and/or appearance, in either case, using conventional coating, agents and procedures well known in the art.
  • the tablets may be coated with composition comprising polymers like ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, Eudragit E 100 and combinations thereof in order to provide protection to the tablet core from the moisture.
  • the tablets can be moisture protected by suitable excipients by making tablet in tablet where these excipients are present in outer coat.
  • compositions for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, the capsule can filled with granules or pellets.
  • Compositions for oral use may be in the form of soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil or can be filled as such.
  • Aqueous suspensions generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids (for example polyoxyethylene stearate), or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation
  • the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives (such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid) colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame).
  • preservatives such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid) colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame).
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin).
  • the oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those sets as above, and flavouring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water generally contain the active ingredient together with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients such as sweetening, flavouring and colouring agents, may also be present.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, an esters, or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsions may be also contain sweetening, flavouring and preservative agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or coloring agent.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension, which may be formulated according to known procedures using one or more of the appropriate dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above.
  • a sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile or solvent, for example a solution in 1 ,2-butanediol.
  • Suppository formulations may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
  • Topical formulations such as creams, ointments, gels and aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions, may generally be obtained by formulating an active ingredient with a conventional, topically acceptable, vehicle or diluent using conventional procedure well known in the art.
  • Compositions for administration by inhalation may be in the form of a conventional pressurized aerosol arranged to dispense the active ingredient either as an aerosol containing finely divided solid or liquid droplets.
  • Conventional aerosol propellants such as volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons may be used and the aerosol device is conveniently arranged to dispense a metered quantity of active ingredient.
  • the amount of active ingredients that can be combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the host treated and the particular route of administration.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be administered by controlled release means or delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809;
  • compositions can be used to provide slow or controlled release of one or more of the active ingredients therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems multiple layer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or like, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
  • Suitable controlled release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein may be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
  • single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, and the like, that are adapted for controlled-release are encompassed by the present invention.
  • the salts of the present invention particularly clopidogrel hydroiodide and clopidogrel mesylate exhibit excellent flowability properties, as indicated by their low values of angle of repose and high values of tapped density. Tapped density is of great importance when one considers the high dose capsule product or the homogeneity of a low-dose formulation in which there are large differences in drug and excipient densities.
  • Tapped density is determined by the following procedure.
  • Tapped density for clopidogrel hydroiodide is 0.991 g/ml, which is higher than that of clopidogrel bisulphate i.e. 0.834 g/ml.
  • Good flowability properties are essential for an efficient tabletting operation.
  • a good flow of the powder or granulation to be compressed is necessary to assure efficient mixing and acceptable weight uniformity for the compressed tablets.
  • Pharmaceutical powders have angle-of-repose values varying from 25 to 45°, with lower values indicating better flow characteristics. The angle of repose is determined by the following procedure.
  • a dry stainless steel funnel of length 14.0 cm, stem length of 8.0 cm, internal diameter 7.5 cm and an internal diameter of outflow opening of 0.8 cm.
  • the angle of repose was calculated from the value of tan using the tangent table/scientific calculator.
  • the angle of repose for clopidogrel bisulphate is found to be 22.73°, which is less than 25°.
  • the angle of repose for clopidogrel hydroiodide is found to be 28.56°.
  • the solubility of the mesylate and hydroiodide salt is significantly better than that of the bisulphate salt (the solubility for the mesylate, hydroiodide and bisulphate being 204.17 mg/dl, 62.77 mg/dl and 30.68 mg/dl respectively). From the data available it is expected that the mesylate and hydroiodide salt will be more soluble than the bisulphate salt at the relevant human gastric pH (pH 1.2 - 1.8).
  • the dissolution and dissolution rate are related to the solubility.
  • One can increase the absorption rate by increasing the dissolution rate (Notari. R Absorption of Drugs from Gastrointestinal Tract in Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Introduction, 4 th Edition, Marcel Decker, New York). Therefore, drug dissolution in aqueous media being a significant contributor in its oral absorption; drugs with greater solubility and dissolution have less chance of oral drug absorption problems.
  • the mesylate and the hydroiodide salts which are highly soluble at a pH of 1.2 will be more rapidly and completely absorbed in the stomach and the upper Gl tract as compared to the bisulphate salt.
  • Excipients lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, povidone, magnesium stearate.
  • Excipients magnesium stearate, corn starch, gum Arabic, shellac, white sugar, glucose, white wax, carnauba wax, paraffin, new cochinealin
  • Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base; isotonic solvent sufficient to make 3 ml
  • Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base; Semi-synthetic triglycerides sufficient to make 1 suppository.
  • Excipients polyethylene glycol, mentha oil, mono and di-glycerides, gelatin, sorbitol, glycerin, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, sodium lauryl sulphate.
  • Preparatory examples for pharmaceutical formulations of clopidogrel salts are given below.
  • the granules were sized and mixed with 1.84 %w/w polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma, RTM), 0.92 %w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39 %w ⁇ w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 , RTM), 0.92 %w/w magnesium stearate, and 1.84 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. Results of various tests are given in Table 1.
  • the granules were sized and mixed with 1.84 %w/w polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.92 %w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ), 0.92 %w/w magnesium stearate, and 1.84 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. Result of various tests are given in Table 2.
  • the granules are sized and mixed with 1.84 %w/w polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.92 %w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ), 0.92 %w/w magnesium stearate, and 1.84 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. Result of various tests are given in Table 3
  • the tablets prepared in example 21 were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below.
  • the film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 5%w/w.
  • the tablets prepared in example 21 were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below.
  • the film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3%w/w.
  • the tablets prepared in example 21 were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3%w/w.
  • the granules prepared in example 21 were filled in hard gelatin capsules.
  • the fill weight of the capsule was 544 mg.
  • Part A- 26.81 %w/w of hydrated silica and 20.24%w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 44.69 %w/w clopidogrel mesylate (69.68%w/w solution in methanol) and then dried.
  • the granules are sized and mixed with 2.29 %w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10), 4.59% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.46 %w/w lake of amaranth, and 0.92 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 218 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 8.51 mm.
  • Tablet in tablet compression The tablets compressed in part A and powder mixture prepared in part B were utilized to prepare tablet in tablet in which the powder mixture prepared in part B formed the outer portion or coating and the tablet prepared in part A formed the core.
  • the total weight of the tablet was 800 mg and the tablet diameter was 12.7 mm.
  • the tablets prepared in example 26 (part A) were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 23.
  • the film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3%w/w.
  • the core tablets prepared in example 28 were compression coated with granules mixture ( 582 mg average wt)having following composition :
  • Lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ) 48,72 Mannitol (Pearlitol SD-200) 48,72
  • microcrystalline cellulose Avicel PH-112
  • 17.27 % w/w mannitol Pearlitol SD-200
  • 37.23% w/w lactose anhydrous Pharmatose DCL-21
  • 2.39% w/w cross povidone Polyplasdone XL-10
  • 17.90% w/w clopidogrel mesylate 69.68% w/w solution in methanol
  • the granules were sized through appropriate sieves and mixed with 1.84% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 1.84% w/w of polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) and 1.86 % w/w of talc.
  • This mixture was compressed to 544 mg tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm.
  • the compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating was performed by using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 4 % w/w.
  • the granules were sized through appropriate sieves and mixed with 1.84% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 1.84% w/w of polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) and 1.85 % w/w of talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm.
  • the compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below.
  • the film coating was performed by using perforated coating pan apparatus.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.67%.
  • Titanium dioxide 0,50
  • the mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches.
  • Coating The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31. The film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.70 % w/w. Results of various tests are given in Table 10.
  • the compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 4.44 % w/w.
  • the compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.2 % w/w. Results of various tests for uncoated tablets are given in table 12.
  • the granules were dried and mixed with 36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10 ), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 0.92% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.92% w/w of magnesium stearate were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed.
  • the mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches.
  • the granules were dried and mixed with 32.69% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, f
  • the mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches. Disintegration time of the tablet is 1 - 2 minutes.
  • the compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.2 % w/w.
  • the results of various tests are given in Table 20.
  • the tablets prepared in example 42 & example 43 were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below.
  • the film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus.
  • the approximate weight gain of the tablet was 3 % w/w.

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Abstract

The invention discloses an improved process for racemization of methyl (R)­(-) alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate , a stereoisomer formed in the synthesis of clopidogrel i.e. methyl (S)-(+)-alpha­ (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate or its salts. The invention is also for an improved process for production of clopidogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The invention further discloses novel clopidogrel salts and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Description

PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF CLOPIDOGREL, ITS SALTS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an improved and cost effective process for preparation of clopidogrel and its salts including clopidogrel bisulphate, a biologically active thiophene, preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of clopidogrel and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. The invention also relates to novel salts of clopidogrel, their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Clopidogrel bisulfate (I) i.e., methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate sulphate, is an ADP (Adenosine Di- Phosphate) receptor antagonist that is indicated for the reduction of atherosclerotic events including myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and vascular death in patients with atherosclerosis manifested by recent stroke, myocardial infarction or established peripheral vascular disease (Blair Jarvis and Kerryn Simpson, Drugs 2000, Aug; 60(2): 347-377).
Figure imgf000002_0001
(I) Atherothrombosis can give rise to unstable angina, myocardial infarction or stroke in susceptible individuals. Platelets, which do not interact with the endothelium of normal vessels, play a central role in atherothrombosis by adhering to exposed sub-endothelial structures in damaged vessels.
Platelets may be activated by several substances. Among these, ADP plays an important role. ADP is present in high concentrations in the dense granules within platelets and can initiate and reinforce aggregation after secretion of these granules (George JN. Platelets. Lancet 2000 Apr. 29: 355: 1531-9). Clopidogrel bisulfate is an antiplatelet agent that selectively and irreversibly blocks ADP-induced platelet aggregation. After activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated hepatic metabolism, clopidogrel bisulfate is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation (Blair Jarvis and Kerryn Simpson, Drugs 2000, Aug; 60(2): 347-377).
In literature, it is known that methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate of formula (II) and its salts can be used in the treatment of platelet aggregation inhibitory and anti-thrombotic effect. The process for preparing methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate and its salts are described in WO 98/51689.
Figure imgf000003_0001
(II) According to US 4,847,265, it was found that the biological activity resides only with (+)-stereoisomer i.e., methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate sulphate (I) also known as clopidogrel bi-sulphate.
Also, US 4,847,265 describes the process to obtain clopidogrel bisulphate (I) i.e., methyl(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate sulphate, wherein methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) is resolved by laevorotatory camphor- 10-sulfonic acid to give methyl(R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (III), which remains in the mother liquor and can be converted in to methyl (R)-(-)-alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XII) by known method, where as methyl(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (IV) separates out as solid as shown in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000004_0001
camphor sulphonic
Figure imgf000004_0002
acid salt
(III) (IV)
Further, in order to obtain clopidogrel bisulfate (I), the methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (IV) is converted into (+)- stereo isomer of (II) i.e., methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate by using aqueous sodium bicarbonate in dichloromethane, which is further reacted with H2SO4 in acetone to give desired product, clopidogrel bisulfate(l). However, the undesired isomer i.e., methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (III), which remains in mother liquor is unused and hence is practically considered as waste. Also, it should be noted that a part of useful salt i.e., methyl (S)-(+)- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (IV), which remains dissolved in mother liquor is also not recovered. Hence, the quantities of (III) and (IV) from mother liquor are wasted.
If the undesired R-isomer (III) is not used then, the resolution step being the extreme last step, all the reagents, solvents, drying agents, purification agents, utilities, manpower from the first step of the synthesis till the resolution step which are used up in the formation of discarded R-isomer (III) are wasted.
Considering the high demand of the potential drug, there is a need for a process, which uses the undesired isomer i.e., methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (III) in an intelligent way. Also, the recovery of useful salt i.e., methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt from mother liquor is necessary for the process economy.
As mentioned in Scheme 2, WO 00/27840 (Sanofi - Synthelabo) describes the racemization of undesired intermediate amide (V) i.e., (-)-[2-(2- thienyl)ethylamino] (2-chlorophenyl)acetamide. The racemization process converts undesired R-isomer of amide (V) into racemic amide (VI) i.e., [2-(2- thienyl)ethylamino] (2-chlorophenyl)acetamide using base.
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000006_0001
Further racemized amide (VI) is converted to clopidogrel bisulfate (I) as shown in Scheme 3.
Scheme -3
Figure imgf000007_0001
(I) The drawback of the above synthetic route is that racemized amide (VI) further needs to be converted into clopidogrel bisulfate(l) by a number of reaction steps as shown in Scheme 3. Thus, it requires more number of reaction steps for recycling racemic amide (VI), in order to get the final product i.e., clopidogrel bisulfate (I). Also, it requires more (a) time, (b) reagents, (c) solvents, (d) purifying agents, (e) manpower, (f) utility, which makes this recycling of undesired stereoisomer to get clopidogrel bisulfate a costlier process.
Also, WO 02/059128 describes the process for the racemization of undesired R- isomer i.e., compound (V) to intermediate amide (VI) as well as undesired
R-isomer of compound (II) in the presence of base. The main drawback of this process lies in the use of base such as potassium tert-butoxide, sodium hydride which are hazardous and costly base.
It needs to be appreciated that there is a need for a racemization process for the preparation of clopidogrel bisulfate (I), which converts undesired R-isomer into racemic form. Also it should require minimum (a) reaction steps, (b) time, (c) reagents, (d) solvents, (e) purifying agents, (f) manpower and (g) utility and also devoid of hazardous reagents to make the process cost-effective and commercially viable. In US 4,847,265, the reaction-step for the conversion of racemic clopidogrel base to the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)- 6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate requires a reaction time period of 72 hrs and is also accompanied by intermittent work-up for volume reduction. This implies increase in utilities and manpower to complete the production cycle, rendering the process commercially expensive. Thus, there is need to reduce the reaction time of the said reaction, while simultaneously reducing the work-up to make the process convenient and economically more viable.
In US 4,847,265, it is acknowledged that various salts namely acetate, benzoate, fumarate, maleate, citrate, tartrate, gentisate, mesylate, benzene sulfonate, lauryl sulfonate, dobesilate, tosylate and hydrochloride of clopidogrel are hygroscopic and thus makes them difficult to handle on industrial scale. Thus, there is difficulty in their purification, isolation and storage. Furthermore, these salts are amorphous. For preparation of pharmaceutical composition the compound i.e., active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is preferred in the form of crystalline nature. The pharmaceutical usage always demands pure compounds, as it goes for human consumption. However, the impure compounds, which are the results of purification difficulty, cannot lead to a drug in the market. Hence, there is a need for a process of their production, which can be handled on an industrial scale and can generate crystalline compound. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to recycle the undesired R-isomer namely methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (XII), in the synthesis of clopidogrel and its salts, which is practically considered as waste, and make the process more cost effective and commercially viable.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved process for racemization of the said R-isomer for recycling to the process for synthesis of clopidogrel
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved commercially viable and cost effective racemization process towards the synthesis of the clopidogrel or its salts, which requires minimum (a) reaction steps, (b) time, (c) reagents, (d) solvents, (e) purifying agents (f) manpower and (g) utility and also avoids hazardous reagents.
A further object of the invention is to reduce the time required for the preparation of the reaction intermediates.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a cost effective method of preparation of clopidogrel and its salts, namely clopidogrel mesylate, clopidogrel hydroiodide and clopidogrel perchlorate, and the other
pharmaceutically acceptable salts mentioned herein.
Still another object of the invention is to provide the industrially suitable
procedure to synthesize the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of clopidogrel.
Another object of the invention is to provide novel clopidogrel salts.
A further object of the invention is to provide pharmaceutical composition with
clopidogrel salts.
SUϋilARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention accordingly provides a process for the racemization of
methyl(R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-
acetate (XII) to prepare methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
such as clopidogrel bisulfate (I),
which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XII) with acid in suitable solvent at a temperature range of 60-100° C to produce the racemic methyl
-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-
acetate acid salt (XIII).
Figure imgf000012_0001
(XII) (XIII)
(b) reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII) with base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II)
Figure imgf000012_0002
(xm) (ll)
(c) converting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate(ll) to its pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in a manner known per se.
The acid used in the step (a) is selected from the group comprising of HCI, H2SO4, CH3COOH, H3PO4. The preferred acid is selected from HCI, H2SO4. The most preferred acid is HCI.
The solvent used in the step (a) is selected form the group comprising of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and tert-butanol. The preferred solvent is isopropyl alcohol. The base used in the step (b) is selected from the group comprising of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethoxide, liquor ammonia, triethyl amine, diethyl amine and monomethyl amine.
The preferred base is liquor ammonia.
The reaction step (a) is carried out for 30 minutes to 4 hrs.
The reaction step (b) is carried out for 15 minutes to 45 minutes.
According to the present invention, undesired R-isomer (XII) is racemized to methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II), which is further converted to methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate sulphate (I) according to a literature process (US 4,847,265) as given in Scheme -4.
Scheme 4
Figure imgf000013_0001
The invention also provides an improved process for the preparation of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (XIV) i.e. clopidfogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
Figure imgf000014_0001
which comprises the steps of:
(a) resolving methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno [3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II)
Figure imgf000014_0002
(II)
with laevorotatory camphor-10-sulfonic acid to give methyl (R)-(-) alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (III) and methyl (S)-(+)alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)-acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt(IV)
Figure imgf000015_0001
.camphor sulphonate .camphor sulphonate
(III) (IV)
(b) separating the two stereoisomers (III) and (IV)
(c) converting the (-) stereoisomer (III) into methyl (R)-(-)alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)-acetate
(XM)
Figure imgf000015_0002
(Xll)
by using liquor ammonia in methylene chloride (d)converting (+) sterioisomer (IV) above to methyl (S)-(+)alpha- (2-
chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)-acetate (XIV) by
using aqueous sodium bicarbonate in dichloromethane ;
(e) racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-
thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) by reacting methyl (R)-(-)- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (Xll) with an acid in a solvent at a temperature range of 60-
100° C to produce the racemic methyl -alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-
dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate acid salt (XIII)
Figure imgf000016_0001
(xm)
(f) reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII) with base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (II) for reuse in step (a).
The present invention further provides novel method of preparation of clopidogrel salts as shown in Scheme - 5, below, which comprises the steps of
(a) condensation reaction between 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydrothienopyridine hydrochloride (XV) and methyl -alpha-bromo-2-chlorophenyl acetate (XVI) to give racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride (Xlll-A), which is further treated with a base to obtain racemic methyl-
alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate(ll) according to a literature procedure (US 4,529,596).
Scheme 5
■ camphor sulphonate ■ camphor sulphonate
Figure imgf000017_0002
. CH3SO3H
CLOPIDOGREL MESYLATE b) dissolving the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7 dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) in a suitable solvent followed by addition of a chiral reagent like laevorotatory camphor-10-sulphonic acid, wherein the racemic methyl-alpha-
(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) is resolved to give the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (S)- (+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate (IV) as a solid, while the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5 (4H)-acetate (III) remains in the mother liquor,
c) the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (III) in the mother liquor is further racemized according to
Scheme 4 to give racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)- 6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II).
d) treating the precipitated camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2- c]
pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (IV) [obtained in step (b) above] with a
base to give methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) in a
manner known per se (US 4,847,265) and e) converting methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) into its pharmaceutically acceptable salts
The solvent used for the resolution in step (b) is alkoxy substituted acyclic ethers.
Alkoxy substituted acyclic ether is R-O-R'-O-R'-O-R , wherein, R' = - CH2 - CH2-, R is Ci - C3 alkyl, preferably R is methyl.
The preferred alkoxy substituted acyclic ether used as solvent is CH3-O-CH2- CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 i.e., bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (diglyme).
The time required for step (b) is 48 hrs. The reduction of reaction time compared to prior art processes (US 4,847,265), wherein the reaction time is 72 hrs and which also requires intermittent work-up of volume reduction results in a substantial decrease in utilities, manpower and expenditure, thus making the process more convenient and economic.
Accordingly in another embodiment the invention provides an improved process for the preparation of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV), i.e., clopidogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
Figure imgf000020_0001
which comprises the steps of :
(a) condensing 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydrothienopyridine hydrochloride (XV) with methyl α-bromo 2-chlorophenyl acetate (XVI) to give racemic methyl-alpha-(2-
chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride (Xlll-A) by a method known per se;
Figure imgf000020_0002
(Xlll-A)
(b) treating the compound (Xlll-A), thus obtained from step (a) with aqueous sodium bicarbonate in methylene chloride to obtain racemic methyl-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) by a method known per se;
Figure imgf000020_0003
(ii) (c) resolving the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) by dissolving in a solvent, followed by addition of laevorotatory camphor-10- sulphonic acid to give the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (R)- (-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (III) and methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (IV);
Figure imgf000021_0001
.camphor sulphonate .camphor sulphonate (ill) (iv)
d) separating the two stereoisomers (III) and (IV);
(e) treating the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (IV) with aqueous sodium bicarbonate in methylene chloride to give methyl(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) in a manner known per se;
Figure imgf000022_0001
(f) treating the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (R)-(-)- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (III) with liquor ammonia in methylene chloride to give methyl(R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) in a manner known per se;
Figure imgf000022_0002
(g) racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) obtained from step (f) above by reacting with an acid in a solvent at the
temperature range of 60-100° C to produce the racemic methyl- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (XIII) acid salt.
Figure imgf000022_0003
(Kill) (h) reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-
thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIII) acid salt thus
produced, with a base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate
(II) that is recycled for further resolution into (III) and (IV)
according to step (c) above, for further production of (S)-(+)-
clopidogrel;
(i) optionally converting methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-
6,7-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) to its
pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
The invention further provides novel clopidogrel salts and pharmaceutical
composition comprising them.
Thus, the present invention has the following advantages:
(1 ) Providing novel clopidogrel salts which are crystalline, non hygroscopic, easy to purify , isolate and store.
(2) Recycling the undesired R-isomer in the mother liquor by racemization increases the efficiency of the process by reducing
wastage and renders the process more eco-friendly. (3) Avoiding use of hazardous and expensive reagents like potassium tert-butoxide and sodium hydride.
(4) Minimizing the number of reaction steps.
(5) Reducing the time period of specific reaction steps and eliminating the associated work-up.
(6) The above factors result in a substantial decrease in utilities, manpower and expenditure, thus making the process more convenient and economic.
The novel pharmaceutically acceptable salts according to the present invention namely clopidogrel mesylate (clopidogrel methane sulfonic acid salt), clopidogrel hydroiodide, clopidogrel besylate, clopidogrel oxalate clopidogrel trifluoroacetate, clopidogrel acetate, clopidogrel nitrate, clopidogre perchlorate, clopidogrel phosphonate, clopidogrel benzoate, clopidogre fumarate, clopidogrel maleate, clopidogrel citrate, clopidogrel tartrate clopidogrel benzene sulfonate, clopidogrel gentisate, clopidogrel pamoate clopidogrel palmitate, clopidogrel succinate, clopidogrel estolate, clopidogre acistrate, clopidogrel stearate, clopidogrel propionate, clopidogrel hippurate clopidogrel salicylate, clopidogrel methylsulfate, clopidogrel tannate clopidogrel lauryl sulfonate, clopidogrel lactate, clopidogrel glutamate clopidogrel trichloroacetate, clopidogrel maleate, clopidogrel glutarate, clopidogrel N-acetyl-L-glutamate, clopidogrel sulfate, clopidogrel gluconate and the like can be conveniently prepared by methods as described herein. The clopidogrel salts can be prepared by using either of the strategies as mentioned below :
a) preparation of the desired salt by treatment with a base or
b) preparation of the desired salt by exchanging with another salt.
The solvent for the reaction to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be selected from the group comprising of alcohol, ester, ether, ketone and acetonitrile or a mixture thereof.
Alcohol as mentioned above, when used as reaction solvent may be selected from the group comprising of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol n- butanol and t-butanol.
Ketone when used as reaction solvent may be selected from the solvent such as acetone.
Ester when used as reaction solvent may be selected from the group comprising of ethyl acetate and butylacetate.
Ether when used as reaction solvent is tetrahydrofuran. The solvent for the isolation is preferably ether. The ether may be selected from the group comprising of t-butyl methyl ether and di-isopropyl ether.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following section preferred embodiments are described by way of examples to illustrate the process of this invention. However, this is not intended in any way to limit the scope of the present invention.
PREPARATORY EXAMPLES:
Example 1
Racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chIorophen l)-6,7-dϊrιy ro- thieno[3,2-c3pyri ine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) :
Methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c3pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (Xll) (70 gm) added in to 280 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 25 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. Further, it was stirred for 3 hours at 0 to 5° C to form racemic methyl-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acβtate hydrochloride salt. Solids filtered and washed with 25 ml of isopropyl alcohol to give 49 gm of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride salt (XIII). (Yield: 62.9%)(Rotation: 0 ° to -1 °) Example 2
Preparation of methyI-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) :
49 gm of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride salt (XIII) was suspended in 200 ml of water and adjusted pH 8 - 9 with liquor ammonia. Extracted with 175 ml of methylene chloride. Separated methylene chloride and evaporated to get 41 gm oil of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) (Yield: 89%)(Rotation: 0 ° to -1 °).
Methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-β,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) as received by above examples is further converted to clopidogrel bisulfate (I) by the manner known per se.
Ei
Preparation of clopidogrel mesylate
In 2 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask 75 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) in 750 ml of methanol was dissolved at room temperature. To it, 20 gm of methane sulfonic acid was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 36 hours. Methanol was distilled under vacuum at 60 to 65°C. To the residue, tert-butyl methyl ether was added at room temperature and stirred to get the solid, which was filtered under nitrogen and dried under vacuum to give 29 gm of clopidogrel mesylate.
IR (KBr, cm-1): 1743, 1649, 1510, 1434, 1155 and 1042
1H-NMR (DMSO d6, 400 MHz): 7.60-7.64 (2H, m), 7.45-7.55 (2H, m),
7.38 (1 H, d), 6.82 (1 H, d), 5.51 (1 H, s), 4.00-4.20 (2H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.30-3.5 (2H, m), 3.0 (2H, s), 2.39 (3H, s)
Example 4
Preparation of clopidogrel hemisulfate (Cιβ Hie CI NO 2 S. k H2SO4)
In 2 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask, 50 gm of clopidogrel bisulfate (I) and 38.3 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) in 500 ml of methanol was dissolved at room temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 36 hours. Methanol was distilled out under vacuum at 60 to 65°C. To the residue, acetone was added at room temperature and stirred to get the solid, which was filtered under nitrogen and dried under vacuum to give 40 gm of clopidogrel hemisulfate.
Example 5
Preparation of clopidogrel acetate
In 2 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask, 50 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) in 500 ml of methanol was dissolved at room temperature. To it, 10 gm of acetic acid was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 hours. Methanol was distilled under vacuum at 60 to 65°C. To the residue, n-hexane was added at room temperature, stirred and then decanted n-hexane. Distilled out n-hexane completely under vacuum at 60 to 65°C to get 40 gm of clopidogrel acetate.
Example 6
Preparation of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride salt (XIII)
In a 10 lit 4-neck round-bottom flask, 500.0 gm of 4,5,6,7 tetrahydrothieno pyridine hydrochloride (XV), 681.5 gm of methyl-alpha-bromo 2-chlorophenyl acetate (XVI), 5.0 lit of dimethyl formamide and 850 gm of potassium carbonate were added and heated to a temperature of 80-85°C. Maintained at 80-85°C for 3 hrs and then cooled to 25-30°C. The reaction mixture was poured into 15.0 lit of water and 7.5 lit of methylene chloride was added with stirring. Methylene chloride layer was washed twice with 7.5 lit of water. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate. Distilled the organic layer under vacuum. Added 3.75 lit of acetone to the oily layer. Cooled to 5-10°C. 430.0 gm of concentrated hydrochloric acid was slowly added over a period of 30 minutes. Stirred at 25-30°C for 30 minutes. Cooled to a temperature of 5- 10°C and further stirred for 2 hours at 10°C. Filtered the material under vacuum and washed with 750 ml of acetone and dried to obtain a crystalline solid (800.0 gm) of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride (XIII). Melting Point : 144°C Example 7
Preparation of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II)
In a 20-lit 4-neck round-bottom flask, 775.0 gm of racemic methyl-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride (XIII), 6.2 lit of methylene chloride and 3.1 lit of water were added followed by slow addition of 450.0 gm of sodium bicarbonate. Stirred for 1 hr. The methylene chloride layer was washed twice with 3.0 lit of water and dried over sodium sulphate under vacuum to get 675.0 gm of a thick viscous mass of racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-
5(4H)-acetate(ll).
Example 8
Preparation of methyl-(S)-(÷)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulphonate (IV), using isopropyl alcohol
In a 1 lit 4-neck round-bottom flask, 75.0 gm (0.233 moles) of racemic methyl- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II), 600.0 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 57.0 gm (0.2456 moles) of laevorotatory camphor-10-sulphonic acid were added under stirring. Stirred for 96 hrs at a temperature of 20-40° C. Filtered the product and washed with 100.0 ml isopropyl alcohol. Dried under vacuum for 1 hr. To it, 80.0 ml of isopropyl alcohol was added, stirred at 50-55DC for 20 minutes, cooled to 25-30°C and maintained at 25-30°C for 6 hrs. Solid was filtered and washed with 25.0 ml of isopropyl alcohol. Subsequently dried at 20-40°C for 6 hr to give 21.0 gm of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate camphor sulphonate (IV).
Melting Point : 163°C
[α]D 20 : +24.08° (c=1.68 g / 100 ml ; methanol)
Enantiomeric Purity by HPLC : 99.278%
Example 9
Preparation of meth l-(S)-(÷)-sιIpha-(2-chlorophen l)-6,7-dihycJro- thieno[3,2-c3pyrϊdine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulphonate (IV), using diglyme
In a 250 ml 4-neck round-bottom flask, 16.5 gm (0.0513 moles) of racemic methyl-aIpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) was dissolved in 82.5 ml of bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (diglyme) and 5.96 gm (0.0256 moles) of laevorotatory camphor-10-sulfonic acid was added. Stirred for 49 hrs. The slurry was filtered and the cake was washed with 8 ml of bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (diglyme) twice to get 7.7 gm of mβthyl-(S)-(+)- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulphonate (IV). Melting Point : 163.4°C [α]D 20 : +23.89°(c=1.68 g / 100 ml ; methanol)
Enantiomeric Purity by HPLC : 99.14% Example 10
Preparation of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV)
7.7 gm of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulphonate (IV) was suspended in 100 ml of water and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was added till pH 8. The solution was then washed with 50 ml of methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layer was dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated to get 4.7 gm of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate (XIV). Yield : 56 % (with respect to racemic base) [α]D 20 = : +50.9°(c=1.61 g / 100 ml ; methanol)
Enantiomeric Purity by HPLC : 99.09%
Example 11
Preparation of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV)
In a 5 lit 4-neck round-bottom flask, 325 gm of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate camphor sulphonate (IV), 2.6 lit of methylene chloride and 1.3 lit of water were stirred for 5 minutes. 190 gm of sodium bicarbonate was slowly added and further stirred for 30 minutes. The methylene chloride layer was washed twice with 1.0 lit of water and dried over sodium sulphate. Distilled out methylene chloride completely under vacuum to obtain 185.0 gm of methyl-(S)-(+)-alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV). Yield 54.81 %(with respect to racemic base)
Example 11 A
Preparation of methyl-(R)-(-)alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate(X!l)
To 250 ml of mother liquor containing camphor sulphonate salt of methyl-(R)- (-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (III) was added 500 ml of water and adjusted to pH 8 to 9 with liquor ammonia at 20 - 35°C. Added 350 ml of methylene chloride to the reaction mixture followed by extraction. Separated methylene chloride layer and washed with 2 x 200 ml water. Further, complete evaporation of methylene chloride gave 70 gm of methyl-(R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) as an oil.
Example 12
Preparation of clopidogrel hydroiodide
In a 50-litre 4-neck round-bottom flask, 20 lit of isopropyl alcohol was added to 1 kg of clopidogrel (XIV) followed by 0.724 kg of hydroiodic acid and kept at 20-25°C for 24 hrs. Filtered under vacuum, while washing with 6 lit of isopropyl alcohol. The product was filtered under vacuum, while washing with 0.5 lit of ethanol. Finally dried under vacuum at 25-30°C for 12 hrs to obtain 0.9 kg of clopidogrel hydroiodide as a crystalline salt.
Clopidogrel hydroiodide thus produced is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern with peaks at two-theta values (Values in parentheses indicate the lattice spacing in angstroms) at about : 3.7 ± 0.2 (23.592), 4.3 ± 0.2(20.441), 5.2 ± 0.2(16.895), 8.7 ± 0.2(10.072), 9.6 ± 0.2(9.179), 11.4 ± 0.2(7.693), 12.8 ± 0.2(6.862), 13.8 ± 0.2(6.396), 16.6 ± 0.2(5.334), 17.0 ± 0.2(5.191), 17.7 ± 0.2(4.983), 18.0 ± 0.2(4.899), 18.8 ± 0.2(4.715), 19.2 ± 0.2(4.596), 20.6 ± 0.2(4.292) at degrees 29.
Example 13
Preparation of clopidogrel mesylate In a 10 litre 4-neck round-bottom flask, 6 lit of methanol was added to 1 kg of clopidogrel (XIV) under inert atmosphere (maintained throughout the procedure). Cooled to 5 -10°C. Slowly added 300.71 gm of methane sulphonic acid. The temperature was raised to 30-35°C and stirred for 12 hrs. Distilled out methanol completely under vacuum to obtain 1300.71 gm of solid clopidogrel mesylate. Example 14
Preparation of clopidogrel perchlorate
In a 50 litre 4-neck round-bottom flask, 10 lit of methanol was added to 1 kg of clopidogrel (XIV) followed by slow addition of 0.447 kg of 70 % perchloric acid while maintaining the temperature at 10-15°C. Reaction mixture stirred for 12 hrs. Distilled out the methanol completely under vacuum. 15 lit of isopropyl alcohol and 500 ml of methanol was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed. Cooled to 25-30°C and filtered under vacuum, while washing the product with 2 lit of isopropyl alcohol. Finally, the product was dried under vacuum for 12 hrs to obtain 0.95 kg of clopidogrel perchlorate as a crystalline salt.
Clopidogrel perchlorate thus prepared is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern with peaks at two-theta values (Values in parentheses indicate the lattice spacing in angstroms) at about: 7.9 ± 0.2 (11.059), 13.8 ± 0.2(6.413), 16.3 ± 0.2(5.414), 17.4 ± 0.2(5.084), 17.7 ± 0.2(5.006), 18.8 ± 0.2(4.718), 20.2 ± 0.2(4.385), 20.7 ± 0.2(4.287), 21.8 ± 0.2(4.059), 23.0 ± 0.2(3.853), 24.1 ± 0.2(3.678), 24.7 ± 0.2(3.606), 25.0 ± 0.2(3.550), 25.7 ± 0.2(3.462), 27.8 ± 0.2(3.205) degrees 2Θ. Example 15
Preparation of clopidogrel mesylate
In a 3 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask, 347.45 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) was reacted with 104.3183 gm of methane sulfonic acid in 1646.9 gm of methanol at 30-35°C followed by distillation of the methanol to prepare a solution of clopidogrel mesylate (645.553 gm). The sample of the solution was analyzed for the content of clopidogrel mesylate % w/w. The analysis indicated that clopidogrel mesylate was present in 69.68% w/w in methanol.
Further from the above solution, 100 gm of solution was removed and concentrated under reduced pressure at 30-35°C to give 69.68 gm of white to off-white crystalline powder (99.67%).
IR (KBr) cm"1 : 1748, 764, 710
1H-NMR(400 MHz, DMSO d6 + D2O) 6.83 - 7.66 (6H,m), 5.66 (1 H, s), 4.15 - 4.31 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s) 3.45 - 3.60 (2H, m), 3.09 (2H, m), 2.39 (3H, s)
Mass peaks (m/z) : 322 (M+) Example 16
Preparation of clopidogrel hydroiodide
In a 2 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask, 50 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) was reacted with 20.27 gm of 55% hydriodic acid in 300 ml of diethyl ether at 0-5°C to produce 35.0 gm of clopidogrel hydriodide (50.07%).
IR (KBr) cm1 : 1744, 761 , 725
1H-NMR(400 MHz, DMSO d6 + D2O)D 6.85 - 7.66 (6H,m), 5.62 (1 H, s), 4.13 - 4.28 (2H, m), 3.74
(3H, s) 3.42 - 3.55 (2H, m),
3.07 (2H, m) Mass peaks (m/z) : 322 (M+)
Example 17
Preparation of clopidogrel perchlorate
In a 2 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask, 50 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) was dissolved in methanol at room temperature. To it, 23 gm of 70% perchloric acid was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs and methanol was distilled under vacuum. Isopropyl alcohol was added at room temperature and the solid obtained was filtered and dried to give clopidogrel perchlorate, which melts at 168 - 170°C. IR (KBr) cm-1 : 1752,750,703
1H-NMR(400 MHz, DMSO d6 + D2O)D 6.83 - 7.65 (6H,m), 5.58 (1 H, s), 4.09 - 4.24 (2H, m), 3.73
(3H, s) 3.37 - 3.54 (2H, m),
3.05(2H, m).
Mass peaks (m/z) 322 (M+)
Example 18
Preparation of clopidogrel nitrate
In a 2 lit 3-neck round-bottom flask, 50 gm of clopidogrel (XIV) was reacted with 14.81 gm of concentrated nitric acid in 2.5 lit of diethyl ether at 0-5°C to produce 32.0 gm of clopidogrel nitrate (53.52%).
IR (KBr) cm-1 : 1749, 762, 719
1H-NMR(400 MHz, DMSO d6 + D20)D 6.85 - 7.66 (6H,m), 5.63 (1 H, s), 4.14 - 4.29 (2H, m), 3.74
(3H, s) 3.43 - 3.55 (2H, m),
3.07(2H, m).
Mass peaks (m/z) 322 (M+)
Though the new salts of instant invention can be prepared from any salt / form disclosed in the literature or by using the salts mentioned in the instant invention, preferably, the new salts can be prepared, using clopidogrel perchlorate obtained in the above example. This is especially to achieve the higher purity / assay levels of the newly formed salt including the known salt such as bisulfate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, taurocholate etc., which in turn are obtained from the higher purity / assay of clopidogrel perchlorate. Pharmaceutical Compositions
The pharmaceutical compositions with novel salts of the invention as active ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository (for rectal dosing).
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art.
Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared from active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient is in a pure form or can also be in a solution form of desired concentration. The solution form can be in various organic solvents or mixtures thereof. Organic solvents can be selected from the group comprising of alcohols, halogenated solvents, ethers, amides, esters, ketones, hydrogenated solvents, acetonitrile, nitromethane and the like. The examples of alcohols, halogenated solvents, ethers and amides that can be used are given below:
Alcohols Methanol, Ethanol, n-Propanol, Isopropanol, n- Butanol, Tertiary-Butanol
Halogenated Solvents : Dichloromethane, Chloroform, Ethylenedichloride and the like
Ethers Diethyl ether, Tertiary butyl dimethyl ether
Amides N,N-dimethylformamide and the like
The active ingredients either in solid or solution form can be converted into pharmaceutical composition, wherein depending on the process of preparation of pharmaceutical composition, the solvent associated with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient can be optionally removed before or during the process.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include for example, inert diluents such as lactose, spray dried anhydrous lactose, mannitol, spray dried mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch, hydroxy propyl cellulose (Klucel LF RTM), sodium starch glycolate, cross povidone, cross carmellose sodium or alginic acid; binding agents such as starch, povidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, gelatin, pregelatinised starch, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc, hydrogenated castor oil, colloidal silicon dioxide, preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl p- hydroxybenzoate, and anti-oxidants, such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and other organic acids, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc. The granules for the tablet can be prepared by using high or low shear granulator or fluid bed processor. The granules or pellets can also be prepared in extruders, merumeriser, rotor or wurster equipment. Tablet formulations may be uncoated or coated either to modify their disintegration and the subsequent absorption of the active ingredient within the gastrointestinal tract like enteric coating comprising polymers like cellulose acetate pthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pthalate, methacrylic acid copolymer type A, B or C (Eudragit L, Eudragit S or Eudragit L 30 D 55) , or to improve their stability and/or appearance, in either case, using conventional coating, agents and procedures well known in the art. The tablets may be coated with composition comprising polymers like ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, Eudragit E 100 and combinations thereof in order to provide protection to the tablet core from the moisture. The tablets can be moisture protected by suitable excipients by making tablet in tablet where these excipients are present in outer coat.
Compositions for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, the capsule can filled with granules or pellets. Compositions for oral use may be in the form of soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil or can be filled as such. Aqueous suspensions generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids (for example polyoxyethylene stearate), or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives (such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid) colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame).
Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin). The oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those sets as above, and flavouring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water generally contain the active ingredient together with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients such as sweetening, flavouring and colouring agents, may also be present.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, an esters, or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may be also contain sweetening, flavouring and preservative agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or coloring agent. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension, which may be formulated according to known procedures using one or more of the appropriate dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above. A sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile or solvent, for example a solution in 1 ,2-butanediol.
Suppository formulations may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
Topical formulations, such as creams, ointments, gels and aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions, may generally be obtained by formulating an active ingredient with a conventional, topically acceptable, vehicle or diluent using conventional procedure well known in the art.
Compositions for administration by inhalation may be in the form of a conventional pressurized aerosol arranged to dispense the active ingredient either as an aerosol containing finely divided solid or liquid droplets. Conventional aerosol propellants such as volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons may be used and the aerosol device is conveniently arranged to dispense a metered quantity of active ingredient.
The amount of active ingredients that can be combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the host treated and the particular route of administration.
In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compounds of the present invention may also be administered by controlled release means or delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809;
3,598,123 4,008,719; 5, 674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591 ,767; 5,120,548;
5,073,543; 5,639,746; 5,354,556 and 5,733,566, the disclosures of which are each incorporated herein by express reference thereto. These pharmaceutical compositions can be used to provide slow or controlled release of one or more of the active ingredients therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems multiple layer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or like, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
Suitable controlled release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein may be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Thus, single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration, such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, and the like, that are adapted for controlled-release are encompassed by the present invention.
The salts of the present invention, particularly clopidogrel hydroiodide and clopidogrel mesylate exhibit excellent flowability properties, as indicated by their low values of angle of repose and high values of tapped density. Tapped density is of great importance when one considers the high dose capsule product or the homogeneity of a low-dose formulation in which there are large differences in drug and excipient densities.
Tapped density is determined by the following procedure.
10 gm of the salt is weighed and transferred into a dry measuring cylinder. Stoppered the cylinder with rubber cork and kept it in the tapped density apparatus. Operated the apparatus for 50 taps. Measured the volume after tapping and calculated the tapped density.
Tapped density for clopidogrel hydroiodide is 0.991 g/ml, which is higher than that of clopidogrel bisulphate i.e. 0.834 g/ml. Good flowability properties are essential for an efficient tabletting operation. A good flow of the powder or granulation to be compressed is necessary to assure efficient mixing and acceptable weight uniformity for the compressed tablets. Pharmaceutical powders have angle-of-repose values varying from 25 to 45°, with lower values indicating better flow characteristics. The angle of repose is determined by the following procedure. A dry stainless steel funnel of length 14.0 cm, stem length of 8.0 cm, internal diameter 7.5 cm and an internal diameter of outflow opening of 0.8 cm. It is placed over a graph paper kept on a flat horizontal surface and fixed by a suitable device to maintain an upright position. Adjusted the distance between the lower end of the stem and the paper at 2.0 cm. The tip of the funnel was closed with the fore finger and the sample was poured along the side of the funnel upto the rim. The finger was removed to allow the sample to flow till the apex of the conical pile formed by the sample touches the lower end of the stem.
Marked the circle formed by the sample and calculated the radius from the observed diameter. Calculated the tan from the following equation.
Distance between paper and lower end of funnel in cm tan = Radius in cm
The angle of repose was calculated from the value of tan using the tangent table/scientific calculator.
The angle of repose for clopidogrel bisulphate is found to be 22.73°, which is less than 25°. On the other hand the angle of repose for clopidogrel hydroiodide is found to be 28.56°. These properties lead to better processabilty of these salts for preparing oral solid dosage formulations like tablets and hard gelatin capsules.
In the fasted state, pH of stomach is approximately 1.2 - 1.7. Past the pyloric sphincter between the stomach & duodenum the pH is about 4 - 5. Beyond the proximal jejunum, pH is above 6. In fed conditions, the pH of the stomach may rise to 7. Dissolution in the pH of stomach will result in greater absorption from jejunum and ileum. The BCS allows estimation of likely contributions of three factors: dissolution, solubility and intestinal permeability, which affect oral drug absorption. The dissolution rate of drug can be controlled by changing the surface area and the solubility. One method of doing this is by changing the physical state as crystal form or salts (Notari. R Absorption of Drugs from Gastrointestinal Tract in Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Introduction, 4th Edition, Marcel Decker, New York)
The solubility data of the three salts of clopidogrel were generated in buffer of pH 1.2 and was found as given below in the Table.
Table
Figure imgf000048_0001
At a pH of 1.2, the solubility of the mesylate and hydroiodide salt is significantly better than that of the bisulphate salt (the solubility for the mesylate, hydroiodide and bisulphate being 204.17 mg/dl, 62.77 mg/dl and 30.68 mg/dl respectively). From the data available it is expected that the mesylate and hydroiodide salt will be more soluble than the bisulphate salt at the relevant human gastric pH (pH 1.2 - 1.8).
The dissolution and dissolution rate are related to the solubility. One can increase the absorption rate by increasing the dissolution rate (Notari. R Absorption of Drugs from Gastrointestinal Tract in Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Introduction, 4th Edition, Marcel Decker, New York). Therefore, drug dissolution in aqueous media being a significant contributor in its oral absorption; drugs with greater solubility and dissolution have less chance of oral drug absorption problems.
The mesylate and the hydroiodide salts which are highly soluble at a pH of 1.2 will be more rapidly and completely absorbed in the stomach and the upper Gl tract as compared to the bisulphate salt.
The above aspects of the invention are illustrated by way of examples.
Some pharmaceutical formulations of the medicine of the invention may be manufactured as per the following proposed non-restricting formulas: (1) Tablets
Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base;
Excipients : lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, povidone, magnesium stearate.
(2) Coated tablets Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base;
Excipients : magnesium stearate, corn starch, gum Arabic, shellac, white sugar, glucose, white wax, carnauba wax, paraffin, new cochinealin
(3) Hard Gelatin Capsules
Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base; Excipients: magnesium stearate, cornstarch, lactose, sodium starch glycolate
(4) Solution for injection
Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base; isotonic solvent sufficient to make 3 ml
(5) Suppositories
Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base; Semi-synthetic triglycerides sufficient to make 1 suppository.
(6) Soft Gelatin Capsules
Active ingredient equivalent to 75 mg base;
Excipients : polyethylene glycol, mentha oil, mono and di-glycerides, gelatin, sorbitol, glycerin, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, sodium lauryl sulphate. Preparatory examples for pharmaceutical formulations of clopidogrel salts are given below.
Example 19
16.36 %w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), 17.28%w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 37.24 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 , RTM) and 2.39 %w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10, RTM) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 17.91 %w/w clopidogrel mesylate (dissolved in 1 :1 v/v ratio of acetone and methylene chloride) and then dried. The granules were sized and mixed with 1.84 %w/w polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma, RTM), 0.92 %w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39 %w\w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 , RTM), 0.92 %w/w magnesium stearate, and 1.84 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. Results of various tests are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Figure imgf000051_0001
Example 20
16.36 %w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), 17.28%w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 37.23 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ) and 2.39 %w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 17.91 %w/w clopidogrel mesylate (65.29%w/w solution in acetone) and then dried. The granules were sized and mixed with 1.84 %w/w polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.92 %w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ), 0.92 %w/w magnesium stearate, and 1.84 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. Result of various tests are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Figure imgf000052_0001
Example 21
16.36 %w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), 17.28%w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 37.23 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ) and 2.39 %w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 17.91 %w/w clopidogrel mesylate (69.68%w/w solution in methanol) and then dried. The granules are sized and mixed with 1.84 %w/w polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.92 %w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39 %w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ), 0.92 %w/w magnesium stearate, and 1.84 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. Result of various tests are given in Table 3
Table 3
Figure imgf000053_0001
Example 22
The tablets prepared in example 21 were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 5%w/w. Ingredients %w/w
HPMC E 15 LV 4,69
Ethylcellulose 10 cps 1 ,17
PEG 6000 0,47
Titanium Dioxide 0,81
Red Oxide of Iron 0,05
Methanol 34,74
Methylene Chloride 58,07
Result of various tests are given in Table 4.
Table 4
Figure imgf000054_0001
Example 23
The tablets prepared in example 21 were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3%w/w. Ingredients %w/w
HPMC E 15 LV 3,58
Magnesium stearate 0,89
PEG 6000 0,36
Titanium Dioxide 0,62
Red Oxide of Iron 0,04
Methanol 35,44
Methylene Chloride 59,07
Result of various tests are given in Table 5.
Table 5
Figure imgf000055_0001
Example 24
The tablets prepared in example 21 were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3%w/w. Ingredients %w/w
HPMC E 15 LV 2,24
Ethylcellulose 10 cps 2,24
PEG 6000 0,36
Titanium Dioxide 0,62
Red Oxide of Iron 0,04
Methanol 35,44
Methylene Chloride 59,06
Result of various tests are given in Table 6.
Table 6
Figure imgf000056_0001
Eπsmpl® 25
The granules prepared in example 21 were filled in hard gelatin capsules. The fill weight of the capsule was 544 mg.
Example 26
Part A- 26.81 %w/w of hydrated silica and 20.24%w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21 ) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 44.69 %w/w clopidogrel mesylate (69.68%w/w solution in methanol) and then dried. The granules are sized and mixed with 2.29 %w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10), 4.59% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.46 %w/w lake of amaranth, and 0.92 %w/w talc. This mixture was compressed to 218 mg weight tablets having a diameter of 8.51 mm.
Part B- 48.75 %w/w of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL21 ), 48.7 %w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 1.14 %w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10), 1.14 %w/w of magnesium stearate and 0.23%w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide were mixed.
Tablet in tablet compression- The tablets compressed in part A and powder mixture prepared in part B were utilized to prepare tablet in tablet in which the powder mixture prepared in part B formed the outer portion or coating and the tablet prepared in part A formed the core. The total weight of the tablet was 800 mg and the tablet diameter was 12.7 mm.
Example 27
The tablets prepared in example 26 (part A) were film-coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 23. The film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3%w/w.
Example 28
26.81% w/w of hydrate of silica and 20.24% w/w of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 44.69% w/w clopidogrel mesylate (69.68% w/w solution in methanol) and then dried. The granules were sized through appropriate sieves and mixed with 4.58% w/w hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 2.29% w/w of cross povidone (polyplasdone XL10), 0.91% w/w of talc and 0.48% w/w of lake of carmosine. This mixture was compressed to 218 mg weight tablets.
Example: 29
The core tablets prepared in example 28 were compression coated with granules mixture ( 582 mg average wt)having following composition :
Ingredients % w/w
Lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ) 48,72 Mannitol (Pearlitol SD-200) 48,72
Cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) 1 ,14
Magnesium stearate 1 ,14
Collodial silicon dioxide 0,28 Results of various tests are given in table 7.
Table 7
Figure imgf000059_0001
16.36% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-112), 17.27 % w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD-200), 37.23% w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21) and 2.39% w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with 17.90% w/w clopidogrel mesylate (69.68% w/w solution in methanol) and then dried. The granules were sized through appropriate sieves and mixed with 1.84% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 1.84% w/w of polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) and 1.86 % w/w of talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm. The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating was performed by using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 4 % w/w.
Ingredients % w/w
HPMC E15 LV 2,98
Hydrogenated Castor Oil(Boricin Pharma) 0,72 DEP (Diethyl phthalate) 0,36 Titanium dioxide 0,50 Red Oxide of Iron 0,03 Methanol 35,82
Methylene chloride Results of various tests are given in Table
Table 8
Figure imgf000060_0001
Example 31
16.36% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-112), 17.27 % w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD-200 ), 36.23% w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21) and 2.39% w/w cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) were mixed and the mixture was granulated with a mixture of 1.01 % w/w of citric acid anhydrous and 17.90% w/w clopidogrel mesylate (69.68% w/w solution in methanol) and then dried. The granules were sized through appropriate sieves and mixed with 1.84% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 1.84% w/w of polyethylene glycol 6000, 0.92% w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, 2.39% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10) and 1.85 % w/w of talc. This mixture was compressed to 544 mg tablets having a diameter of 11.11 mm.
The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating was performed by using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.67%.
Ingredients % w/w HPMC E15 LV 2,98
Hydrogenated castor oil(Boricin Pharma) 0,72
PEG 6000 0,36
Titanium dioxide 0,50
Red Oxide of Iron 0,03 Methanol 35,82
Methylene chloride 59,68 Results of various tests are given in Table 9.
Table 9
Figure imgf000062_0001
Example 32
36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, 17.41 % w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD200), 21.23% w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ), 16.48% w/w microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 1.85% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma) and 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches. Coating : The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31. The film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.70 % w/w. Results of various tests are given in Table 10.
Table 10
Figure imgf000063_0001
Example 33
36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate , 17.41 % w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 20.40% w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21), 16.48% w/w microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel-112), 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 1.85% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.93% w/w of magnesium stearate were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches.
The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 4.44 % w/w.
Results of various tests are given in Table 11.
Table 11
Figure imgf000064_0001
Example 34
36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, 30.06% w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-2),25.18% w/w microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 0.92% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.92% w/w of magnesium stearate were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches.
The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.2 % w/w. Results of various tests for uncoated tablets are given in table 12.
Table 12
Figure imgf000065_0001
Example 35
36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, 28.74% w/w mannitol (Pearlitol SD200),26.50% w/w microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 0.92% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.92% w/w of magnesium stearate were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches. Results of various tests for uncoated tablets are given in table 13.
Figure imgf000066_0001
Example 36
36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, 25.64% w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 29.57% w/w lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ), 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 0.92% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.92% w/w of magnesium stearate were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches. Results of various tests for uncoated tablets are given in Table 14.
Table 14
Figure imgf000067_0001
Example 37
19.47 % w/w of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ), 17.40% w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 16.48% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112) was mixed and the mixture was granulated using 1.85% w/w of citric acid anhydrous (dissolved in methanol 10 %w/v) and then dried. The granules were dried and mixed with 36.08% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, 2.40% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10 ), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 0.92% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.92% w/w of magnesium stearate were sifted through appropriate sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches.
Results of various tests for uncoated tablets are given in Table 15.
Table 15
Figure imgf000068_0001
The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.33 % w/w. The results of various tests are given in Table 16. Table 16
Figure imgf000069_0001
Example 3>
17.64 % w/w of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ), 15.77% w/w of
Mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 14.93% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel
PH 112) was mixed and the mixture was granulated using 1.67% w/w of citric acid anhydrous and 0.03% w/w of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) then dried.
The granules were dried and mixed with 32.69% w/w of clopidogrel mesylate, f
2.52% w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL-10), 3.35% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 10.06% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 1.34 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide and 1.85% w/w of talc & 0.92% w/w of magnesium stearate, sifted through standard sieve and then mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches. Results of various tests for uncoated tablets are given in Table 17.
Table 17
Figure imgf000070_0001
CAPSULE FORMULATIONS:
Example 39
39.23% of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21), 17.72 of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112) and 8.73% w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200) were mixed and granulated with 1.09 % w/w of citric acid anhydrous (dissolved in methanol 10 %w/v solution). The dried and sized granules were mixed with 23.2 % w/w of clopidogrel mesylate. The mixed blend was filled in hard gelatin capsule of size "00". The fill weight of capsule was 420 mg. The results of various test are given in Table 18.
Table 18
Figure imgf000071_0001
Example 40
23.36% of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL 21), 18.05% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel - 112), 19.06% w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200) and 39.52 % w/w of clopidogrel mesylate were mixed. The mixed blend was filled in hard gelatin capsule of size "1". The fill weight of capsule was 246.5mg. The results of various tests are given in Table 19 Table 19
Figure imgf000072_0001
Example 41
38.83 % w/w of clopidogrel hydroiodide, 18.58 % w/w of lactose anhydrous (Pharmatose DCL-21 ), 17.41 % w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200), 16.48% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel-112), 2.40 % w/w of cross povidone (Polyplasdone XL 10), 1.85% w/w of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), 0.93% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 0.74 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, 1.85% w/w of talc and 0.93% w/w of magnesium stearate were mixed after sifting through appropiate sieves. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 270 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 12/32" Standard Concave punches. Disintegration time of the tablet is 1 - 2 minutes. The compressed tablets were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given in example 31. The approximate weight gain of the tablets was 3.2 % w/w. The results of various tests are given in Table 20.
Table 20
Figure imgf000073_0001
Example 42
48.54 % w/w of clopidogrel hydroiodide, 45.21% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-112), 1.16% w/w pregelatinized starch (Lycatab C), 4.63% w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (CUTINA HR) and 0.46 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, were sifted through appropiate sieve and mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 215 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 11/32" Standard Concave punches. Disintegration time of the tablet is 1 minute.
Table 21
Figure imgf000074_0001
Example 43
51.14 % w/w of clopidogrel hydroiodide, 38.61 % w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH - 112), 4.88 % w/w of hydrogenated castor oil (Boricin Pharma), 4.88 % w/w of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-L11) and 0.48 w/w of colloidal silicon dioxide, were sifted through appropiate sieve and mixed. The mixed blend was compressed into tablets of 205 mg weight on Rotary tablet KORSCH machine using 11/32" Standard Concave punches. Disintegration time of the tablet is 1 minute.
The results of various tests are given in table 22. Table 22
Figure imgf000075_0001
Example 44
The tablets prepared in example 42 & example 43 were film coated with coating suspension prepared using composition given below. The film coating was performed using perforated coating pan apparatus. The approximate weight gain of the tablet was 3 % w/w.
Ingredients % w/w
Hydroxy propyl cellulose (Kulcel LF) ,Δ
Polyethylene glycol - 6000 0,32
Titanium Dioxide 0,49
Red Oxide of Iron 0,03
Methanol 95,98
Results of various tests for tablets are given in Table 23. Table 23
Figure imgf000076_0001
Example 45
58.24 % w/w of clopidogrel hydroiodide and 41.76% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel-112) was sifted and mixed. The mixed blend was filled in hard gelatin capsules of size "2". The fill weight of the capsule was 180 mg. Results of various tests are given in Table 24 Table 24
Figure imgf000077_0001
Example 4β
52.42 % w/w of clopidogrel hydroiodide and 41.58% w/w of mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200) was sifted through appropiate sieves and mixed. The mixed blend was filled in hard gelatin capsules of size "2". The fill weight of the capsule was 200 mg. Result of various tests are given in Table 25. Table 25
Figure imgf000078_0001
Example 47
Comparative dissolution profile of clopidogrel bisulphate, clopidogrel hydroiodide and clopidogrel mesylate at various pH. Dissolution profile at pH 2.1 is given in Table 26 and dissolution profile at pH 4.5 is given in Table 27.
Table 26 pH 2.1 simulated gatric fluid fasted
Apparatus : USP apparatus (IL) (paddles)
RPM 50 Volume 900 ml
Figure imgf000079_0001
Table 27 pH 4.5 acetate buffer
Apparatus : USP apparatus (IL) (paddles)
RPM : 50
Volume 900 ml
Figure imgf000079_0002
While the present invention has been described in terms of its specific embodiments, certain modifications and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

Claims
1. A process for racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll)
Figure imgf000080_0001
(Xll)
which comprises the steps of : (a) reacting methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) with acid in a solvent at a temperature range of 60-100° C to produce the racemic methyl -alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine - 5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII)
Figure imgf000080_0002
(XIII)
and
(b)reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII) thus produced with a base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (ll).
Figure imgf000080_0003
(ii)
2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , where the acid used in the step (a) is selected from the group consisting of HCI, H2SO4, CH3COOH and H3PO4.
3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein said acid is selected from HCI
4. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein said acid is HCI
5. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said solvent used in the step (a) is selected form the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and tert-butanol.
6. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein said solvent is isopropyl alcohol.
7. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the base used in the step (b) is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethoxide, liquor ammonia, triethyl amine, diethyl amine and monomethyl amine.
8. The process as claimed in claim 7, wherein said base is liquor ammonia.
9. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reaction step (a) is carried out for 30 minutes to 4 hrs.
10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the reaction step (b) is carried out for 15 minutes to 45 minutes.
11. An improved process for the preparation of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) i.e. clopidfogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
Figure imgf000082_0001
(XIV)
which comprises the steps of:
(a) resolving methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno
[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II)
Figure imgf000082_0002
(ii)
with laevorotatory camphor-10-sulfonic acid to give methyl (R)- (-) alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)- acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (III) and methyl (S)-(+)alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)- acetate camphor sulfonic acid salt (IV)
Figure imgf000082_0003
.camphor sulphonate .camphor sulphonate (III) (IV)
(b) separating the two stereoisomers (III) and (IV)
(c) converting the (-) stereoisomer (III) into methyl (R)-(-)alpha- (2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)-acetate (Xll)
Figure imgf000083_0001
(Xll)
by using liquor ammonia in methylene chloride ;
(d) converting (+) stereoisomer (IV) above to methyl (S)-(+)alpha-
(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4(4H)-acetate (XIV)
Figure imgf000083_0002
. (XIV)
by using aqueous sodium bicarbonate in dichloromethane
(e) racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) by reacting methyl (R)-(- )- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate
(Xll) with an acid in a solvent at a temperature range of 60-100° C to produce the racemic methyl -alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII);
Figure imgf000083_0003
(xm)
(f) reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno [3,2-c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate acid salt (XIII) thus produced with a base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2chlorophenyl) -6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) that is recycled for further resolution into its its (+) and (-) stereo isomer according to step(a) above for further production of target compound (XIV) i.e. clopidogrel and
(g) optionally converting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro- thieno[3,2-c] pyridine-5(4H)-acetate(XIV) to its pharmaceutically acceptable in a manner known per se.
12. The process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the acid used in the step (e) is selected from the group consisting of HCI, H2SO4, CH3COOH and
13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein said acid is selected from
Figure imgf000084_0001
14. The process as claimed in claim 13, wherein said acid is HCI.
15. The process as claimed in claim 11 ,wherein said solvent used in the step (e) is selected form the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and tert-butanol.
16. The process as claimed in claim 15, wherein said solvent is isopropyl alcohol.
17. The process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the base used in the step (f) is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethoxide, liquor ammonia, triethyl amine, diethyl amine and monomethyl amine.
18. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein said base is liquor ammonia
19. The process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the reaction step (e) is carried out for 30 minutes to 4 hrs.
20. The process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the reaction step (f) is carried out for 15 minutes to 45 minutes.
21. The process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable sallts of clopidogrel is selected from the group consisting of bisulphate, mesylate, besylate, hemisulfate, tosylate, oxalate, trifluoroacetate, acetate, nitrate, perchlorate and phosphonate .
22. An improved process for the preparation of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV), i.e., clopidogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
Figure imgf000085_0001
which comprises the steps of : (a) condensing 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydrothienopyridine hydrochloride (XV) with methyl α-bromo 2-chlorophenyl acetate (XVI) to give racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate hydrochloride (Xlll-A) by a method known per se;
Figure imgf000085_0002
(Xlll-A) (b) treating the compound (Xlll-A), thus obtained from step (a) with aqueous sodium bicarbonate in methylene chloride to obtain racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) by a method known per se;
Figure imgf000086_0001
(ii)
( c) resolving the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) by dissolving in a solvent, followed by addition of laevorotatory camphor-10- sulphonic acid to give the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (R)- (-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (III) and methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (IV);
Figure imgf000086_0002
.camphor sulphonate .camphor sulphonate
(III) dV)
(d) separating the two stereoisomers (III) and (IV);
(e) treating the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (IV) with aqueous sodium bicarbonate in methylene chloride to give methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno
[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) in a manner known per se;
Figure imgf000086_0003
(f) treating the camphor sulphonate salt of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (III) with liquor ammonia in methylene chloride to give methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine- 5(4H)-acetate (Xll) in a manner known per se;
Figure imgf000087_0001
(g) racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (Xll) obtained from step (f) above by reacting with an acid in a solvent at the temperature range of 60-100° C to produce the racemic methyl- alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)- acetate (XIII) acid salt;
Figure imgf000087_0002
(XIII)
(h) reacting methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2- c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIII) acid salt thus produced, with a base to produce the racemic methyl-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-β,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (II) that is recycled for further resolution into (III) and (IV) according to step (c) above, for further production of (S)-(+)-clopidogrel and
(i) optionally converting methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydrothieno [3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate (XIV) to its pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
23. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein said solvent used for the resolution in step (c) is an alkoxy substituted acyclic ether.
24. The process as claimed in claim 23, wherein alkoxy substituted acyclic ether is R-O-R'-O-R'-O-R, wherein R' = - CH2 - CH2 -, R is Ci - C3 alkyl.
25. The process as claimed in claim 24, wherein R is methyl.
26. The process as claimed in claim 23,wherein the alkoxy substituted acyclic ether used as solvent is CH3-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 i.e., bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether.
27. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein the reaction in step(b) is carried out for is 48 hrs.
28. The process as claimed in claim 22, where the acid used in the step (g) is selected from the group consisting of HCI, H2SO4, CH3COOH and H3PO4.
29. The process as claimed in claim 28, wherein said acid is selected from
Figure imgf000088_0001
30. The process as claimed in claim 29, wherein said acid is HCI
31. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein said solvent used in the step (g) is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol and tert-butanol.
32. The process as claimed in claim 31 , wherein said solvent is isopropyl alcohol.
33. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein the base used in the step (h) is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethoxide, liquor ammonia, triethyl amine, diethyl amine and monomethyl amine.
34. The process as claimed in claim 33, wherein said base is liquor ammonia.
35. The process as claimed in claim 22 , wherein the reaction step (g) is carried out for 30 minutes to 4 hrs.
36. The process as claimed in claim 35, wherein the reaction step (h) is carried out for 15 minutes to 45 minutes.
37. The process as claimed in claim 22 , wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt is selected from the group consisting of mesylate (clopidogrel methane sulfonic acid salt), hydroiodide, besylate, oxalate, trifluoroacetate, acetate, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphonate, benzoate, fumarate, maleate, citrate, tartrate, benzene sulfonate, gentisate, pamoate, palmitate, succinate, estolate, acistrate, stearate, propionate, hippurate, salicylate, methylsulfate, tannate, lauryl sulfonate, lactate, glutamate, trichloroacetate, maleate, glutarate, N-acetyl-L-glutamate, sulfate and gluconate.
38. The process as claimed in claim 37, wherein the salt thus obtained in non-hygroscopic and crystalline in nature.
39. The process as claimed in claim 37, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of clopidogrel is prepared by treatment with a corresponding base.
40. The process as claimed in claim 37, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of clopidogrel is prepared by exchanging with another salt.
41. The process as claimed in claim 39 or 40, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of clopidogrel is prepared in a solvent selected from the group consisting of of alcohol, ester, ether, ketone and acetonitrile or a mixture thereof.
42. The process as claimed in claim 41 , wherein said alcohol when used as reaction solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n- propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and t-butanol.
43. The process as claimed in claim 41 , wherein said ketone when used as reaction solvent is acetone.
44. The process as claimed in claim 41 , wherein said ester when used as reaction solvent is selected from ethyl acetate or butylacetate.
45. The process as claimed in claim 41 , wherein said ether when used as reaction solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
46. The process as claimed in claim 22, wherein the solvent used for finally isolating clopidogrel or its salt is a ether selected from t-butyl methyl ether or di-isopropyl ether.
47. A novel salt of clopidogrel selected from the group : clopidogrel mesylate (clopidogrel methane sulfonic acid salt), clop dogre hydroiodide, clopidogrel besylate, clopidogrel oxalate, clop dog re trifluoroacetate, clopidogrel acetate, clopidogrel nitrate, clop dogre perchlorate, clopidogrel phosphonate, clopidogrel benzoate, clop doqre fumarate, clopidogrel maleate, clopidogrel citrate, clopidogrel tartrate clopidogrel benzene sulfonate, clopidogrel gentisate, clopidogrel pamoate clopidogrel palmitate, clopidogrel succinate, clopidogrel estolate, clopidogre acistrate, clopidogrel stearate, clopidogrel propionate, clopidogrel hippurate clopidogrel salicylate, clopidogrel methylsulfate, clopidogrel tannate clopidogrel lauryl sulfonate, clopidogrel lactate, clopidogrel glutamate clopidogrel trichloroacetate, clopidogrel maleate, clopidogrel glutarate clopidogrel N-acetyl-L-glutamate, clopidogrel sulfate and clopidogre gluconate .
48. A novel salt of clopidogrel, as claimed in claim 47, wherein said salt is clopidogrel hydroiodide.
49. A novel salt of clopidogrel, as claimed in claim 47, wherein said salt is clopidogrel mesylate.
50. A novel salt of clopidogrel, as claimed in claim 47, wherein said salt is clopidogrel perchlorate.
51. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more clopidogrel salt(s) as defined in claim 47 as active ingredient(s) in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, diluent or excipient.
52. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 51 , wherein the angle of repose of said active ingredient is in the range of 25 to 45°
53. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 51 , wherein said active ingredient has a better tapped density and solubility.
54. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claims 51 , 52 or 53, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is clopidogrel hydroiodide.
55. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 51 in the form of tablets, coated tablets, capsules, injectables or suppositories.
56. Clopidogrel hydroiodide as claimed in claim 48, characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern with peaks at two-theta values at about : 3.7 ± 0.2, 4.3 ± 0.2, 5.2 ± 0.2, 8.7 ± 0.2, 9.6 ± 0.2, 11.4 ± 0.2, 12.8 ± 0.2, 13.8 ± 0.2, 16.6 ± 0.2, 17.0 ± 0.2, 17.7 ± 0.2, 18.0 ± 0.2, 18.8 ± 0.2, 19.2 ± 0.2, 20.6 ± 0.2 at degrees 2Θ.
57. Clopidogrel hydroiodide as claimed in claim 48, characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern with peaks at two-theta values (Values in parentheses indicate the lattice spacing in angstroms) at about : 3.7 ± 0.2 (23.592), 4.3 ± 0.2(20.441), 5.2 ± 0.2(16.895), 8.7 ± 0.2(10.072), 9.6 ± 0.2(9.179), 11.4 ± 0.2(7.693), 12.8 ± 0.2(6.862), 13.8 ± 0.2(6.396), 16.6 ± 0.2(5.334), 17.0 ± 0.2(5.191), 17.7 ± 0.2(4.983), 18.0 ± 0.2(4.899), 18.8 ± 0.2(4.715), 19.2 ± 0.2(4.596), 20.6 ± 0.2(4.292) at degrees 2Θ.
58. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claims 51 , 52 or 53, wherein, the clopidogrel salt is optionally dissolved in an organic solvent.
59. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 58, wherein organic solvent is selected from alcohols, halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones.
60. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 59, wherein alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol , isopropanol, n-butanol or tertiary butanol.
61. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 60, wherein, said alcohol is methanol.
62. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 59, wherein, said halogenated hydrocarbon is methylene chloride.
63. The pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 59, wherein, said ketone is acetone.
64. Use of a pharmaceutical composition for anti-platelet aggregatory activity using clopidogrel mesylate or clopidogrel hydroiodide as active ingredient.
65. A process for racemization of methyl (R)-(-)-alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7- dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate substantially as herein described particularly with reference to the examples.
66. An improved process for the preparation of . methyl (S)-(+)-alpha-(2- chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate i.e. clopidogrel or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt substantially as herein described particularly with reference to the examples.
67. A pharmaceutical composition substantially as herein described particularly with reference to the examples.
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