WO2004070065A1 - Method for surface hardening of thermo rolls - Google Patents

Method for surface hardening of thermo rolls Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004070065A1
WO2004070065A1 PCT/FI2004/050001 FI2004050001W WO2004070065A1 WO 2004070065 A1 WO2004070065 A1 WO 2004070065A1 FI 2004050001 W FI2004050001 W FI 2004050001W WO 2004070065 A1 WO2004070065 A1 WO 2004070065A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hardening
quenching
roll
temperature
steel
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FI2004/050001
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Kari Blomster
Tomi Norrby
Original Assignee
Metso Paper, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FI20035014A external-priority patent/FI20035014A0/en
Application filed by Metso Paper, Inc. filed Critical Metso Paper, Inc.
Priority to GB0512223A priority Critical patent/GB2410959B/en
Priority to JP2006502080A priority patent/JP2006518418A/en
Priority to DE112004000112T priority patent/DE112004000112T5/en
Publication of WO2004070065A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004070065A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/38—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for roll bodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
    • C21D2221/10—Differential treatment of inner with respect to outer regions, e.g. core and periphery, respectively
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for surface hardening of thermo rolls.
  • a special application is the surface hardening of the thermo roll of a paper/board or tissue machine.
  • Thermo rolls having a diameter size exceeding about 600 mm are typically made of chilled cast iron. Steel rolls are relatively new in this use. To enhance their usability, they must be surface hardened. Possible surface hardening methods are induction hardening, flame hardening and laser hardening.
  • Induction hardening is used a great deal for hardening the working rolls of the steel industry: - at these sites are used extremely thick hardening layers
  • - layer thickness is 20-120 mm
  • thermo roll of a calender generates heat, thus thermal stress state opposite to, e.g. that in the thermo roll of a calender.
  • Induction hardening is used for hardening the calender rolls of the plastic industry:
  • progressive induction hardening uses preheating for maximising hardness penetration, for diminishing cracking tendency particularly in high- carbon steels and in high-alloy steels, and for reducing the power requirement of the heating apparatus, that is, for extending the operating range of the hardening apparatus.
  • Continued quenching is used, for example, by preheating, for maintaining the hardness of hardening of reinforced layer thicknesses on the outer surface, when high layer thickness and extreme hardness are sought at the same time. Hardness on the surface is reduced as the flow of heat from inside the object increases the temperature of the hardened layer, thus causing tempering unless quenching is continued for a sufficiently long time.
  • phase change austenite martensite.
  • the martensite reaction will only take place if the steel is cooled sufficiently rapidly to below the so-called Ms temperature.
  • Ms temperature the so-called Ms temperature.
  • the object In normal hardening, the object is at approximately room temperature when hardening begins. The surface of the object is heated rapidly to the austenite area and quenched rapidly to below the Ms temperature. In such a case, the phase change will begin from both the surface and the interior of the austenite area, proceeding in both cases towards the centre of the hardened layer.
  • phase change takes place slightly differently in different parts of the object. This results in differences in the residual stress distribution between the different ends both in the microstructure and within the layer itself.
  • Figure 1 shows the effect of the cooling rate and of the diameter size on the residual stresses of a steel cylinder (Product brochure: Buderus,
  • thermo roll In normal surface hardening, a state of compression stress is effected on the surface, and a state of tensile stress of almost the same magnitude is effected under the surface. As the size of the diameter increases, it causes problems due to the increase in the level of stress resulting from the thermal load, especially at the high residual tensile stress peak arising under the surface. Strong temperature gradients are formed in the thermo roll when the interior temperature of the thermo roll is, for example, about 300°C, and that of the fibre web being processed about 80°C, which causes tensile stresses in the thermo roll shell, which may together with the residual stresses created in surface hardening, lead to the hardened surface layer being broken and/or detached, in extreme cases.
  • the aim of the present invention is to provide an improved method for surface hardening thermo rolls having relatively large diameters, by means of which method the above-mentioned problems can be minimised/eliminated.
  • the method relating to the invention is characterised in that in the method, the residual stress distribution resulting from the surface hardening is changed to correspond essentially to the stress loads caused by the locally repeated thermal load of the thermo roll, whereby in the method, the thermo roll is first preheated to the Ms temperature or above it, then surface heating for hardening to above temperature A 3 is carried out, and finally, quenching is carried out and continued until the temperature falls to below about 160°C.
  • the compression stress on the surface can be increased and the tensile stress under the surface can be reduced, thus changing the residual stress distribution resulting from induction hardening, flame hardening or laser hardening to correspond better to the stress loads caused by the locally repeated thermal load of the thermo roll and the temperature difference between the central part and surface of the thermo roll.
  • the process is made controllable, the hardening result in the longitudinal direction is made uniform, and the repeatability of the process is improved.
  • the invention is particularly well suited for use in connection with induction hardening.
  • the parameters are selected so that a relatively thin hardening layer of less than 10 mm is aimed at in accordance with a normal progressive induction hardening process.
  • preheating is carried out to at least the Ms-temperature of the steel being hardened or above it. Due to the preheating, the heating power required of the induction apparatus is less than when hardening a cold object.
  • the heating for the hardening is carried out to above temperature A 3 , for example, to a temperature of about 920°C, and continued quenching is performed after that.
  • the continued quenching of the preheated hardened object with water or a polymer compound through the outer surface discharges heat bound in the object during preheating and hardening until the entire roll reaches the temperature of the quenching liquid.
  • the residual stresses of the preheating, induction surface hardening and continued quenching in the hardening process according to the invention are summed up so that on the surface is obtained a higher compression stress than in a normal hardening process, and under the surface is not formed as high a tensile stress peak as there would be in the hardened object without the process according to the invention.
  • the martensite reaction in the surface layer is made to take place more completely than in conventional progressive induction hardening. This results in a greater hardness of the surface layer when tempered, and a microstructure that does not contain any significant amounts of residual austenite.
  • a quenching substance may be used water or a mild water-polymer solution, which is an environmentally friendly quenching substance.
  • Figure 2 shows the change in the distribution of the state of residual stress aimed at with the method according to the invention.
  • the curve for induction hardening shows the measured residual stress in normal induction hardening following tempering, without preheating and continued quenching.
  • the calculatory curve for continued quenching shows the residual stress level caused by it without the effect of induction hardening
  • the combined stress curve shows the combined effect of preheating, induction hardening and continued quenching.
  • the stress value with a minus sign denotes compression stress and that with the plus sign denotes tensile stress.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for hardening steel rolls. In the method, the residual stress distribution resulting from the hardening is changed to correspond essentially to the stress load caused by the thermal load of the thermo roll. In the method, the thermo roll is first preheated to the Ms temperature or above it, then surface heated for hardening to above temperature A3, and finally quenching is carried out and continued until the temperature falls below about 160°C.

Description

Method for surface hardening of thermo rolls
The invention relates to a method for surface hardening of thermo rolls. A special application is the surface hardening of the thermo roll of a paper/board or tissue machine.
Thermo rolls having a diameter size exceeding about 600 mm are typically made of chilled cast iron. Steel rolls are relatively new in this use. To enhance their usability, they must be surface hardened. Possible surface hardening methods are induction hardening, flame hardening and laser hardening.
Induction hardening is used a great deal for hardening the working rolls of the steel industry: - at these sites are used extremely thick hardening layers
- layer thickness is 20-120 mm
- diameters of objects being hardened are 300-700 mm
- lengths of objects being hardened are about 1000-3000 mm (hardened part) - hardening usually takes place vertically and quenching in an quenching tank
- no peripheral bores
- no separate ends
- process generates heat, thus thermal stress state opposite to, e.g. that in the thermo roll of a calender.
Induction hardening is used for hardening the calender rolls of the plastic industry:
- the rolls are used in an almost identical process as in paper machine calender rolls - no dewatering during the process, thus transmission of thermal power substantially lower
- rolls are hardened by a varying method
- no separate ends in rolls.
Generally, progressive induction hardening uses preheating for maximising hardness penetration, for diminishing cracking tendency particularly in high- carbon steels and in high-alloy steels, and for reducing the power requirement of the heating apparatus, that is, for extending the operating range of the hardening apparatus. Continued quenching is used, for example, by preheating, for maintaining the hardness of hardening of reinforced layer thicknesses on the outer surface, when high layer thickness and extreme hardness are sought at the same time. Hardness on the surface is reduced as the flow of heat from inside the object increases the temperature of the hardened layer, thus causing tempering unless quenching is continued for a sufficiently long time.
When thin layers are hardened, preheating and tank quenching are not normally used.
Surface hardening is based on the phase change austenite => martensite. The martensite reaction will only take place if the steel is cooled sufficiently rapidly to below the so-called Ms temperature. In normal hardening, the object is at approximately room temperature when hardening begins. The surface of the object is heated rapidly to the austenite area and quenched rapidly to below the Ms temperature. In such a case, the phase change will begin from both the surface and the interior of the austenite area, proceeding in both cases towards the centre of the hardened layer. When the object heats up also elsewhere than merely at the point of hardening as hardening proceeds, phase change takes place slightly differently in different parts of the object. This results in differences in the residual stress distribution between the different ends both in the microstructure and within the layer itself.
Figure 1 shows the effect of the cooling rate and of the diameter size on the residual stresses of a steel cylinder (Product brochure: Buderus,
Schmiedeprodukte, Edelstahlwerke Buderus AG, 2000, Wetzlar, Germany). This figure shows that at the same average rate of cooling, the level of residual stress increases steeply within the range from 650°C -> 400°C as the diameter size increases.
In normal surface hardening, a state of compression stress is effected on the surface, and a state of tensile stress of almost the same magnitude is effected under the surface. As the size of the diameter increases, it causes problems due to the increase in the level of stress resulting from the thermal load, especially at the high residual tensile stress peak arising under the surface. Strong temperature gradients are formed in the thermo roll when the interior temperature of the thermo roll is, for example, about 300°C, and that of the fibre web being processed about 80°C, which causes tensile stresses in the thermo roll shell, which may together with the residual stresses created in surface hardening, lead to the hardened surface layer being broken and/or detached, in extreme cases.
The aim of the present invention is to provide an improved method for surface hardening thermo rolls having relatively large diameters, by means of which method the above-mentioned problems can be minimised/eliminated.
To achieve this aim, the method relating to the invention is characterised in that in the method, the residual stress distribution resulting from the surface hardening is changed to correspond essentially to the stress loads caused by the locally repeated thermal load of the thermo roll, whereby in the method, the thermo roll is first preheated to the Ms temperature or above it, then surface heating for hardening to above temperature A3 is carried out, and finally, quenching is carried out and continued until the temperature falls to below about 160°C.
By means of the hardening process according to the invention, the compression stress on the surface can be increased and the tensile stress under the surface can be reduced, thus changing the residual stress distribution resulting from induction hardening, flame hardening or laser hardening to correspond better to the stress loads caused by the locally repeated thermal load of the thermo roll and the temperature difference between the central part and surface of the thermo roll. At the same time, the process is made controllable, the hardening result in the longitudinal direction is made uniform, and the repeatability of the process is improved. The invention is particularly well suited for use in connection with induction hardening.
In the method, the parameters are selected so that a relatively thin hardening layer of less than 10 mm is aimed at in accordance with a normal progressive induction hardening process. In the method, preheating is carried out to at least the Ms-temperature of the steel being hardened or above it. Due to the preheating, the heating power required of the induction apparatus is less than when hardening a cold object. The heating for the hardening is carried out to above temperature A3, for example, to a temperature of about 920°C, and continued quenching is performed after that. The continued quenching of the preheated hardened object with water or a polymer compound through the outer surface discharges heat bound in the object during preheating and hardening until the entire roll reaches the temperature of the quenching liquid.
When the method according to the invention is applied, a phase change of the austenised layer to martensite takes place oriented inwards from the cylinder surface, in the radial direction, a uniform hardening layer is obtained, and the residual stress and hardness profiles become homogenous and controlled also in the longitudinal direction.
The following takes place as a result of the directional cooling via the outer surface:
In base steel, the cooling of which is mainly concerned in continued quenching, is, due to the steep fall in the external temperature of the wall once the temperatures have evened out, formed residual compression stress in the surface layers and correspondingly residual tensile stress in the heart parts. Due to the large external diameter and great wall thickness of the thermo roll, this state of stress is by nature much more extensive than the induction surface hardening layer, which is located in the residual compression stress field of the surface part. This so-called thermal hardening of the base steel without phase change brings about a state of residual compression stress on the surface and reduces the maximum value of the residual tensile stress under the surface, which is due to induction hardening or other surface hardening. If continued quenching is carried out with water, like the quenching proper, this will result in steep temperature gradients and, due to the large diameter of the thermo roll, in residual states of stress rising almost to yield stress in base steel.
The residual stresses of the preheating, induction surface hardening and continued quenching in the hardening process according to the invention are summed up so that on the surface is obtained a higher compression stress than in a normal hardening process, and under the surface is not formed as high a tensile stress peak as there would be in the hardened object without the process according to the invention. By using continued quenching, the martensite reaction in the surface layer is made to take place more completely than in conventional progressive induction hardening. This results in a greater hardness of the surface layer when tempered, and a microstructure that does not contain any significant amounts of residual austenite.
As a quenching substance may be used water or a mild water-polymer solution, which is an environmentally friendly quenching substance.
Figure 2 shows the change in the distribution of the state of residual stress aimed at with the method according to the invention. In the Figure, the curve for induction hardening shows the measured residual stress in normal induction hardening following tempering, without preheating and continued quenching. The calculatory curve for continued quenching shows the residual stress level caused by it without the effect of induction hardening, and the combined stress curve shows the combined effect of preheating, induction hardening and continued quenching. In Figure 2, the stress value with a minus sign denotes compression stress and that with the plus sign denotes tensile stress.

Claims

Claims
1. A method for surface hardening thermo rolls having relatively large diameters, characterised in that in the method, the residual stress distribution resulting from surface hardening is changed to correspond essentially to the stress loads caused by the locally repeated thermal load of the thermo roll surface and the temperature difference between the interior part and the outer surface of the thermo roll, whereby in the method, the thermo roll is first preheated to the Ms temperature or above it, then surface heated for hardening to a temperature above A3 is carried out, and finally quenching is carried out and continued, cooling the shell surface to a temperature below about 160°C.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the central hole and/or peripheral holes of the thermo roll are closed during surface hardening and continued quenching.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the peripheral borings can be carried out before or after surface hardening and continued quenching.
4. A method as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the diameter of the thermo roll is within the range from greater than about 600 mm to greater than about 1500 mm.
5. A method as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 4, characterised in that quenching is continued until the temperature falls to below about 100°C.
6. A method as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 5, characterised in that as a steel roll is used the thermo roll of a paper/board machine or tissue machine.
7. A method as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the material of the steel roll is tempering steel.
8. A method as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the material of the steel roll is normalised steel.
9. A method as claimed in claim 7 or .8, characterised in that the carbon content of the steel is about 0.2 to about 0.7%.
PCT/FI2004/050001 2003-02-07 2004-01-14 Method for surface hardening of thermo rolls WO2004070065A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0512223A GB2410959B (en) 2003-02-07 2004-01-14 Method for surface hardening of thermo rolls
JP2006502080A JP2006518418A (en) 2003-02-07 2004-01-14 Heat roll surface curing method
DE112004000112T DE112004000112T5 (en) 2003-02-07 2004-01-14 Process for surface hardening of thermo rolls

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20035014A FI20035014A0 (en) 2003-02-07 2003-02-07 Steel roll hardening process
FI20035014 2003-02-07
FI20035082 2003-06-03
FI20035082A FI115773B (en) 2003-02-07 2003-06-03 Method for surface tempering of thermal rollers

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004070065A1 true WO2004070065A1 (en) 2004-08-19

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/FI2004/050001 WO2004070065A1 (en) 2003-02-07 2004-01-14 Method for surface hardening of thermo rolls

Country Status (5)

Country Link
JP (1) JP2006518418A (en)
DE (1) DE112004000112T5 (en)
FI (1) FI115773B (en)
GB (1) GB2410959B (en)
WO (1) WO2004070065A1 (en)

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4715907A (en) * 1985-07-08 1987-12-29 Tocco, Inc. Method for heat treating ferrous parts
EP0505343B1 (en) * 1991-03-20 1997-05-21 Valmet Corporation Process for the manufacture of a roll and a roll
WO2002024964A1 (en) * 2000-09-15 2002-03-28 Metso Paper, Inc. Method for making a roll shell of a roll used in the manufacture or further processing of paper and/or board

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4715907A (en) * 1985-07-08 1987-12-29 Tocco, Inc. Method for heat treating ferrous parts
EP0505343B1 (en) * 1991-03-20 1997-05-21 Valmet Corporation Process for the manufacture of a roll and a roll
WO2002024964A1 (en) * 2000-09-15 2002-03-28 Metso Paper, Inc. Method for making a roll shell of a roll used in the manufacture or further processing of paper and/or board

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI20035082A (en) 2004-08-08
FI20035082A0 (en) 2003-06-03
GB2410959A (en) 2005-08-17
GB0512223D0 (en) 2005-07-27
GB2410959B (en) 2006-01-25
FI115773B (en) 2005-07-15
JP2006518418A (en) 2006-08-10
DE112004000112T5 (en) 2005-10-27

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