WO2004056480A1 - Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins - Google Patents
Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004056480A1 WO2004056480A1 PCT/ZA2003/000188 ZA0300188W WO2004056480A1 WO 2004056480 A1 WO2004056480 A1 WO 2004056480A1 ZA 0300188 W ZA0300188 W ZA 0300188W WO 2004056480 A1 WO2004056480 A1 WO 2004056480A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- phenyl
- methoxyphenyl
- bis
- zirconium dichloride
- methyl
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 78
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 41
- 125000004172 4-methoxyphenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(OC([H])([H])[H])=C([H])C([H])=C1* 0.000 claims description 36
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- CPOFMOWDMVWCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(oxo)alumane Chemical compound C[Al]=O CPOFMOWDMVWCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 claims description 6
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- YVSMQHYREUQGRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyloxaluminane Chemical compound CC[Al]1CCCCO1 YVSMQHYREUQGRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BGGKSZPSSRGVTP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-methyl-1h-inden-1-ide;zirconium(4+);dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zr+4].C1=CC=C2[CH-]C(C)=CC2=C1.C1=CC=C2[CH-]C(C)=CC2=C1 BGGKSZPSSRGVTP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- WBKDDMYJLXVBNI-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound [Cr+3].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O WBKDDMYJLXVBNI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- FMSGEJIFDJSPCE-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlorozirconium;1-(2-inden-1-ylethyl)indene Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl.[CH]1[CH][C]2C=CC=C[C]2[C]1CC[C]1[C]2C=CC=C[C]2[CH][CH]1 FMSGEJIFDJSPCE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FJMJPZLXUXRLLD-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]([SiH](C)C)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]([SiH](C)C)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 FJMJPZLXUXRLLD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002899 organoaluminium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WVSBQYMJNMJHIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (benzene)chromium tricarbonyl Chemical compound [Cr].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].C1=CC=CC=C1 WVSBQYMJNMJHIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCEOZLISXJGWSW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentane;trichlorotitanium Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].CC1=C(C)C(C)([Ti+3])C(C)=C1C QCEOZLISXJGWSW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- FOKGVHRHBBEPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentane;trichlorozirconium Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)Cl.C[C]1[C](C)[C](C)[C](C)[C]1C FOKGVHRHBBEPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- OZYOFBYUNKIYFO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclopentane;trichlorozirconium Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)Cl.C[C]1[CH][C](C)[C](C)[C]1C OZYOFBYUNKIYFO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Chemical compound CNNC DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002030 1,2-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:1])=C([*:2])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- FFGSRLSYOANMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(3-bromo-4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)ethanone Chemical compound BrC1=CC(C(=O)C)=CC=C1N1CCOCC1 FFGSRLSYOANMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NFPYAMXNKNDVDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dichloro-6-methylbenzonitrile Chemical compound CC1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1C#N NFPYAMXNKNDVDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YNZADISZSFJHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-(2-methylpropyl)cyclopenta-1,3-diene;zirconium(4+);dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zr+4].CC(C)CC1=[C-]CC=C1.CC(C)CC1=[C-]CC=C1 YNZADISZSFJHEN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004198 2-fluorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(F)=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- SESQOVINGFJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCC(C)COC(=O)C(C)=C SESQOVINGFJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HTUQMBTYIHSYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 4,7-dimethyl-2h-inden-2-ide;zirconium(4+);dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zr+4].CC1=CC=C(C)C2=C1C=C[CH-]2.CC1=CC=C(C)C2=C1C=C[CH-]2 HTUQMBTYIHSYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001255 4-fluorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C1F 0.000 claims description 2
- UQRONKZLYKUEMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)pent-4-en-2-one Chemical group CC(=C)CC(=O)Cc1c(C)cc(C)cc1C UQRONKZLYKUEMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RDWHKWXYJQUZNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-propan-2-yl-1,3-thiazole-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CSC(C(O)=O)=N1 RDWHKWXYJQUZNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RSPAIISXQHXRKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 5-butylcyclopenta-1,3-diene;zirconium(4+);dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr+2]Cl.CCCCC1=CC=C[CH-]1.CCCCC1=CC=C[CH-]1 RSPAIISXQHXRKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- GHUNGDAEQRFFMV-UHFFFAOYSA-L CC(C)=[Zr](Cl)(Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 Chemical compound CC(C)=[Zr](Cl)(Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 GHUNGDAEQRFFMV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- BFFXFEOVBDKKBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L CCCC1=CC(C)(C=C1)[Zr](Cl)(Cl)C1(C)C=CC(CCC)=C1 Chemical compound CCCC1=CC(C)(C=C1)[Zr](Cl)(Cl)C1(C)C=CC(CCC)=C1 BFFXFEOVBDKKBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- VWOTWOPAYZNLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-L C[SiH]C.Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 Chemical compound C[SiH]C.Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 VWOTWOPAYZNLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ZFXPNCZNUZIOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)(C1C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)=C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)(C1C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)=C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZFXPNCZNUZIOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- SVHPGKHHBXQFLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)(C1c2ccccc2-c2ccccc12)=C(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)(C1c2ccccc2-c2ccccc12)=C(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 SVHPGKHHBXQFLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910007161 Si(CH3)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BWUKAWLFMALYIV-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Hf+2](C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1)[SiH](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Hf+2](C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1)[SiH](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 BWUKAWLFMALYIV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- RLEZACANRPOGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C1CC2CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]([SiH](C)C)C1C2=CC=CCC2CC1 Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C1CC2CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]([SiH](C)C)C1C2=CC=CCC2CC1 RLEZACANRPOGPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- LEOYKWIXWJXYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].CC1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]([SiH](C)C)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1C Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].CC1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr+2]([SiH](C)C)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1C LEOYKWIXWJXYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002178 anthracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003917 carbamoyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- KDKNVCQXFIBDBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbanide;1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentane;zirconium(2+) Chemical group [CH3-].[CH3-].[Zr+2].C[C]1[C](C)[C](C)[C](C)[C]1C.C[C]1[C](C)[C](C)[C](C)[C]1C KDKNVCQXFIBDBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006297 carbonyl amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:2])C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005708 carbonyloxy group Chemical group [*:2]OC([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 2
- TYYBBNOTQFVVKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(2+);cyclopenta-1,3-diene Chemical compound [Cr+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 TYYBBNOTQFVVKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RPBPCPJJHKASGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);octanoate Chemical compound [Cr+3].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O RPBPCPJJHKASGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- CYOMBOLDXZUMBU-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);oxolane;trichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cr+3].C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1 CYOMBOLDXZUMBU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- MJSNUBOCVAKFIJ-LNTINUHCSA-N chromium;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Cr].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O MJSNUBOCVAKFIJ-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- AWFXHQIYNZSYGK-UHFFFAOYSA-L cyclopenta-1,3-diene;9h-fluoren-9-ide;propan-2-ylidenezirconium(2+);dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].CC(C)=[Zr+2].C1C=CC=[C-]1.C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3[CH-]C2=C1 AWFXHQIYNZSYGK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- JAGHDVYKBYUAFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L cyclopenta-1,3-diene;titanium(4+);dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ti+4].C1C=CC=[C-]1.C1C=CC=[C-]1 JAGHDVYKBYUAFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- BMTKGBCFRKGOOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cyclopenta-1,3-diene;zirconium(4+);trichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Zr+4].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 BMTKGBCFRKGOOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- QRUYYSPCOGSZGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cyclopentane;dichlorozirconium Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl.[CH]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1.[CH]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1 QRUYYSPCOGSZGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- SSLYIXHGTXGSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cyclopentane;dichlorozirconium;indene Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl.[CH]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1.C1=CC=C[C]2[CH][CH][CH][C]21 SSLYIXHGTXGSJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- JJQHEAPVGPSOKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L cyclopentyl(trimethyl)silane;dichlorozirconium Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl.C[Si](C)(C)[C]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1.C[Si](C)(C)[C]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1 JJQHEAPVGPSOKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- IVTQDRJBWSBJQM-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlorozirconium;indene Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C1[Zr](Cl)(Cl)C1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 IVTQDRJBWSBJQM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- LOKCKYUBKHNUCV-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlorozirconium;methylcyclopentane Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl.C[C]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1.C[C]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1 LOKCKYUBKHNUCV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- VIMUQFAJSXTQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlorozirconium;trimethyl-(3-trimethylsilylcyclopentyl)silane Chemical compound C1=CC([Si](C)(C)C)=CC1([Si](C)(C)C)[Zr](Cl)(Cl)C1([Si](C)(C)C)C=C([Si](C)(C)C)C=C1 VIMUQFAJSXTQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylmethane Natural products CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MSBGLMWCKRSNHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-chloro-2,2-diphenylacetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(Cl)(C(=O)OCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 MSBGLMWCKRSNHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003454 indenyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NXPHGHWWQRMDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;carbanide;bromide Chemical compound [CH3-].[Mg+2].[Br-] NXPHGHWWQRMDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- AQYCWSHDYILNJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 6-methyl-3-oxo-4h-1,4-benzoxazine-8-carboxylate Chemical compound N1C(=O)COC2=C1C=C(C)C=C2C(=O)OC AQYCWSHDYILNJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DVSDBMFJEQPWNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyllithium Chemical compound C[Li] DVSDBMFJEQPWNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- YALAVAYMNJCEBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-chloro-3-formylpyridin-4-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(=O)NC1=CC=NC(Cl)=C1C=O YALAVAYMNJCEBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- WCXXBFNWCCIYQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N peropyren Chemical compound C12=C3C4=CC=C2C=CC=C1C=CC3=C1C=CC2=CC=CC3=CC=C4C1=C32 WCXXBFNWCCIYQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002568 propynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001494 silver tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004014 thioethyl group Chemical group [H]SC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- DWTTZBARDOXEAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zearalenone Chemical compound O=C1OC(C)CCCC(O)CCCCCC2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C21 DWTTZBARDOXEAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- DPSOUODMTOWXTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=C(C)C(C)([Ti])C(C)=C1C Chemical compound CC1=C(C)C(C)([Ti])C(C)=C1C DPSOUODMTOWXTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Natural products C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011954 Ziegler–Natta catalyst Substances 0.000 claims 1
- MIILMDFFARLWKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichlorozirconium;1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentane Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].CC1=C(C)C(C)=C(C)C1(C)[Zr+2]C1(C)C(C)=C(C)C(C)=C1C MIILMDFFARLWKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 54
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene Substances C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 9
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical group O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VPGLGRNSAYHXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L zirconium(2+);dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl VPGLGRNSAYHXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UYRPRYSDOVYCOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-diphenylphosphanylbenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 UYRPRYSDOVYCOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920010126 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BFLUIEKBBGCQAU-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C1(C=CC=C1)[Ti+2][SiH](C)C Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C1(C=CC=C1)[Ti+2][SiH](C)C BFLUIEKBBGCQAU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Chemical group [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XEHUIDSUOAGHBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Cr].CC(=O)CC(C)=O.CC(=O)CC(C)=O.CC(=O)CC(C)=O XEHUIDSUOAGHBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000769 gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclopentane Chemical compound CC1CCCC1 GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Substances C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L titanium(ii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ti+2] ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylaluminium Chemical compound CC[Al](CC)CC VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCULRUJILOGHCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triisobutylaluminium Chemical compound CC(C)C[Al](CC(C)C)CC(C)C MCULRUJILOGHCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QNJUXDQESJRITJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-diethylphosphanyl-n-(2-diethylphosphanylethyl)ethanamine Chemical compound CCP(CC)CCNCCP(CC)CC QNJUXDQESJRITJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OCZRLOJECISNAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-chlorophenyl)oxane-2,6-dione Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1CC(=O)OC(=O)C1 OCZRLOJECISNAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000590 4-methylphenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006539 C12 alkyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- ILOMBJKMBZBKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[Ti+](C)C.Cc1c(C)c(C)[c-](C)c1C Chemical compound C[Ti+](C)C.Cc1c(C)c(C)[c-](C)c1C ILOMBJKMBZBKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102000010909 Monoamine Oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010062431 Monoamine oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWBQLBWEZNRIMA-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C(CCCCCCC)C1(C=CC=C1)[Zr+2]C1(C=CC=C1)CCCCCCCC Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C(CCCCCCC)C1(C=CC=C1)[Zr+2]C1(C=CC=C1)CCCCCCCC KWBQLBWEZNRIMA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OBXISDDXPAUQCR-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cl-].[Cl-].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)C1(C=CC=C1)[Zr+2]C1(C=CC=C1)CCCCCCCCCCCC Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)C1(C=CC=C1)[Zr+2]C1(C=CC=C1)CCCCCCCCCCCC OBXISDDXPAUQCR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OKPFRHMGNFRBIW-UHFFFAOYSA-L [SiH](c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1.Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)C1c2ccccc2-c2ccccc12 Chemical compound [SiH](c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1.Cl[Zr](Cl)(C1C=CC=C1)C1c2ccccc2-c2ccccc12 OKPFRHMGNFRBIW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000005234 alkyl aluminium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium isopropoxide Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000071 blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006664 bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001844 chromium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- YNLAOSYQHBDIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethylaluminium chloride Chemical compound CC[Al](Cl)CC YNLAOSYQHBDIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- JGHYBJVUQGTEEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethylalumanylium;chloride Chemical compound C[Al](C)Cl JGHYBJVUQGTEEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- UAIZDWNSWGTKFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L ethylaluminum(2+);dichloride Chemical compound CC[Al](Cl)Cl UAIZDWNSWGTKFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hectorite Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Mg+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O[Si]([O-])(O1)O[Si]1([O-])O2 KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000271 hectorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cycloheptane Natural products CC1CCCCCC1 GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSTQWZZQKCCBAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L methylaluminum(2+);dichloride Chemical compound C[Al](Cl)Cl YSTQWZZQKCCBAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000004092 methylthiomethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])SC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002097 pentamethylcyclopentadienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001175 rotational moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002088 tosyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1C([H])([H])[H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- LGQXXHMEBUOXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl borate Chemical compound CCCCOB(OCCCC)OCCCC LGQXXHMEBUOXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylborane Chemical compound CCB(CC)CC LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFXVBWRMVZPLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctylalumane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Al](CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC LFXVBWRMVZPLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1B(C=1C(=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C=1F)F)C1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010507 β-hydride elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
- C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/26—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds
- C07C2/36—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds as phosphines, arsines, stilbines or bismuthines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
- B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
- B01J31/1875—Phosphinites (R2P(OR), their isomeric phosphine oxides (R3P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof)
- B01J31/188—Amide derivatives thereof
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Definitions
- This invention relates to a tandem tetramerisation and polymerisation catalyst system and a process for the production of branched polyolefins wherein the polymerisation catalyst can be homogeneous or supported on a support medium.
- This invention relates to catalyst systems that facilitate the selective production of 1- octene in combination with a suitable polymerisation catalyst so that the in situ polymerisation of the formed 1 -octene with the available ethylene feedstock takes place.
- ethylene tetramerisation and polymerisation take place at the same time under the same reaction conditions.
- oligomerisation catalysts used in this application that are used for the production of 1 -octene
- the art does not teach a commercially successful process for the tetramerisation of ethylene to produce 1 -octene selectively.
- Conventional ethylene oligomerisation technologies produce a range of ⁇ -olefins following either a Schulz-Flory or Poisson product distribution. By definition, these mathematical distributions limit the mass % of the tetramer that can be formed and make a distribution of products.
- a nickel catalyst comprising a chelating ligand, preferably 2-diphenyl phosphino benzoic acid (DPPBA), a nickel compound, preferably NiCI 2 .6H 2 O, and a catalyst activator, preferably sodium tetraphenylborate, catalyse the oligomerisation of ethylene to yield a mixture of linear olefins containing 1 -octene.
- DPPBA 2-diphenyl phosphino benzoic acid
- a nickel compound preferably NiCI 2 .6H 2 O
- a catalyst activator preferably sodium tetraphenylborate
- Ziegler-type technologies based on trialkylaluminium catalysts are also commercially used to oligomerise ethylene to produce mixtures of olefins that reportedly contain 13-25 mass % 1-octene (Chem Systems PERP reports 90-1 , 93-6, and 94/95S12).
- chromium-based catalysts containing heteroatomic ligands with both phosphorus and nitrogen heteroatoms selectively catalyse the trimerisation of ethylene to 1-hexene.
- heteroatomic ligands for ethylene trimerisation include bis(2-diethylphosphino-ethyl) amine (WO 03/053891 ) as well as (o-methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(methyl)P(o-methoxyphenyl) 2 (WO 02/04119). Both these catalyst systems and processes are very specific for the production of 1-hexene and only yield 1-octene as an impurity (typically less than 3 mass % of the product mixture as disclosed by WO 02/04119).
- the coordinating phosphorus heteroatoms in (o- methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(methyl)P(o-methoxyphenyl) 2 are spaced apart by one nitrogen atom. It is believed that the nitrogen atom does not coordinate, at least in the absence of an activator, with the chromium and that without any further electron donating atoms on the ligand that it is a bidentate system. Furthermore it is argued that the polar, or electron donating substituents in the ortho-position of the phenyl groups help form a tridentate system, which is generally believed to enhance selectivity towards 1-hexene formation as reiterated in WO 02/04119 in Chem.
- WO 02/04119 (Example 16) teaches the production of octenes using a trimerisation of olefins process and catalyst system. In this instance, 1-butene was co- trimerised with two ethylene molecules to give 25% octenes. However, the nature of these octenes was not disclosed and the applicant believes that they consist of a mixture of linear and branched octenes.
- This application discloses the combination of highly selective tetramerisation cocatalysts for the production of 1-octene and the concomitant polymerisation of the tetramerised olefin with the ethylene feedstock. It has further been found that a chromium-based catalyst containing mixed heteroatomic ligands can be used to selectively tetramerise ethylene to 1-octene often in excess of 60 mass% selectivity. This high 1-octene selectivity cannot be achieved via conventional one-step ethylene oligomerisation technologies which at most yield 25 mass% 1-octene and the present invention confers the suitability of a selective 1-octene yielding catalyst for in situ polymerisation.
- heterogeneous polymerisation processes that mention the polymerisation of in situ formed ⁇ -olefins to yield branched by-products of the polymerisation process are known in the art. However, few examples are available describing the combination of a heterogeneous polymerisation catalyst on a support and a homogeneous oligomerisation catalyst, or the combination of two homogeneous catalyst systems where one system produces an ⁇ -olefin and the other catalyst polymerises the olefin formed in situ as a comonomer with ethylene.
- tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis involving a supported polymerisation catalyst include US patent 5,331 ,070 and EP 0 4,17 477 in which a metal alkyl, a pyrrole- containing compound and a chromium salt supported on an inorganic support material polymerises an in situ generated ⁇ -olefin to yield a branched polyethylene.
- Tandem catalysis involving heterogeneous polymerisation catalysts mostly does not involve the combination of a separate oligomerisation catalyst together with a supported polymerisation catalyst as proposed in this application. Due to the nature and geometry of the supported polymerisation catalyst, the formation of ⁇ -olefins through ⁇ -hydride elimination is possible to some extent, however the formation of polymers is thermodynamically and kinetically more favoured. After an ⁇ -olefin is produced it has a high probability to be incorporated into other growing polymer chains as the process of chain growth proceeds from the surface of the support material. In this way, polymers containing relatively low amounts of ⁇ -olefins are produced without significant control over the extent of ⁇ -olefin incorporation or the resultant polymer architecture.
- LLDPE linear low-density polyethylene
- the combination of the highly selective ethylene tetramerisation catalyst system of the present disclosure with a suitable polymerisation catalyst can therefore result in a tandem process that produces polyethylene grades with high end-user specifications without the need of a separate facility or process to manufacture the 1-octene.
- tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis includes in situ catalysis.
- In-situ catalysis means oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis in the same reaction medium.
- the tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis may be in situ concurrent and/or in situ consecutive catalysis.
- the individual components of the oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysts may thus be added together simultaneously or sequentially, in any order, and in the presence or absence of monomer in a suitable solvent.
- Reaction mixture will be understood to include a reaction medium, reaction products and catalyst components.
- the reaction medium normally includes a solvent. Summary of the invention
- This invention generally relates to the need for selectively producing 1-octene from ethylene and concomitant polymerisation of this monomer with ethylene can be satisfied by using a separate distinct transition metai-based ethylene tetramerisation catalyst system containing a heteroatomic ligand in tandem with a separate distinct polymerisation catalyst comprising a transition metal and hetero or homoatomic ligands.
- homoatomic means a ligand that consists entirely of similar atoms such as carbon that constitute the skeleton of the ligand such as the cyclopentadienyl ligand for example.
- a process for polymerising olefins to produce branched polyolefins in the presence of a polymerisation catalyst and a cocatalyst wherein the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 30% and the 1-octene produced is at least partially incorporated into the polyolefin chain.
- the invention allows the cocatalyst and/or process conditions to be selected to produce more than 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% 1-octene and the said 1-octene is at least partially incorporated into the polyolefin chain.
- % will be understood to be a mass %.
- the branched polyolefin may be a branched polyethylene.
- the branched polyolefin may be linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).
- the cocatalyst may be an ethylene tetramerisation catalyst, which includes a transition metal precursor and a heteroatomic ligand.
- tetramerisation refers to a catalytic reaction of a single olefinic monomer or a mixture of olefinic monomers giving products enriched in tetramers derived from those olefinic monomers.
- the tetramerisation product stream may consist of linear or branched olefins.
- heteroatomic tetramerisation ligand a ligand that contains at least two heteroatoms, which can be the same or different, where the heteroatoms may be selected from phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, oxygen, bismuth, selenium or nitrogen.
- the heteroatomic ligand for the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst may be described by the following general formula (R) n A-B-C(R) m where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, bismuth, sulphur, selenium, and nitrogen, and B is a linking group between A and C, and R is independently selected from any homo or heterohydrocarbyl group and n and m are determined by the respective valence and oxidation state of A and C.
- a and/or C may be a potential electron donor for coordination with the transition metal.
- An electron donor is defined as that entity that donates electrons used in chemical, including dative covalent, bond formation.
- the heteroatomic ligand for the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst may be described by the following general formula (R 1 )(R 2 )A-B-C(R 3 )(R 4 ) where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and nitrogen and B is a linking group between A and C, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrocarbyl or heterohydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl or substituted heterohydrocarbyl groups.
- the heteroatomic ligand for the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst may be described by the following general formula (R 1 )(R 2 )A-B-C(R 3 )(R 4 ) where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and nitrogen and B is a linking group between A and C, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently non-aromatic or aromatic, including heteroaromatic, groups.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be aromatic, including heteroaromatic, groups and preferably not all the groups R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , if aromatic, have a substituent on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may have substituents on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
- At least one or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be substituted with a polar substituent on a second or further atom from the atom bound to A or C.
- Any polar substituents on R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may preferably not be on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
- Any polar substituent on one or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be electron-donating.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be not electron-donating.
- each non-electron donating substituent may be non-polar.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be aromatic, including heteroaromatic, but not all of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are substituted by any substituent on an atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may have substituents on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
- Polar is defined by IUPAC as an entity with a permanent electric dipole moment.
- Polar substituents include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, C 3 -C 20 alkoxy, phenoxy, pentafluorophenoxy, trimethylsiloxy, dimethylamino, methylsulfanyl, tosyl, methoxymethy, methylthiomethyl, 1 ,3-oxazolyl, methoxymethoxy, hydroxyl, amino, phosphino, arsino, stibino, sulphate, nitro and the like.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may independently be linked to one or more of each other or to the linking group B to form a cyclic structure together with A and C, A and B or B and C.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 in the tetramerisation ligand may be independently selected from a group comprising a benzyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, phenoxy, tolyloxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, methylethylamino, thiophenyl, pyridyl, thioethyl, thiophenoxy, trimethylsilyl, dimethylhydrazyl, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, propyl, butyl, propenyl, propynyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, ferrocenyl and tetrahydrofuranyl group.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may independently be selected from a group comprising
- B may be selected from any one of a group comprising: organic linking groups comprising a hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl and a substituted heterohydrocarbyl; inorganic linking groups comprising single atom links; ionic links and a group comprising methylene, dimethylmethylene, 1 ,2-ethane, 1 ,2-phenylene, 1 ,2- propane, 1 ,2-catechol, 1 ,2-dimethylhydrazine, -B(R 5 )-, -Si(R 5 ) 2 -, -P(R 5 )- and -N(R 5 )- where R 5 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, a substituted heteroatom or a halogen.
- B may be -N(R 5 )- and R 5 is a hydrocarbyl or a substituted hydrocarbyl group.
- R 5 may be hydrogen or may be selected from the groups consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, halogen, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, carbonyloxy, alkoxy, aminocarbonyl, carbonylamino, dialkylamino, silyl groups or derivatives thereof, and aryl substituted with any of these substituents.
- R 5 may be an isopropyl, a 1-cyclohexylethyl, a 2- methylcyclohexyl or a 2-octyl group.
- any of the groups in the ligand for the tetramerisation catalyst, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 may include any cyclic heteroatomic group such as a cyclopentadienyl-dimethylsilyl-t-butyl group or a cyclic homoatomic group such as a cyclopentadienyl, indenyl or fluorene group .
- a single atom linking spacer is defined as a substituted or non-substituted atom that is bound directly to A and C.
- a and/or C may be independently oxidised by S, Se, N or O.
- a and C may be independently phosphorus or phosphorus oxidised by S or Se or N or O.
- the tetramerisation ligand may also contain multiple (R) n A-B-C(R) m units.
- ligands include dendrimeric ligands as well as ligands where the individual units are coupled either via one or more of the R groups or via the linking group B . More specific, but not limiting, examples of such ligands may include 1 ,2-di- (N(P(phenyl) 2 ) 2 )-benzene, 1 ,4-di-(N(P(phenyl) 2 ) 2 )-benzene, N(CH 2 CH 2 N(P(phenyl) ?
- heteroatomic ligands for tetramerisation can be prepared using procedures known to one skilled in the art and procedures disclosed in published literature.
- Examples of ligands are: (phenyl) 2 PN(methyl)P(phenyl) 2 , (phenyl) 2 PN(pentyl)P(phenyl) 2 ,
- Examples of ligands with polar substituents on R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 include: (m- methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(methyl)P(m-methoxyphenyl) 2, (p-methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(methyl)P(p- methoxyphenyl) 2 , (m-methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(m-methoxyphenyl) 2 ,(p- methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 , (p-methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(2- ethylhexyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 , (tn-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(phenyl) 2 and (p-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(phenyl) 2 , (m- meth
- the heteroatomic tetramerisation ligand can be modified to be attached to a polymer chain so that the resulting heteroatomic coordination complex of the transition metal is soluble at elevated temperatures, but becomes insoluble at 25°C.
- This approach would enable the recovery of the complex from the reaction mixture for reuse and has been used for other catalyst as described by D.E. Bergbreiter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1987, 109, 177-179.
- these transition metal complexes can also be immobilised by binding the heteroatomic ligands to silica, silica gel, polysiloxane or alumina backbone as, for example, demonstrated by C. Yuanyin et al., Chinese J. React. Pol., 1992, 1(2), 152-159 for immobilising platinum complexes.
- the process may include the step of generating a heteroatomic tetramerisation coordination complex from a transition metal precursor and a heteroatomic ligand and adding a polymerisation catalyst either at the same time or over a period of time.
- the process may include the step of adding a pre- formed coordination complex, prepared using a heteroatomic ligand and a transition metal precursor, to a reaction mixture, or the step of adding separately to the reactor, a heteroatomic ligand and a transition metal precursor such that a heteroatomic coordination complex of a transition metal is generated in situ.
- the polymerisation catalyst may be added to the reactor at the same time as the tetramerisation catalyst or the polymerisation catalyst may be fed sequentially into the reactor over a period of time.
- generating a heteroatomic coordination complex in situ is meant that the complex is generated in the medium in which catalysis takes place.
- the heteroatomic coordination complex is generated in situ.
- the transition metal precursor, and heteroatomic ligand are combined (both in situ and ex situ) to provide metal/ligand ratios from about 0.01 :100 to 10 000:1 , and preferably, from about 0.1 :1 to 10:1.
- the tetramerisation cocatalyst as defined previously to include a transition metal precursor and a heteroatomic ligand, can be combined with the polymerisation catalyst in the ratio 0.01 :100 to 10 000:1, and preferably, from about 1 :1 to 100:1.
- the transition metal may be selected from any one of a group comprising chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, vanadium and zirconium, preferably chromium.
- the transition metal precursor which, upon mixing with the heteroatomic ligand and an activator, catalyses ethylene tetramerisation in accordance with the invention may be a simple inorganic or organic salt, a coordination or organometallic complex and may be selected from any one of a group comprising chromium trichloride tris-tetrahydrofuran complex, (benzene)-tricarbonyl chromium, chromium (III) octanoate, chromium hexacarbonyl, chromium (III) acetylacetonate and chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate.
- the preferred transition metal precursors include chromium (111) acetylacetonate and chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate.
- the process may include the step of combining in any order a heteroatomic ligand with a transition metal precursor, a polymerisation catalyst and an activator.
- suitable polymerisation catalysts for the polymerisation of ethylene and the in situ synthesised 1-octene include but are not limited to the following:
- R belongs to the group comprising of alkyl, substituted alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkene and substituted alkene, and the like.
- Cyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride pentamethylcyclopentadienyl titanium trichloride, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-titanium trimethoxide, trimethyl-titanium- pentamethylcyclopentadienide, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, tetramethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, 1 ,2,4-trimethylcyclopentadienyl- zirconium trichloride CARBON-BRIDGED METALLOCENES
- the activator for use in the process may in principle be any compound that generates an active catalyst when combined with the heteroatomic ligand and the transition metal precursor. Mixtures of activators may also be used. Suitable compounds include organoaluminium compounds, organoboron compounds, organic salts, such as methyllithium and methylmagnesium bromide, inorganic acids and salts, such as tetrafluoroboric acid etherate, silver tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluoroantimonate and the like.
- Suitable organoaluminium compounds include compounds of the formula AIR 3 , where each R is independently a C C 12 alkyl, an oxygen containing moiety or a halide, and compounds such as LiAIH 4 and the like. Examples include trimethylaluminium (TMA), triethylaluminium (TEA), tri-isobutylaluminium (TIBA), tri-n-octylaluminium, methylaluminium dichloride, ethylaluminium dichloride, dimethylaluminium chloride, diethylaluminium chloride, aluminium isopropoxide, ethylaluminiumsesquichloride, methylaluminiumsesquichloride, and aluminoxanes.
- TMA trimethylaluminium
- TEA triethylaluminium
- TIBA tri-isobutylaluminium
- tri-n-octylaluminium methylaluminium dichloride
- Aluminoxanes are well known in the art as oligomeric compounds which can be prepared by the controlled addition of water to an alkylaluminium compound, for example trimethylaluminium. Such compounds can be linear, cyclic, cages or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of different aluminoxanes may also be used in the process.
- organoboron compounds examples include boroxines, NaBH , triethylborane, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, tributyl borate and the like.
- the activator may also be or contain a compound that acts as a reducing or oxidising agent, such as sodium or zinc metal and the like, or oxygen and the like.
- the activator may be selected from alkylaluminoxanes such as methylaluminoxane (MAO) and ethylaluminoxane (EAO) as well as modified alkylaluminoxanes such as modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO).
- alkylaluminoxanes such as methylaluminoxane (MAO) and ethylaluminoxane (EAO)
- modified alkylaluminoxanes such as modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO).
- Modified methylaluminoxane (a commercial product from Akzo Nobel) contains modifier groups such as isobutyl or /7-octyl groups, in addition to methyl groups.
- the transition metal precursor of the tetramerisation catalyst and the aluminoxane may be combined in proportions to provide Al/metal ratios from about 1 :1 to 10 000:1 , preferably from about 1 :1 to 1000:1, and more preferably from 1 :1 to 300:1.
- the process may include the step of adding to the catalyst system (including both the polymerisation and olefin tetramerisation catalysts) a trialkylaluminium compound in amounts of between 0.01 to 1000 mol per mol of alkylaluminoxane.
- aluminoxanes generally also contain considerable quantities of the corresponding trialkylaluminium compounds used in their preparation. The presence of these trialkylaluminium compounds in aluminoxanes can be attributed to their incomplete hydrolysis with water. Any quantity of a trialkylaluminium compound quoted in this disclosure is additional to alkylaluminium compounds contained within the aluminoxanes.
- the activator may also be a binuclear cocatalyst such as a bisborane 1 ,4- (C6F 5 ) 2 B(C 6 F 4 )B-(C 6 F 5 ) 2 .
- This binuclear cocatalyst may be combined with the tetramerisation and polymerisation catalysts in such a way that a bimolecular species may be formed that has metal centres in close molecular proximity.
- the catalyst systems or its individual components, in accordance with the invention, or its individual components, may also be immobilised by supporting it on a support material, for example, silica, alumina, MgCI 2 , zirconia, artificial hectorite or smectorite clays such as LaponiteTM RD or mixtures thereof, or on a polymer, for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or poly(aminostyrene).
- the catalyst can be formed in situ in the presence of the support material, or the support can be pre- impregnated or premixed, simultaneously or sequentially, with one or more of the catalyst components or the polymerisation catalyst.
- the support material can also act as a component of the activator.
- the support can also act as a catalyst component, for example where such supports contain aluminoxane functionalities or where the support is capable of performing similar chemical functions as an aluminoxane, which is for instance the case with IOLATM (a commercial product from Grace Davison).
- a tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation process for the oligomerisation of ethylene to produce an olefinic product stream and the in situ polymerisation of the oligomeric olefin with ethylene, the process including the step of contacting the olefins with an oligomerisation catalyst, which catalyst includes a heteroatomic ligand and a transition metal precursor, and a polymerisation catalyst, which catalyst includes a transition metal and and/or a homo- or heteroatomic ligand.
- the oligomerisation catalyst may be an ethylene tetramerisation catalyst.
- the tetramerisation process includes the step of contacting an olefinic feedstream with a catalyst system which includes a transition metal and a heteroatomic ligand and wherein the product of the tetramerisation process is an olefin and the olefin is concomitantly copolymerised with the olefinic feedstream by contacting the olefins produced in the first step and the olefinic feedstream with a catalyst comprising of a transition metal and/or a homo- or heteroatomic ligand.
- homoatomic means a ligand that consists entirely of similar atoms such as carbon that constitute the skeleton of the ligand such as the cyclopentadienyl ligand for example.
- the ethylene to be tetramerised and polymerised can be introduced into the process according to the invention in a continuous or batch fashion.
- tandem catalysis product stream will be understood to include a polymer, which polymer is produced according to the invention in a continuous or batch fashion.
- the process may include a process for tetramerisation of ethylene to selectively yield 1- octene.
- the process may be a process for tetramerisation of ethylene and concomitant polymerisation of the produced 1-octene with ethylene .
- the ethylene may be contacted with the catalyst system comprising of the tetramerisation catalyst and the polymerisation catalyst at a pressure of 1 barg, preferably greater than 10 barg, more preferably greater than 30 barg.
- the tandem catalysis process may include the step of mixing the components of the catalyst systems (both the tetramerisation catalyst and the polymerisation catalyst) at any temperature between -20°C and 250°C in the presence of an olefin.
- the preferred temperature range being 20 °C - 100 °C.
- the individual components of both catalyst systems described herein may be combined simultaneously or sequentially in any order, and in the presence or absence of a solvent, in order to give active catalysts.
- the presence of an olefin during the mixing of the catalyst components generally provides a protective effect which may result in improved catalyst performance.
- the preferred temperature range may be between 20°C and 100°C.
- reaction products derived from the tandem catalysis process as described herein may be prepared using the disclosed catalyst system by a homogeneous liquid phase reaction in the presence or absence of an inert solvent, and/or by slurry reaction where the catalyst system is in a form that displays little or no solubility, and/or a two-phase liquid/liquid reaction, and/or a bulk phase reaction in which neat reagent and/or product olefins serve as the dominant medium, and/or gas phase reaction, using conventional equipment and contacting techniques.
- the tandem catalysis process may also be carried out in an inert solvent.
- Any inert solvent that does not react with the activator can be used.
- These inert solvents may include, saturated aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon.
- Typical solvents include, but are not limited to, benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, heptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, ionic liquids and the like.
- the tandem catalysis process may be carried out at pressures from atmospheric to 500 barg. Ethylene pressures in the range of 10-70 barg are preferred. Particularly preferred pressures range from 30-50 barg.
- the tandem catalysis process may be carried out at temperatures from -20 °C - 250 °C. Temperatures in the range of 15-130 °C are preferred. Particularly preferred temperatures range from 35-150°C.
- the tandem catalysis process may be carried out in a plant which includes any type of reactor.
- reactors include, but are not limited to, batch reactors, semi- batch reactors and continuous reactors.
- the plant may include, in combination a) a reactor, b) at least one inlet line into this reactor for olefin reactant and the catalyst system, c) effluent lines from this reactor for polymerisation reaction products, and d) at least one separator to separate the desired polymerisation reaction products, wherein the catalyst system may include a heteroatomic ligand, a transition metal precursor, a polymerisation catalyst and an activator, as described herein.
- first reactor may be a continuously stirred tank reactor and the second reactor may be a batch, continuously stirred tank reactor or a plug-flow reactor.
- Polymer samples were dried under vacuum for 12 hours prior to characterisation. Polymers were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine melting points and 13 C NMR for the determination of the mol% incorporation of ⁇ -olefins. Where possible the remaining liquid after tandem polymerisation was analysed by GC- FID for residual olefin composition.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- Example 1 Ethylene tetramerisation reaction using CrCI 3 (THF 3 ), (p- methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 and MAO
- a solution of 9.8 mg of (p-methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 (0.018 mmol) in 10 ml of toluene was added to a solution of 5.6 mg CrCI 3 (THF) 3 (0.015 mmol) in 10 ml toluene in a Schlenk vessel.
- the mixture was stirred for 5 min at ambient temperature and was then transferred to a 300 ml pressure reactor (autoclave) containing a mixture of toluene (80ml) and MAO (methylaluminoxane, 4.5 mmol) at 40°C.
- the pressure reactor was charged with ethylene after which the reactor temperature was maintained at 45°C, while the ethylene pressure was kept at 45 barg. Thorough mixing was ensured throughout by mixing speeds of 1100 RPM's using a gas entraining stirrer.
- the reaction was terminated after 30 minutes by discontinuing the ethylene feed to the reactor and cooling the reactor to below 10°C.
- the liquid contained in the autoclave was quenched with ethanol followed by 10% hydrochloric acid in water.
- Nonane was added as an internal standard for the analysis of the liquid phase by GC-FID.
- a small sample of the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then analysed by GC-FID.
- the remainder of the organic layer was filtered to isolate the solid wax/polymeric products. These solid products were dried overnight in an oven at 100°C and then weighed to yield 1.0831 g of polyethylene.
- the GC analyses indicated that the reaction mixture contained 42.72 g oligomers.
- the oligomers comprised 72% 1-octene (99% purity).
- Example 2 Ethylene tetramerisation reaction using Cr(acetylacetonate) 3 , (phenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl) 2 and MAO
- Example 3 Tandem catalysis reaction using Cr(acetyIacetonate) 3 ,
- the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through an inlet on the Parr reactor that was connected to the outlet of the HPLC pump.
- the polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.66 ml/min over a period of 30 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol. After 30 minutes, the autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis.
- the amount of polymer collected was found to be 23.16 g with a melting point of 126 °C and an amount of 1- octene incorporation as determined by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 3.83 %.
- Example 4 Tandem catalysis reaction using Cr(acetylacetonate) 3 , (phenyl) PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl) 2 , MAO and tetramethylcyclopentadienyl dimethylsilyl t-butylamidato titanium dichloride
- the external reservoir (under argon atmosphere) was connected to the inlet of an HPLC pump.
- the autoclave was heated to 45 °C, sealed and pressurised to 43 barg with ethylene whilst stirring was commenced at 1200 rpm.
- the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through a separate inlet on the Parr reactor that was connected to the outlet of the HPLC pump.
- the polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.66 ml/min over a period of 30 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol.
- the autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis.
- Example 5 Tandem catalysis reaction using (p- methoxyphenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 , Cr(acetylacetonate) 3j MAO and dimethylsilyl bis ⁇ ndenyl zirconium dichloride
- the polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.33 ml/min over a period of 60 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol.
- the autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis.
- the amount of polymer collected was first dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 12 h yielding an amount of 51.1 g with a melting point of 106 °C and an amount of 1-octene incorporated as determined by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 5.55 %.
- the density of the polymer was determined to be 0.8155 g.cm "3 .
- the external reservoir was connected to the inlet of an HPLC pump.
- the 300 ml Parr autoclave was charged with 60 ml anhydrous toluene as well as the previously stirred Cr(acetylacetonate) 3 /(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 - PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl) 2 ligand solution under inert conditions.
- the autoclave was connected to the HPLC pump outlet and heated to 45 °C, sealed and pressurised to a pressure of 53 barg with ethylene for the duration of the reaction (60 minutes) whilst stirring was commenced at 1200 rpm.
- the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through the HPLC pump.
- the polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.33 ml/min over a period of 60 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol.
- the autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis.
- the polymer collected was washed in acetone and dried in a vacuum oven for 12h at 60 °C. The dried polymer amounted to 3.35 g.
- Analyses of the polymer revealed a melting point of 128 °C and 1.02 % incorporation of 1-octene as determined by 13 C NMR.
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Abstract
The invention provides a process for polymerising olefins to branched polyolefins in the presence of a polymerisation catalyst and a cocatalyst, wherein the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 30 %.
Description
TANDEM TETRAMERISATION-POLYMERISATION OF OLEFINS
Field of the invention
This invention relates to a tandem tetramerisation and polymerisation catalyst system and a process for the production of branched polyolefins wherein the polymerisation catalyst can be homogeneous or supported on a support medium.
Background to the invention
This invention relates to catalyst systems that facilitate the selective production of 1- octene in combination with a suitable polymerisation catalyst so that the in situ polymerisation of the formed 1 -octene with the available ethylene feedstock takes place. Preferably, ethylene tetramerisation and polymerisation take place at the same time under the same reaction conditions.
With regard to the oligomerisation catalysts used in this application that are used for the production of 1 -octene, the art does not teach a commercially successful process for the tetramerisation of ethylene to produce 1 -octene selectively. Conventional ethylene oligomerisation technologies produce a range of α-olefins following either a Schulz-Flory or Poisson product distribution. By definition, these mathematical distributions limit the mass % of the tetramer that can be formed and make a distribution of products. In this regard, it is known from prior art (US patent 6,184,428) that a nickel catalyst comprising a chelating ligand, preferably 2-diphenyl phosphino benzoic acid (DPPBA), a nickel compound, preferably NiCI2.6H2O, and a catalyst activator, preferably sodium tetraphenylborate, catalyse the oligomerisation of ethylene to yield a mixture of linear olefins containing 1 -octene. The selectivity towards linear C8 α-olefins is claimed to be 19%. Similarly the Shell Higher Olefins Process (SHOP process, US patents 3,676,523 and 3,635,937) using a similar catalyst system is reported to typically yield 11 mass % 1- octene in its product mixture (Chem Systems PERP reports 90-1 , 93-6 and 94/95S12).
Ziegler-type technologies based on trialkylaluminium catalysts, independently developed by Gulf Oil Chemicals Company (Chevron, e.g. DE patent 1,443,927) and Ethyl Corporation (BP/Amoco, e.g. US patent 3,906,053), are also commercially used to
oligomerise ethylene to produce mixtures of olefins that reportedly contain 13-25 mass % 1-octene (Chem Systems PERP reports 90-1 , 93-6, and 94/95S12).
The prior art also teaches that chromium-based catalysts containing heteroatomic ligands with both phosphorus and nitrogen heteroatoms selectively catalyse the trimerisation of ethylene to 1-hexene. Examples of such heteroatomic ligands for ethylene trimerisation include bis(2-diethylphosphino-ethyl) amine (WO 03/053891 ) as well as (o-methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(o-methoxyphenyl)2 (WO 02/04119). Both these catalyst systems and processes are very specific for the production of 1-hexene and only yield 1-octene as an impurity (typically less than 3 mass % of the product mixture as disclosed by WO 02/04119). The coordinating phosphorus heteroatoms in (o- methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(o-methoxyphenyl)2 (WO 02/04119) are spaced apart by one nitrogen atom. It is believed that the nitrogen atom does not coordinate, at least in the absence of an activator, with the chromium and that without any further electron donating atoms on the ligand that it is a bidentate system. Furthermore it is argued that the polar, or electron donating substituents in the ortho-position of the phenyl groups help form a tridentate system, which is generally believed to enhance selectivity towards 1-hexene formation as reiterated in WO 02/04119 in Chem. Commun., 2002, 858-859: "This has led us to hypothesise that the potential for ortho-methoxy groups to act as pendent donors and increase the coordinative saturation of the chromium centre is an important factor." WO 02/04119 (Example 16) teaches the production of octenes using a trimerisation of olefins process and catalyst system. In this instance, 1-butene was co- trimerised with two ethylene molecules to give 25% octenes. However, the nature of these octenes was not disclosed and the applicant believes that they consist of a mixture of linear and branched octenes.
This application discloses the combination of highly selective tetramerisation cocatalysts for the production of 1-octene and the concomitant polymerisation of the tetramerised olefin with the ethylene feedstock. It has further been found that a chromium-based catalyst containing mixed heteroatomic ligands can be used to selectively tetramerise ethylene to 1-octene often in excess of 60 mass% selectivity. This high 1-octene selectivity cannot be achieved via conventional one-step ethylene oligomerisation technologies which at most yield 25 mass% 1-octene and the present invention confers the suitability of a selective 1-octene yielding catalyst for in situ polymerisation.
Examples of heterogeneous polymerisation processes that mention the polymerisation of in situ formed α-olefins to yield branched by-products of the polymerisation process are known in the art. However, few examples are available describing the combination of a heterogeneous polymerisation catalyst on a support and a homogeneous oligomerisation catalyst, or the combination of two homogeneous catalyst systems where one system produces an α-olefin and the other catalyst polymerises the olefin formed in situ as a comonomer with ethylene. Specific examples related to tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis involving a supported polymerisation catalyst include US patent 5,331 ,070 and EP 0 4,17 477 in which a metal alkyl, a pyrrole- containing compound and a chromium salt supported on an inorganic support material polymerises an in situ generated α-olefin to yield a branched polyethylene.
Tandem catalysis involving heterogeneous polymerisation catalysts mostly does not involve the combination of a separate oligomerisation catalyst together with a supported polymerisation catalyst as proposed in this application. Due to the nature and geometry of the supported polymerisation catalyst, the formation of α-olefins through β-hydride elimination is possible to some extent, however the formation of polymers is thermodynamically and kinetically more favoured. After an α-olefin is produced it has a high probability to be incorporated into other growing polymer chains as the process of chain growth proceeds from the surface of the support material. In this way, polymers containing relatively low amounts of α-olefins are produced without significant control over the extent of α-olefin incorporation or the resultant polymer architecture.
Although examples of homogeneous tandem catalysis involving the combination of oligomerisation catalysts in tandem with suitable soluble polymerisation catalysts are rare, the recent patent literature such as US patents 6,586,541 , 6,555,631 and 6,586,550 specifically relate to the deliberate combination of oligomerisation catalysts, previously reported for their ability to produce α-olefins, combined with soluble polymerisation catalysts to produce branched polyolefins.
These patent examples centre on contacting both an oligomerisation catalyst and a polymerisation catalyst with a single feedstock namely ethylene. Both oligomers and
polymers are produced in the same system with concurrent production of α-olefins and the polymerisation of the resultant α-olefins with ethylene. Most of the oligomerisation catalysts that convey novelty to these patents are oligomerisation catalysts that produce a distribution of α-olefins. These distributions are favoured towards a mixture of 1- butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-decene. Consequently, the structure of the polymers described in these patents exhibit patterns of incorporation according to 13C NMR analysis that reflect the distribution of α-olefins.
It is well-known in the open literature that control of reaction conditions such as pressure, temperature, feed gas make-up, comonomer content etc. result in polymers with desirable physical properties such as tear-strength, optical clarity, elasticity and many other physical properties deemed desirable by polymer end-users. In particular, the production of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) sees the polymerisation of individual high purity α-olefins, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene, and ethylene to produce LLDPE suitable for films and sheets, blow molding, extrusion and wire and cable jacket material as well as rotational molding material. In none of the above examples is there disclosed a process relating to the selective production of 1-octene for in situ incorporation into polyethylene.
The combination of the highly selective ethylene tetramerisation catalyst system of the present disclosure with a suitable polymerisation catalyst can therefore result in a tandem process that produces polyethylene grades with high end-user specifications without the need of a separate facility or process to manufacture the 1-octene.
It will be understood that tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis includes in situ catalysis. In-situ catalysis means oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis in the same reaction medium. The tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysis may be in situ concurrent and/or in situ consecutive catalysis. The individual components of the oligomerisation and polymerisation catalysts may thus be added together simultaneously or sequentially, in any order, and in the presence or absence of monomer in a suitable solvent. Reaction mixture will be understood to include a reaction medium, reaction products and catalyst components. The reaction medium normally includes a solvent.
Summary of the invention
This invention generally relates to the need for selectively producing 1-octene from ethylene and concomitant polymerisation of this monomer with ethylene can be satisfied by using a separate distinct transition metai-based ethylene tetramerisation catalyst system containing a heteroatomic ligand in tandem with a separate distinct polymerisation catalyst comprising a transition metal and hetero or homoatomic ligands.
By homoatomic is meant a ligand that consists entirely of similar atoms such as carbon that constitute the skeleton of the ligand such as the cyclopentadienyl ligand for example.
Thus, according to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for polymerising olefins to produce branched polyolefins in the presence of a polymerisation catalyst and a cocatalyst, wherein the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 30% and the 1-octene produced is at least partially incorporated into the polyolefin chain.
The invention allows the cocatalyst and/or process conditions to be selected to produce more than 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% 1-octene and the said 1-octene is at least partially incorporated into the polyolefin chain.
In this specification, % will be understood to be a mass %.
The branched polyolefin may be a branched polyethylene.
The branched polyolefin may be linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).
The cocatalyst may be an ethylene tetramerisation catalyst, which includes a transition metal precursor and a heteroatomic ligand.
In this specification the term "tetramerisation" refers to a catalytic reaction of a single olefinic monomer or a mixture of olefinic monomers giving products enriched in
tetramers derived from those olefinic monomers. The tetramerisation product stream may consist of linear or branched olefins.
By heteroatomic tetramerisation ligand is meant a ligand that contains at least two heteroatoms, which can be the same or different, where the heteroatoms may be selected from phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, oxygen, bismuth, selenium or nitrogen.
The heteroatomic ligand for the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst may be described by the following general formula (R)nA-B-C(R)m where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, bismuth, sulphur, selenium, and nitrogen, and B is a linking group between A and C, and R is independently selected from any homo or heterohydrocarbyl group and n and m are determined by the respective valence and oxidation state of A and C.
A and/or C may be a potential electron donor for coordination with the transition metal.
An electron donor is defined as that entity that donates electrons used in chemical, including dative covalent, bond formation.
The heteroatomic ligand for the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst may be described by the following general formula (R1)(R2)A-B-C(R3)(R4) where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and nitrogen and B is a linking group between A and C, and R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrocarbyl or heterohydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl or substituted heterohydrocarbyl groups.
The heteroatomic ligand for the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst may be described by the following general formula (R1)(R2)A-B-C(R3)(R4) where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and nitrogen and B is a linking group between A and C, and R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently non-aromatic or aromatic, including heteroaromatic, groups.
R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be aromatic, including heteroaromatic, groups and preferably not all the groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, if aromatic, have a substituent on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
R1, R2, R3 and R4 may have substituents on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
At least one or more of R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be substituted with a polar substituent on a second or further atom from the atom bound to A or C.
Any polar substituents on R1, R2, R3 and R4 may preferably not be on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
Any polar substituent on one or more of R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be electron-donating.
Any substituents on one or more of R1, R2, R3 and R4may be not electron-donating.
In another embodiment, each non-electron donating substituent may be non-polar.
Each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be aromatic, including heteroaromatic, but not all of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are substituted by any substituent on an atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
Preferably, not more than two of R1, R2, R3 and R4 may have substituents on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
Polar is defined by IUPAC as an entity with a permanent electric dipole moment. Polar substituents include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, C3-C20 alkoxy, phenoxy, pentafluorophenoxy, trimethylsiloxy, dimethylamino, methylsulfanyl, tosyl, methoxymethy, methylthiomethyl, 1 ,3-oxazolyl, methoxymethoxy, hydroxyl, amino, phosphino, arsino, stibino, sulphate, nitro and the like.
Any of the groups in the ligand for the tetramerisation catalyst, R1, R2, R3 and R4 may independently be linked to one or more of each other or to the linking group B to form a cyclic structure together with A and C, A and B or B and C.
R1, R2, R3 and R4 in the tetramerisation ligand may be independently selected from a group comprising a benzyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, phenoxy, tolyloxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, methylethylamino, thiophenyl, pyridyl, thioethyl, thiophenoxy, trimethylsilyl, dimethylhydrazyl, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, propyl, butyl, propenyl, propynyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, ferrocenyl and tetrahydrofuranyl group. Preferably, R1, R2, R3 and R4 may independently be selected from a group comprising a phenyl, tolyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, thiophenyl and ethyl group.
B may be selected from any one of a group comprising: organic linking groups comprising a hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl and a substituted heterohydrocarbyl; inorganic linking groups comprising single atom links; ionic links and a group comprising methylene, dimethylmethylene, 1 ,2-ethane, 1 ,2-phenylene, 1 ,2- propane, 1 ,2-catechol, 1 ,2-dimethylhydrazine, -B(R5)-, -Si(R5)2-, -P(R5)- and -N(R5)- where R5 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, a substituted heteroatom or a halogen. Preferably, B may be -N(R5)- and R5 is a hydrocarbyl or a substituted hydrocarbyl group. R5 may be hydrogen or may be selected from the groups consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, halogen, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, carbonyloxy, alkoxy, aminocarbonyl, carbonylamino, dialkylamino, silyl groups or derivatives thereof, and aryl substituted with any of these substituents. Preferably R5 may be an isopropyl, a 1-cyclohexylethyl, a 2- methylcyclohexyl or a 2-octyl group.
In another embodiment of the invention any of the groups in the ligand for the tetramerisation catalyst, R1, R2, R3, R4 or R5 may include any cyclic heteroatomic group such as a cyclopentadienyl-dimethylsilyl-t-butyl group or a cyclic homoatomic group such as a cyclopentadienyl, indenyl or fluorene group .
B may be selected to be a single atom spacer. A single atom linking spacer is defined as a substituted or non-substituted atom that is bound directly to A and C.
A and/or C may be independently oxidised by S, Se, N or O.
A and C may be independently phosphorus or phosphorus oxidised by S or Se or N or O.
The tetramerisation ligand may also contain multiple (R)nA-B-C(R)m units. Not limiting examples of such ligands include dendrimeric ligands as well as ligands where the individual units are coupled either via one or more of the R groups or via the linking group B . More specific, but not limiting, examples of such ligands may include 1 ,2-di- (N(P(phenyl)2)2)-benzene, 1 ,4-di-(N(P(phenyl)2)2)-benzene, N(CH2CH2N(P(phenyl)?)2)3, 1 ,4-di-(P(phenyl)N(methyl)P(phenyl) )-benzene, 1 ,2-di-(N(P(p-methoxyphenyl)2)2)- benzene, 1 ,4-di-(N(P(p-methoxyphenyl)2)2)-benzene, N(CH2CH2N(P(p- methoxyphenyl)2)2)3 and 1 ,4-di-(P(p-methoxyphenyl)N(methyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2)- benzene.
The heteroatomic ligands for tetramerisation can be prepared using procedures known to one skilled in the art and procedures disclosed in published literature. Examples of ligands are: (phenyl)2PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(pentyl)P(phenyl)2,
(phenyl)2PN(phenyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(p-methoxyphenyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(p- fbutylphenyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN((CH2)3-N-morpholine)P(phenyl)2,
(phenyl)2PN(Si(CH3)3)P(phenyl)2, (((phenyl)2P)2NCH2CH2)N (ethyl)2PN(methyl)P(ethyl)2, (ethyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (ethyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(ethyl)(phenyl),
(ethyl)(phenyl)PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2P(=Se)N(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2,
(phenyl)2PCH2CH2P(phenyl)2, (o-ethylphenyl)(phenyl)PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (o- methylphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(o-methylphenyl)(phenyl), (phenyl)2PN(benzyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(1-cyclohexylethyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN[CH2CH2CH2Si(OMe3)]P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(cyclohexyl)P(phenyl)2ι phenyl)2PN(2-methylcyclohexyl)P(phenyl)2ι
(phenyl)2PN(allyl)P(phenyl)2, (2-naphthyl)2PN(methyl)P(2-naphthyl)2, (p- biphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-biphenyl)2, (p-methylphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-methylphenyl)2, (2- thiophenyl)2PN(methyl)P(2-thiophenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(methyl)N(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (m- methylphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(/77-methylphenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2 and (phenyl)2P(=S)N(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2.
Examples of ligands with polar substituents on R1, R2, R3 and R4 include: (m- methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(m-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p- methoxyphenyl)2, (m-methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(m-methoxyphenyl)2,(p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(2- ethylhexyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (tn-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2 and (p-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (m- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(m-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl), (p- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl), (m- methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2 and (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(1-cyclohexylethyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(2- methylcyclohexyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(decyl)P(p- methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(pentyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(benzyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(phenyl)P(p- methoxyphenyl)2, (p-fluorophenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-fluorophenyl)2, (o- fluorophenyl)2PN(methyl)P(o-fluorophenyl)2, (p-dimethylamino-phenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p- dimethylamino-phenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(allyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2,
(phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(o-methoxyphenyl) , (p-(p-methoxyphenyl)- phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-(p-methoxyphenyl)-phenyl)2 and (p- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2.
The heteroatomic tetramerisation ligand can be modified to be attached to a polymer chain so that the resulting heteroatomic coordination complex of the transition metal is soluble at elevated temperatures, but becomes insoluble at 25°C. This approach would enable the recovery of the complex from the reaction mixture for reuse and has been used for other catalyst as described by D.E. Bergbreiter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1987, 109, 177-179. In a similar vein these transition metal complexes can also be immobilised by binding the heteroatomic ligands to silica, silica gel, polysiloxane or alumina backbone as, for example, demonstrated by C. Yuanyin et al., Chinese J. React. Pol., 1992, 1(2), 152-159 for immobilising platinum complexes.
With regard to the tetramerisation process, the process may include the step of generating a heteroatomic tetramerisation coordination complex from a transition metal precursor and a heteroatomic ligand and adding a polymerisation catalyst either at the same time or over a period of time. The process may include the step of adding a pre-
formed coordination complex, prepared using a heteroatomic ligand and a transition metal precursor, to a reaction mixture, or the step of adding separately to the reactor, a heteroatomic ligand and a transition metal precursor such that a heteroatomic coordination complex of a transition metal is generated in situ. In all cases, the polymerisation catalyst may be added to the reactor at the same time as the tetramerisation catalyst or the polymerisation catalyst may be fed sequentially into the reactor over a period of time. By generating a heteroatomic coordination complex in situ is meant that the complex is generated in the medium in which catalysis takes place. Typically, the heteroatomic coordination complex is generated in situ. Typically, the transition metal precursor, and heteroatomic ligand are combined (both in situ and ex situ) to provide metal/ligand ratios from about 0.01 :100 to 10 000:1 , and preferably, from about 0.1 :1 to 10:1.
The tetramerisation cocatalyst, as defined previously to include a transition metal precursor and a heteroatomic ligand, can be combined with the polymerisation catalyst in the ratio 0.01 :100 to 10 000:1, and preferably, from about 1 :1 to 100:1.
With regard to the tetramerisation transition metal precursor, the transition metal may be selected from any one of a group comprising chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, vanadium and zirconium, preferably chromium.
With regard to the tetramerisation catalyst, the transition metal precursor which, upon mixing with the heteroatomic ligand and an activator, catalyses ethylene tetramerisation in accordance with the invention, may be a simple inorganic or organic salt, a coordination or organometallic complex and may be selected from any one of a group comprising chromium trichloride tris-tetrahydrofuran complex, (benzene)-tricarbonyl chromium, chromium (III) octanoate, chromium hexacarbonyl, chromium (III) acetylacetonate and chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate. The preferred transition metal precursors include chromium (111) acetylacetonate and chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate.
The process may include the step of combining in any order a heteroatomic ligand with a transition metal precursor, a polymerisation catalyst and an activator.
Examples of suitable polymerisation catalysts for the polymerisation of ethylene and the in situ synthesised 1-octene include but are not limited to the following:
ZIEGLER-NATTA CATALYSTS
TiCI3-Et2AICI, AIR3-TiCI4, wherein R belongs to the group comprising of alkyl, substituted alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, alkene and substituted alkene, and the like.
UNBRIDGED METALLOCENES
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)-chromium(ll), bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium chloride hydride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)-titanium dichloride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dimethyl, bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(n-dodecylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(iso-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(isopropylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(n-octylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(n-pentylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(t?- propylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl)- zirconium dichloride, bis(1 ,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(1 -ethyl-3-methylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconiuιτ) dichloride, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dimethyl, bis(1-propyl-3- methylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(4,7-dimethylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, cyclopentadienylindenyl-zirconium dichloride
HALF SANDWICH METALLOCENES
Cyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl titanium trichloride, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-titanium trimethoxide, trimethyl-titanium- pentamethylcyclopentadienide, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, tetramethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, 1 ,2,4-trimethylcyclopentadienyl- zirconium trichloride
CARBON-BRIDGED METALLOCENES
Diphenylmethylidene(cyclopentadienyl)-(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylidene(cyclopentadienyl)-(indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, isopropylidene- bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, isopropylidene-(cyclopentadienyl)(9- fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, isopropylidene-(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)-(9-fluorenyl)- zirconium dichloride, ethylene-bis(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, meso-ethylene-bis(1- indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-ethylene-bis(1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac- ethylene-bis(1-indenyl)-zirconium dimethyl, rac-ethylene-bis(2-methyl-1-indenyl)- zirconium dichloride, rac-ethylene-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride
SILYL-BRIDGED METALLOCENES
Dimethylsilyl-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl-bis(9-fluorenyl)- zirconium dichloride, rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2- methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(tetrahydroindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl-bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylsilyl(cyclopentadienyl)(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylsilyl- bis(indenyl)hafnium dichloride.
The activator for use in the process may in principle be any compound that generates an active catalyst when combined with the heteroatomic ligand and the transition metal precursor. Mixtures of activators may also be used. Suitable compounds include organoaluminium compounds, organoboron compounds, organic salts, such as methyllithium and methylmagnesium bromide, inorganic acids and salts, such as tetrafluoroboric acid etherate, silver tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluoroantimonate and the like.
Suitable organoaluminium compounds include compounds of the formula AIR3, where each R is independently a C C12 alkyl, an oxygen containing moiety or a halide, and compounds such as LiAIH4 and the like. Examples include trimethylaluminium (TMA),
triethylaluminium (TEA), tri-isobutylaluminium (TIBA), tri-n-octylaluminium, methylaluminium dichloride, ethylaluminium dichloride, dimethylaluminium chloride, diethylaluminium chloride, aluminium isopropoxide, ethylaluminiumsesquichloride, methylaluminiumsesquichloride, and aluminoxanes. Aluminoxanes are well known in the art as oligomeric compounds which can be prepared by the controlled addition of water to an alkylaluminium compound, for example trimethylaluminium. Such compounds can be linear, cyclic, cages or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of different aluminoxanes may also be used in the process.
Examples of suitable organoboron compounds are boroxines, NaBH , triethylborane, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, tributyl borate and the like.
The activator may also be or contain a compound that acts as a reducing or oxidising agent, such as sodium or zinc metal and the like, or oxygen and the like.
The activator may be selected from alkylaluminoxanes such as methylaluminoxane (MAO) and ethylaluminoxane (EAO) as well as modified alkylaluminoxanes such as modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO). Modified methylaluminoxane (a commercial product from Akzo Nobel) contains modifier groups such as isobutyl or /7-octyl groups, in addition to methyl groups.
The transition metal precursor of the tetramerisation catalyst and the aluminoxane may be combined in proportions to provide Al/metal ratios from about 1 :1 to 10 000:1 , preferably from about 1 :1 to 1000:1, and more preferably from 1 :1 to 300:1.
The process may include the step of adding to the catalyst system (including both the polymerisation and olefin tetramerisation catalysts) a trialkylaluminium compound in amounts of between 0.01 to 1000 mol per mol of alkylaluminoxane.
It should be noted that aluminoxanes generally also contain considerable quantities of the corresponding trialkylaluminium compounds used in their preparation. The presence of these trialkylaluminium compounds in aluminoxanes can be attributed to their incomplete hydrolysis with water. Any quantity of a trialkylaluminium compound quoted
in this disclosure is additional to alkylaluminium compounds contained within the aluminoxanes.
The activator may also be a binuclear cocatalyst such as a bisborane 1 ,4- (C6F5)2B(C6F4)B-(C6F5)2. This binuclear cocatalyst may be combined with the tetramerisation and polymerisation catalysts in such a way that a bimolecular species may be formed that has metal centres in close molecular proximity.
The catalyst systems or its individual components, in accordance with the invention, or its individual components, may also be immobilised by supporting it on a support material, for example, silica, alumina, MgCI2, zirconia, artificial hectorite or smectorite clays such as Laponite™ RD or mixtures thereof, or on a polymer, for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or poly(aminostyrene). The catalyst can be formed in situ in the presence of the support material, or the support can be pre- impregnated or premixed, simultaneously or sequentially, with one or more of the catalyst components or the polymerisation catalyst. In some cases, the support material can also act as a component of the activator. This approach would also facilitate the recovery of the catalyst from the reaction mixture for reuse. The concept was, for example, successfully demonstrated with a chromium-based ethylene trimerisation catalyst by T. Monoi and Y. Sasaki, J. Mol. Cat.A: Chem., 1987, 109, 177-179. In some cases, the support can also act as a catalyst component, for example where such supports contain aluminoxane functionalities or where the support is capable of performing similar chemical functions as an aluminoxane, which is for instance the case with IOLA™ (a commercial product from Grace Davison).
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a tandem oligomerisation and polymerisation process for the oligomerisation of ethylene to produce an olefinic product stream and the in situ polymerisation of the oligomeric olefin with ethylene, the process including the step of contacting the olefins with an oligomerisation catalyst, which catalyst includes a heteroatomic ligand and a transition metal precursor, and a polymerisation catalyst, which catalyst includes a transition metal and and/or a homo- or heteroatomic ligand.
The oligomerisation catalyst may be an ethylene tetramerisation catalyst.
According to yet another aspect of the invention the tetramerisation process includes the step of contacting an olefinic feedstream with a catalyst system which includes a transition metal and a heteroatomic ligand and wherein the product of the tetramerisation process is an olefin and the olefin is concomitantly copolymerised with the olefinic feedstream by contacting the olefins produced in the first step and the olefinic feedstream with a catalyst comprising of a transition metal and/or a homo- or heteroatomic ligand.
By homoatomic is meant a ligand that consists entirely of similar atoms such as carbon that constitute the skeleton of the ligand such as the cyclopentadienyl ligand for example.
The ethylene to be tetramerised and polymerised can be introduced into the process according to the invention in a continuous or batch fashion.
The tandem catalysis product stream will be understood to include a polymer, which polymer is produced according to the invention in a continuous or batch fashion.
The process may include a process for tetramerisation of ethylene to selectively yield 1- octene.
The process may be a process for tetramerisation of ethylene and concomitant polymerisation of the produced 1-octene with ethylene .
The ethylene may be contacted with the catalyst system comprising of the tetramerisation catalyst and the polymerisation catalyst at a pressure of 1 barg, preferably greater than 10 barg, more preferably greater than 30 barg.
The tandem catalysis process may include the step of mixing the components of the catalyst systems (both the tetramerisation catalyst and the polymerisation catalyst) at any temperature between -20°C and 250°C in the presence of an olefin. The preferred temperature range being 20 °C - 100 °C.
The individual components of both catalyst systems described herein may be combined simultaneously or sequentially in any order, and in the presence or absence of a solvent, in order to give active catalysts. The presence of an olefin during the mixing of the catalyst components generally provides a protective effect which may result in improved catalyst performance. The preferred temperature range may be between 20°C and 100°C.
The reaction products derived from the tandem catalysis process as described herein, may be prepared using the disclosed catalyst system by a homogeneous liquid phase reaction in the presence or absence of an inert solvent, and/or by slurry reaction where the catalyst system is in a form that displays little or no solubility, and/or a two-phase liquid/liquid reaction, and/or a bulk phase reaction in which neat reagent and/or product olefins serve as the dominant medium, and/or gas phase reaction, using conventional equipment and contacting techniques.
The tandem catalysis process may also be carried out in an inert solvent. Any inert solvent that does not react with the activator can be used. These inert solvents may include, saturated aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon. Typical solvents include, but are not limited to, benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, heptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, ionic liquids and the like.
The tandem catalysis process may be carried out at pressures from atmospheric to 500 barg. Ethylene pressures in the range of 10-70 barg are preferred. Particularly preferred pressures range from 30-50 barg.
The tandem catalysis process may be carried out at temperatures from -20 °C - 250 °C. Temperatures in the range of 15-130 °C are preferred. Particularly preferred temperatures range from 35-150°C.
The tandem catalysis process may be carried out in a plant which includes any type of reactor. Examples of such reactors include, but are not limited to, batch reactors, semi- batch reactors and continuous reactors. The plant may include, in combination a) a reactor, b) at least one inlet line into this reactor for olefin reactant and the catalyst
system, c) effluent lines from this reactor for polymerisation reaction products, and d) at least one separator to separate the desired polymerisation reaction products, wherein the catalyst system may include a heteroatomic ligand, a transition metal precursor, a polymerisation catalyst and an activator, as described herein.
In another embodiment of this invention, a combination of reactors may be preferred where the first reactor may be a continuously stirred tank reactor and the second reactor may be a batch, continuously stirred tank reactor or a plug-flow reactor.
Examples of performing the invention
The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples. The individual components of the examples may conceivably be omitted or substituted and, although not necessarily ideal, the invention may conceivably still be performed and these components are not to be taken as essential to the working of the invention.
In the examples that follow all procedures were carried out under inert conditions, using pre-dried reagents. Chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich or Strem Chemicals unless stated otherwise. All trialkylaluminium and aluminoxane compounds and solutions thereof were obtained from Crompton Gmbh, Akzo Nobel and Albemarle Corporation. In all the examples, the molar mass of methylaluminoxane (MAO) was taken to be 58.016 g/mol, corresponding to the (CH3-AI-O) unit, in order to calculate the molar quantities of MAO used in the preparation of the catalysts described in the examples below. Ethylene oligomerisation products were analysed by GC-MS and GC- FID. Polymer samples were dried under vacuum for 12 hours prior to characterisation. Polymers were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine melting points and 13C NMR for the determination of the mol% incorporation of α-olefins. Where possible the remaining liquid after tandem polymerisation was analysed by GC- FID for residual olefin composition.
Example 1: Ethylene tetramerisation reaction using CrCI3(THF3), (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2 and MAO
A solution of 9.8 mg of (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2 (0.018 mmol) in 10 ml of toluene was added to a solution of 5.6 mg CrCI3(THF)3 (0.015 mmol) in 10 ml toluene in a Schlenk vessel. The mixture was stirred for 5 min at ambient temperature and was then transferred to a 300 ml pressure reactor (autoclave) containing a mixture of toluene (80ml) and MAO (methylaluminoxane, 4.5 mmol) at 40°C. The pressure reactor was charged with ethylene after which the reactor temperature was maintained at 45°C, while the ethylene pressure was kept at 45 barg. Thorough mixing was ensured throughout by mixing speeds of 1100 RPM's using a gas entraining stirrer. The reaction was terminated after 30 minutes by discontinuing the ethylene feed to the reactor and cooling the reactor to below 10°C. After releasing the excess ethylene from the autoclave, the liquid contained in the autoclave was quenched with ethanol followed by 10% hydrochloric acid in water. Nonane was added as an internal standard for the analysis of the liquid phase by GC-FID. A small sample of the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then analysed by GC-FID. The remainder of the organic layer was filtered to isolate the solid wax/polymeric products. These solid products were dried overnight in an oven at 100°C and then weighed to yield 1.0831 g of polyethylene. The GC analyses indicated that the reaction mixture contained 42.72 g oligomers. The oligomers comprised 72% 1-octene (99% purity).
Example 2: Ethylene tetramerisation reaction using Cr(acetylacetonate)3, (phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2 and MAO
A solution of 18.8 mg of (phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2 (0.044 mmol) in 6.4 ml of cumene was added to a solution of 7.7 mg Cr(acetylacetonate)3 (0.022 mmol) in 8 ml cumene in a Schlenk vessel. The mixture was stirred for 5 min at ambient temperature and was then transferred to a 1000 ml pressure reactor (autoclave) containing a mixture of cumene (180 ml) and MAO (methylaluminoxane, 4.4 mmol, 10 % solution in toluene) at 40°C. The pressure reactor was charged with ethylene after which the reactor temperature was controlled at 45°C, while the ethylene pressure was maintained at 45 barg. The reaction was terminated after 25 min, and the procedure of Example 2 above was employed. The product mass was 118.78 g. The product comprised 69.5% 1- octene (98.9% purity).
Example 3: Tandem catalysis reaction using Cr(acetyIacetonate)3,
(phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, MAO and dimethylsilyl-bis(2- methyl{4,5}benzoindenyl) zirconium dichloride
In this example, 0.011 mmol Chromium acetylacetonate (15.2 mg) was combined with 0.022 mmol (phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2 (36 mg) in a Schlenk tube under an argon atmosphere with 10 ml anhydrous toluene as solvent. The metal salt and the ligand was stirred for 5 minutes and then added under inert conditions to a Parr autoclave (300 ml capacity). The autoclave was filled a priori with 70 ml anhydrous toluene as solvent. Separately, 2 ml of a solution of dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl(4,5)benzoindenyl) zirconium dichloride ( 0.0052 mmol, 0.0022 mg) was added to 18 ml anhydrous toluene in a separate reservoir under inert conditions connected to the inlet of an HPLC pump. Approximately 1200 eq (on Cr) methylaluminoxane (MAO) was added to the autoclave under argon atmosphere. The autoclave was heated to 45 °C, sealed and pressurised to 35 barg with ethylene whilst stirring was commenced at 1200 rpm. At the same time the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through an inlet on the Parr reactor that was connected to the outlet of the HPLC pump. The polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.66 ml/min over a period of 30 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol. After 30 minutes, the autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis. The amount of polymer collected was found to be 23.16 g with a melting point of 126 °C and an amount of 1- octene incorporation as determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 3.83 %.
Example 4: Tandem catalysis reaction using Cr(acetylacetonate)3, (phenyl) PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, MAO and tetramethylcyclopentadienyl dimethylsilyl t-butylamidato titanium dichloride
In this example, a solution of 20 ml (phenyl)2PN(iso-propyl)P(phenyl)2 (0.044 mmol) in anhydrous toluene and 20 ml of a solution of Cr(acetylacetonate)3 (0.022 mmol) in 30 ml
anhydrous toluene was added to a Parr autoclave (300 ml capacity). At the same time, 10 ml of a solution of tetramethylcyclopentadienyl-dimethylsilyl-t-butylamidato titanium dichloride (0.026 mmol, 0.01 mg ) was added to an external reservoir along with 10 ml anhydrous toluene. The external reservoir (under argon atmosphere) was connected to the inlet of an HPLC pump. Approximately 1200 eq (on Cr) methylaluminoxane (MAO) was added to the autoclave under inert conditions. The autoclave was heated to 45 °C, sealed and pressurised to 43 barg with ethylene whilst stirring was commenced at 1200 rpm. At the same time the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through a separate inlet on the Parr reactor that was connected to the outlet of the HPLC pump. The polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.66 ml/min over a period of 30 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol. The autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis. Analysis of the polymer after drying in vacuum for 12 h at 60 °C revealed a melting point of 99 °C and 2.39 % incorporation of 1-octene as determined using 13C NMR. The amount of polymer collected was 24.53g. The density of the polymer was determined to be 0.9202 g.cirf3.
Example 5: Tandem catalysis reaction using (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, Cr(acetylacetonate)3j MAO and dimethylsilyl bisϊndenyl zirconium dichloride
In this example, 10 ml of a toluene solution containing 0.03 mmol chromium acetylacetonate was combined with 0.06 mmol (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p- methoxyphenyl)2[30 mg] in a Schlenk tube under an argon atmosphere. The metal salt and the ligand was stirred for 5 minutes and then added to a Parr autoclave (300 ml capacity) under inert conditions. The autoclave was filled a priori with 60 ml anhydrous toluene as solvent. Separately, 5 ml of a solution of dimethylsilyl bisindenyl zirconium dichloride (0.015 mmol, 0.0067 mg), was added to 15 ml anhydrous toluene in a separate reservoir under argon that was connected to the inlet of an HPLC pump. Approximately 600 eq (on Cr) methylaluminoxane (MAO) was added to the autoclave under inert conditions. The autoclave was heated to 45 °C, sealed and pressurised to a pressure of 41 barg with ethylene whilst stirring was commenced at 1200 rpm. At the same time the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through a separate inlet connected to the outlet of the HPLC pump. The polymerisation catalyst
was added at a rate of 0.33 ml/min over a period of 60 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol. The autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis. The amount of polymer collected was first dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 12 h yielding an amount of 51.1 g with a melting point of 106 °C and an amount of 1-octene incorporated as determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 5.55 %. The density of the polymer was determined to be 0.8155 g.cm"3.
Example 6: Tandem catalysis reaction using (p-methoxyphenyI)2-
PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, Cr(acetylacetonate)3ι MAO and cyclopentadienyl dimethylsilyl titanium dichloride
In this example, 0,025 g of (p-methoxyphenyl)2-PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2 [0.06 mmol] was added to 10 ml of a toluene solution of Cr(acetylacetonate)3 (0.03 mmol) in a Schlenk tube under an argon atmosphere and allowed to stir for 5 minutes until fully dissolved. At the same time, 10 ml of a cyclopentadienyl dimethylsilyl titanium dichloride (0.03 mmol, 0.009 mg) solution in toluene was added to an external reservoir along with 10 ml anhydrous toluene. The external reservoir was connected to the inlet of an HPLC pump. After this, the 300 ml Parr autoclave was charged with 60 ml anhydrous toluene as well as the previously stirred Cr(acetylacetonate)3/(p-methoxyphenyl)2- PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2 ligand solution under inert conditions. Approximately 600 eq (on Cr) methylaluminoxane (MAO) was added to the autoclave under inert conditions. The autoclave was connected to the HPLC pump outlet and heated to 45 °C, sealed and pressurised to a pressure of 53 barg with ethylene for the duration of the reaction (60 minutes) whilst stirring was commenced at 1200 rpm. At the same time the polymerisation catalyst solution was added to the autoclave through the HPLC pump. The polymerisation catalyst was added at a rate of 0.33 ml/min over a period of 60 minutes after which the reaction vessel was cooled down and quenched with ethanol. The autoclave was opened and the contents collected for analysis. The polymer collected was washed in acetone and dried in a vacuum oven for 12h at 60 °C. The dried polymer amounted to 3.35 g. Analyses of the polymer revealed a melting point of 128 °C and 1.02 % incorporation of 1-octene as determined by 13C NMR.
Claims
Claims
1. A process for polymerising olefins to branched polyolefins in the presence of a polymerisation catalyst and a cocatalyst, wherein the cocatalyst produces 1- octene in a selectivity greater than 30%.
2. A process as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the branched polyolefin is a branched polyethylene.
3. A process as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the branched polyolefin is linear low density polyethylene.
4. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the cocatalyst is an ethylene tetramerisation catalyst.
5. A process as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the ethylene tetramerisation catalyst includes a transition metal and a heteroatomic ligand.
6. A process as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the heteroatomic ligand is described by a general formula (R)nA-B-C(R)m where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, bismuth, sulphur, selenium, and nitrogen, and B is a linking group between A and C, and the R groups are the same or different and each R is independently selected from any homo or heterohydrocarbyl group and n and m for each R is independently determined by the respective valence and oxidation state of A and C.
7. A process as claimed in Claim 5 or Claim 6 wherein the heteroatomic ligand is described by a general formula (R1)(R2)A-B-C(R3)(R4) where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and nitrogen and B is a linking group between A and C, and R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrocarbyl or
heterohydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl or substituted heterohydrocarbyl groups.
8. A process as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the heteroatomic ligand is described by the following general formula (R1)(R2)A-B-C(R3)(R4) where A and C are independently selected from a group which comprises phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and nitrogen and B is a linking group between A and C, and R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently non-aromatic or aromatic, including heteroaromatic, groups.
9. A process as claimed in Claim 8, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently aromatic, including heteroaromatic groups and not all the groups R1, R2, R3 and R4 have a substituent on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
10. A process as claimed in Claim 9, wherein not more than two of R1, R2, R3 and R4 have substituents on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
11. A process as claimed in Claim 9 or Claim 10 wherein at least one or more of R1, R2, R3 and R4are substituted with a polar substituent on a second or further atom from the atom bound to A or C.
12. A process as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11 , wherein any polar substituents on R1, R2, R3 and R4are not on the atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
13. A process as claimed in Claim 11 or Claim 12 wherein any polar substituent on one or more of R1, R2, R3 and R4are electron-donating.
14. A process as claimed in Claim 9 or Claim 10, wherein any substituents on one or more of R1, R2, R3 and R4are not electron-donating.
15. A process as claimed in Claim 14 wherein each non-electron donating substituent is non-polar.
16. A process as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 15 wherein each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is aromatic, including heteroaromatic, but not all of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are substituted by any substituent on an atom adjacent to the atom bound to A or C.
17. A process as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 16, wherein B is selected from any one of a group comprising: organic linking groups comprising a hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl and a substituted heterohydrocarbyl; inorganic linking groups comprising single atom links; ionic links and a group comprising methylene, dimethylmethylene, 1 ,2-ethane, 1 ,2-phenylene, 1 ,2- propane, 1 ,2-catechol, 1 ,2-dimethylhydrazine, -B(R5)-, -Si(R5)2-, -P(R5)- and - N(R5)- where R5 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, a substituted heteroatom, a halogen, a cyclic heteroatomic group or a cyclic homoatomic group.
18. A process as claimed in Claim 17 wherein B is selected to be a single atom spacer.
19. A process as claimed in Claim 17 or Claim 18, wherein B is selected to be - N(R5)-, wherein R5 is hydrogen or selected from the groups consisting of alkyl, aryl, aryloxy, halogen, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, carbonyloxy, alkoxy, aminocarbonyl, carbonylamino, dialkylamino, or derivatives thereof, aryl substituted with any of these substituents, and any cyclic heteroatomic group including cyclopentadienyl dimethylsilyl-t-butylamidato or a cyclic homoatomic group including cyclopentadienyl, indenyl and fluorene.
20. A process as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 19, wherein A and/or C is independently oxidised by S, Se, N or O, where the valence of A and/or C allows for such oxidation.
21. A process as claimed in Claim 20, wherein A and/or C is independently phosphorus or phosphorus oxidised by S or Se or N or O.
22. A process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 21 , wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4are independently selected from a group comprising a benzyl, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl,
mesityl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, phenoxy, tolyloxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, methylethylamino, thiophenyl, pyridyl, thioethyl, thiophenoxy, trimethylsilyl, dimethylhydrazyl, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, propyl, butyl, propenyl, propynyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, ferrocenyl and tetrahydrofuranyl group.
23. A process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 21 wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from a group comprising a phenyl, tolyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, thiophenyl and ethyl group.
24. A process as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 9, Claim 14 and Claim 15 wherein the heteroatomic ligand is selected from any one of a group comprising (phenyl)2PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(pentyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(phenyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(p-methoxyphenyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(p-fbutylphenyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN((CH2)3-N- morpholine)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(Si(CH3)3)P(phenyl)2, (((phenyl)2P)2NCH2CH2)N, (ethyl)2PN(methyl)P(ethyl)2, (ethyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (ethyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(ethyl)(phenyl), (ethyl)(phenyl)PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2P(=Se)N(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PCH2CH2P(phenyl)2, (o-ethylphenyl)(phenyl)PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2ι (o- methylphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(o-methylphenyl(phenyl)ι (phenyl)2PN(benzyl)- P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(1 -cyclohexylethyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN[CH2CH2CH2Si(OMe3)]P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(cyclohexyl)P(phenyl)2, phenyl)2PN(2-methylcyclohexyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(allyl)P(phenyl)2, (o- naphthyl)2PN(methyl)P(o-naphthyl)2, (p-biphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-biphenyl)2, (p- Me-phenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-Me-phenyl)2, (o-thiophenyl)2PN(methyl)P(o- thiophenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(methyl)N(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (m-Me- phenyl)2PN(methyl)P(m-Me-phenyl)2 , (phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, (phenyl)2P(=S)N(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2, and (phenyl)2P(=S)N(isopropyl)P(=S)(phenyl)2.
25. A process as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 13, wherein the heteroatomic ligand is selected from any one of a group comprising ((m- methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P( ?7-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-
methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (m- methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(/77-methoxyphenyl)2,(p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(2- ethylhexyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (m- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2 and (p- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (m- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(/77-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl), (p- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(methyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl), (m- methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2 and (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(methyl)P(phenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(1 - cyclohexylethyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(2- methylcyclohexyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(decyl)P(p- methoxyphenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(pentyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(benzyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p- methoxyphenyl)2PN(phenyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (p- fluorophenyl)2PN(rnethyl)P(p-fluorophenyl)2, (o-fluorophenyl)2PN(methyl)P(o- fluorophenyl)2, (p-dimethylamino-phenyl)2PN(methyl)P(p-dimethylamino-phenyl)2, (p-methoxyphenyl)2PN(allyl)P(p-methoxyphenyl)2, (phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(o- methoxyphenyl)2, (p-(p-methoxyphenyl)-phenyl)2PN(isopropyl)P(p-(p- methoxyphenyl)-phenyl)2 and (p- methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)2.
26. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the polymerisation catalyst is selected from a group of catalysts consisting of Ziegler- Natta catalysts, unbridged metallocenes, half sandwich metallocenes, methyl- bridged metallocenes, ethyl-bridged metallocenes and silyl-bridged metallocenes.
27. A process as claimed in Claim 26, wherein the Ziegler-Natta catalyst is selected from TiCI3-Et2AICI, AIR3-TiCI4.
28. A process as claimed in Claim 26 wherein the unbridged metallocene is selected from: bis(cyclopentadienyl)chromium(ll),
bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium Chloride hydride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)-titanium dichloride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dimethyl, bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(/7-dodecylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(iso-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(isopropylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(t?-octylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(A7-pentylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(/7-propylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(1 ,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dimethyl, bis(1-propyl-3-methylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(4,7-dimethylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, and cyclopentadienylindenyl-zirconium dichloride.
29. A process as claimed in Claim 26, wherein the half sandwich metallocene is selected from:
Cyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl titanium trichloride, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-titaniumTrimethoxide, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-titanium Trimethyl, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, tetramethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride, and 1 ,2,4-trimethylcyclopentadienyl-zirconium trichloride.
0. A process as claimed in Claim 26, wherein the carbon-bridged metallocene is selected from:
Diphenylmethylidene(cyclopentadienyl)-(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylidene(cyclopentadienyl)-(indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, iso-propylidenebis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, iso-propylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, and iso-propylidene(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)-(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride. ethylene-bis(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, meso-ethylene-bis(1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-ethylene-bis(1 -indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-ethylene-bis(1-indenyl)-zirconium dimethyl, rac-ethylene-bis(2-methyl-1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, and rac-ethylene-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride
32. A process as claimed in Claim 26, wherein the silyl-bridged metallocene is selected from:
Dimethylsilyl-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl-bis(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(1-indenyl)-zirconium dichloride, 77eso-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methylindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(tetrahydroindenyl)-zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl-bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenyisilyl(cyclopentadienyl)(9-fluorenyl)-zirconium dichloride, and diphenylsilyl-bis(indenyl)hafnium dichloride.
33. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein branched polymers are formed by means of a tandem tetramerisation and polymerisation process.
34. A process as claimed in Claim 33, the tandem tetramerisation and polymerisation process being an in situ catalysis process wherein ethylene tetramerisation and polymerisation takes place in the same reaction medium.
35. A process as claimed in Claim 34, wherein the in situ catalysis process is an in- situ concurrent catalysis process.
36. A process as claimed in Claim 34, wherein the in-situ catalysis process is an in situ consecutive catalysis process.
37. A process as claimed in Claim 34, wherein the process includes the steps of tetramerising ethylene using a tetramerisation catalyst to produce 1-octene selectively and copoly erising in situ the 1-octene with ethylene using a polymerisation catalyst wherein the tetramerisation catalyst produces 1-octene in more than 30% selectivity.
38. A process as claimed in Claim 37, wherein the process includes a step of contacting the ethylene with a tetramerisation catalyst, and a step of contacting ethylene and the 1-octene derived from tetramerisatrion with a polymerisation catalyst, which catalyst includes a transition metal, and wherein the tetramerisation catalyst includes a transition metal and a heteroatomic ligand.
39. A process as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 38, which includes a step of combining the heteroatomic ligand with a transition metal precursor and an activator in the presence of the polymerisation catalyst.
40. A process as claimed in Claim 39, wherein the transition metal for the transition metal precursor is selected from a group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum and nickel.
41. A process as claimed in Claim 39 or Claim 40, wherein the transition metal for the transition metal precursor is chromium.
42. A process as claimed in any one of claims 39 to 41 , wherein the transition metal precursor is selected from a group comprising of an inorganic salt, organic salt, a coordination complex and organometallic complex.
43. A process as claimed in Claim 42, wherein the transition metal precursor is selected from any one of a group comprising chromium trichloride tris- tetrahydrofuran complex, (benzene)-tricarbonyl chromium, chromium (III) octanoate, chromium (III) acetylacetonate, chromium hexacarbonyl and chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate.
44. A process as claimed in Claim 43, wherein the transition metal precursor is selected from chromium (111) acetylacetonate and chromium (III) 2- ethylhexanoate.
45. A process as claimed in any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein the transition metal from the transition metal precursor and the heteroatomic ligand are combined to provide metal/ligand ratios from about 0.01 :100 to 10 000:1.
46. A process as claimed in Claim 45, wherein the transition metal precursor and the heteroatomic ligand are combined to provide metal/ligand ratios from about 0.1 :1 to 10:1.
47. A process as claimed in any one of claims 39 to 46, wherein the catalyst system includes an activator selected from any one of a group consisting of organoaluminium compounds, organoboron compounds, organic salts, inorganic acids and inorganic salts.
48. A process as claimed in Claim 47 wherein the organic salts are selected from a group consisting of methyllithium bromide and methylmagnesium bromide.
49. A process as claimed in Claim 48 wherein inorganic acids and inorganic salts are selected from a group consisting of as tetrafluoroboric acid etherate, silver tetrafluoroborate and sodium hexafluoroantimonate.
50. A process as claimed in any one of claims 39 to 49, wherein the activator is selected from alkylaluminoxanes.
51. A process as claimed in Claim 50, wherein the alkylaluminoxane, or mixtures thereof, are selected from a group which consists of methylaluminoxane (MAO), ethylaluminoxane (EAO) and modified alkylaluminoxanes (MMAO).
52. A process as claimed in Claim 51 , wherein the transition metal and the aluminoxane are combined in proportions to provide Al/metal ratios from about 1 :1 to 10 000:1.
53. A process as claimed in Claim 52, wherein the transition metal and the aluminoxane are combined in proportions to provide Al/metal ratios from about 1 :1 to 1000:1.
54. A process as claimed in Claim 53, wherein the transition metal and the aluminoxane are combined in proportions to provide Al/metal ratios from about 1 :1 to 300:1.
55. A process as claimed in any one of claims 50 to 54, which process includes the step of adding to the catalyst system a trialkylaluminium compound in amounts of between 0.01 to 100 mol per mol of alkylaluminoxane.
56. A process as claimed in any one of claims 39 to 55, wherein the heteroatomic ligand and the transition metal precursor are combined at any temperature between -20°C and 250°C in the presence of an olefin.
57. A process as claimed in any one of claims 39 to 56 , wherein the activator is a binuclear activator such as bisborane 1 ,4-(C6F5)2B(C6F )B-(C6F5)2.
58. A process as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 57, which process includes a step of combining the polymerisation catalyst and the tetramerisation catalyst in a ratio of 0.1:1 to 1:1000 respectively.
59. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims 1 to 58, which process is carried out in an inert solvent.
60. A process as claimed in Claim 59 wherein ethylene is contacted with the tetramerisation catalyst system at a pressure of more than 1 barg.
61. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding 1 to 60, which process includes the step of mixing the polymerisation catalyst and the cocatalyst at any temperature between -20°C and 250°C in the presence of an olefin.
62. A process as claimed in Claim 61 , wherein the temperature range is between 20°C and 100°C.
63. A process as claimed in any one of the proceeding claims where a combination of reactors is preferred where the first reactor may be a continuous stirred tank reactor and the second reactor may be a batch, continuous stirred tank reactor or a plug flow reactor.
64. A process as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 63, wherein the cocatalyst and polymerisation catalyst is combined in the ratio 0.01 :100 to 10 000:1.
65. A process as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 63, wherein the cocatalyst and polymerisation catalyst is combined in the ratio of 1 :1 to 100:1.
66. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 65, wherein the conditions are selected such that the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 40%.
67. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 65, wherein the conditions are selected such that the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 50%.
68. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 65, wherein the conditions are selected such that the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 60%.
9. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 65, wherein the conditions are selected such that the cocatalyst produces 1-octene in a selectivity greater than 70%.
70. A process substantially as described herein.
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| MXPA05006658A MXPA05006658A (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins. |
| US10/538,088 US7323524B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins |
| EP03813855A EP1581343A1 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins |
| AU2003297547A AU2003297547A1 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins |
| JP2005511970A JP2006511694A (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerization of olefins-polymerization |
| CNA2003801089826A CN1738678A (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Alkene tandem type tetramer-polymerization method |
| CA002509700A CA2509700A1 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins |
Applications Claiming Priority (16)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| US43540502P | 2002-12-20 | 2002-12-20 | |
| ZA200210339 | 2002-12-20 | ||
| ZA2002/10339 | 2002-12-20 | ||
| US60/435,405 | 2002-12-20 | ||
| US47837903P | 2003-06-13 | 2003-06-13 | |
| ZA2003/4632 | 2003-06-13 | ||
| ZA200304632 | 2003-06-13 | ||
| US60/478,379 | 2003-06-13 | ||
| US50902103P | 2003-10-06 | 2003-10-06 | |
| US50930903P | 2003-10-06 | 2003-10-06 | |
| US60/509,309 | 2003-10-06 | ||
| ZA2003/7774 | 2003-10-06 | ||
| ZA2003/7773 | 2003-10-06 | ||
| ZA200307774 | 2003-10-06 | ||
| US60/509,021 | 2003-10-06 | ||
| ZA200307773 | 2003-10-06 |
Publications (1)
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| WO2004056480A1 true WO2004056480A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
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ID=32686456
Family Applications (1)
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| PCT/ZA2003/000188 WO2004056480A1 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Tandem tetramerisation-polymerisation of olefins |
Country Status (8)
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| US (1) | US7323524B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1581343A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2006511694A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1738678A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003297547A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2509700A1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MXPA05006658A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004056480A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MXPA05006658A (en) | 2005-11-17 |
| CN1738678A (en) | 2006-02-22 |
| CA2509700A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
| US7323524B2 (en) | 2008-01-29 |
| AU2003297547A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
| EP1581343A1 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
| JP2006511694A (en) | 2006-04-06 |
| US20060128910A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
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