WO2004046348A1 - Methods, nucleic acid constructs and cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders - Google Patents
Methods, nucleic acid constructs and cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004046348A1 WO2004046348A1 PCT/IL2003/000972 IL0300972W WO2004046348A1 WO 2004046348 A1 WO2004046348 A1 WO 2004046348A1 IL 0300972 W IL0300972 W IL 0300972W WO 2004046348 A1 WO2004046348 A1 WO 2004046348A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to neuronal-like cells capable of controllable synthesis of neurotransmitters and of cell replacement therapy using such cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
- Parkinson's disease is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain, which in turn leads to progressive loss of motor functions manifested through symptoms such as tremor, rigidity and ataxia.
- Parkinson's disease can be treated by administration of pharmacological doses of the precursor of dopamine, L-DOPA (Marsden, Trends Neurosci. 9:512, 1986; Vinken et al., in Handbook of Clinical Neurology p. 185, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986). Although such treatment is effective in early stage Parkinson's patients, progressive loss of substantia nigra cells eventually leads to an inability of remaining cells to synthesize sufficient dopamine from the administered precursor and to diminishing pharmacogenic effect.
- Parkinson's disease is the first disease of the brain for which intracerebral cell replacement therapy has been used in humans.
- Several attempts have been made to provide the neurotransmitter dopamine to cells of the diseased basal ganglia of Parkinson's patients by homografting adrenal medullary cells to the brain of patients (Backlund et al., J. Neurosurg.
- cells were transplanted after being genetically engineered with growth factor genes (e.g., glial-derived and brain-derived growth factors) to enhance survival rates, or with genes such as tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, or GTP-cyclohydrolase I, which are capable of increasing dopamine synthesis in the transformed cell (Choi-Lundberg et al., 1998; Yoshimoto et al., 1995; Schwarz et al., 1999).
- growth factor genes e.g., glial-derived and brain-derived growth factors
- genes such as tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, or GTP-cyclohydrolase I
- BMSc bone marrow stromal cells
- BMSc transplantation of BMSc in mouse and rat models of Parkinson's disease resulted in beneficial effects (Li et a ⁇ ., 2001; Schwarz et al, 1999).
- adult BMSc can be differentiated into neuron-like cells, which are structurally compatible with implantation, engrafted BMSc may release neurotransmitters such as dopamine uncontrollably which in turn may cause severe side effects such as "runaway dyskinesia" and thus rendering the use of BMSc unsuitable for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
- neuronal-like cells which are capable of integration into damaged neuronal tissue and further capable of controllably synthesizing neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, and thus can be utilized to effectively and safely treat neurodegenerative disorders.
- a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder which includes administering to an individual in need thereof cells capable of exogenously regulatable neurotransmitter synthesis thereby treating the neurodegenerative disorder.
- a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder which includes the steps of (a) administering to an individual in need thereof cells capable of exogenously regulatable neurotransmitter synthesis; and (b) periodically exposing the individual to an agent or condition capable of regulating the synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the cells thereby treating the neurodegenerative disorder.
- nucleic acid construct which includes a polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter positioned under a control of a regulatory sequence capable of regulating expression of the enzyme in mammalian cells.
- a construct system which includes a first expression construct including a first polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter positioned under the transcriptional control of a first regulatory sequence and a second expression construct including a second polynucleotide sequence encoding a transactivator positioned under the transcriptional control of a second regulatory sequence, wherein the transactivator is capable of activating the first regulatory sequence to direct transcription of the first polynucleotide sequence.
- a cell comprising a nucleic acid construct which includes a polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter positioned under a control of a regulatory sequence capable of regulating expression of the enzyme in the cell.
- a cell comprising the construct system which includes a first expression construct including a first polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter positioned under the transcriptional control of a first regulatory sequence and a second expression construct including a second polynucleotide sequence encoding a transactivator positioned under the transcriptional control of a second regulatory sequence, wherein the transactivator is capable of activating the first regulatory sequence to direct transcription of the first polynucleotide sequence.
- a method of producing cells for use in treating neurodegenerative disorders includes the steps of: (i) isolating bone marrow cells; (ii) incubating the bone marrow cells in a proliferating medium capable of maintaining and/or expanding the bone marrow cells; (iii) selecting bone marrow stromal cells from the cells resulting from step (ii); and (iv) incubating the bone marrow stromal cells in a differentiating medium including at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid and at least one differentiating agent, thereby producing the cells for use in treating neurodegenerative disorders.
- a population of cells which includes bone marrow derived stromal cell capable of synthesizing a neurotransmitter
- a mixed population of cells which includes bone marrow derived stromal cell capable of synthesizing at least two types neurotransmitters.
- the method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder further includes exposing the individual to an agent or condition capable of regulating the synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the cells.
- the cells are genetically modified so as to enable the exogenously regulatable neurotransmitter synthesis.
- the cells are transformed with an expression construct including a polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, wherein the expression construct is designed such that expression of the polynucleotide is controllable via the agent.
- the agent is capable of downregulating expression of the enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- the agent is capable of upregulating expression of the enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- the cells are transformed with at least one expression construct including a first polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter positioned under the transcriptional control of a first regulatory sequence and a second polynucleotide sequence encoding a transactivator positioned under the transcriptional control of a second regulatory sequence, wherein the transactivator is capable of activating the first regulatory sequence to direct transcription of the first polynucleotide sequence in absence of the agent.
- the agent is doxycyline.
- the transactivator is a tetracycline-controlled transactivator.
- the first regulatory sequence includes a tetracycline response element.
- the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine hydroxylase, DOPA decarboxylase, GTP cyclohydrolase I, dopamine dopamine ⁇ -hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, tryptophane-5 monooxygenase and choline acetyltransferase.
- second regulatory sequence includes a human neuron-specific enolase promoter.
- the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyatrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Alzhimer's disease and Huntington's disease.
- the neurodegenerative disorder is Parkinson's disease.
- the neurotransmitter is selected from the group consisting of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, gamma aminobutyric acid, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamic acid.
- the neurotransmitter is dopamine.
- the cells are bone marrow cells.
- the bone marrow cells are bone marrow stromal cells.
- the cells are neuron-like cells.
- the neuron-like cells express at least one neuronal marker.
- the neuronal marker is selected from the group consisting of CD90, neuron-specific nuclear protein, neurofilament heavy, neuron-specific enolase, beta-tubulin 3, tyrosine hydroxylase, microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2), nestin and calbindin
- administering of cells is effected by transplanting the cells into a brain tissue of the individual.
- administering of cells is effected by transplanting the cells into a spinal cord of the individual.
- exposing of an individual is effected by oral administration of the agent to the individual.
- exposing of an individual is effected by infusion of the agent to the individual.
- the cells are genetically modified so as to enable the exogenously regulatable neurotransmitter synthesis.
- the cells are transformed with an ' expression construct including a polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, wherein the expression construct is designed such that expression of the polynucleotide is controllable via a regulatory agent.
- the agent is capable of downregulating expression of the enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- the agent is capable of upregulating expression of the enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- the cells are genetically modified to express tyrosine hydroxylase under a regulatory control of the agent, such that when the agent is absent an activator molecule binds a response element thereby upregulating expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase.
- the cell is a neuron-like cell devoid of endogenous activity of the enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- the cell further includes a polynucleotide encoding an apoptosis inhibiting polypeptide.
- the proliferation medium includes DMEM, SPN, L-glutamine, FCS, 2- ⁇ - mercaptoethanol, nonessential amino acids and EGF.
- the method of producing cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders includes prior to step (iv) incubating the cells resulting from step (iii) in a pre-differentiating medium thereby predisposing the cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells.
- the pre-differentiating medium includes bFGF. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the pre-differentiation medium further includes DMEM, SPN, L-glutamine, N2 supplement and FCS.
- the at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid is docosahexaenoic acid.
- the at least one differentiating agent is selected from the group consisting of BHA, dbcAMP and IBMX,
- the differentiating medium further includes DMEM, SPN, L-glutamine, N2 supplement and retinoic acid
- the method of producing cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders is further effected by prior to step (iv) transforming the cells resulting from step (iii) with the nucleic acid construct of the present invention.
- step (iv) transforming the cells resulting from step (iii) with the nucleic acid construct of the present invention.
- the neurotransmitter is dopamine.
- the at least two types of neurotransmitters include dopamine.
- the least two types of neurotransmitters include serotonin.
- the present invention successfully addresses the shortcomings of the presently known methods of treating neurodegenerative diseases by providing neuronal-like cells capable of controllable synthesis of neurotransmitters and of cell replacement therapy using such cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
- FIGs. 1A-C illustrate light microscope images of non-differentiated human bone-marrow stromal cells (hBMSc).
- the hBMSc were cultured in a "proliferation medium" (described in Example 1 of the Examples section below) and were grown to
- the plastic- adherent hBMSc had a round or spindle body shape ( Figure 1 A) or a flat body shape
- FIG. 2 illustrates flow cytometer analyses of non-differentiated hBMSc. Fifteen-day-old hBMS cells were stained for the presence of surface markers CD45,
- CD5 CD20, CD1 lb and CD34 (characteristic of lymphohematopoietic cells)
- CD90 Thy-1; a protein which is expressed during synaptogenesis.
- the cells were analyzed with FACSCaliburTM flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) equipped with an argon ion laser (adjusted to an excitation wavelength of 488nm) and the
- FIG. 3 illustrates a light microscope image of adult hBMSc differentiated into neurons. Twenty-four hours prior to differentiation, cultured hBMSc were transferred from the "proliferating medium" into the "pre-differentiation” medium (see Examples - ' 1-2 of the Examples section below). Following 24 hr incubation in the "pre- differentiation medium", the hBMSc were transferred into the "differentiation medium” (see Example 2 of the Examples below). The plastic-adherent cells were transformed into neuronal-like cells having a spindle shaped cell body and long branching processes that appeared as early as three hours post differentiation induction and continued to appear 72 h following differentiation induction.
- FIG. 4 illustrates 3 H-thymidine incorporation (indicative of cell proliferation) in hBMSc that have been cultured in the "differentiating medium” and in hBMSc, which have been cultured in the "pre-differentiating medium” (see Example 2 of the Examples below).
- the 3 H-thymidine incorporation into differentiating cells was reduced by about 45% and 90%, as compared with the non-differentiating cells, following 16 and 39 hr incubation periods, respectively.
- FIGs. 5A-D illustrate reverse transcriptase RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and northern blot analyses of RNA extracted from neuronal markers in non-differentiated and in differentiating hBMSc.
- Figure 5A illustrates an RT-PCR analysis designed for identifying neuronal transcripts.
- Figure 5B illustrates Northern blot and real-time PCR analyses, which utilized a 32 P-labled PCR product of NEGF2 as a probe.
- Figure 5C illustrates Northern blot analysis, which utilized 32 P-labled PCR product of neurofilament 200 (NF-200) as a probe.
- Figure 5D illustrates northern blot analysis, which utilized a 32 P-labled PCR product of neuron specific enolase (NSE) as a probe.
- NSE neuron specific enolase
- FIGs. 6A-B illustrate fluorescent microscope images of neural markers in hBMSc cultured in "differentiation medium" (see Example 2 of the Examples below) for 12 hr to 5 days.
- Figure 6 A illustrates antibody-labeled neuron nuclei-specific marker (NeuN; expressed after 12 hr), neurofilament heavy (NF-200; expressed after 24 hr), neuron specific enolase (NSE; expressed after 48 hr) and nestin (expressed after 48 hr).
- Figure 6B illustrates antibody-labeled glial f ⁇ brillary acidic protein
- GFAP expressed after 48 hr
- ⁇ -tubulin III expressed after 5 days
- FIGs. 7A-C illustrate Western blot analyses of differentiated hBMSc indicating elevated expressions of neuron specific enolase (NSE; Figure 7A) neuron nuclei-specific marker (NeuN; Figure 7B) and nestin (Figure 7C).
- NSE neuron specific enolase
- Neuron nuclei-specific marker Neuron nuclei-specific marker
- Figure 7C nestin
- FIG. 8 illustrates light microscope images of neuron-like differentiated hBMSc following 28 days of incubation in "long-term differentiation medium" (see Example 5 of the Examples below).
- FIGs. 9A-C illustrate light and fluorescent microscope images of hBMSc which were incubated in the "proliferation medium” (see Example 1 of the Examples below) or in the "long-term differentiation medium” (see Example 5 of the Examples below).
- Figure 9A illustrates antibody-labeled expression of the neuronal marker ⁇ - tubulin III in the differentiated cells.
- Figure 9B illustrates antibody-labeled expression of the neuronal marker MAP-2 in the differentiated cells.
- Figure 9C illustrates antibody-labeled expression of the neuronal marker nestin in the differentiated cells.
- FIG. 10 illustrates RT-PCR analyses designed for identifying dopaminogenic markers in hBMSc, which have been cultured for 12-72 hr in the "differentiation medium" (see Example 2 of the Examples below).
- FIGs. 11A-C illustrate expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in differentiated hBMSc.
- Figure 11A illustrates real-time PCR analysis indicating an elevated TH transcription in the differentiated cells.
- Figure 11B illustrates Western blot analysis indicating an elevated level of TH in the differentiated cells.
- Figure 11C illustrates fluorescent microscope images highlighting antibody-labeled TH expression in the differentiated cells.
- FIG. 12 illustrates confocal fluorescent microscope images of hBMSc which have been incubated for five days in the "differentiation medium” (see Example 2 of the Examples below) highlighting antibody-labeled vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) in the differentiated cells.
- FIG. 13 illustrates flow cytometer analyses of hBMSc which have been differentiated for 48 hr in the "differentiation medium” (see Example 2 of the Examples below). The cells were stained for the presence of D2 dopamine receptor and were analyzed with FACSCaliburTM flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). The analysis shows that a D2 dopamine receptor was present in the differentiated hBMSc.
- FIG. 14A-D illustrate HPLC analyses of differentiating hBMSc.
- Figure 14A illustrates the levels of dopamine measured in the supernatant of hBMSc which have been incubated for 0-96 hr in the "differentiation medium" (see Example 2 of the Examples below).
- Figure 14B illustrates the levels of dopamine measured in the supernatant of hBMSc which have been incubated for 0-96 hr in the "differentiation medium” followed by an additional incubation of 10 minutes in 56 mM KC1 solution.
- Figure 14C illustrates the levels of the dopamine precursor DOPA measured in the supernatant of hBMSc which have been incubated in the "differentiation medium” for 0-72 hr.
- Figure 14D illustrates the levels of dopamine metabolite DOPAC measured in the supernatant of hBMSc which have been cultured in the "differentiation medium” for 0-50 hr.
- FIGs. 15A-D illustrate the effect of mouse bone-marrow stromal cells (mBMSc) transplantation on the recovery of amphetamine-induced motor rotation in a rat model for Parkinson's disease.
- mBMSc mouse bone-marrow stromal cells
- GFP-Tg green fluorescent- protein marked transgenic mice
- the isolated mBMSc were induced for neural differentiation and transplanted into the nigra of 6-OHDA lesioned rats.
- the rats were then treated with amphetamine and were examined for rotational response over a period of 45 days post transplantation.
- Figure 15 A illustrates the changes in rotation rates over time followed transplantation indicating diminishing rotations (indicative of improvement of motor function) 45 days post transplantation.
- Figure 15B illustrates the changes in relative rotations (as compared with non-treated mice) over time followed transplantation indicating 97.9% decrease in relative rotations 45 days post transplantation.
- Figure 15C illustrates fluorescent microscope images highlighting transplanted mBMSc present in the substania nigra of treated mice 45 days post transplantation.
- Figure 15D illustrates fluorescent microscope images highlighting transplanted mBMSc present in the striatum of treated mice 45 days post nigral transplantation.
- FIGs 16A-C illustrate dopaminergic and serotoninergic activities in differentiated human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSc).
- Figure 16A illustrates western blot analysis indicating expression of tryptophane hydroxylase.
- Figure 16B illustrates RT-PCR analysis indicating tryptophane hydroxylase transcription.
- Figure 16B illustrates HPLC analysis indicating synthesis of DOPAC (a dopamine metabolite) and 5HIAA (a serotonin metabolite).
- FIG. 17 illustrates a construct of an expression vector containing Nurr-1 encoding sequence inserted within pcDNA-3.1A (Invitrogene).
- FIG. 18 illustrates a construct designed for a negative selection of dopaminergic cells.
- the construct includes the human TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) promoter inserted in pMOD (InvivoGene) upstream of the "suicide gene" HSVl-tk
- FIGs. 19A-B illustrate the Tet-off Tet-on system for doxy cy line-controlled expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
- Figure 19A illustrates the regulator and response constructs of the system.
- Figure 19B illustrates a schematic diagram describing the system mode of action.
- FIGs. 20A-B illustrate fluorescent microscope images of differentiated BMSc of a GFP-Tg mouse (mBMSc).
- Figure 20A illustrates fluorescent microscope image of morphological changes induced by "differentiation medium” (see Example 1).
- Figure 20B illustrates a fluorescent microscope image highlighting antibody-labeled
- A2B5 (a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor) expressed in the NT-3 induced mBMSc.
- FIG. 21 illustrates changes in the rotational performance of mice expressing SOD1 (an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ALS) over time.
- SOD1 an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- FIG. 22 illustrates a PCR analysis of different tissues of a female mouse sampled one week after male-derived mBMSc had been transplanted into the cisterna magna.
- the analysis detects Chromosome Y (indicative of the transplanted cells) in the spinal cord of the female mouse but not in other tissues.
- FIG. 23 illustrates rotarod performance (indicative of rotational behavior) of wild-type mice which received mBMSc transplantation into their spinal cords at the age of 7 weeks. Mice which were treated with saline injection were use as control. The transplantation of mBMSc did not affect the rotational behavior of the wild type mice.
- FIG. 24 illustrates a rotarod performance (indicative of rotational behavior) of
- SOD1 mice (model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which received mBMSc transplantation into their spinal cords at the age of 7 weeks. Mice which were treated with saline injection were use as control. The transplantation of mBMSc significantly improved the rotational behavior of the SOD1 mice, as compared with the saline- treated control.
- the present invention is of genetically modified cells capable of controllable synthesis of neurotransmitters and of methods of generating and using such cells in cell replacement therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
- the principles and operation of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions.
- the present inventors realized that in order to provide safe and effective cell-replacement therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, one requires cells which can be easily harvested and manipulated and above all be capable of synthesizing neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in response to an external stimulus.
- neuron-like bone marrow stromal cells (BMSc) capable of synthesizing neurotransmitters have been described by prior art studies (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,245 and Sanchez-Ramos et al. (2000), Woodburry et al.
- neurodegenerative disorder refers to any disorder, disease or condition of the nervous system (preferably CNS) which is characterized by gradual and progressive loss of neural tissue, neurotransmitter, or neural functions.
- Examples of neurodegenerative disorder include, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyatrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Alzhimer's disease and Huntington's disease.
- treating refers to refers to reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder, disease or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
- treatment or “therapy” as used herein refer to the act of treating.
- the method is effected by administering to an individual in need thereof cells capable of exogenously regulatable neurotransmitter synthesis thereby treating the neurodegenerative disorder.
- Cells capable of exogenously regulatable neurotransmitter synthesis i.e., cells which produce neurotransmitters on demand
- a neurotransmitter can be any substances which is released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
- the neurotransmitter can be, for example, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, gamma aminobutyric acid, serotonin, acetylcholine, or glutamic acid.
- the neurotransmitter is dopamine.
- Cellular synthesis of such neurotransmitters is directed by a pathway of enzymes which cooperate in converting precursor molecules ' into the active neurotransmitter.
- dopamine is synthesized in dopaminergic neurons from L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) through the action of DOPA decarboxylase, while L-DOPA is produced from tyrosine through the action of tyrosine hydroxylase.
- L-DOPA L-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- tyrosine is produced from tyrosine through the action of tyrosine hydroxylase.
- Norepinephrine is produced in noreinephrinergic neurons from dopamine through the action of dopamine ⁇ -hydroxylase.
- Epinephrine is produced in epinephrinergic neurons from norepinephrine through the action of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.
- Gama aminobutiric acid (GABA) is produced in GABAergic neurons from glutamate through the action of glutamate decarboxylase.
- Serotonin is produced in serotoninergic neurons from tryptophane through a two-step process by tryptophane-5-monooxygenase (hydroxylation) and by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (decarboxylation).
- Acetylcholine is produced in cholinergic neurons from choline and acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase (http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nerves.html).
- the cells utilized by the present invention can be any actively growing cells, preferably bone marrow derived cells, more preferably bone marrow stromal cells
- the BMSc can be isolated from the iliac crest of an individual by aspiration followed by culturing in a proliferation medium capable of maintaining and/or expanding the isolated cells ex vivo.
- a proliferation medium includes DMEM, SPN, L-glutamine, FCS, 2- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, nonessential amino acids and EGF such as described in Example 1 of the Examples section which follows.
- the proliferating cells may be directly differentiated to neuron-like cells, or transformed using the constructs and transformation methods described hereinbelow prior to their differentiation to neuron-like cells.
- Differentiation to neuron-like cells can be effected by incubating the cells in a differentiating medium such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,245 and by Sanchez- Ramos et al. (2000); Woodburry et al. (2000); Woodburry et al. (J. Neurisci. Res. 96:908-917, 2001); Black and Woodbury (Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 27:632-635, 2001);
- differentiation is effected in the presence of at least one type of a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as doc ⁇ sahexaenoic acid (DHA)
- DHA doc ⁇ sahexaenoic acid
- Such polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in modulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of the major anionic phospholipids in neuronal membranes [Connor and Neuringer in: "Biological Membranes and Aberrations in Membrane Structure and Function", Karnovsky, M., Leaf, A., and Bolis, L., eds., pp. 267-292, Alan R. Liss, New York ,1988; Alan R.
- differentiation of BMSc to neuron-like cells is effected by incubating the cells in a differentiating medium which includes at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as DHA.
- the differentiating medium also includes at least one neuronal differentiating agent such as BHA, dbcAMP or IBMX.
- the differentiation medium further comprises DMEM, SPN, L-glutamine, N2 supplement and retinoic acid (see Example 2 of the Examples section which follows).
- BMSc are preferably incubated in a "pre-differentiation medium" prior to their incubation in the differentiation medium described above.
- a suitable pre-differentiation medium may be any growth medium capable of predisposing the cells to neuron-like differentiation, such as a growth medium supplemented with the mitogen basic f ⁇ broblast growth factor
- the pre-differentiating medium further comprises DMEM, SPN,
- neuronal-like cells resulted from the procedure described hereinabove typically exhibit neuronal cell morphology (illustrated in Figure 3) and express at least one neuronal marker such as, for example, CD90, neuron-specific nuclear protein, neurofilament heavy, neuron-specific enolase, beta-tubulin 3, MAP-2, tyrosine hydroxylase, microtubule associated protein, nestin and calbindin.
- a neuronal marker such as, for example, CD90, neuron-specific nuclear protein, neurofilament heavy, neuron-specific enolase, beta-tubulin 3, MAP-2, tyrosine hydroxylase, microtubule associated protein, nestin and calbindin.
- the differentiated cells of the present invention are preferably capable of synthesizing a neurotransmitter.
- a neurotransmitter synthesizing cells can be generated by incubating in a neuron-like differentiation medium such as described above or in a "dopaminergic differentiation medium", such as described in Example 9 of the Examples section which follows.
- Parkinson's disease utilizing dopaminergic-only cells may in the long run lead to imbalances in non-dopaminergic transmitter systems and subsequently to side effects such as wearing-off and dyskinesia (Nicholson and Brotchie, Eur J Neurol. 3:1-6, 2002).
- agents which target non-dopaminergic systems and which are capable of preventing, or limiting, the expression of involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease have been suggested for use in treating Parkinson's patients (Djaldetti and Melamed, J Neurol. 2:30-5, 2002; Muller, T.,:Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2:557-72, 2001; and Jenner, P. J. Neurol. 2:43-50, 2000).
- serotonin receptors have been identified as potential therapeutic targets in Parkinson's disease. (Nicholson and Brotchie, Eur J Neurol. 3:1-6, 2002).
- the population of cells utilized by the present invention is a mixed population of cells which includes two or more different neurotransmitter producing cells aimed to provide a balanced neurotransmitter production.
- the mixed population of cells includes dopaminergic as well as serotoninergic cells such as those illustrated in
- the cells utilized by this aspect of the present invention are preferably capable of controllable synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- Several approaches can be utilized to generate cells which are capable of such controlled synthesis.
- cell suitable for neuronal transplantation are harvested or generated as described hereinabove and are genetically modified to enable controllable expression of a neurotransmitter. Genetic modification is preferably effected by transforming such cells with an expression construct which is designed for controllable expression of an enzyme participating in neurotransmitter synthesis.
- the expression construct of the present invention preferably includes a polynucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme participating in synthesis of the neurotransmitter, whereas the expression construct is designed such that the polynucleotide expression is regulated via exposure to an agent or condition.
- the expression construct can be designed as a gene knock-in construct in which case it will lead to genomic integration of construct sequences, or it can be designed as an episomal expression vector.
- the expression construct can be generated using standard ligation and restriction techniques, which are well known in the art (see Maniatis et al, in:
- Isolated plasrriids, DNA sequences, or synthesized oligonucleotides are cleaved, tailored, and religated in the form desired.
- Polynucleotide sequences which can be utilized in the expression construct of the present invention are described in various databases such as that maintained by the national resource for molecular biology information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
- Examples include sequences set forth in GenBank Accession Nos. NM_000360 (encoding tyrosine hydroxylase); NM_000790 (encoding DOPA decarboxylase);
- NM_000161 (encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I); NM_000787 (encoding dopamine ⁇ - hydroxylase); NM_002686 (encoding glutamate decarboxylase); NM_003450
- NM_020549 encoding choline acetyltransferase
- Promoters ' suitable for use with the present invention are preferably response elements capable for directing transcription of the polynucleotide sequence so as to confer regulatable synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
- a suitable response element can be, for example, a tetracycline response element (such as described by Gossen and Bujard (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-551, 1992); an ectysone-inducible response element (No D et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93:3346-3351, 1996) a metal-ion response element such as described by Mayo et al. (Cell. 29:99-108, 1982); Brinster et al.
- the response element is an ectysone-inducible response element, more preferably the response element is a tetracycline response element.
- Enhancer elements can stimulate transcription up to 1,000 fold from linked homologous or heterologous promoters. Enhancers are active when placed downstream or upstream from the transcription initiation site. Many enhancer elements derived from viruses have a broad host range and are active in a variety of tissues. For example, the SN40 early gene enhancer is suitable for many cell types. Other enhancer/promoter combinations that are suitable for the present invention include those derived from polyoma virus, human or murine cytomegalovirus (CMV), the long term repeat from various retroviruses such as murine leukemia virus, murine or Rous sarcoma virus and HIV.
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- Polyadenylation sequences can also be added to the expression construct in order to increase the translation efficiency of the enzyme expressed from the expression construct of the present invention.
- Two distinct sequence elements are required for accurate and efficient polyadenylation: GU or U rich sequences located downstream from the polyadenylation site and a highly conserved sequence of six nucleotides, AAUAAA, located 11-30 nucleotides upstream.
- Termination and polyadenylation signals that are suitable for the present invention include those derived from SV40.
- the expression construct of the present invention may typically contain other specialized elements intended to increase the level of expression of cloned polynucleotides or to facilitate the identification of cells that carry the recombinant DNA.
- a number of animal viruses contain DNA sequences that promote the extra chromosomal replication of the viral genome in permissive cell types. Plasmids bearing these viral replicons are replicated episomally as long as the appropriate factors are provided by genes either carried on the plasmid or with the genome of the host cell.
- the expression construct may or may not include a eukaryotic replicon. If a eukaryotic replicon is present, then the vector is amplifiable in eukaryotic cells using the appropriate selectable marker. If the construct does not comprise a eukaryotic replicon, no episomal amplification is possible. Instead, the recombinant DNA integrates into the genome of the engineered cell, where the promoter directs expression of the desired polynucleotide.
- the expression construct of the present invention can further include additional polynucleotide sequences that allow, for example, the translation of several proteins from a single mRNA such as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and sequences for genomic integration of the promoter-chimeric polypeptide.
- IRS internal ribosome entry site
- a single expression construct can be designed and co-express two distinct enzymes which participate in a neurotransmitter synthesis, such as the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase which participate in dopamine synthesis.
- mammalian expression constructs include, but are not limited to, pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1 (+/-), pGL3, pZeoSV2(+/-), pSecTag2, pDisplay, pEF/myc/cyto, pCMV/myc/cyto, pCR3.1, pSinRep5, DH26S, DHBB, pNMTl, pNMT41, pNMT81, which are available from Invitrogen, pCI which is available from Promega, pMbac, pPbac, pBK-RSV and pBK-CMV which are available from Strategene, pTRES which is available from Clontech, and their derivatives.
- SV40 vectors include pSVT7 and pMT2.
- Vectors derived from bovine papilloma virus include pBV- 1MTHA, and vectors derived from Epstein Bar virus include pHEBO, and p2O5.
- exemplary vectors include pMSG, pAV009/A + , pMTO10/A + , pMAMneo-5, baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowing expression of proteins under the direction of the SV-40- early promoter, SV-40 later promoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or other promoters shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.
- Viruses are specialized infectious agents that have evolved, in many cases, to elude host defense mechanisms. Typically, viruses infect and propagate in specific cell types.
- the targeting specificity of viral vectors utilizes its natural specificity to specifically target predetermined cell types and thereby introduce a recombinant gene into the infected cell.
- the type of vector used by the present invention will depend on the cell type transformed. The ability to select suitable vectors according to the cell type transformed is well within the capabilities of the ordinary skilled ⁇ " artisan and as such no general description of selection consideration is provided herein.
- bone marrow cells can be targeted using the human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I).
- Recombinant viral vectors are useful for in vivo expression of transgenic polynucleotides since they offer advantages such as lateral infection and targeting specificity.
- Lateral infection is inherent in the life cycle of, for example, retrovirus and is the process by which a single infected cell produces many progeny virions that bud off and infect neighboring cells. The result is that a large area becomes rapidly infected, most of which was not initially infected by the original viral particles. This is in contrast to vertical-type of infection in which the infectious agent spreads only through daughter progeny.
- Viral vectors can also be produced that are unable to spread laterally. This characteristic can be useful if the desired purpose is to introduce a specified gene into only a localized number of targeted cells.
- the cells of the present invention can also be transformed with an expression construct, or a construct system, which includes a first polynucleotide sequence which is regulated by a transactivator positioned under the transcriptional control of a second regulatory sequence.
- the transactivator is capable of activating the first regulatory sequence to direct transcription of the first polynucleotide sequence in absence of the agent.
- the first polynucleotide sequence of the expression construct, or construct system includes a sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter which is operably linked to an ecdysone-responsive promoter such as described by No et al. (Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:3346-3351, 1996).
- the first polynucleotide sequence of the expression construct, or construct system includes a sequence encoding an enzyme participating in a synthesis of a neurotransmitter which is operably linked to a tetracycline control element such as described by Gossen and Bujard (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
- the transactivator is preferably a tetracycline controlled transactivator such as described by Gossen and Bujard (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-551, 1992) operably linked to a human enolase promoter. See Example 15 of the Examples section which follows for further details.
- the neurotransmitter concentration is comparatively (in presence vs absence of the agent) analyzed using standard chemical analytical methods such as, for example, HPLC or GC-MS.
- the cultures are comparatively analyzed for expression of the recombinant enzyme (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase), using biochemical analytical methods such as immunoassays, Western blot and Real-time PCR using the procedures such as described in Examples 7 of the Examples section which follows, or by enzyme activity bioassays.
- cells capable of endogenously producing a neurotransmitter are selected for use with the present invention (e.g., neuronal-induced BMSc)
- such cells are preferably genetically manipulated such as to delete or mutate endogenous coding sequences of enzymes participating in the neurotransmitter synthesis (e.g., endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase).
- Such genetic manipulation can be effected by, for example, by employing gene knock-out or site directed mutation techniques and vectors such as those described by Galli-Taliadoros et al. (J Immunol Methods 181:1-15, 1995) and Harris and Ford (Pharmacogenomics. 1:433-43, 2000).
- cells capable of endogenously producing a neurotransmitter can be eliminated by exposure to nerotoxins (e.g., MPTP) or by transformation with a suicide vector, such as illustrated in Figure 18.
- Deletion of endogenous sequences can be combined with knock-in of exogenous enzyme coding sequences (such as those described above) such that cells simultaneously lose the ability to endogenously synthesize neurotransmitters and acquire such an ability (regulatable) through genomic integration of exogenous sequences which encode the enzyme positioned under the transcriptional control of a controllable regulatory sequence.
- exogenous enzyme coding sequences such as those described above
- such cells can also be genetically manipulated such that endogenous enzyme coding sequences are brought under control of a regulatable promoter sequence.
- Such manipulation can be achieved by replacing the endogenous promoter sequence of the enzyme (e.g., the TH promoter sequence) via gene knock-in of a regulatable promoter sequence.
- the cells of the present invention are transformed so as to acquire resistance to cell death occurring during brain transplantation. It has been found that cells implanted in brain tissue may undergo apoptosis triggered by hypoxia, hypoglycemia, mechanical trauma, free radicals, growth factor depravation, and excessive extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids in the host brain (Brundin et al. (Cell Transplant. 9:179-195, 2000).
- the cells of the present invention can be transformed with a polynucleotide encoding an apoptosis inhibiting polypeptide such as, for example, the human bcl-2 gene (Adams and Cory, Science 281:1322-1326, 1998).
- the polypeptide can be expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter such as described hereinabove, or preferably, under a control of a neuronal tissue- specific promoter such as, for example the human neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter as described by Levy et al. (Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 21:121-132, 2003).
- the cells of the present invention can be administered to the treated individual using a variety of transplantation approaches, the nature of which depends on the site of implantation.
- transplantation refers to the introduction of the cells of the present invention to target tissue.
- the cells can be derived from the recipient or from an allogeneic or xenogeneic donor.
- the cells can be grafted into the central nervous system or into the ventricular cavities or subdurally onto the surface of a host brain.
- Conditions for successful transplantation include: (i) viability of the implant; (ii) retention of the graft at the site of transplantation; and (iii) minimum amount of pathological reaction at the site of transplantation.
- Methods for transplanting various nerve tissues, for example embryonic brain tissue, into host brains have been described in: "Neural grafting in the mammalian CNS", Bjorklund and Stenevi, eds. (1985) These procedures include intraparenchymal transplantation, i.e. within the host brain (as compared to outside the brain or extraparenchymal transplantation) achieved by injection or deposition of tissue within the host brain so as to be opposed to the brain parenchyma at the time of transplantation
- Intraparenchymal transplantation can be effected using two approaches: (i) injection of cells into the host brain parenchyma or (ii) preparing a cavity by surgical means to expose the host brain parenchyma and then depositing the graft into the cavity. Both methods provide parenchymal deposition between the graft and host brain tissue at the time of grafting, and both facilitate anatomical integration between the graft and host brain tissue. This is of importance if it is required that the graft becomes an integral part of the host brain and survives for the life of the host.
- the graft may be placed in a ventricle, e.g. a cerebral ventricle or subdurally, i.e. on the surface of the host brain where it is separated from the host brain parenchyma by the intervening pia mater or arachnoid and pia mater.
- a ventricle e.g. a cerebral ventricle or subdurally, i.e. on the surface of the host brain where it is separated from the host brain parenchyma by the intervening pia mater or arachnoid and pia mater.
- Grafting to the ventricle may be accomplished by injection of the donor cells or by growing the cells in a substrate such as 3% collagen to form a plug of solid tissue which may then be implanted into the ventricle to prevent dislocation of the graft.
- the cells may be injected around the surface of the brain after making a slit in the dura.
- Injections into selected regions of the host brain may be made by drilling a hole and piercing the dura to permit the needle of a microsyringe to be inserted.
- the microsyringe is preferably mounted in a stereotaxic frame and three dimensional stereotaxic coordinates are selected for placing the needle into the desired location of the brain or spinal cord.
- the cells may also be introduced into the putamen, nucleus basalis, hippocampus cortex, striatum, substantia nigra or caudate regions of the brain, as well as the spinal cord.
- the cell suspension is drawn up into the syringe and administered to anesthetized transplantation recipients. Multiple injections may be made using this procedure.
- the cellular suspension procedure thus permits grafting of the cells to any predetermined site in the brain or spinal cord, is relatively non-traumatic, allows multiple grafting simultaneously in several different sites or the same site using the same cell suspension, and permits mixtures of cells from different anatomical regions.
- Multiple grafts may consist of a mixture of cell types, and/or a mixture of transgenes inserted into the cells. Preferably from approximately 10 4 to approximately 10 8 cells are introduced per graft.
- tissue is removed from regions close to the external surface of the central nerve system (CNS) to form a transplantation cavity, for example as described by Stenevi et al. (Brain Res. 114:1-20., 1976), by removing bone overlying the brain and stopping bleeding with a material such a gelfoam. Suction may be used to create the cavity. The graft is then placed in the cavity. More than one transplant may be placed in the same cavity using injection of cells or solid tissue implants.
- the site of implantation is dictated by the type of neurotransmitter being synthesized by the cells of the present invention.
- dopaminergic cells are preferably implanted in the sabstantia nigra of a Parkinson's patient.
- the cells of the present invention may be co-administered with therapeutic agents useful in treating neurodegenerative disorders, such as growth factors, e.g. nerve growth factor; gangliosides; antibiotics, neurotransmitters, neurohormones, toxins, neurite promoting molecules; and antimetabolites and precursors of these molecules such as L-DOPA.
- growth factors e.g. nerve growth factor; gangliosides; antibiotics, neurotransmitters, neurohormones, toxins, neurite promoting molecules; and antimetabolites and precursors of these molecules such as L-DOPA.
- the neurotransmitter level is preferably estimated indirectly by using clinical tests suitable for diagnosing the neurodegenerative disorder.
- the release of dopamine by implanted cells in a Parkinson's disease patient can be estimated using clinical diagnosis tests for Parkinson's disease such as described, for example in Adker, C. H. and Ahlskog, J. E eds. ("Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for the Practicing Physician, Humana Press", New Jersey, 2000).
- the neurotransmitter release rate is adjusted by administering to the individual, or withholding from the individual, an agent capable of regulating synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the implanted cells.
- the agent may be any molecule capable of upregulating or downregulating the expression of an enzyme participating in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, such as described hereinabove.
- the agent can be administered directly to the individual or as a part (active ingredient) of a pharmaceutical composition.
- a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of one or more of the active ingredients or agents described herein with other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriers and excipients.
- the purpose of a pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of a compound to an organism.
- physiologically acceptable carrier and
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered compound.
- An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
- excipient refers to an inert substance added to a pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient.
- excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.
- the therapeutically effective amount or dose can be estimated initially from in vitro and cell culture assays.
- a dose is formulated in an animal model to achieve a desired concentration or titer. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
- Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the active ingredients described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimental animals.
- the data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
- the dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
- the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition, (see e.g., Fingl, et al, 1975, in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch. 1 p.l).
- Parkinson's patient can be monitored symptomatically for improved motor functions indicating positive response to treatment, and for runaway diskinesis symptoms indicating an excessive dopamine expression.
- the agent can be administered to the patient in various ways, including but not limited to oral administration, parenteral administration, intrathecal administration, intraventricular administration and intranigral application.
- the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition, (see e.g., Fingl, et al, 1975, in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch. 1 p.l).
- Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to levels of the active ingredient which are sufficient to effectively regulate the neurotransmitter synthesis by the implanted cells. Dosages necessary to achieve the desired effect will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. Detection assays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
- dosing can be of a single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
- the amount of a composition to be administered will, of course, be dependent on the individual being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc.
- the dosage and timing of administration will be responsive to a careful and continuous monitoring of the individual changing condition. For example, a treated Parkinson's patient will be administered with an amount of agent which is sufficient to promote, or suppress, dopamine synthesis to the level desired, based on the monitoring indications.
- the invention provides novel nucleic acid constructs, construct systems, cells and methods of cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases which is effective, safe and clinically practical.
- Proliferation culture Bone marrow aspirates (10 ml) were obtained from iliac crest of healthy human donors with informed consent. Mononuclear cells were isolated by centrifugation through a density gradient (Histopaque®-1077), and were plated in a "proliferation medium" [Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM; Biological Indutries); 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, 12.5 units/ml nystatin (SPN; Biological Industries); 2 mM L-glutamine; 5% horse serum; 15% fetal calf serum (FCS; Biological Industries); 0.001% 2- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol (Sigma); lx non-essential amino acids; 10 ng/ml human epidermal growth factor (EGF)].
- DMEM modified eagle medium
- SPN fetal calf serum
- FCS fetal calf serum
- Sigma 2- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
- the cells were incubated for two days at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator, and non-adherent cells were then discarded. The remaining plastic-adherent cells were washed twice with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Biological Industries), and fresh growth medium was added. The medium was replaced every 3 or 4 days. Cells grew to 80-90% confluency within 15 days and appeared round or spindle shaped ( Figure 1 A) or a flat shaped ( Figures 1B-C).
- PBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
- Flow cytometry Following 15 days under proliferative culturing conditions, the cells were harvested and suspended in 0.05% trypsin and 25 mM EDTA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The cells, in solution at a concentration of 0.5 x 10 cells/ml, were stained with antibodies specific against the cell surface markers CD45, CD5, CD20, CDl lb and CD34 (associated with lympho-hematopoietic cells; Becton- Dickinson) for 20 min with an empirically determined amount of each antibody, generally 10 to 20 ⁇ l.
- PBS phosphate-buffered saline
- the antibody-labeled cells were thoroughly washed with two volumes of PBS and fixed in flow buffer (1% paraformaldehyde, 0.1% sodium azide, and 0.5%" bovine serum albumin in PBS). The washed cells were analyzed by a FACSCaliburTM flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson), equipped with an argon ion laser, adjusted to an excitation wavelength of 488nm, and by collecting 10,000 events with the CELLQuestTM software program (Becton Dickinson). Results:
- the cultured hBMSc did not express any of the surface markers associated with lympho-hematopoietic cells (i.e., CD45, CD5, CD20, CD l ib and CD34), but rather expressed the CD90 surface marker (Thy-1), which is indicative of synaptogenesis ( Figure 2).
- Plastic-adherent cells were then transferred to a "pre-differentiation medium" [DMEM supplemented with SPN, 2 mM glutamine, N2 supplement (insulin 25 ⁇ g/ml; progesterone 20 nM; putrescin 100 ⁇ M; selenium 30 nM; transferrin 100 ⁇ g/ml), 10% FCS, 10 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; R&D Systems, MN), and 10 ng/ml human epidermal growth factor (EGF; R&D Systems)].
- DMEM fetal growth factor
- DMEM fetal calf serum
- the suspensions were transferrin 100 ⁇ g/ml), 200 ⁇ M butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; Sigma), 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP; Sigma), 0.5 mM isobutylmethlxanthine (IBMX; Sigma), 10 ⁇ M docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; Sigma), and 10 ⁇ M retinoic acid (RA; Sigma)] and incubated at 37°C for 12- 72 hr.
- BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
- dbcAMP dibutyryl cyclic AMP
- IBMX isobutylmethlxanthine
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- RA retinoic acid
- hBMSc were suspended in the "pre-differentiation medium” and in the "differentiation dispensed in 96-well microtiter plates (100 ⁇ l/well) and incubated for 16 and 39 hr at 37°C. The cultures were then supplemented with 10 ⁇ Ci/ml 3 H-thymidine and incubated for four additional hours. Cells were then harvested by suspended in 0.05% trypsin and 25 mM EDTA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and analyzed with a liquid scintillation counter to determine the level of 3 H-thymidine incorporation in the cells (indicative of proliferation activity). Results:
- Plastic-adherent cells exhibited neuronal-like spindle body shape with long branching processes that appeared as early as three hours post differentiation induction and continued to appear 72 h following differentiation induction (Fig 3 A-F). 3 H-thymidine incorporation was substantially reduced in the differentiated cells ( Figure 4) thus indicating that proliferation was attenuated in the neuronal-like differentiated hBMSc.
- RNA samples were incubated in the "proliferation medium” or in the “differentiation medium” (see Examples 1-2 hereinabove) for 3-72 hours at 37°C.
- Total RNA was extracted from the hBMSc by using the guanidine isothiocyanate method as described by Chomczynski & Sacchi (1987).
- total RNA was extracted from fresh human lymphocytes (from donor) using the RNA isolated kit (Puregene Gentra, Manneapolis, USA). The RNA samples were separated on 1% agarose formaldehyde-denaturing gel electrophoreses to verify their integrity.
- RNA samples 0.5 ⁇ g were mixed with RT-superscript II enzyme (10 units) contained in a reaction mixture [1.3 ⁇ M random primer, lx Buffer (supplied by InvitroGene), 10 mM DTT, 20 ⁇ M dNTPs, and RNase inhibitor] and incubated at 25°C for 10 min, 42°C for 2 hours, 70°C for 15 min and 95°C for 5 min.
- RT-superscript II enzyme 10 units
- the resulting cDNA samples were analyzed by PCR using the primers set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 1-2, 11-12, 21-22, 26-26 and 29-30 (see Table 1 below) and amplified under 35 cycles at 94° C for 1 min, 55-58° C for 1 min and 72° C for 1 min.
- RNA samples extracted from hBMSc were size fractionated on 1% agarose gel supplemented with 3% formaldehyde and MOPS, and transferred to Duralon-UVTM membranes (Stratagene). The membranes were then hybridized overnight with purified 3 P-labeled probes for neuronal markers NEGF2 (neurite growth-promoting factor 2), NF-200 (neurofilament heavy), and NSE (neuron specific enolase).
- NEGF2 neuronal markers
- NF-200 neuroofilament heavy
- NSE neuroon specific enolase
- NEGF2 was performed in a "Rotor-Gene DNA sample analysis system” version 4.6 (Corbett Research) using Sybergreen "PCR master mix” and the primers of SEQ ID NOs: 17-18.
- Real time PCR analysis of GADPH was performed for providing stimulated conditions for sample normalization using the primers of SEQ ID NOs: 9-10.
- the amplification protocol was 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 55°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 40 sec and 77°C for 20 sec. Stimulated conditions for sample normalization were applied by amplification of 18S rRNA.
- the amplification protocol was 80 cycles of 95°C for 20 and 61°C for 1 min. Quantification of gene expression relative to 18S rRNA was calculated by the protocol's ⁇ CT method and from standard curve method. Results:
- RT-PCR analysis indicates transcriptional expression of neuronal markers nestin, NSE, NF-M, CD90, RA-R and GPC4 in both differentiated and non- differentiated hBMSc ( Figure 5A). However, transcriptional expression of the neuronal markers NF-H and necdin occurred only in the differentiated hBMSc ( Figure 5A).
- proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluride membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratories), followed by blocking with 5% nonfat milk in Tris-buffered saline (TSB 10 mM Tris at 7.5, 150 mM NaCl) with 0.1% Tween-20 (blocking solution).
- TBS 10 mM Tris at 7.5, 150 mM NaCl Tris-buffered saline
- Tween-20 0.1% Tween-20
- the membranes were then washed twice (15 min each) with blocking solution and once in TBS-T for 15 min and were stained using the enhanced SuperSignal® chemiluminescent detection kit (Pierce) and exposed to medical X-ray film (Fuji Photo Film). Actin was used to evaluate and quantify the changes during the induction. Densitometry of the specific proteins bands was preformed by using VersaDoc® imaging system (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and Quantity One® software (Bio-Rad).
- IA immunoassay
- WB Western blot
- FC Flow cytometer
- hBMSCs Long-term differentiation culture: hBMSCs were incubated in the "pre- differentiation medium” (see Example 2 above) for 24 hr at 37°C then transferred to a "long-term differentiation medium” [DMEM supplemented with SPN, 2mM glutamine, N2 supplement (insulin 25 ⁇ g/ml; progesterone 20 nM; putrescin 100 ⁇ M; selenium 30 nM; transferrin 100 ⁇ g/ml), 1 mM dbcAMP, 0.5 mM IBMX, 10 ⁇ M docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; Sigma), 10 ng/ml bFGF, 10 ng/ml human glial cell line- derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and 10 ng/ml human beta nerve growth factor ( ⁇ -NGF)].
- the hMSCs were incubated in the "long-term differentiation medium” for
- MAP2 microtubule-associated protein 2
- ⁇ -tubulin III and nestin were observed in hBMSc following 28 day incubation ( Figures 9A-C, respectively).
- RT-PCR hBMSc were cultured for 12-72 hr in the "proliferation medium” and in the "differentiation medium” (see Example 1-2 hereinabove). Total RNA was extracted from the hBMSc by using the guanidine isothiocyanate method as described by Chomczynski & Sacchi (1987). The RT-PCR procedure designed for identifying dopaminergic markers was performed essentially as described in Example 3 hereinabove except for using the primers of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, 13-14 and 27-28.
- transcripts of several dopaminergic markers were expressed in differentiated and/or non-differentiated hBMSc. These include Nurrl [nuclear receptor related 1 ; a transcription factor that has role in the differentiation of midbrain precursors into dopamine neurons], and AADC [aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase; the enzyme which catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine].
- Nurrl nuclear receptor related 1 ; a transcription factor that has role in the differentiation of midbrain precursors into dopamine neurons
- AADC aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase; the enzyme which catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L
- GTP cyclohydrolase 1; the enzyme necessary for production of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor for TH
- EXAMPLE 7 Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in differentiated hBMSc Methods: Real time PCR: Total RNA was extracted from hBMSc using the guanidine isothiocyanate method as described by Chomczynski & Sacchi (1987). cDNA was generated as described in Example 3 hereinabove by carrying out a RT reaction with random primers. Amplification of cDNA was performed in an ABI Prism 7700 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems) using TaqMan® universal PCR master mix using specific primers of human TH and 18S rRNA (Applied Biosystems). Stimulated conditions for sample normalization were applied by amplification of 18S rRNA.
- the amplification protocol was 80 cycles of 95°C for 20 and 61°C for 1 min. Quantification of gene expression relative to 18S rRNA was calculated by the protocol's ⁇ CT method and from standard curve method.
- Western blot assay The assay was performed as described in Example 4 hereinabove except for immunoblotting with anti-TH and anti-actin antibodies.
- Immunoassay The assay was performed as described in Example 5 hereinabove using anti-TH antibody as described in Tables 2-3 in Example 4 hereinabove.
- hBMSc were incubated for five days in the "differentiation medium” (see Example 2 hereinabove), then harvested and stained with a specific antibody against vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) using the procedure described in Example 5 above. Antibody binding to NMAT-2 in cells was visualized by using a secondary CyTM3 -conjugated antibody. The stained cells were observed under a laser confocal microscope LSM 510 (ZEIZZ, Germany).
- N2 supplement insulin 25 ⁇ g/ml; progesterone 20 nM; putrescin 100 ⁇ M; selenium 30 nM; transferrin 100 ⁇ g/ml.
- HPLC analysis Samples were stabilized by adding 88 ⁇ l of 85% orthophosphoric acid and 4.4 mg of metabisulfite to ml sample. Dopamine was extracted by aluminium adsorption (Alumina, Bioanalytical Systems Inc.). Separation of injected samples (50 ⁇ l) was effected by isocratic elution on a HPLC-electron chemical detection (HPLC-ECD) system with a reverse-phase C18 column (125 X 4.6 mm dimension, Hichrom, Inc.) in a monochloroacetate buffer mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 1.2 ml per min, and the oxidative potential of the analytical cell was set at +650 mN. Results were validated by co-elution with dopamine standards under varying buffer conditions and detector settings. Results:
- the amount of dopamine measured in the supernatant of differentiating hBMSc increased from a non-detectable level to about 23 ng/ml (10 5 cells) during the
- the amount of DOPA (dopamine precursor) synthesized by the differentiating hBMSc increased from about 10 to 300 pg/ml (10 5 cells) during the 72 hours incubation period in the "dopaminergic differentiating medium" ( Figure 14C), while the amount of DOPAC (dopamine metabolite) increased from a non-detectable level to about 105 ng/ml (10 5 cells) during the 50 hours incubation period in the "dopaminergic differentiating medium" ( Figure 14D).
- Mouse BMS cells were obtained from transgenic male mice bearing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (Tg-EGFP; Hadjantonakis et al, 1998). The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the tibias and femurs were removed and placed in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). Mouse bone marrow cells were collected by flushing out the marrow using a syringe (1 ml) with 25G needle, filled with 0.5 ml sterile HBSS. The collected cells were disaggregated by gentle repeat pipetting until a milky homogenous single-cell suspension was achieved.
- Tg-EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein
- HBSS Hank's balanced salt solution
- the single-cell suspension was washed in 5 ml HBSS and centrifuged under lOOOg for 20 min at room temperature. Following centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded and the cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml growth medium.
- Isolated mouse bone marrow cells were cultured in the "proliferation medium" (see in Example 1 hereinabove) and incubated for 48 hr at
- Mouse BMSc transplantation neural-differentiated bone marrow stromal cells (mBMSc) were injected in the substania nigra of female 6-OHDA lesioned rats using stereotactic frame (as described by Bjorklund et al, 2002). Saline injection was used as a control.
- mBMSc neural-differentiated bone marrow stromal cells
- Rotational behavior analysis 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were treated with amphetamine 5 mg/kg to induce rotational behavior. The rotational response to amphetamine was examined 3, 15, 30 and 45 days post transplantation using a computerized rotameter (San Diego Instruments). Results:
- EXAMPLE 11 Survival and migration of transplanted mouse BMSc in rat brain Methods: Neuronal differentiated Tg-EGEF mouse BMSc were prepared and transplanted in the substania nigra of 6-OHDA rats (both hemispheres), as described in Example 10 hereinabove. Treated and untreated (saline only) rats were sacrificed 45 days post transplantation. Tissue sampled from lesioned and non-lesioned rat hemispheres were sectioned and observed under a fluorescent microscope, for the presence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) marking the transplanted mBMSc.
- GFP green fluorescent protein
- mice B5/EGFP male were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and were prepared with 70% alcohol solution. After tibias and femurs were removed and placed in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS; Biological Industries, Bet- Haemek, Israel), mouse bone marrow cells were collected by flushing out the marrow using a syringe (1 ml) with 25G needle, filled with 0.5 ml sterile HBSS. Cells were disaggregated by gentle pipetting several times until a milky homogenous single-cell suspension was achieved.
- HBSS Hank's balanced salt solution
- Bone marrow aspirate was diluted and washed by adding 5 ml HBSS, centrifuged at lOOOg for 20 min at room temperature (RT), and removing supernatant. The cell pellet was resuspended in 1 ml growth medium and diluted to 10 ml. The cells were plated in polystyrene plastic tissue cultures 75 cm 2 flask (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY) in the "proliferation medium" (see Example 1 hereinabove) for one week. The cells were then transferred to polylysin-coated slide- chambers (3200 cells/well), supplemented "proliferation medium” and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C.
- oligodendrocytes differentiation media composed of DMEM supplemented with 2mM glutamine, SPN, one or more of the following substances: bFGF (10 ng/ml), EGF (10-20 ng/ml), Interlukin-lb (20-40 ng/ml), dbcAMP (1-2 mM), retinoic acid (0.5 or 1 ⁇ M), neurotrophin-3 (50 or 100 ng/ml), human platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA; 5-20ng/ml), N2 supplement, triiodothyronien (T3; 40ng/ml) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (20 ng/ml; CNTF).
- bFGF 10 ng/ml
- EGF 10-20 ng/ml
- dbcAMP 1-2 mM
- retinoic acid 0.5 or 1 ⁇ M
- neurotrophin-3 50 or 100 ng/ml
- Immunoassay The cultures were incubated at 37°C for 1, 2 or 6 days (replacing growth media with fresh media every two days) then fixed in 4% PFA. Cells were blocked in 10% FCS solution then incubated with 5 ug/ml anti-A2B5 monoclonal antibody (1:200; R&D systems; 1 :200) overnight at 4°C. Cells were then washed twice in PBS for 10 min and incubated with goat-anti -mouse Cy-3 second antibody (Jackson laboratories; 1:500) at room temperature for 20 min.
- BMSc can be induced to differentiate into precursors of oligodendrocytes (myelin producing cells), which may be utilized for treating multiple sclerosis.
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- mice TgN(SODl-G93A)lGur transgenic mice, expressing mutated human superoxide dismutase-1 gene (SOD1; Gurney et al 1994) were bred in CSJLFl.
- SOD1 mutated human superoxide dismutase-1 gene
- the transgenic mice were healthy until the age of 3 months then deteriorated with ALS and became completely paralyzed at the age of 4-5 month.
- mice (saline only) mice was evaluated weekly by using a rotometer (San Diego Instrument
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- PCR analyses detected Y chromosome (indicative of male-derived transplanted cells) present the spinal cord of treated female mice.
- the Y chromosome was not detected in any other tissue of the treated female mice ( Figure 22).
- the nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr-1) is a transcription factor involved in differentiation of midbrain precursors into dopamine neurons
- a full-length human Nurrl cDNA (GeneBank Accession No. NM_173171) was amplified using primers 5'
- BamHI and 3' Xbal (primers set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 31-32) using high fidelity Taq polymerase (TaKaRa, Japan).
- the PCR condition of amplification were as follows: 10 cycles of 95°C, 1 min; 56°C, 1 min; 72°C, 1 min; 10 cycles of 95°C, 1 min; 55°C, 1 min; 72°C, 1 min; 10 cycles of 95°C, 1 min; 50°C, 1 min; 72°C, 1 min.
- PCR products were digested with BamHI and Xbal restriction enzymes and the resulting fragments were inserted cloned using T4 DNA Ligase (New England BioLabs) into the expression vector pcDNA-3.1 A (Invitrogene) as illustrated in Figure 17.
- hBMSc Human bone marrow srtromal cells
- pcDNANurrl FuGENE-6 transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Roche Applied Science).
- Stably transfected cells were isolated in a growth medium containing 500 ⁇ g/mL Neomycin (G418 Sulphate,
- Inducible tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression can be effected by transforming hBMSc with a responsive and regulating vectors which can be constructed as follows:
- TH responsive vector The 1.5 kb human tyrosine hydroxylase gene (TH, GenBank Accession No. NM_000360 can be isolated from human cDNA by PCR using high fidelity Taq polymerase (TaKaRa, Japan) the primers set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 39-40.
- the TH cDNA is inserted in pBI-EGFP (Clontech Tet-OffTM and Tet- OnTM Gene Expression Systems), as illustrated in Figure 19 A.
- TH regulating vector The promoter of the 1.3 kb human NSE gene (HSENO2, GeneBank Accession No. X51956 is isolated from human cDNA by PCR using the primers of SEQ ID NOs: 37-38. The NSE-promoter cDNA is then inserted upstream of the transcriptional activator gene (tTA; Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-551, 1992) in pRevTet-Off-IN (Clontech), instead of the 5-LTR- ⁇ + as illustrated in Figure 19A. The positive clones bearing the neo r gene, are selected using the antibiotic neomycin.
- hBMSc can be transformed with both response and regulator vectors (Tet- off/Tet-on system) by using any of the transformation methods described hereinabove.
- the regulating vector which ncludes the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located between the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) and the gene encoding neomycin resistance (Neo r ), simultaneously expresses these two elements.
- the expressed tTA binds the tetracycline response element (TRE) located in the response vector, thereby activating transcription of TH.
- doxycyline a blood brain barrier traversing antibiotic
- doxycyline a blood brain barrier traversing antibiotic
- hBMSc can be genetically modified so as to express TH under the control of a negative regulator such as doxycyline which can be orally administered. Since TH expression results in synthesis of dopamine, the genetically modified hBMSc can be used in cell replacement therapy to provide safe and effective treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
- a negative regulator such as doxycyline
- Mammalian Expression System (Invitrogen) utilizing the responsive vector pDHSP containing the TH gene and the regulator vector pNgRXR.
- an inducer e.g., ponasterone A or muristerone A
- the functional ecdysone receptor binds upstream of the ecdysone responsive promoter and activates expression of TH.
- Bjorklund A Stenevi U. 1979. Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway by intracerebral nigral transplants. Brain Res 177:555-560. Bjorklund LM, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Chung S, Andersson T, Chen IY, McNaught KS,
- Parkinson rat model Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2344-2349.
- Intrastriatal transplantation is Sertoli cells may improve amphetamine- induced rotation and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity of the striatum in hemiparkinsonian rats. Brain Res 838:227-233.
- Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and the differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains.
- Fetal nigral grafts survive and mediate clinical benefit in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Movt Dis 13:383-393.
- Parkinson disease Hum Gene Ther 10:2539-2549. Smith WC, Harland RM. 1992. Expression of cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos. Cell 70:829-840. Spencer DD, Robbins RJ, Naftolin F, Marek KL, Vollmer T, Leranth C, Roth RH,
- Hoffer BB Redmond DE. 1992. Unilateral transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into the caudate nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 327: 1541-1548. Spivak B, Vered Y, Graff E, Blum I, Mester R, Weizman A. 1999. Low platelet-poor plasma concentrations of serotonin in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
- Watanabe M Dykes-Hoberg M, Culotta VC, Price DL, Wong PC, Rothstein JD.
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JP (1) | JP2006506086A (en) |
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JP2006506086A (en) | 2006-02-23 |
AU2003302134A1 (en) | 2004-06-15 |
EP1563059A1 (en) | 2005-08-17 |
IL152905A0 (en) | 2003-06-24 |
CA2506050A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
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