WO2004024197A1 - Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver - Google Patents
Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004024197A1 WO2004024197A1 PCT/GB2003/003898 GB0303898W WO2004024197A1 WO 2004024197 A1 WO2004024197 A1 WO 2004024197A1 GB 0303898 W GB0303898 W GB 0303898W WO 2004024197 A1 WO2004024197 A1 WO 2004024197A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- silver
- wound dressing
- orc
- dressing material
- collagen
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0084—Guluromannuronans, e.g. alginic acid, i.e. D-mannuronic acid and D-guluronic acid units linked with alternating alpha- and beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds; Derivatives thereof, e.g. alginates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/28—Compounds containing heavy metals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/716—Glucans
- A61K31/717—Celluloses
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- A61K31/716—Glucans
- A61K31/721—Dextrans
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- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/716—Glucans
- A61K31/723—Xanthans
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- A61K31/726—Glycosaminoglycans, i.e. mucopolysaccharides
- A61K31/728—Hyaluronic acid
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- A61K31/732—Pectin
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- A61K31/734—Alginic acid
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K33/38—Silver; Compounds thereof
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- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
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- A61K47/6953—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a fibre, a textile, a slab or a sheet
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- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
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- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
- A61L15/28—Polysaccharides or their derivatives
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- A61L15/32—Proteins, polypeptides; Degradation products or derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, collagen, fibrin, gelatin
- A61L15/325—Collagen
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- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
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- A61L26/0009—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form containing macromolecular materials
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- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B15/00—Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose, e.g. complexes
- C08B15/05—Derivatives containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogens or sulfur
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0033—Xanthan, i.e. D-glucose, D-mannose and D-glucuronic acid units, saubstituted with acetate and pyruvate, with a main chain of (beta-1,4)-D-glucose units; Derivatives thereof
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- C08B37/0045—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid alpha-D-Galacturonans, e.g. methyl ester of (alpha-1,4)-linked D-galacturonic acid units, i.e. pectin, or hydrolysis product of methyl ester of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid units, i.e. pectinic acid; Derivatives thereof
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- C08B37/0063—Glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides, e.g. keratan sulfate; Derivatives thereof, e.g. fucoidan
- C08B37/0072—Hyaluronic acid, i.e. HA or hyaluronan; Derivatives thereof, e.g. crosslinked hyaluronic acid (hylan) or hyaluronates
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to wound dressing materials comprising complexes formed between anionic polysaccharides, such as oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC), and silver, and to the uses thereof for the treatment of wounds.
- anionic polysaccharides such as oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC)
- ORC oxidized regenerated cellulose
- Anionic polysaccharides such as alginates, hyaluronic acid and its salts, and oxidized celluloses such as oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) are known for use as wound dressing materials. Alginates and ORC are hemostatic when applied to a wound.
- EP-A-0437095 describes the preparation of a neutralized ORC fabric by reacting ORC with a buffered solution of a salt of a weak acid, such as sodium acetate.
- a buffered reagent is said to result in less breakdown of ORC fabrics.
- the neutralized ORC can support further acid-sensitive hemostatic agents such as thrombin or t-PA.
- WO98/00180 describes the use of freeze-dried sponges of collagen admixed with oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) for the treatment of chronic wounds.
- ORC oxidized regenerated cellulose
- the mixed sponges provide enhanced healing of chronic wounds such as venous ulcers, decubitis ulcers and diabetic ulcers.
- silver sulfadiazine or chlorhexidine may be present as an antiseptic additive.
- GB-A-748283 describes complexes of polysaccharides with various metals, including silver.
- WO91/11206 describes the use of silver alginate salts in wound dressings.
- WO87/05517 describes silver salts of hyaluronic acid that may be used as or in antimicrobial wound dressings.
- WO02/43743 describes wound dressings comprising a silver salt of an anionic polysaccharide, and further comprising a substance to improve the photostability of the silver salt.
- the stabilising substance may include ammonia, ammonium salts, thiosulphates, chlorides and/or peroxides.
- the stabilising agent is aqueous ammonium chloride.
- the present invention provides a wound dressing material comprising a complex of an anionic polysaccharide with silver, wherein the material comprises from about 0.1wt.% to about 3wt.% of silver.
- complex refers to an intimate mixture at the molecular scale, preferably with ionic or covalent bonding between the silver and the polysaccharide.
- the complex preferably comprises a salt formed between the anionic polysaccharide and Ag + , but it may also comprise silver clusters and/or colloidal silver metal, for example produced by exposure of the complex to light.
- the anionic polysaccharide is a polycarboxylate.
- Suitable anionic polysaccharides include alginates, hyaluronates, pectins, carrageenans, xanthan gums, sulfated dextrans, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl celluloses, and oxidized celluloses.
- oxidized cellulose refers to any material produced by the oxidation of cellulose, for example with dinitrogen tetroxide. Such oxidation converts primary alcohol groups on the saccharide residues to carboxylic acid groups, forming uronic acid residues within the cellulose chain. The oxidation generally does not proceed with complete selectivity, and as a result hydroxyl groups on carbons 2 and 3 are occasionally converted to the keto form. These keto units introduce an alkali-labile link, which at pH 7 or higher initiates the decomposition of the polymer via formation of a lactone and sugar ring cleavage. As a result, oxidized cellulose is biodegradable and bioabsorbable under phsyiological conditions.
- the preferred oxidized cellulose for use in the present invention is oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) prepared by oxidation of a regenerated cellulose, such as rayon. It has been known for some time that ORC has haemostatic properties. ORC has been available as a haemostatic fabric called SURGICEL (Registered Trade Mark of Johnson & Johnson Medical, Inc.) since 1950. This product is produced by the oxidation of a knitted rayon material.
- ORC oxidized regenerated cellulose
- the anionic polysaccharide is substantially insoluble in water at pH7.
- the anionic polysaccharide has a molecular weight greater than about 20,000, more preferably greater than about 50,000.
- the anionic polysaccharide is in the form of a film, or fibers having length greater than 1mm.
- the amount of silver in the complex is from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight based on the weight of the anionic polysaccharide, more preferably from about 1% to about 40%, still more preferably from about 2% to about 30% by weight, and most preferably from about 5% to about 25%.
- the silver-containing complexes are suitable for use in the preparation of antimicrobial wound dressing materials.
- the silver confers antimicrobial properties on the wound dressing. More surprisingly, at low concentrations of about 0.1wt.% to about 3wt.%, the silver in the complex exhibits a proliferative effect on wound healing cells and therefore is expected to promote wound healing even when the complexes according to the invention are applied directly to a wound.
- the oligodynamic effect of silver on cells in culture is known - this is usually regarded as affecting the growth of both bacteria and cells. It is therefore surprising to find that silver in the dressings of the present invention can have the opposite effect on certain cells of importance to wound healing.
- wound dressing materials containing the above-defined low levels of silver exhibit a surprising ability to inhibit the production of TNF- ⁇ and IL-1. This is expected to result in beneficial anti- inflammatory properties of the wound dressing materials.
- wound dressing materials according to the present invention may be in any convenient form, such as a powder, microspheres, flakes, a mat or a film.
- the wound dressing material according to the present invention is in the form of a semisolid or gel ointment for topical application.
- the wound dressing material according to the present invention is in the form of a freeze-dried or solvent-dried bioabsorbable sponge for application to a chronic wound.
- the average pore size of the sponge is in the region of 10-500 ⁇ m, more preferably about 100-300 ⁇ m.
- the wound dressing material according to the present invention is in the form of a flexible film, which may be continuous or interrupted (e.g. perforated).
- the flexible film preferably comprises a plasticiser to render it flexible, such as glycerol.
- the wound dressing material is in the form of a sheet, for example a sheet of substantially uniform thickness.
- the area of the sheet is typically from about 1 cm 2 to about 400cm 2 , and the thickness typically from about 1mm to about 10mm.
- the sheet may for example be a freeze-dried sponge, or a knitted, woven or nonwoven fibrous sheet or a gel sheet.
- the sheet comprises less than about 15% by weight of water.
- the wound dressing material comprises from about 0.1 wt% to 100wt% of the silver-containing complex, more preferably from about 0.1wt% to about 5wt.%, for example from about 0.2wt.% to about 2wt.%.
- the amount of silver in the wound dressing material is from about 0.1 wt% to about 3wt.%, preferably from more than about 0.1wt% to about 1wt.%, and for example from about 0.2wt.% to about O. ⁇ wt.%, typically about 0.3wt.%.
- Lesser amounts of silver could give insufficient antimicrobial effect. Greater amounts of silver could give rise to antiproliferative effects on wound healing cells.
- the wound dressing materials according to the present invention may further comprise one or more polysaccharides that have not been complexed to silver.
- These polysaccharides may include any one or more of the anionic polysaccharides listed above as being suitable for complexation with silver.
- the additional polysaccharides may additionally or alternatively comprise any other medically acceptable polysaccharides, such as for example cellulose, regenerated celluloses such as rayon, non-anionic cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, and starch derivatives.
- the wound dressing materials according to the present invention may further comprise anionic polysaccharides that have been complexed to therapeutically effective metal ions other than silver, for example bismuth, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, magnesium, gold, or mixtures thereof.
- the amounts of such polysaccharides complexed to other metals is from 0.001 to 10wt.% of the dressing, more preferably from 0.01 to 1wt% of the dressing.
- the amounts of said other metals is from 10 to lOOOOppm, more preferably from about 50 to about lOOOppm in the dressing.
- the wound dressing materials according to the present invention may further comprise other medically acceptable materials besides polysaccharides, including textile fibers such as nylon or polyester staple fibers, nontextile fibers such as meltblown nylon fibers, and bioresorbable fibers such as polylactide/polyglycolide fibers.
- the other fibers may provide reinforcement and dilution of the polysaccharide.
- the other fibers are preferably present in an amount up to about 90wt%, more preferably from about 25% to about 75wt% of the wound dressing materials.
- the wound dressing materials according to the present invention preferably further comprise collagen, in addition to the silver complex of an anionic polysaccharide.
- the amount of collagen in the dressing is from about 10% to about 90% by weight based on the dry weight of the wound dressing materials, more preferably from about 25% to about 75%.
- the collagen may be selected from native collagens such as Types I, II or III native collagens, atelopeptide collagen, regenerated collagen and gelatin.
- at least a portion of the collagen in the wound dressing materials is also complexed with silver. This can be achieved by treating the collagen with a solution of a silver salt.
- the silver salt may for example be silver acetate or silver nitrate at a concentration of about 0.01 molar to about 1 molar.
- the treatment is preferably carried out at a pH of from about 5 to about 9. It is thought that the silver complexes primarily to the nitrogen-containing side chains of the collagen amino acids, in particular to lysine, hydroxylysine, asparagine, glutamine and arginine.
- the silver could also bind to the sulfhydryl groups of methionine and cysteine residues, where present, and to carboxyl groups of aspartate and glutamate.
- the amount of silver in the collagen complex is from about 0.01 to about 30% by weight based on the weight of the collagen, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 20%, more preferably from about 2% to about 10% by weight.
- the amount of silver-collagen complex in the wound dressing material is from about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 2wt.%.
- the total amount of silver in the wound dressing material is generally as specified above.
- the dressing according to the present invention is fully resorbable.
- the wound dressing materials according to the present invention are suitable for application directly to a wound surface.
- Preferred wound dressing materials according to the present invention are silver- containing versions of the dressings according to WO98/00180 or EP-A-1153622, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- these dressings are freeze-dried sponges that comprise a mixture of collagen and ORC, and that preferably consist essentially of such a mixture.
- the weight ratio of collagen to ORC is about 40:60 to about 60:40.
- a portion of the ORC is replaced by a silver/ORC complex, and/or a portion of the collagen may be replaced by a silver/collagen complex.
- the ORC may be replaced by the silver-ORC complex, and a similar fraction of the collagen may similarly be replaced. It will be appreciated that silver ion exchange can take place between the collagen and the ORC in such collagen/ORC wound dressing materials.
- Especially suitable wound dressing materials are freeze-dried sponges comprising from about 35wt% to about 60wt% of ORC, from about 60wt.% to about 35wt.% of a collagen, and from about 0.5% to about 5wt.% of an ORC/silver complex, wherein the complex comprises from about 10wt.% to about 40wt.% of silver based on the dry weight of the complex.
- the materials comprise from about 0.5wt.% to about 2wt. % of the ORC/silver complex.
- the materials consist essentially of the collagen, ORC, and ORC/silver complex.
- the present invention provides a wound dressing comprising a wound dressing material according to the invention.
- the wound dressing may consist of, or consist essentially of the wound dressing material according to the invention.
- the wound dressing is preferably in sheet form and comprises an active layer of the wound dressing material according to the invention.
- the active layer would normally be the wound contacting layer in use, but in some embodiments it could be separated from the wound by a liquid-permeable top sheet.
- the area of the active layer is from about 1 cm 2 to about 400 cm 2 , more preferably from about 4cm 2 to about 100cm 2 .
- the article further comprises a backing sheet extending over the active layer opposite to the wound facing side of the active layer.
- the backing sheet is larger than the active layer such that a marginal region of width 1mm to 50 mm, preferably 5mm to 20mm extends around the active layer to form a so-called island dressing.
- the backing sheet is preferably coated with a pressure sensitive medical grade adhesive in at least its marginal region.
- the backing sheet is substantially liquid-impermeable.
- the backing sheet is preferably semipermeable. That is to say, the backing sheet is preferably permeable to water vapour, but not permeable to liquid water or wound exudate.
- the backing sheet is also microorganism-impermeable.
- Suitable continuous conformable backing sheets will preferably have a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of the backing sheet alone of 300 to 5000 g/m 2 /24hrs, preferably 500 to 2000 g/m 2 /24hrs at 37.5 °C at 100% to 10% relative humidity difference.
- the backing sheet thickness is preferably in the range of 10 to 1000 micrometers, more preferably 100 to 500 micrometers.
- the MVTR of the dressing according to the present invention as a whole is lower than that of the backing sheet alone, because the apertured sheet partially obstructs moisture transfer through the dressing.
- the MVTR of the dressing (measured across the island portion of the dressing) is from 20% to 80% of the MVTR of the backing sheet alone, more preferably from 20% to 60% thereof, and most preferably about 40% thereof. It has been found that such moisture vapor transmission rates allow the wound under the dressing to heal under moist conditions without causing the skin surrounding the wound to macerate.
- Suitable polymers for forming the backing sheet include polyurethanes and poly alkoxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates such as those disclosed in GB-A- 1280631.
- the backing sheet comprises a continuous layer of a high density blocked polyurethane foam that is predominantly closed-cell.
- a suitable backing sheet material is the polyurethane film available under the Registered Trade Mark ESTANE 5714F.
- the adhesive (where present) layer should be moisture vapor transmitting and/or patterned to allow passage of water vapor therethrough.
- the adhesive layer is preferably a continuous moisture vapor transmitting, pressure-sensitive adhesive layer of the type conventionally used for island-type wound dressings, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive based on acrylate ester copolymers, polyvinyl ethyl ether and polyurethane as described for example in GB-A-1280631.
- the basis weight of the adhesive layer is preferably 20 to 250 g/m 2 , and more preferably 50 to 150 g/m 2 . Polyurethane-based pressure sensitive adhesives are preferred.
- Further layers of a multilayer absorbent article may be built up between the active layer and the protective sheet. For example, these layers may comprise an apertured plastic film to provide support for the active layer in use, in which case the apertures in the film are preferably aligned in register with the apertures in the hydrogel layer.
- the dressing may further comprise an absorbent layer between the active layer and the protective sheet, especially if the dressing is for use on exuding wounds.
- the optional absorbent layer may be any of the layers conventionally used for absorbing wound fluids, serum or blood in the wound healing art, including gauzes, nonwoven fabrics, superabsorbents, hydrogels and mixtures thereof.
- the absorbent layer comprises a layer of absorbent foam, such as an open celled hydrophilic polyurethane foam prepared in accordance with EP-A- 0541391, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
- the absorbent layer may be a nonwoven fibrous web, for example a carded web of viscose staple fibers.
- the basis weight of the absorbent layer may be in the range of 50-500g/m 2 , such as 100-400g/m 2 .
- the uncompressed thickness of the absorbent layer may be in the range of from 0.5mm to 10mm, such as 1mm to 4mm.
- the free (uncompressed) liquid absorbency measured for physiological saline may be in the range of 5 to 30 g/g at 25°.
- the absorbent layer or layers are substantially coextensive with the chitosan/ORC layer.
- the wound facing surface of the dressing is preferably protected by a removable cover sheet.
- the cover sheet is normally formed from flexible thermoplastic material. Suitable materials include polyesters and polyolefins.
- the adhesive- facing surface of the cover sheet is a release surface. That is to say, a surface that is only weakly adherent to the active layer and the adhesive on the backing sheet to assist peeling of the hydrogel layer from the cover sheet.
- the cover sheet may be formed from a non-adherent plastic such as a fluoropolymer, or it may be provided with a release coating such as a silicone or fluoropolymer release coating.
- the wound dressing materials and/or the wound dressings according to the present invention are sterile. Preferably, they are packaged in a microorganism-impermeable container. Preferably, the sterility assurance level is better than 10 "6 .
- the dressing has been sterilized by gamma- irradiation.
- the present invention provides the use of a complex of an anionic polysaccharide with silver for the preparation of a wound dressing material according to the present invention for the treatment of wounds, especially chronic wounds such as venous ulcers, decubitis ulcers or diabetic ulcers.
- the treatment comprises applying the wound dressing material directly to the surface of the wound.
- the present invention provides a method of treatment of a wound, comprising applying to the wound a wound dressing material comprising an effective amount of a complex of an anionic polysaccharide and silver, whereby said complex is antimicrob ⁇ ally effective without exhibiting substantial antiproliferative activity against wound healing cells.
- the wound dressing material is also effective to reduce inflammation.
- the method is especially suitable for treatment of chronic wounds such as venous ulcers, decubitis ulcers or diabetic ulcers.
- the materials according to the present invention are surprisingly effective to inhibit the release of TNF- ⁇ from macrophages. This property is expected to render the materials effective in the treatment of inflammation.
- the present invention provides the use of a complex of an anionic polysaccharide with silver for the preparation of a material comprising from about 0.1wt.% to about 3wt.% of silver for use in the treatment of inflammation.
- the complex of an anionic polysaccharide and silver contained in the materials of the present invention can be made by a method comprising the step of treating an anionic polysaccharide with a solution of a silver salt.
- the solution is an aqueous solution.
- the anionic polysaccharide is substantially insoluble in water at pH7, and the treatment is therefore carried out on the polysaccharide in the solid state.
- the polysaccharide may be in the form of solid fibers, sheet, sponge or fabric.
- the anionic polysaccharide is a salt and the treatment therefore can be regarded as an ion exchange.
- the anionic polysaccharide is at least partly in free acid form, in which case the silver salt is preferably a salt of a weak acid, for example silver acetate, whereby the anionic polysaccharide is at least partially neutralised by the silver salt. Similar processes are described in EP-A-0437095, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
- the neutralization reaction can be carried out in water or alcohol alone but is preferably carried out in mixtures of water and alcohols.
- the use of a mixture of water and alcohol provides good solubility for the weak acid salts via the water, and the alcohol prevents the anionic polysaccharide from excessively swelling, distorting and weakening during the neutralization. Thus the physical properties of the material are retained.
- Methanol is the preferred alcohol because many of the above-mentioned salts have good solubility in this alcohol in combination with water.
- the alcohol to water ratio has a range of about 4:1 to 1:4 . If the solution becomes too rich in alcohol, some salts may no longer be soluble particularly if the alcohol is other than methanol.
- a mild neutralizing agent such as silver acetate allows for control of the degree of neutralization.
- Use of stoichiometric and chemically equivalent amounts of neutralizing agent and carboxylic acid on the anionic polysaccharide does not produce a 100% neutralized polysaccharide as would be produced with strong irreversible reactions with bases such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium hydroxide.
- Anionic polysaccharides behave as an ion exchanger and will pull out of solution the silver cation of any silver salt that is passed over them.
- the by-product of this exchange is an acid from the salt and by using a salt of a weak organic acid, a weak acid such as acetic acid is produced which does no damage to the polysaccharide.
- salts of strong acids such as sodium chloride or sodium sulfate produces hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid by-products respectively, and these strong acids can cause damage such as depolymerization of the polysaccharide
- the silver ion is exchanged for a proton on the polysaccharide and part of the salt is converted to weak acid.
- the mixture of acid and salt in the solution results in a buffered solution which maintains a fairly constant pH and controls the degree of neutralization.
- An equilibrium reaction is established whereby the silver ions are bound to the acid portion of the polysaccharide and also to the salt molecules. This partitioning of the silver ions prevents the neutralization of the polysaccharide from going to completion.
- a stoichiometric amount of, for example, silver acetate brings about a 65- 75% degree of neutralization of the carboxylic acid groups on an oxidized cellulose polymer.
- This control of pH by creating a self generating buffered solution and the use of methanol to control the swelling of the material, leads to a partially neutralized material in which the physical properties, e.g. tensile strength and shape of the polysaccharide, are preserved.
- the amount of silver salt used is generally about equal to or up to twice the stoichiometric amount of carboxylic acid content of the polysaccharide.
- a second charge of a stoichiometric amount of silver salt can be used if the reaction is recharged with fresh solvent and salt after the first charge reaches a constant pH. The material with elevated pH is then washed to remove the excess silver salt and ions therefrom.
- Figure 1 shows antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus Aureus, plotted as zone of inhibition in mm at 2 days, for a first range of wound dressing material materials;
- Figure 2 shows antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus Aureus, plotted as zone of inhibition in mm at 24 and 48 hours, for a second range of wound dressing material materials
- Figure 3 shows antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, plotted as zone of inhibition in mm at 24 and 48 hours, for the second range of wound dressing material materials;
- Figure 4 shows the effect on cell proliferation of extracts from a third range of wound dressing material materials;
- Figure 5 shows antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus Aureus, plotted as zone of inhibition in mm at 2 days, for a fourth range of wound dressing material materials
- Figure 6 shows the effect on cell proliferation of extracts from a fifth range of wound dressing material materials
- Figure 7 shows a graph of TNF-a concentration against time for the following wound dressing materials incubated with lipopolysaccharides and monocyte macrophages: (A) a wound dressing material according to the invention, (B) 0.01 M Silver acetate solution, (C) a freeze-dried collagen/ORC dressing without silver, and (D) a conventional wound dressing gauze.
- a complex of ORC with silver was prepared as follows.
- a SURGICEL cloth (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington) was milled using a rotary knife cutter through a screen-plate, maintaining the temperature below 60°C, to provide a fibrous ORC powder
- Freeze-dried collagen/ORC sponges suitable for use as wound dressing materials according to the invention were prepared as follows.
- the collagen component was prepared from bovine corium as follows. Bovine corium was split from cow hide, scraped and soaked in sodium hypochlorite solution (0.03% w/v) to inhibit microbial activity pending further processing.
- the corium was then washed with water and treated with a solution containing sodium hydroxide (0.2% w/v) and hydrogen peroxide (0.02% w/v) to swell and sterilize the corium at ambient temperature.
- the corium splits then underwent an alkali treatment step in a solution containing sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate (0.4% w/v, 0.6% w/v and 0.05% w.v, respectively) at pH greater than 12.2, ambient temperature, and for a time of 10-14 days, with tumbling, until an amide nitrogen level less than 0.24mmol/g was reached.
- the corium splits then underwent an acid treatment step with 1% hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature and pH 0.8-1.2. The treatment was continued with tumbling until the corium splits had absorbed sufficient acid to reach a pH less than 2.5. The splits were then washed with water until the pH value of corium splits reached 3.0-3.4.
- the corium splits were then comminuted with ice in a bowl chopper first with a coarse comminution and then with a fine comminution setting.
- the resulting paste which was made up in a ratio of 650g of the corium splits to 10Og of water, as ice, was frozen and stored before use in the next stage of the process.
- the collagen was not freeze-dried before admixture with the ORC in the next stage.
- the silver-ORC complex, unmodified milled ORC powder, and the required weight (according to solids content) of frozen collagen paste were then added to a sufficient amount of water acidified with acetic acid to obtain a pH value of 3.0 and a total solids content of 1.0%-2.0%, in the following proportions by weight:
- Example 2 45% Silver-ORC / 55% Collagen Example 3 20% Silver-ORC + 15% ORC / 55% Collagen Example 4 10% Silver-ORC + 35% ORC / 55% Collagen Example 5 2% Silver-ORC + 43% ORC / 55% Collagen Example 6 1% Silver-ORC + 44% ORC / 55% Collagen Example 7 0.2% Silver-ORC + 44.8% ORC / 55% Collagen
- the mixture was homogenized through a Fryma MZ130D homogenizer, progressively diminishing the settings to form a homogeneous slurry.
- the pH of the slurry was maintained at 2.9-3.1.
- the slurry temperature was maintained below 20°C, and the solids content was maintained at 1% ⁇ 0.07.
- the resulting slurry was pumped to a degassing vessel. Vacuum was initiated for a minimum of 30 minutes, with intermittent stirring, to degas the slurry. The slurry was then pumped into freeze-drier trays to a depth of 25mm. The trays were placed onto freezer shelves where the temperature has been preset to -40°C. The freeze-drier programme was then initiated to dry and dehydrothermally cross-link the collagen and ORC to form thick sponge pads.
- the vacuum was released, the freeze-dried blocks were removed, and were then split to remove the top and bottom surface layers, and to divide the remainder of the blocks into 3mm-thick pads.
- the step of splitting the freeze-dried blocks into pads was carried out with a Fecken Kirfel K1 slitter.
- the pads were die-cut to the desired size and shape on a die-cutter, packaged, and sterilized with 18-29 KGy of cobalt 60 gamma-irradiation. Surprisingly, this irradiation does not cause significant denaturation of the collagen, which appears to be stabilized by the presence of ORC.
- the resulting freeze-dried collagen ORC pads had a uniform, white, velvety appearance.
- Collagen/ORC sponges were prepared from unmodified ORC and from collagen, wherein a fraction of the collagen had been replaced by a collagen-silver complex, as follows.
- Silver acetate powder (1.48g) was dissolved in 400mls de-ionised water with stirring and warming.
- Collagen slurry (417g, containing 5g solids at the percentage solids in the slurry of 1.2%) was added to the silver acetate solution and allowed to react for ten minutes stirring gently (If the collagen was allowed to react for longer it become stringy and was difficult to re-slurry in acetic acid).
- the solution was filtered using the funnel and filter paper and the solids rinsed with de-ionised water. Squeezed out excess liquid in the solid by gently pressing between two filter papers. The collagen solids were protected from the light during this step and all following steps.
- the solids were made up to a weight of 417g using 0.05M acetic acid. The mixture was placed into an Industrial Waring Blender and blended until a smooth slurry was achieved again.
- Freeze dried sponges were then made as described above for Examples 2-7, with unmodified ORC and with replacement of a fraction of the collagen by the silver- complexed collagen slurry. These examples were considered to fall within the scope of the present invention because the silver in the silver-collagen comples will also complex and exchange with the ORC under the preparation conditions.
- Example 8 55% Silver-Collagen / 45% ORC
- Example 9 45% Silver-Collagen + 10% Collagen / 45% ORC
- Example 10 30% Silver- Collagen + 25% Collagen / 45%
- Example 11 15% Silver- Collagen + 40% Collagen / 45% ORC
- the bactericidal activity of the sponges prepared in Examples 2 to 7 was tested on pseudomonas Aeruginosa and staphylococcus Aureus by looking at zone of inhibition. Six 2cm x 2cm squares of each sample were cut out in sterile conditions. On day one of the experiment cultures of both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours on Diagnostic Sensitivity Agar (DSA). After 24 hours test samples were each placed on a DSA plate and were immediately wetted with O. ⁇ mls of a buffer solution.
- DSA Diagnostic Sensitivity Agar
- Prototype extracts were prepared as follows - 1mg of each wound dressing material to be tested was placed in 1ml of serum free medium and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C under sterile conditions.
- DMEM 10% FBS (standard culture medium; Dulbecco's miminal essential medium; foetal bovine serum). These cells were routinely subcultured and used for experimental testing when 95% confluent.
- FBS standard culture medium; Dulbecco's miminal essential medium; foetal bovine serum. These cells were routinely subcultured and used for experimental testing when 95% confluent.
- Adult human dermal fibroblasts were harvested at 95% confluency and re-seeded in a 96-well microtitre plate (100 ⁇ l/well) in DMEM + 10% FBS at a cell density of 2.5 x 10 4 cells/ml. Cells were allowed to adhere to the plate surface for 24 hours in a humidified incubator at 37°C, 5% CO 2 . The medium was then removed by aspiration and the cell monolayer washed with serum-free DMEM.
- Test samples (extracts of each prototype) were then added to the cell monolayer (100 ⁇ l/well), and 6 replicates of each concentration tested. Serum- containing growth medium (10% FBS in DMEM) was used as a positive control, and serum-free medium was used as a negative control. All samples were incubated with the cells for 48 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 . After this incubation period the conditioned medium was removed by aspiration and replaced with a labelling solution from a commercial cell proliferation kit (XTT, Cell Proliferation kit II, Cat. No. 1 465 015, obtained from Boehringer Mannheim).
- XTT Cell Proliferation kit II, Cat. No. 1 465 015
- ACTICOAT was used as a negative control, since it was generally known that the effect of silver on cells in culture was toxic with cell death occurring at high concentrations.
- LPS Lipopolysaccharide
- samples were incubated in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (E.Coli 055. B5, Sigma Chemical Co.) with monocyte macrophages (THP-1 cells from the European Collection of Cell Cultures).
- lipopolysaccharide E.Coli 055. B5, Sigma Chemical Co.
- monocyte macrophages THP-1 cells from the European Collection of Cell Cultures.
- various reference dressing materials and varying concentrations of silver acetate were also incubated with THP-1 cells in the presence and absence of LPS.
- the concentrations of silver acetate ranged from 0.01 M to 0.001 mM.
- Silver acetate is known to be cytotoxic at the highest concentrations in this range, and to have no cytotoxicity at the low end.
- the levels of both TNF- ⁇ and IL-1 produced by the THP-1 cells were measured over a 24 hour time period after addition of LPS.
- the THP-1 cells were maintained in low LPS 10% FBS. Cells were then spun down at lOOOrpm for 10 minutes and re-suspended to give a concentration of 10,000 cells per ml. PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, Sigma Chemical Co.) was then added to the cell suspension to give a final concentration of 2.4x10 "7 M. This cell suspension was then used to seed 24 well microtiter plates with 10 000 cells/well. Plates were then incubated at 36°C, 5% C0 2 for 72 hours to allow adherence of cells to the tissue culture plastic.
- PMA Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, Sigma Chemical Co.
- RPMl medium containing 1 mg/ml of LPS was then prepared. (LPS was reconstituted at 1 mg/ml in sterile phosphate buffered saline). After incubation, the PMA medium on the 24 well microtitre plates was removed via aspiration and replaced with RPMl + LPS or RPMl medium alone.
- the pre-soaked dressing biopsies and different concentrations of silver acetate were then added to the microtiter plate. 10 ⁇ f of each silver acetate solution was added to each test wells giving test concentrations of 0.01 M, 1 mM, 0.1 mM and 0.01 mM.
- microtiter plates were then incubated at 37°C, 5% C0 2 . After 4, 6 and 24 hours incubation 20 ⁇ l aliquots of conditioned media were removed from each well. Samples were transferred to bullet tubes and stored at -70°C until ELISA analysis.
- ELISA analysis media samples were divided into 10 ⁇ l aliquots and diluted 1 :2 with calibrator diluent (calibrator diluent used depended on ELISA being performed). This dilution brought samples within the standard curve range. Manufacturer's instructions for the ELISA kits were followed. The ELISA kits were supplied byR&D Systems Limited.
- Standard curves for both TNF- ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ were plotted and the equations generated were used to convert sample absorbencies to equivalent cytokine concentrations. Average concentrations of both TNF- ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ were calculated for each sample condition at each time point. These results were then used to compare differences between test conditions over time.
- THP- 1 cells produced virtually no TNF- ⁇ .
- the inhibition by the material according to the present invention was, surprisingly, even better that that achieved with silver acetate concentrations (0.01 mM) equivalent to those present in the material.
- the anti-inflammatory activity of the material according to the present invention could not be predicted from the two components alone.
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Adornments (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003263344A AU2003263344B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver |
DK03795068T DK1536845T3 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials containing complexes of silver anionic polysaccharides |
DE60313471T DE60313471T2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | WOUND BRACELET WITH ANIONIC POLYSACCHARIDE COMPLEXES WITH SILVER |
JP2004535645A JP4808402B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing material containing a complex of anionic polysaccharide and silver |
US10/527,421 US8461410B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver |
SI200330821T SI1536845T1 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver |
EP03795068A EP1536845B1 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver |
CA2495541A CA2495541C (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0221062A GB2392913B (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Wound dressings comprising complexes of oxidised celluloses with silver |
GB0221062.3 | 2002-09-11 | ||
US41438102P | 2002-09-30 | 2002-09-30 | |
US60/414,381 | 2002-09-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004024197A1 true WO2004024197A1 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
Family
ID=31995696
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2003/003898 WO2004024197A1 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2003-09-10 | Wound dressing materials comprising complexes of anionic polysaccharides with silver |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8461410B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1536845B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE360444T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003263344B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2495541C (en) |
DE (1) | DE60313471T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1536845T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2286497T3 (en) |
PL (1) | PL207044B1 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1536845E (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004024197A1 (en) |
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US9751833B2 (en) | 2005-06-27 | 2017-09-05 | Smith & Nephew Plc | Antimicrobial biguanide metal complexes |
JP2008546463A (en) * | 2005-06-27 | 2008-12-25 | スミス アンド ネフュー ピーエルシー | Antimicrobial material |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1536845B1 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
CA2495541C (en) | 2011-07-12 |
PL375829A1 (en) | 2005-12-12 |
US20060149182A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
DE60313471T2 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
PT1536845E (en) | 2007-06-01 |
ATE360444T1 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
PL207044B1 (en) | 2010-10-29 |
EP1536845A1 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
CA2495541A1 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
AU2003263344A1 (en) | 2004-04-30 |
DE60313471D1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
ES2286497T3 (en) | 2007-12-01 |
US8461410B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 |
AU2003263344B2 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
DK1536845T3 (en) | 2007-06-11 |
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