WO2004019298A2 - Test source for flame detectors - Google Patents
Test source for flame detectors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004019298A2 WO2004019298A2 PCT/GB2003/003323 GB0303323W WO2004019298A2 WO 2004019298 A2 WO2004019298 A2 WO 2004019298A2 GB 0303323 W GB0303323 W GB 0303323W WO 2004019298 A2 WO2004019298 A2 WO 2004019298A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrodes
- infrared radiation
- source
- source according
- gases
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011016 integrity testing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
- G08B29/12—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems
- G08B29/14—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems checking the detection circuits
- G08B29/145—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems checking the detection circuits of fire detection circuits
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
- G08B17/12—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a test source for flame detectors, and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to a source of infrared radiation for testing infrared flame detectors used for detecting hydrocarbon fires.
- Infrared flame detectors for use in detecting hydrocarbon fires, such as on oil rigs, are designed to respond to a narrow band of flickering infrared emission at approximately 4.4 ⁇ m. Radiation outside of the band of interest around the wavelength 4.4 ⁇ m is rejected by means of narrow band pass optical filters and may, with the aid of additional processing, be used to identify false alarms and thermal sources.
- Preferred embodiments of the present invention seek to overcome the above disadvantages of the prior art.
- an infrared radiation source comprising a discharge chamber containing a plurality of electrodes and a mixture of gases including carbon dioxide, wherein said source is adapted to emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range 4 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m in response to application of a predetermined electrical signal between a plurality of said electrodes.
- infrared radiation source in which a mixture of gases is adapted to emit radiation in the 4 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m wavelength range in response to electrical excitation, this provides the advantage that the source can be more rapidly and deeply modulated than prior art devices, which in turn extends the effective range of use of the device.
- the invention also has the further advantage that little radiation outside of the wavelength band of interest is produced.
- the discharge chamber may further contain carbon monoxide and/or nitrogen gas.
- the source may be adapted to emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range 4.2 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the discharge chamber may be at least partially formed from material allowing at least partial passage of infrared radiation therethrough.
- At least one said electrode may be adapted to resist changes in relative proportions of said mixture of gases.
- At least one said electrode may include nickel.
- At least one said electrode may include copper.
- At least one said electrode may include oxidised copper. At least one said electrode may include cupro-nickel .
- an apparatus for testing infrared flame detectors comprising: -
- control means for applying said predetermined electrical signal between a plurality of said electrodes.
- an infrared flame detector including an apparatus as defined above.
- the detector may be adapted to reject repetitively modulated infrared radiation.
- Figure 1 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an infrared discharge tube of a first embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an infrared discharge tube of a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the discharge tube of Figure 1, together with electrical circuitry necessary to excite the tube;
- FIG 4 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the discharge tube of Figure 1, together with optical components.
- an infrared discharge tube has a body 1 formed from a material, typically sapphire, generally transparent to infrared radiation of between 4 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m, and electrodes 2, 3 formed from a non-reactive or catalytic metal, such as nickel, cupro-nickel or oxidised copper.
- the body 1 forms a gas tight enclosure, and is evacuated of air and refilled with a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas.
- the proportions and pressures of gases in the body 1 are adjusted depending upon the intended use of the source, but are generally in the order of lOOmBar for a low energy source capable of stimulating a detector (for example in the case of optical integrity testing) , and may be several tens of Bar for a high energy source suitable for use over several tens of metres.
- the tube is then sealed, and when a high voltage is applied between electrodes 2, 3 an arc is generated across a spark gap 4 between electrodes 2, 3.
- the metal of the electrodes 2, 3 is chosen so as to resist changes in relative proportions of the constituent gases of the mixture of gases in the tube.
- the bulk of the discharge containment is constructed from a material, such as the same material forming electrodes 6, 7, and not necessarily a material transparent to infrared radiation, but is provided with windows 5 of a material generally transparent to infrared radiation around the arc in spark gap 8.
- the discharge tube is excited by means of a high voltage AC or DC source 9 modulated by switching equipment and an oscillator 11. Where a pseudo random flicker is required, a programmable flame simulator 10 provides a stored programme of a typical fire signal. Once initiated, the discharge may be maintained either with a continuous high voltage or, after ignition, may be sustained with a low voltage high current supply. Power is supplied to the power supply 9 by means of a battery 12 in order to make the apparatus portable.
- infrared radiation emitted by the tube of Figure 1 when excited is collimated into a beam by means of a suitable parabolic reflector 13 and/or a lens system 14, to increase the effective range of the device for any given input power.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
- Control Of Combustion (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
- Fire Alarms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
Abstract
An infrared discharge tube is disclosed, the tube having a body (1) formed from a material, typically sapphire, generally transparent to infrared radiation of between 4 µm and 5 µm, and electrodes (2, 3) formed from a non-reactive or catalytic metal, such as nickel, cupro-nickel or oxidised copper. The body (1) forms a gas tight enclosure, and is evacuated of air and refilled with a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. The proportions and pressures of gases in the body (1) are adjusted depending upon the intended use of the source, but are generally in the order of 100mBar for a low energy source capable of stimulating a detector (for example in the case of optical integrity testing), and may be several tens of Bar for a high energy source suitable for use over several tens of metres. The tube is then sealed, and when a high voltage is applied between electrodes (2, 3) an arc is generated across a spark gap (4) between electrodes (2, 3). The metal of the electrodes (2, 3) is chosen so as to resist changes in relative proportions of the constituent gases of the mixture of gases in the tube.
Description
TEST SOURCE FOR FLAME DETECTORS
The present invention relates to a test source for flame detectors, and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to a source of infrared radiation for testing infrared flame detectors used for detecting hydrocarbon fires.
Infrared flame detectors for use in detecting hydrocarbon fires, such as on oil rigs, are designed to respond to a narrow band of flickering infrared emission at approximately 4.4 μm. Radiation outside of the band of interest around the wavelength 4.4 μm is rejected by means of narrow band pass optical filters and may, with the aid of additional processing, be used to identify false alarms and thermal sources.
In order to test such devices, efficient and convenient sources of modulated 4.4 μm radiation are required. Known test equipment uses incandescent or hot "black body" sources, which are repeatedly energised or mechanically modulated to simulate the flicker of a fire. However, such known sources suffer from the drawback that they have a significant thermal inertia, which limits the available modulation depth, which in turn restricts the effective range of the test equipment, typically to less than one metre. As a result, known test equipment suffers from the drawback that expensive scaffolding needs to be erected in inaccessible locations such as on oil rigs in order for the low energy test equipment to be used.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention seek to overcome the above disadvantages of the prior art.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an infrared radiation source comprising a discharge
chamber containing a plurality of electrodes and a mixture of gases including carbon dioxide, wherein said source is adapted to emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range 4 μm to 5μm in response to application of a predetermined electrical signal between a plurality of said electrodes.
By providing an infrared radiation source in which a mixture of gases is adapted to emit radiation in the 4 μm to 5 μm wavelength range in response to electrical excitation, this provides the advantage that the source can be more rapidly and deeply modulated than prior art devices, which in turn extends the effective range of use of the device. The invention also has the further advantage that little radiation outside of the wavelength band of interest is produced.
The discharge chamber may further contain carbon monoxide and/or nitrogen gas.
The source may be adapted to emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range 4.2 μm to 4.5 μm.
The discharge chamber may be at least partially formed from material allowing at least partial passage of infrared radiation therethrough.
At least one said electrode may be adapted to resist changes in relative proportions of said mixture of gases.
At least one said electrode may include nickel.
At least one said electrode may include copper.
At least one said electrode may include oxidised copper.
At least one said electrode may include cupro-nickel .
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for testing infrared flame detectors, the apparatus comprising: -
an infrared radiation source as defined above; and
control means for applying said predetermined electrical signal between a plurality of said electrodes.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an infrared flame detector including an apparatus as defined above.
The detector may be adapted to reject repetitively modulated infrared radiation.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only and not in any limitative sense, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: -
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an infrared discharge tube of a first embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an infrared discharge tube of a second embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 3 is a schematic view of the discharge tube of Figure 1, together with electrical circuitry necessary to excite the tube; and
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the discharge tube of Figure 1, together with optical components.
Referring to Figure 1, an infrared discharge tube has a body 1 formed from a material, typically sapphire, generally transparent to infrared radiation of between 4 μm and 5μm, and electrodes 2, 3 formed from a non-reactive or catalytic metal, such as nickel, cupro-nickel or oxidised copper. The body 1 forms a gas tight enclosure, and is evacuated of air and refilled with a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. The proportions and pressures of gases in the body 1 are adjusted depending upon the intended use of the source, but are generally in the order of lOOmBar for a low energy source capable of stimulating a detector (for example in the case of optical integrity testing) , and may be several tens of Bar for a high energy source suitable for use over several tens of metres. The tube is then sealed, and when a high voltage is applied between electrodes 2, 3 an arc is generated across a spark gap 4 between electrodes 2, 3. The metal of the electrodes 2, 3 is chosen so as to resist changes in relative proportions of the constituent gases of the mixture of gases in the tube.
Referring to Figure 2, which shows a tube of a second embodiment of the invention, the bulk of the discharge containment is constructed from a material, such as the same material forming electrodes 6, 7, and not necessarily a material transparent to infrared radiation, but is provided with windows 5 of a material generally transparent to infrared radiation around the arc in spark gap 8.
Referring now to Figure 3, the discharge tube is excited by means of a high voltage AC or DC source 9 modulated by switching equipment and an oscillator 11. Where a pseudo random flicker is required, a programmable flame simulator 10 provides a stored programme of a typical fire signal. Once initiated, the discharge may be maintained either with a continuous high voltage or, after ignition, may be sustained
with a low voltage high current supply. Power is supplied to the power supply 9 by means of a battery 12 in order to make the apparatus portable.
Referring now to Figure 4, infrared radiation emitted by the tube of Figure 1 when excited is collimated into a beam by means of a suitable parabolic reflector 13 and/or a lens system 14, to increase the effective range of the device for any given input power.
It will be appreciate by persons skilled in the art that the above embodiments have been described by way of example only and not in any limitative sense, and that various alterations and modifications are possible without departure from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
1. An infrared radiation source comprising a discharge chamber containing a plurality of electrodes and a mixture of gases including carbon dioxide, wherein said source is adapted to emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range 4 μm to 5μm in response to application of a predetermined electrical signal between a plurality of said electrodes.
2. A source according to claim 1, wherein the discharge chamber further contains carbon monoxide and/or nitrogen gas.
3. A source according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the source is adapted to emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range 4.2 μm to 4.5 μm.
4. A source according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the discharge chamber is at least partially formed from material allowing at least partial passage of infrared radiation therethrough.
5. A source according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one said electrode is adapted to resist changes in relative proportions of said mixture of gases
6. A source according to claim 5, wherein at least one said electrode includes nickel.
7. A source according to claim 5 or 6, wherein at least one said electrode includes copper.
8. A source according to claim 7, wherein at least one said electrode includes oxidised copper.
9. A source according to claims 6 and 7, wherein at least one said electrode includes cupro-nickel.
10. An infrared radiation source substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
11. An apparatus for testing infrared flame detectors, the apparatus comprising: -
an infrared radiation source according to any one of the preceding claims; and
control means for applying said predetermined electrical signal between a plurality of said electrodes.
12. An infrared flame detector including an apparatus according to claim 11.
13. A detector according to claim 12, wherein the" detector is adapted to reject repetitively modulated infrared radiation.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE60307648T DE60307648D1 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2003-07-31 | TEST SOURCE FOR FLAME DETECTOR |
| AU2003246976A AU2003246976A1 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2003-07-31 | Test source for flame detectors |
| EP03792456A EP1530786B1 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2003-07-31 | Test source for flame detectors |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0219418.1 | 2002-08-21 | ||
| GBGB0219418.1A GB0219418D0 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2002-08-21 | Test source for flame detectors |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004019298A2 true WO2004019298A2 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
| WO2004019298A3 WO2004019298A3 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
Family
ID=9942673
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2003/003323 WO2004019298A2 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2003-07-31 | Test source for flame detectors |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1530786B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE336771T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003246976A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60307648D1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB0219418D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004019298A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006125936A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2006-11-30 | Thorn Security Limited | A flame detector and a method |
| EP1894177A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2008-03-05 | Thorn Security Limited | Detector |
| US8493212B2 (en) | 2007-06-15 | 2013-07-23 | Icore and Associates, LLC | Passive microwave system and method for protecting a structure from fire threats |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9410849B2 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2016-08-09 | Kidde Technologies, Inc. | Apparatuses, systems, and methods controlling testing optical fire detectors |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4280058A (en) * | 1978-04-25 | 1981-07-21 | Cerberus Ag | Flame detector |
| US4864146A (en) * | 1987-07-23 | 1989-09-05 | Santa Barbara Research Center | Universal fire simulator |
-
2002
- 2002-08-21 GB GBGB0219418.1A patent/GB0219418D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-07-31 AT AT03792456T patent/ATE336771T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-31 EP EP03792456A patent/EP1530786B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-31 AU AU2003246976A patent/AU2003246976A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-31 DE DE60307648T patent/DE60307648D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-31 WO PCT/GB2003/003323 patent/WO2004019298A2/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4280058A (en) * | 1978-04-25 | 1981-07-21 | Cerberus Ag | Flame detector |
| US4864146A (en) * | 1987-07-23 | 1989-09-05 | Santa Barbara Research Center | Universal fire simulator |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006125936A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2006-11-30 | Thorn Security Limited | A flame detector and a method |
| EP1894177A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2008-03-05 | Thorn Security Limited | Detector |
| US7948628B2 (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2011-05-24 | Thorn Security Limited | Window cleanliness detection system |
| AU2006251047B2 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2011-05-26 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | A flame detector and a method |
| AU2006251047B9 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2011-06-02 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | A flame detector and a method |
| US7956329B2 (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2011-06-07 | Thorn Security Limited | Flame detector and a method |
| US8493212B2 (en) | 2007-06-15 | 2013-07-23 | Icore and Associates, LLC | Passive microwave system and method for protecting a structure from fire threats |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2003246976A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| EP1530786A2 (en) | 2005-05-18 |
| ATE336771T1 (en) | 2006-09-15 |
| AU2003246976A8 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| GB0219418D0 (en) | 2002-09-25 |
| DE60307648D1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
| EP1530786B1 (en) | 2006-08-16 |
| WO2004019298A3 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
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