WO2004009130A1 - Tumor treating composition and methods - Google Patents
Tumor treating composition and methods Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004009130A1 WO2004009130A1 PCT/NZ2003/000155 NZ0300155W WO2004009130A1 WO 2004009130 A1 WO2004009130 A1 WO 2004009130A1 NZ 0300155 W NZ0300155 W NZ 0300155W WO 2004009130 A1 WO2004009130 A1 WO 2004009130A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
- A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
- A61K35/26—Lymph; Lymph nodes; Thymus; Spleen; Splenocytes; Thymocytes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
Definitions
- the invention relates to the treatment of tumors and in particular to a composition for the treatment of solid vascular tumors.
- the invention also relates to compositions and methods of use in such treatments.
- Non Hippel-Lindau (NHL) disease is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome that predisposes affected individuals to a variety of highly vascular tumors (1, 2).
- the most common tumors are hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and pheochromocytoma.
- NHL kindreds have germline mutations in the NHL gene, and somatic inactivation or loss of the remaining wild-type NHL allele is linked to tumor formation.
- NHL is a tumor suppressor, whose functional inactivation stimulates tumor formation in a variety of ways, in particular by increasing the stability of Hypoxia Inducible Factor - 1 (HIF-1) (2, 3).
- HIF-1 regulates cellular adaption to changes in the oxygen availability by regulating genes involved in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, energy and iron metabolism, tissue matrix metabolism, and cell survival decisions; which are key factors for tumor growth and survival (4-6).
- HIF-1 is an ⁇ heterodimer of which the ⁇ subunit is expressed constitutively and is not significantly affected by hypoxia, whereas levels of the ⁇ subunit rise markedly with hypoxia, and fall rapidly under normoxic conditions.
- a 35 amino acid subdomain of the ⁇ domain of the 30 kDa von Hippel-Lindau protein (pNHL) binds elongin C, which recruits additional proteins including elongin B, cullin-2, the RJ ⁇ G-H2 protein Rbxl/Rocl, and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2, to form a ubiquinating complex.
- the ⁇ domain of pNHL binds hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) subunits HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF- 2 ⁇ , targeting them for ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction in a NHL ⁇ -domain- dependent manner (7).
- HIF hypoxia-inducible factor
- HIF-l ⁇ subunits The binding of HIF-l ⁇ subunits to NHL, and their rapid degradation by the NHL ubiquitinating complex under normoxic conditions, is regulated by oxygen and iron-dependent hydroxylation of Pro-564 within HIF-1 (8). Mutation of the ct and ⁇ domains of NHL either prevents formation of a NHL ubiquitinating complex, and or binding to HIF-1, respectively, leading to stabilization of HIF-1 (3, 7). A hypoxic phenotype results in which increased levels of HIF-1 induce the synthesis of hypoxia- inducible genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (NEGF), platelet derived growth factor, and glucose transporter- 1 (Glut-1), which assist tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, and metabolism (9-12).
- NEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
- Glut-1 glucose transporter- 1
- the invention provides a method of treating tumors in an animal, the method comprising at least the over-expression of NHL in a tumor.
- the invention provides a method of treating small tumors in an animal by engineered over-expression of NHL in the tumor.
- the invention provides a method of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in an animal, the method comprising at least the over-expression of NHL in a tumor.
- the invention provides a method of enhancing tumor cell apoptosis in an animal, the method comprising at least the over-expression of NHL in a tumor.
- a method of any one of the above mentioned aspects preferably includes the step of administering to the animal an agent adapted to effect over-expression of NHL in a tumor.
- the agent is a vector adapted to express NHL.
- the vector is a nucleic acid vector.
- the vector is a viral vector comprising nucleic acid in a viral capsid.
- the agent is one which allows for over-expression of native NHL within the tumor.
- the agents adapted to effect over-expression of NHL in a tumor are administered intratumorally.
- the agents are administered systemically.
- the invention provides a composition for use in tumor treatment in an animal, the composition comprising an effective amount of an agent adapted to over- express NHL in a tumor, together with one or more suitable carriers.
- the invention provides a composition for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in an animal, the composition comprising an effective amount of an agent adapted to over- express NHL in a tumor, together with one or more suitable carriers.
- the invention provides a composition for enhancing tumor cell apoptosis in an animal, the composition comprising an effective amount of an agent adapted to over- express NHL in a tumor, together with one or more suitable carriers.
- the invention provides a method of treating tumors, enhancing tumor cell apoptosis, or inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in an animal, the method comprising at least the administration of an agent which mimics the function of NHL in a tumor (a NHL function mimicking agent).
- the invention provides a composition for use in tumor treatment, enhancing tumor cell apoptosis, or inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in animals, the composition comprising an effective amount of an agent adapted to mimic NHL in a tumor, together with one or more suitable carriers.
- the invention provides a method of assessing efficacy of over-expressed NHL in animal tumor treatment, the method comprising the steps of engineering over- expression of NHL in tumors of varying sizes in an animal followed by determining the effect this engineered over-expression has on tumor growth.
- a method of the invention involves the administration of a vector adapted to express NHL which is administered in an amount between about 5 ⁇ g and 2 mg.
- the invention provides a method of treating tumors, enhancing tumor cell apoptosis or inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in an animal, the method comprising at least the step of administering to the animal an effective amount of NHL.
- Figure 1 Illustrates that intratumoral injection of an expression plasmid encoding
- NHL downregulates HIF-1 ⁇ and NEGF in tumors.
- A Immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of plasmids injected into tumors. Tumors of 0.4 cm diameter were injected with empty pcD ⁇ A3 vector (pCDNA3), or an expression plasmid encoding NHL. Tumor sections prepared two days after plasmid injection were stained (brown) for NHL with the rabbit polyclonal anti-NHL antibody FL-181. Magnification, xlOO.
- B Overexpression of NHL by intratumoral injection of a NHL expression plasmid downregulates HIF-1 ⁇ . EL-4 tumors as in (A) were stained with the mouse anti-mouse HIF-1 ⁇ mAb Hl ⁇ 67. Magnification, xlOO.
- C Overexpression of NHL by intratumoral injection of a NHL expression plasmid downregulates NEGF expression. EL-4 tumor sections as in (A), but prepared 4 days after plasmid injection, were stained with the
- Figure 2 Illustrates that intratumoral injection of an expression plasmid encoding
- NHL eradicates small tumors.
- Small EL-4 tumors approximately 0.1 cm in diameter, were injected at day 0 with expression plasmids encoding
- NHL empty plasmid
- Control empty plasmid
- Figure 3 Illustrates that intratumoral injection of an expression plasmid encoding
- NHL inhibits tumor angiogenesis.
- A Illustrated are sections prepared from 0.4 cm tumors injected 4 days earlier with empty pcD ⁇ A3 vector
- pCDNA3 or an expression plasmid encoding NHL. Sections were stained with anti-CD31 antibody MEC13.3 to visualize blood vessels.
- B Measurement of tumor vascularity. Tumor blood vessels stained with the anti-CD31 mAb were counted in 5 blindly chosen random fields to record mean blood vessel counts per section (40 ⁇ magnification field), n, number of tumors assessed. A significant (P ⁇ 0.01) difference in mean vessel counts between tumors injected with therapeutic plasmid vectors versus tumors injected with empty pCD ⁇ A3 plasmid is donated by stars.
- Figure 4 Illustrates that intratumoral injection of an expression plasmid encoding
- NHL enhances tumor cell apoptosis.
- A Tumor sections were prepared from 0.4 cm diameter tumors injected 4 days earlier with either empty pCD ⁇ A3 vector, or a plasmid encoding NHL. Tumor sections were stained by TUNEL analysis for apoptotic cells (here colored grey). Magnification xlOO.
- B TUNEL positive cells were counted to record the apoptosis index (Al) (40 x magnification field), n, number of tumors assessed.
- NHL The von Hippel-Landau (NHL) tumor suppressor is lost or mutated in patients with NHL cancer syndrome, and in the majority of patients with sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs).
- NHL binds the ⁇ subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-I ⁇ , which stimulates tumor angiogenesis and glycolysis, targeting them for ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction.
- HIF hypoxia-inducible factor
- pNHL Reintroduction of the NHL gene product (pNHL) inhibits the growth, tumorigenicity, and invasiveness of RCC cells.
- the present inventors have now found that intratumoral injection of small (0.1 cm diameter) subcutaneous tumors derived from mouse EL-4 thymic lymphoma cells with a plasmid encoding NHL to over-express NHL in the tumor, resulted in the down-regulation of HIF-1 ⁇ and vascular endothelial growth factor (NEGF), and inhibited tumor angiogenesis. There was increased tumor cell apoptosis, accompanied by complete eradication of tumors.
- the invention relates to methods for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, enhancing tumor cell apoptosis, and ultimately treating tumors in an animal.
- the methods of the invention are particularly applicable to the treatment of solid vascular tumors, particularly small tumors.
- the methods may find application in the treatment of hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, renal cell carcinomas, and pheochromocytoma.
- vascular tumor should not be taken to imply that such tumors are highly vascular.
- treating or “treatment” and the like should be taken broadly. They should not be taken to imply that an animal is treated to total recovery. Accordingly, these terms include amelioration of the symptoms or severity of a particular condition or preventing or otherwise reducing the risk of further development of a particular condition.
- over-expression should be taken to refer to an increase in NHL expression above the baseline expression level for a particular tumor.
- “Over-expression” may occur by increasing expression from an endogenous NHL gene (ie that native to the tumor, or to surrounding or adjacent tissue) or via introduction of a NHL-expressing transgene (as will be elucidated further herein).
- a method of the invention includes the administration to an animal of an effective amount of an agent adapted to effect over-expression of NHL in a tumor.
- the inventors contemplate methods involving the administration of agents adapted to mimic the function of NHL (ie NHL mimetics), or to up-regulate such agents within the tumor.
- an "effective amount" of an agent to be administered to an animal is an amount necessary to at least partly attain a desired response.
- NHL may be administered to increase its levels in a tumor.
- NHL in a tumor is a nucleic acid expression vector.
- the agent is a viral vector comprising a nucleic acid vector contained within a viral capsid.
- nucleic acid expression vectors of use in the invention are highly active in tumors.
- Such expression vectors may be constructed according to standard techniques and/or manufacturers instructions, having regard to the published nucleic acid sequence of NHL and/or the published amino acid sequence thereof.
- the nucleic acid and protein sequences for both human and murine NHL are available on publicly accessible databases.
- human NHL is available on GenBank under the accession number AF010238.
- the murine NHL sequence information is available on GenBank under the accession number AF513984.
- a specific example of how such a vector may be constructed is provided herein after under the heading "Methods”.
- expression vectors of the invention may include various regulatory sequences.
- they may include tissue specific promoters, inducible or constitutive promoters.
- they may include enhancers and the like which may aid in increasing expression in certain circumstances.
- Persons of general skill in the art to which the invention relates will appreciate various regulatory regions which may provide benefit having regard to the tumor to be treated.
- viral vectors In respect of viral vectors, the inventors contemplate the use of such vectors as adeno- associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, retroviruses.
- Viral vectors may be constructed according to standard procedures in the art. The paper Xu, R., Sun, X., Chan, D., Li, H.,
- the effect of NHL on a tumor can also be achieved via the use of agents or factors that stimulate endogenous NHL expression including those that stimulate NHL gene transcription, translation, or protein stability.
- agents or factors that stimulate endogenous NHL expression include those that stimulate NHL gene transcription, translation, or protein stability.
- agents include "nonselective” (indomethacin) and COX-2-selective ( ⁇ S-398) non steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)" (14).
- NSAIDs non steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs
- Reagents that mimic the effects of NHL include drugs that interact with NHL effectors, and stimulate a response similar to that of NHL.
- Peptides and pharmaceutical type reagents based on the NHL protein sequence or structure could be used as NHL mimetics.
- agents or compounds of use in the invention may be modified to assist their function in vivo for example by reducing their immunogenicity or increasing their lifetime in vivo.
- Agents may be modified (for example by addition of a carrier peptide or membrane translocating motif (for example ChariotTM peptide; Active Motif, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as will be known in the art) or formulated with additional agents to allow for their cell permeability and the like.
- a carrier peptide or membrane translocating motif for example ChariotTM peptide; Active Motif, Carlsbad, CA, USA
- the agents may be PEGylated to increase their lifetime in vivo, based on, e.g., the conjugate technology described in WO 95/32003.
- Administration of agents of use in methods of the invention may occur by any means capable of increasing expression of NHL, or a mimetic thereof, in a tumor.
- Such methods include intratumoral admimstration and systemic administration.
- Intratumoral administration may occur via injection (as exemplified herein after) or alternatively direct injection into blood vessels supplying the tumor could occur.
- Systemic administration may occur by any standard means readily known to the skilled person in the art to which the invention relates having regard to the information herein and to the agent to be administered.
- modes of administration may include oral, topical, systemic (eg. transdermal, intranasal, or by suppository), parenteral (eg. intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection), intratumoral (eg. by injection, using bollistics); by implantation, and by infusion through such devices as osmotic pumps, transdermal patches, and the like.
- systemic eg. transdermal, intranasal, or by suppository
- parenteral eg. intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection
- intratumoral eg. by injection, using bollistics
- compositions may take the form of any standard known dosage form including tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulation, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, liquids for injection, or any other appropriate compositions.
- Persons of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention relates will readily appreciate the most appropriate dosage form having regard to the nature of the tumor to be treated and the active agents to be used without any undue experimentation. It should be appreciated that one or more active agents described herein may be formulated into a single composition.
- sustained-release compositions include semi-permeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules.
- Sustained-release matrices include polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919; EP 58,481), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and gamma-ethyl-L- glutamate, poly (2 -hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), ethylene vinyl acetate, or poly-D-(-)-3- hydroxybutyric acid (EP 133,988).
- Sustained-release compositions also include a liposomally entrapped compound.
- Liposomes containing the compound are prepared by methods known per se: DE 3,218,121 ; EP 52,322; EP 36,676; EP 88,046; EP 143,949; EP 142,641; Japanese Pat. Appln. 83-118008; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and EP
- the liposomes are of the small (from or about 200 to 800 Angstroms) unilamellar type in which the lipid content is greater than about 30 mole percent cholesterol, the selected proportion being adjusted for the most efficacious therapy.
- suitable liquid carriers especially for injectable solutions, include water, aqueous saline solution, aqueous dextrose solution, and the like, with isotonic solutions being preferred for intravenous, intraspinal, and intracisternal administration and vehicles such as liposomes being also especially suitable for admimstration of agents, such as naked nucleic acid vectors to tumors.
- compositions of the invention may be formulated with additional constituents, or in such a manner, so as to decrease the immunogenicity of an agent to be administered, or help protect its integrity and prevent in vivo degradation, for example.
- additional constituents or in such a manner, so as to decrease the immunogenicity of an agent to be administered, or help protect its integrity and prevent in vivo degradation, for example.
- compositions may be formulated in accordance with standard techniques as may be found in such standard references as Gennaro AR: Remington: The Science and Practice of th
- the dose of an agent or composition administered, the period of administration, and the general administration regime may differ between subjects depending on such variables as the severity of symptoms, the type of tumor to be treated, the mode of administration chosen, type of composition, size of a unit dosage, kind of excipients, the age and/or general health of a subject, and other factors well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- dosages of between about 5 ⁇ g and about 2 mg may be appropriate, however, this is not definitive.
- Admimstration may include a single daily dose or administration of a number of discrete divided doses as may be appropriate.
- An administration regime may also include admimstration of one or more of the active agents, or compositions comprising same, as described herein.
- mice and cell lines Male C57BL/6 mice, 6-8 weeks old, were obtained from the Animal Resource Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- the EL-4 thymic lymphoma which is of C57BL/6(H-2 b ) origin, was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). It was cultured at 37°C in DMEM medium (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA), supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, 50 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, ImM pyruvate.
- PCR amplified using IMAGE clone 63956 as a template and the primers 5'-AGG CGG CGG GGG AGC CCG GTC CTG AGG AGA TGG AGG CTG GGC GGC CGC GGC CGG TGC TGC GCT CG-3' and 5 '-ACT CTC AAG GTG CTC TTG GCT CAG TCG CTG TAT GTC CTT CCG CAC ACT TGG GTA G -3'.
- the resulting PCR product was used as a template for further amplication with the primers 5' -GGG AAT TCC AAT AAT AAT
- plasmids Gene transfer of expression plasmids in situ and measurement of anti-tumor activity.
- Purified plasmids were diluted to 1 mg/ml in a solution of 5% glucose in 0.01% Triton X- 100, and mixed in a ratio of 1 :3 (wt:wt) with DOTAP cationic liposomes (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany), as described previously (15).
- Tumors were established by injection of 2 x 10 5 EL-4 tumor cells into the right flank of mice, and growth determined by measuring two perpendicular diameters. Animals were killed when tumors reached more than 1 cm in diameter, in accord with Animal Ethics Approval (University of Auckland).
- tumors Once tumors reached either 0.1 cm in diameter, they were injected with 100 ⁇ l expression plasmid (100 ⁇ g). Empty pCDNA3 vector served as a control reagent. All experiments included 6 mice per group, and each experiment was repeated at least once.
- Tumor cryosections (10 ⁇ m) prepared 2 days following injection of plasmids were incubated overnight with either a rabbit polyclonal antibody against a peptide corresponding to N-terminal amino acids 1-181 of NHL (FL-181, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), a mouse anti-mouse HIF-1 ⁇ mAb (Hl ⁇ 67, ⁇ ovus Biologicals, Inc., Littleton, CO, USA), or a rabbit polyclonal antibody against NEGF (Ab-1, Lab Vision Corporation; CA, USA). Rabbit antibody-stained sections were subsequently incubated for
- Adjacent sections were counterstained with haematoxylin and eosin. The total number of apoptotic cells in 10 randomly selected fields was counted. The apoptotic index was calculated as the percentage of positive staining cells, namely Al
- Tumor lysates from each treatment group were pooled, and debris removed by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C. Protein samples (100 ⁇ g) were resolved on 10% polyacrylamide SDS gels under reducing conditions, and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose Hybond C extra membranes (Amersham Life Science, Buckingham,
- TTBS Tris-buffered saline
- primary antibodies 20 mmol/L Tris, 137 mmol/L ⁇ aCl pH 7.6, containing 0.1% Tween-20
- horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies They were developed by enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham International, Buckingham, England), and exposure to x-ray film. Band density was quantified using Scion Image software (Scion Corporation, Frederick, MD).
- NHL might effectively down-regulate HIF-1 pathways, and angiogenesis in tumors already expressing functional NHL has not been able to be predicted with certainty.
- NHL not only has to contend with HIF-1 induced by hypoxia, but potentially also HIF-1 induced in response to tumor-derived factors such as v-src, and insulin-like growth factor- 1 receptor (IGF-1R) ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin) (21, 22).
- IGF-1R insulin-like growth factor- 1 receptor
- small EL-4 tumors 0.1 cm in diameter, were established in the right flank of C57BL/6 mice, and injected with a DNA/liposome transfection vehicle containing either 100 ⁇ g of empty pCDNA3, or VHL-pCDNA3 plasmids.
- Intratumoral injection of a VHL plasmid down-regulates the expression of HIF-1 a and its effector molecule VEGF.
- HIF-1 a and its effector molecule VEGF effector molecule
- VHL therapy reduces tumor blood vessel density, and increases apoptosis.
- Injection of a NHL plasmid into tumors inhibited tumor angiogenesis, as evidenced by a statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.05) reduction in tumor blood vessel density ( Figures 3 A and B), in accord with reductions in the angiogenic factors HIF-1 ⁇ , and NEGF.
- the median and 90th centile distances to the nearest CD31 -labelled venules from an array of points within tumors treated with NHL plasmid were significantly (both p ⁇ 0.05) longer than those for tumors treated with empty vector (Table 1).
- the median and 90th centile distances ( ⁇ SD) to the nearest CD31 -labelled venules from an array of points within tumors injected with either empty pcDNA3 or NHL plasmids were determined.
- P values refer to distances to labelled venules in tumors treated with NHL plasmid versus empty pcD ⁇ A3 plasmid.
- NHL therapy was very effective at inducing tumor cell apoptosis suggests NHL may have a more predominant role in regulating cell survival, in comparison to its role in regulating HIF-1 ⁇ expression.
- NHL appears to exhibit both pro-apoptotic and anti- apoptotic effects, depending on the cellular context.
- Reintroduction of NHL into NHL- negative RCC cells in vitro provides protection against the cytotoxic effects of serum withdrawal (25), glucose deprivation (26), and UN irradiation (27). It appears to protect renal cells from chemically-induced apoptosis and UN irradiation by inducing Bcl-2 and
- NHL interacts with fibronectin, and assists in the assembly of a fibronectin matrix, which can suppress cellular properties associated with malignancy (31).
- RCC cells engineered to express NHL differentiate and undergo growth arrest when grown to high density on collagen I, whereas NHL negative cells continue to proliferate (32), suggesting that NHL induces differentiation and growth arrest via the integration of cell to cell and cell to matrix signals.
- NHL stabilizes actin organization, increases cell adhesion, and inhibits cell motility and invasiveness of tumor cells through focal adhesion formation, and by increasing the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPS), and decreasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (34).
- TIMPS tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- engineered over-expression of VHL may increase the sensitivity of EL-4 tumors to inhibitory signals from the extracellular matrix.
- NHL may inhibit tumor growth.
- NHL interacts in vivo with heteronuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnR ⁇ P) A2, an R ⁇ A-binding protein that binds a cis-acting instability element in the Glut-1 3'-UTR and protects Glut-1 mR ⁇ A from degradation (35).
- NHL downregulates the expression of hnR ⁇ P A2, which leads to a decrease in Glut-1 mR ⁇ A.
- NHL therapy would be expected to inhibit Glut-1 gene transcription, as well as destabilizing already synthesized Glut-1 mR ⁇ A, leading to increased inhibition of tumor glycolysis, and decreased tumor metabolism.
- Reintroduction of the wild-type NHL gene product into RCC cells results in the accumulation of p27, and causes RCC cells to exit the cell cycle and enter GO/quiescence (36).
- RCC are dependent on insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1) for tumor growth and invasion.
- IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1
- Reintroduction of NHL into RCC cells inhibits IGF-1 receptor signalling via an interaction with protein kinase C ⁇ , leading to an inhibition of tumor growth and invasion (37).
- TGF- ⁇ 1 has proangiogenic effects (41), as evidenced by the finding that targeted disruption of either the TGF- ⁇ 1 gene or its type II receptor results in defective placental vasculogenesis (42). It appears to synergize with NEGF and bFGF in mediating an angiogenic response (40).
- NHL also suppresses tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator mRNA and protein, and conversely downregulating the expression of plasminogen activator 1 mRNA and protein (43). It post-transcriptionally down-regulates the expression platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and NEGF (44, 45).
- PDGF platelet derived growth factor
- NHL therapy appears to inhibit an array of pathways required for tumor growth, and survival.
- the fact that NHL therapy can cause complete tumor regression is unexpected, and suggests that NHL may, like antisense HIF- 1 ⁇ therapy, expose tumors to the innate immune system which senses danger signals from damaged cells.
- Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O 2 tension. Proc.
- hypoxia response elements in the aldolase A, enolase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase A gene promoters contain essential binding sites for hypoxia- inducible factor ⁇ . J. Biol. Chem. 271 :32529-32537. 12.
- Dachs, G.U., and Stratford, I.J. The molecular response of mammalian cells to hypoxia and the potential for exploitation in cancer therapy. Br. J. Cancer 1996; 74:S126-132.
- Angiostatin enhances B7.1 -mediated cancer immunotherapy independently of effects on vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Cancer Gene Ther. 8:719-727.
- V-src induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and transcription of genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and enolase 1 : Involvement of HIF-1 in tumor progression. Cancer Res. 57:5328-5335.
- HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor 1
- Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein is required for proper assembly of an extracellular fibronectin matrix. Mol. Cell. 1 :959-968.
- VHL induces renal cell differentiation and growth arrest through integration of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix signaling. Mol. Cell Biol. 21 : 865-874.
- the von Hippel-Lindau protein interacts with heteronuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 and regulates its expression. J. Biol. Chem. 276:40346-40352.
- TGF- ⁇ contributes to the shift toward Th2-type responses through direct and IL-10-mediated pathways in tumor-bearing mice. J.
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CA (1) | CA2493062A1 (en) |
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WO (1) | WO2004009130A1 (en) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5654138A (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1997-08-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Von hippel-lindau (VHL) disease gene and corresponding cDNA and methods for detecting carriers of the VHL disease gene |
GB2385054A (en) * | 2000-09-27 | 2003-08-13 | Cell Free Sciences Co Ltd | Host cell obtained by transferring VHL gene into cancer cell or embryonic stem cell and expressing |
-
2002
- 2002-07-19 NZ NZ520322A patent/NZ520322A/en unknown
-
2003
- 2003-07-18 WO PCT/NZ2003/000155 patent/WO2004009130A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-07-18 AU AU2003281470A patent/AU2003281470A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-18 CA CA002493062A patent/CA2493062A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5654138A (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1997-08-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Von hippel-lindau (VHL) disease gene and corresponding cDNA and methods for detecting carriers of the VHL disease gene |
GB2385054A (en) * | 2000-09-27 | 2003-08-13 | Cell Free Sciences Co Ltd | Host cell obtained by transferring VHL gene into cancer cell or embryonic stem cell and expressing |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
CHEN F. ET AL.: "Suppression of growth of renal carcinoma cells by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene", CANCER RES., vol. 55, no. 21, 1 November 1995 (1995-11-01), pages 4804 - 4807 * |
JONES M.K. ET AL.: "Von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor and HIF-1alpha: new targets of NSAIDs inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis", FASEB J., vol. 16, no. 2, February 2002 (2002-02-01), pages 264 - 266 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2003281470A1 (en) | 2004-02-09 |
NZ520322A (en) | 2005-04-29 |
CA2493062A1 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
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