WO2004002429A2

WO2004002429A2 - Methods of inhibiting pin1-associated states using a fredericamycin a compound

Info

Publication number: WO2004002429A2
Application number: PCT/US2003/020736
Authority: WO
Inventors: Kun Ping Lu; Gunter Fischer
Original assignee: Pintex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2002-06-28
Filing date: 2003-06-30
Publication date: 2004-01-08
Also published as: AU2003258982A1; AU2003258982A8; WO2004002429A3

Abstract

This invention provides a method for treating a Pin1-associated state in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that the Pin1-associated state is treated. In another aspect, this invention includes the above-described method, wherein the Pin1-associated state is a cyclin D1 elevated state, neoplastic transformation, and/or tumor growth. In an embodiment, this invention provides the above-described methods, wherein the Pin1-associated state is colon cancer, breast cancer, a sarcoma, a malignant lymphoma, and/or esophageal cancer. This invention also provides a method for treating cyclin D1 overexpression in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hyperplastic inhibitory agent such that the cyclin D1 overexpression is treated.

Description

METHODS OF INHIBITING PIN1-ASSOCIATED STATES USING A FREDERICAMYCIN A COMPOUND

Related Applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application

No. 60/393,037, filed on June 28, 2002, entitled "Methods of Inhibiting Pin 1 -Associated States Using a Fredericamycin A Compound". This application is related to U.S. Utility Patent Application No. 10/027,864, filed on December 21, 2001, entitled "Methods of Inhibiting PIN 1 -Associate States Using A Fredericamycin A Compound", which is a continuation-in-part patent application of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/342,572, filed on December 20, 2001, entitled "Methods of Inhibiting Pinl- Associated States Using a Fredericamycin A Compound;" and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/257,412, filed on December 22, 2000. This application is related to U.S. Patent Application No. 09/726,464, filed November 29, 2000; U.S. Application No. 08/988,842, filed December 11, 1997; and WO 99/12962, published March 8, 1999. The entire contents of each of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Background of the Invention The peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases), or rotamases, are a family of ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of the peptide bond on the N-terminal side of proline residues in proteins (Hunter, Cell 92:141-142, 1998). PPIases are divided into three classes, cyclophilins (Cyps), FK-506 binding proteins (FKBPs) and the Pinl/parvulin class. Cyclophilins and FKBPs are distinguished by their ability to bind the clinically immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin and FK506, respectively (Schreiber, Science 251:283-7, 1991; Hunter, supra). Upon binding of these drugs, there are two common outcomes: inhibition of the PPIase activity and inhibition of the common target calcineurin. The inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity prevents lymphocytes from responding to antigen-induced mitogenic signals, thus resulting in immunusuppression. However, the inhibition of the PPIase activity is apparently unrelated to the immunosuppressive property of the drug/PPIase complexes. Even more surprisingly, deletion of all 8 known cyclophilins and 4 FKBPs in the same cells does not result in any significant phenotype (Dolinski et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:13093-131098, 1997). In contrast, members of the Pinl/parvulin class of PPIases bind neither of these immunosuppressive drugs, and are structurally unrelated to the other two classes of PPIases. Known members of the Pinl/parvulin class include Pinsl-3 (Lu et al., Nature 380;544-547, 1996), Pin-L (Campbell et al., Genomics 44:157-162, 1997), parvulin (Rahfeld, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:447-451, 1996) and Essl/Pftl (Hanes et al., Yeast 5:55-72, 1989; and Hani, et al. FEBS Letts 365:198-202, 1995).

Pinl is a highly conserved protein that catalyzes the isomerization of only phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro bonds (Rananathan, R. et al. (1997) Cell 89:875-86; Yaffe, et al. 1997, Science 278:1957-1960; Shen, et al. 1998,Genes Dev. 12:706-720; Lu, et al. 1999, Science 283:1325-1328; Crenshaw, et al. 1998, Embo J. 17:1315-1327; Lu, et al. 1999, Nature 399:784-788; Zhou, et al. 1999, Cell Mol. Life Sci. 56:788-806). In addition, Pinl contains an N-terminal WW domain, which functions as a phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro binding module (Sudol, M. (1996) Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 65:113-32). This phosphorylation-dependent interaction targets Pinl to a subset of phosphorylated substrates, including Cdc25, Wee 1, Mytl, Tau-Rad4, and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large domain (Crenshaw, D.G., et al. (1998) Embo. J. 17:1315-27; Shen, M. (1998) Genes Dev. 12:706-20; Wells, N.J. (1999) J. Cell. Sci. 112: 3861-71). The specificity of Pinl activity is essential for cell growth. Inhibition of Pinl by various approaches including antisense polynucleotides, or genetic depletion (e.g., mutations of Pinl) cause growth arrest, affect cell cycle checkpoints and induce premature mitotic entry, mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human tumor cells, yeast and Xenopus extracts (Lu, et al. 1996, Nature 380:544-547; Winkler, et al. 200, Science 287:1644-1647; Hani, et al. 1999. J. Biol. Chem. 274:108-116). In contrast, Pinl is dramatically overexpressed in many human cancers, and the levels of Pinl are correlated with the aggressiveness of tumors, for example, in breast and prostate cancer. It has also been observed that the levels of Pinl correlate not only with the nuclear grade of breast tumors, but also with the level of cyclin DI expression.

Thus, Pinl -dependent peptide bond isomerization is a critical post- phosphorylation regulatory mechanism, allowing cells to turn phosphoprotein function on or off with high efficiency and specificity during temporally regulated events, including the cell cycle (Lu et al., supra). For example, overexpression of Pinl is believed to be involved in the increased expression of cyclin DI in cancer cells. Increased cyclin DI expression has been found in a vast range of primary human tumors and has been detected as manifestations of gene amplification, increased cyclin DI RNA expression, and increased cyclin DI protein expression. Most clinical studies comparing cyclin DI gene amplification with expression of cyclin DI have found that more cases show over-expression of both RNA and protein than show amplification of the gene. The presence of increased cyclin DI RNA and/or protein expression without gene amplification suggests that other cellular genes such as pRb may affect the expression cyclin DI . The cyclin DI gene is amplified in approximately 20% of mammary carcinomas and the protein is overexpressed in approximately 50% of mammary carcinomas. Barnes, et al. 1998. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 52:1-15. Human tumors reportedly found to have increased cyclin DI expression include: parathyroid adenomas, mantle cell lymphomas, breast cancers, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (i.e. squamous carcinomas in the oral cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx), esophageal cancers, hepatocellular carcinomas, colorectal cancers, genitourinary cancers, lung cancers (i.e. squamous cell carcinomas of the lung), skins cancers (i.e. squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas), sarcomas, and central nervous system malignancies (i.e. astrocytomas and glioblastomas), gastric adenocarcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas, squamous carcinomas of the gall bladder. Donnellan, et al. 1998. J. Clin. Pathol: Mol. Pathol. 51 :1-7. It is believed that in many tumors, cyclin DI acts in co-operation with other oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.

Pinl is believed to activate the expression of cyclin DI by acting cooperatively with the c-Jun oncogene to activate the cyclin DI promoter. In order to activate cyclin DI expression, c-Jun is generally phosphorylated. Pinl putatively binds to c-Jun mainly via phosophorylated Ser -Pro motifs, and activates the phosphorylated c-Jun to induce cyclin DI expression by regulating the conformation of the phosphorylated Ser-Pro motifs in c-Jun. In addition to c-Jun, the activity of Pinl may also be affected by other oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways. For example, pathways activated by oncogenic Ras may contribute to up-regulation of Pinl, while wildtype Brca (a tumor suppressor) suppresses the expression of Pinl.

Summary of the Invention

This invention provides a method for treating a Pinl -associated state in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that the Pinl -associated state is treated.

In another aspect, this invention includes the above-described method, wherein the Pinl -associated state is a cyclin DI elevated state, neoplastic transformation, and/or tumor growth. This invention also encompasses the above described methods, wherein the treating includes inhibiting tumor growth, preventing the occurrence of tumor growth in the subject, or reducing the growth of a pre-existing tumor in the subject. In an embodiment, this invention provides the above described methods, wherein the Pinl -associated state is cancer, e.g., colon cancer, breast cancer, a sarcoma, a malignant lymphoma, and/or esophageal cancer.

This invention also encompasses the above-described methods, wherein the Pinl -associated state is caused by overexpression of Pinl, DNA damage, an oncogenic protein, and/or Ha-Ras.

This invention further includes a method for treating cyclin DI overexpression in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that cyclin DI overexpression is treated.

This invention also features the above-described methods, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression results in neoplastic transformation and/or tumor growth.

This invention provides the above described methods, wherein the treating includes inhibiting tumor growth, preventing the occurrence of tumor growth in the subject, and/or reducing the growth of a pre-existing tumor in the subject.

This invention further encompasses the above described methods, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression results in colon cancer, breast cancer, sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, and/or esophageal cancer.

This invention also includes the above described methods, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression is caused by overexpression of Pinl, DNA damage, an oncogenic protein, and/or Ha-Ras. In another aspect, this invention also encompasses a method for treating tumor growth in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound having Formula NI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds; X is Ν, O, S, or C;

- A - Ri, R», R₅, Re, Rβ, and R are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy; and

R₂, R₃, and R are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing; such that the tumor growth is treated.

In an embodiment, this invention also includes a packaged Pinl- associated state treatment, including a fredericamycin A compound packaged with instructions for using an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound to treat a Pinl -associated state.

This invention further encompasses a packaged cyclin DI overexpression treatment, including a fredericamycin A compound packaged with instructions for using an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound to treat cyclin DI overexpression.

This invention also features a packaged cancer treatment, including a fredericamycin A compound packaged with instructions for using an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound to treat cancer.

In an embodiment, this invention provides a method for treating a Pinl- associated state in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hyperplastic inhibitory agent such that the Pinl -associated state is treated.

In an embodiment, this invention encompasses the above-described methods, wherein the hyperplastic inhibitory agent is tamoxifen, paclitaxel, docetaxel, interleukin-2, rituximab, tretinoin, and/or methotrexate.

In another aspect, this invention further includes a method for treating cancer in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hyperplastic inhibitory agent such that the cancer is treated. This invention also provides a method for treating cyclin DI overexpression in a subject including administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hyperplastic inhibitory agent such that the cyclin DI overexpression is treated. This invention also features the above described methods, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula IX

wherein the dotted lines around C indicate that C may be a 5 or 6 membered ring; wherein the dotted lines not around C indicate optional double bonds;

Rj is alkyl, alkenyl, alkanoyl, alkynyl;

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl;

R and Rio are both r form a ring having the structure

R₃, R₅, Re, Rn, and R₁ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing; and R₄, R₇, Rs, R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy. This invention provides the above described methods, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is fredericamycin A.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of diagnosis of a Pinl -associated state comprising the step of diagnosis of the cyclin DI expression in a sample from a subject, wherein the cyclin DI expression is correlated to the Pinl level in the subject, such that the Pinl -associated state is diagnosed. Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 shows a plot of hPinl activity (%) versus fredericamycin A concentration (μM) as described in the example below.

Figure 2 shows a plot of hPinl activity (BE) versus time (min) as described in the example below.

Figure 3 shows a graph of the hPinl activity (%) of 209 nM of hPinl incubated with 0 (■) and 0.16 (D) mM fredericamycin A with the PPIase activity of hPinl measured before and after micro-separation through a semi-permeable membrane as described in the example below. Figure 4 is a line graph of mean tumor volume (cm ) showing the effect of Fredericamycin on DU-145 prostate tumor bearing scid mice.

Figure 5 is a line graph of mean mouse weight (g) showing the effect of Fredericamycin on DU-145 prostate tumor bearing scid mice.

Figure 6 is a digital image depicting the western blot cell line analysis of several examples of in vitro tumors.

Figures 7A and 7B depict the results of analysis of 60 tumor types involving 2041 tumor samples by an automated cellular imaging system (Chromavision).

Figure 8 is a digital image depicting the western blot cell line analysis of the levels of Pinl and its correlation with the nuclear grade of the breast tumors and their cyclin DI expression.

Figure 9 is a graphical depiction of the domains of several examples of Pinl and its homologues.

Figure 10 depicts the results of the determination of the ED₅₀ of

Fredericamycin A on several cancer cell lines along with a digital image depicting the western blot cell line analysis of the levels of Pinl in the corresponding cancer cell lines.

Figure 11 shows the interactions between Fredericamycin A and Pinl, determined by X-ray crystallography and depicts the formation of an irreversible disulfide bond through the Cys 113 residue.

Figure 12 is a schematic representation of the defined areas of the prolyl isomerase active site of Pinl.

Figure 13 is a line graph of mean tumor volume (cm ) showing the effect of decreasing the dose of Fredericamycin, as compared with Example 2 (Figure 4), on DU-145 prostate tumor bearing scid mice. Detailed Description of the Invention

Chemistry Terminology

The term "alkyl" includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight- chain alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), branched-chain alkyl groups (isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, etc.), cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups (cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl), alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. The term alkyl further includes alkyl groups, which can further include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. In an embodiment, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 10 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C_J-C_JO for straight chain, C₃-C₁₀ for branched chain), and more preferably 6 or fewer. Likewise, preferred cycloalkyls have from 4-7 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ring structure. Moreover, the term alkyl includes both "unsubstituted alkyls" and "substituted alkyls", the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Cycloalkyls can be further substituted, e.g., with the substituents described above. An "alkylaryl" or an "aralkyl" moiety is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)). The term "alkyl" also includes the side chains of natural and unnatural amino acids. Examples of halogenated alkyl groups include fiuoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, perfluoromethyl, perchloromethyl, perfluoroethyl, perchloroethyl, etc.

The term "aryl" includes groups, including 5- and 6-membered single- ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, phenyl, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, isothiaozole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isooxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like. Furthermore, the term "aryl" includes multicyclic aryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g., naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, napthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, or indolizine. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred to as "aryl heterocycles", "heterocycles," "heteroaryls" or "heteroaromatics". The aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Aryl groups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclic rings which are not aromatic so as to form a polycycle (e.g., tetralin).

The term "alkenyl" includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double bond.

For example, the term "alkenyl" includes straight-chain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, etc.), branched-chain alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl (alicyclic) groups (cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups. The term alkenyl further includes alkenyl groups that include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkenyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). Likewise, cycloalkenyl groups may have from 3-8 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ring structure. The term C₂-C₆ includes alkenyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Moreover, the term alkenyl includes both "unsubstituted alkenyls" and "substituted alkenyls", the latter of which refers to alkenyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term "alkynyl" includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which contain at least one triple bond.

For example, the term "alkynyl" includes straight-chain alkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, etc.), branched-chain alkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups. The term alkynyl further includes alkynyl groups which include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkynyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term C₂-C₆ includes alkynyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Moreover, the term alkynyl includes both "unsubstituted alkynyls" and "substituted alkynyls", the latter of which refers to alkynyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, "lower alkyl" as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to five carbon atoms in its backbone structure. "Lower alkenyl" and "lower alkynyl" have chain lengths of, for example, 2-5 carbon atoms. The term "acyl" includes compounds and moieties which contain the acyl radical (CH₃CO-) or a carbonyl group. The term "substituted acyl" includes acyl groups where one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term "acylamino" includes moieties wherein an acyl moiety is bonded to an amino group. For example, the term includes alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido groups.

The term "aroyl" includes compounds and moieties with an aryl or heteroaromatic moiety bound to a carbonyl group. Examples of aroyl groups include phenylcarboxy, naphthyl carboxy, etc.

The terms "alkoxyalkyl", "alkylaminoalkyl" and "thioalkoxyalkyl" include alkyl groups, as described above, which further include oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms.

The term "alkoxy" includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy groups and may include cyclic groups such as cyclopentoxy. Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups. The alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, etc.

The term "amine" or "amino" includes compounds where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon or heteroatom. The term "alkyl amino" includes groups and compounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group. The term "dialkyl amino" includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups. The term "arylamino" and "diarylamino" include groups wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively. The term "alkylarylamino," "alkylaminoaryl" or "arylaminoalkyl" refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group. The term "alkaminoalkyl" refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group.

The term "amide" or "aminocarboxy" includes compounds or moieties which contain a nitrogen atom which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group. The term includes "alkaminocarboxy" groups which include alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group bound to a carboxy group. It includes arylaminocarboxy groups which include aryl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. The terms "alkylaminocarboxy," "alkenylaminocarboxy," "alkynylaminocarboxy," and "arylaminocarboxy" include moieties wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl moieties, respectively, are bound to a nitrogen atom which is in turn bound to the carbon of a carbonyl group.

The term "carbonyl" or "carboxy" includes compounds and moieties that contain a carbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom, and tautomeric forms thereof. Examples of moieties that contain a carbonyl include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc. The term "carboxy moiety" or

"carbonyl moiety" refers to groups such as "alkylcarbonyl" groups wherein an alkyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, "alkenylcarbonyl" groups wherein an alkenyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, "alkynylcarbonyl" groups wherein an alkynyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, "arylcarbonyl" groups wherein an aryl group is covalently attached to the carbonyl group. Furthermore, the term also refers to groups wherein one or more heteroatoms are covalently bonded to the carbonyl moiety. For example, the term includes moieties such as, for example, aminocarbonyl moieties, (wherein a nitrogen atom is bound to the carbon of the carbonyl group, e.g., an amide), aminocarbonyloxy moieties, wherein an oxygen and a nitrogen atom are both bond to the carbon of the carbonyl group (e.g., also referred to as a "carbamate"). Furthermore, aminocarbonylamino groups (e.g., ureas) are also include as well as other combinations of carbonyl groups bound to heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc. as well as carbon atoms). Furthermore, the heteroatom can be further substituted with one or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyl, etc. moieties.

The term "thiocarbonyl" or "thiocarboxy" includes compounds and moieties that contain a carbon connected with a double bond to a sulfur atom. The term "thiocarbonyl moiety" includes moieties that are analogous to carbonyl moieties. For example, "thiocarbonyl" moieties include aminothiocarbonyl, wherein an amino group is bound to the carbon atom of the thiocarbonyl group, furthermore other thiocarbonyl moieties include, oxythiocarbonyls (oxygen bound to the carbon atom), aminothiocarbonylamino groups, etc.

The term "ether" includes compounds or moieties that contain an oxygen bonded to two different carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term includes "alkoxyalkyl" which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to another alkyl group. The term "ester" includes compounds and moieties that contain a carbon or a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom that is bonded to the carbon of a carbonyl group. The term "ester" includes alkoxycarboxy groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, etc. The alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups are as defined above. The term "thioether" includes compounds and moieties that contain a sulfur atom bonded to two different carbon or hetero atoms. Examples of thioethers include, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls, and alkthioalkynyls. The term "alkthioalkyls" include compounds with an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom that is bonded to an alkyl group. Similarly, the term "alkthioalkenyls" and alkthioalkynyls" refer to compounds or moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom that is covalently bonded to an alkynyl group. The term "hydroxy" or "hydroxyl" includes groups with an -OH or -O^". The term "halogen" includes fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc. The term "perhalogenated" generally refers to a moiety wherein all hydrogens are replaced by halogen atoms.

The terms "polycyclyl" or "polycyclic radical" include moieties with two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are "fused rings". Rings that are joined through non-adjacent atoms are termed "bridged" rings. Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term "heteroatom" includes atoms of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus.

The term "heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" includes saturated, unsaturated, aromatic ("heteroaryls" or "heteroaromatic") and polycyclic rings which contain one or more heteroatoms. Examples of heterocycles include, for example, benzodioxazole, benzofuran, benzoimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, deazapurine, furan, indole, indolizine, imidazole, isooxazole, isoquinoline, isothiaozole, methylenedioxyphenyl, napthridine, oxazole, purine, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, tetrazole, thiazole, thiophene, and triazole. Other heterocycles include morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, thiomorpholine, and thioazolidine. The heterocycles may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of substituents include, for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be noted that the structure of some of the compounds of this invention includes asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understood accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers) are included within the scope of this invention, unless indicated otherwise. Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis. Furthermore, the structures and other compounds and moieties discussed in this application also include all tautomers thereof. Fredericamycin A Compounds

"Fredericamycin A compound" is intended to include fredericamycin A and compounds which are structurally similar to fredericamycin A, analogs of fredericamycin A, and/or fragments of fredericamycin A. The language "analogs of fredericamycin A" as used herein, is intended to include derivatives, i.e., a compound related structurally to fredericamycin A and theoretically derivable from it, which may include substitution on fredericamycin A in one or more places that do not substantially affect the ability of fredericamycin A compound to perform its intended function The language "fragments of fredericamycin A" as used herein, is intended to include portions of fredericamycin A that interact with one or more positions in the active site of Pinl . In certain embodiments, the Fredericamycin A compounds include compounds that interact with the PPI and or the WW domain of Pinl .

In certain embodiments, the fredericamycin A compounds of this invention are those compounds which are useful for inhibiting Pinl in subjects (patients). The term fredericamycin A compound also is intended to include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds. In addition, fredericamycin A compounds can be naturally occurring or chemically synthesized.

Fredericamycin A can be isolated from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. For example, the extraction and purification of fredericamycin A from Streptomyces griseus is described in detail in Pandey, et al. 1981. J. Antibiot. 34(11): 1389-401. In Pandey et al. , crude fredericamycin A is isolated from whole broth collected from various fermentation runs. The broth is centrifuged to separate the mycelium from the broth. The pH of the filtered broth is adjusted to 2.0 with dilute sulfuric acid, and the broth is then allowed to stand at 4 °C for 96 hours to precipitate the fredericamycin A. The precipitated fredericamycin A is filtered off and the filtrate is subsequently extracted with ethyl acetate 2 times. The mycelium is suspended in water and homogenized in a blender. The pH of the mixture is adjusted to 2.0 with dilute sulfuric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The mixture is filtered, the ethyl acetate extract is separated, and the aqueous phase is discarded. Alternatively, numerous references describe the synthesis of fredericamycin A including: Kita, et al. 1998. J. Synth. Organic Chem. Jpn. 56:963-974; Boger. 1996. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 33:1519-1531 ; Boger, et al. 1995. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:11839-11849; Clive, et a/. 1994. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:11275-11286; Wendt, et al. l99A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:9921-9926; Rao, et l. 1994. Heterocycles. 37:1893- 1912; Saintjalmes, et al. 1993. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique De France. 130:447-449; Clive, et al. Oct. 15, 1992. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comms. N20 pp. 1489-1490; Wendt., et al. 1994. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:9921-6; Kelly, et al. 1988. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:6471-80; Rama, et al. 1994. Heterocycles 37:1893-1912; Kelly, et al. 1988. J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 110:6471-6480; Rama, et al. 1984. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comms. N16 pp.

1119-1120; Clive, et al. 1995. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 16:27-74; and Kelly, et al. 1986.

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108:7100-7101. Analogs of fredericamycin A and their synthesis are described in Yokoi, et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,584,377; Kelly, et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,166,208; Clive, et al.

1996. Tetrahedron 52:6085-6116; Evans, et l. 1988. J. Org. Chem. 53:5519-27; Clive, et al. 1987. Org. Chem. 52:1339-1342; Clive, et al. 1987. J. Heterocyclic. Chem.

24:509-511; Bennett, et al. 1986. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comms. Ni l pp. 878-880; Braun, et al. 1986. Tetrahedron Letters 27:179-182; Kita, et al, Japanese Patent Application

No. 98246347; Hasegawa, et al., Japanese Patent Application No. 84166283; and Yokoi, et al., Japanese Patent Application No. 85152468.

The entire contents of each of these references are herein expressly incorporated by reference, along with the foreign counterparts of the cited patents and patent applications; and all of the fredericamycin A compounds along with their methods of synthesis and selection discussed in the aforementioned references are intended to be part of this invention unless specifically stated otherwise.

Analogs/derivatives of fredericamycin A may be categorized within certain classes of compounds. Several non-limiting examples of classes of fredericamycin A compounds are described below:

Class 1 (described in Yokoi, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,584,377)

In one embodiment, the fredericamycin A compound of the invention is a derivative of Formula I

wherein R is a

and the dotted lines in the formula indicate optional double bonds, with the proviso that when A is

or when the optional double bonds are present in the formula, group R is not a hydrogen atom.

Class 2 (described in Kelly, et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,166,208)

In another embodiment, the fredericamycin A compound of the invention is a derivative of Formula II

wherein

Rj and R₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, arylthio having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, alkylthio having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkylthio having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms independently substituted at available positions by one or more hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, alkoxy having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, amino, alkylamino having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, Cι_-8-alkoxycarbonylamino, guanidino, ureido, Cι_-8-alkylureylene, alkanoylamino, Cι_-8- alkoxycarboxyl, alkenyl having 2 to 6 carbons atoms, alkynyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 ring members, cycloalkenyl having 5 to 7 ring members and a group of the formula -S-S-R' wherein R' is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having from 3 to 7 ring members, alkanoylamino, aryl having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and aryl having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms substituted by alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbons atom, and a group of the Formula -N(R₇)R₈ wherein R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkynyl having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, Cι_-8-alkoxycarbonyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 ring members, aryl having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms substituted by alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atom, C_6-1o-arylcarbonyl, amidino, and dialkylaminocarbonyl having 3 to 12 carbon atoms;

R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and alkoxy having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; j and R₅ together form a ring selected from the following Formulas IIA and IIB

wherein Rι₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R₁₄ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, and alkynyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R₁₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and alkanoyl;

Re is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkanoyl, C_6-10-aryl carbonyl, and a pharmaceutically acceptable cation; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Class 3 (described in Clive, et al. 1996. Tetrahedron 52:6085-6116)

In another embodiment, the fredericamycin A compound of the invention is a derivative of Formula III

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

R_\ is alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or alkynyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms;

R₃, R₅, R₆, R , and R₁₀ are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or nothing; and

R_t, R₇, Re, Ri ₁ are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or alkanoyl. An example of a fredericamycin A derivative of Formula III (class 3) is

Formula IN.

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds

Another example of a fredericamycin A derivative of class 3 is Formula

N

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds.

Class 4 (purpuromycin-related compounds)

In yet another embodiment, the fredericamycin A compound of the invention is a derivative of Formula VI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is Ν, O, S, or C;

Ri, Rj, R₅, Rό, Re, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy; and

R , R₃, and R₇ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing.

An example of a fredericamycin A derivative of Formula NI (class 4) is Formula Nil (purpuromycin).

An additional example of a fredericamycin A derivative of class 4 is Formula NIII (heli

Class 5

In an additional embodiment, the fredericamycin A compound of the invention is a derivative of Formula IX:

wherein the dotted lines around C indicate that C may be a 5 or 6 member ring; wherein the dotted lines not around C indicate optional double bonds;

Ri is alkyl, alkenyl, alkanoyl, and alkynyl;

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl;

R and Rio are both ether form a ring having the structure

R₃, R₅, Re, Rii, and Rι₂ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing; and _t, R₇, Rs, R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy.

An example of a fredericamycin A derivative of Formula NIII is Formula X (fredericamycin

Class 6

In another embodiment, the fredericamycin A compound of the invention is a derivative of Formula XI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is Ν, O, S, or C;

Ri, R^ R₅, R₆, R₈, R , and Rπ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or alkoxycarbonyloxy, or R and R_{\ \} taken together form an epoxide ring; and

R₂, R₃, R , and Rj₀ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing.

Another example of a fredericamycin A derivative of class 6 is Formula NIII (heliquinomycin):

Other examples of fredericamycin A derivatives of class 6 include, but

In one embodiment of the invention, the fredericamycin A compounds are not those in the aforementioned references and published patent applications.

Fredericamycin fragments

In one embodiment of the invention, the fredericamycin A compound is fredericamycin A fragment. In certain embodiments, the fredericamycin A fragment is a compound of the formula:

wherein the dashed lines indicate a single or a double bond;

R] is selected from the group consisting of -0-(R₆)_n, a halogen, e.g., Cl, and a hydrogen; wherein Re is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, e.g., methyl, a hydrogen, and nothing and n = 0 or 1 ;

R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, e.g., methyl, a halogen, e.g., Cl, and a hydrogen;

R₃ is selected from the group consisting of -0-(R₇)_n, alkyl, e.g.,

sulfonate, and hydrogen; wherein R₇ is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, e.g., methyl, a hydrogen, and nothing and n = 0 or 1 ; and Rf and R₅ are selected from the group consisting of OH and hydrogen.

In particular embodiments, the Fredericamycin A fragment can include, but is not limited to, compounds of the formulae which have been tested for their activity and have an ICso ranging from no activity to less than 2 μmol: COMPOUND COMPOUND

Fragments of the fredericamycin A may also include:

wherein HP is a hydrophobic pocket binding moiety, PE is a pocket entrance binding moiety, and PP is a phosphate pocket binding moiety.

The language "hydrophobic pocket binding moiety" or "HP" are used interchangeably and are intended to include a moiety which binds in the area of the active site designated as the hydrophobic pocket as shown in Figure 12.

The language "pocket entrance binding moiety" or "PE" are used interchangeably and are intended to include a moiety which binds in the area of the active site entrance or substrate entry groove, as shown in Figure 12. The language "phosphate pocket binding moiety" or "PP" are used interchangeably and are intended to include a moiety which binds in the area of the active site designated as the phosphate pocket as shown in Figure 12.

Treatment of Diseases or Disorders

The fredericamycin A compounds of the present invention can be used to treat, inhibit, and/or prevent undesirable cell growth, neoplasia, and/or cancer in a subject, e.g., humans. In certain embodiments, the fredericamycin A compounds of the present invention can be used, for example, to inhibit Pinl activity in a subject. In certain embodiments, the fredericamycin A compounds of the present invention can be used, for example, to regulate or modulate, e.g., inhibit or enhance, cyclin DI expression in a subject

Treatment of Neoplasms and Abnormal Cell Growth

The language "hyperplastic inhibitory agent" is intended to include agents that inhibit the growth of proliferating cells or tissue wherein the growth of such cells or tissues is undesirable. For example, the inhibition can be of the growth of malignant cells such as in neoplasms or benign cells such as in tissues where the growth is inappropriate for healthy growth. Examples of the types of agents that can be used include chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy treatments and associated radioactive compounds and methods, and immunotoxins.

The language "chemotherapeutic agent" is intended to include chemical reagents that inhibit the growth of proliferating cells or tissues wherein the growth of such cells or tissues is undesirable. Chemotherapeutic agents are well known in the art (see e.g., Gilman A.G., et al, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Sec 12:1202-1263 (1990)), and are typically used to treat neoplastic diseases. The chemotherapeutic agents generally employed in chemotherapy treatments are listed below in Table 1. Other similar examples of chemotherapeutic agents include: bleomycin, docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin, edatrexate, etoposide, finasteride (Proscar), flutamide (Eulexin), gemcitabine (Gemzar), goserelin acetate (Zoladex), granisetron (Kytril), irinotecan (Campto/Camptosar), ondansetron (Zofran), paclitaxel (Taxol), pegaspargase (Oncaspar), pilocarpine hydrochloride (Salagen), porfimer sodium (Photofrin), interleukin-2 (Proleukin), rituximab (Rituxan), topotecan (Hycamtin), trastuzumab (Herceptin), tretinoin (Retin-A), Triapine, vincristine, and vinorelbine tartrate (Navelbine). TABLE 1

The language "radiation therapy" includes the application of a genetically and somatically safe level of electrons, protons, or photons, both localized and non- localized, to a subject to inhibit, reduce, or prevent symptoms or conditions associated with undesirable cell growth. The term X-rays is also intended to include machine- generated radiation, clinically acceptable radioactive elements, and isotopes thereof, as well as the radioactive emissions therefrom. Examples of the types of emissions include alpha rays, beta rays including hard betas, high-energy electrons, and gamma rays. Radiation therapy is well known in the art (see e.g., Fishbach, F., Laboratory Diagnostic Tests, 3rd Ed., Ch. 10: 581-644 (1988)), and is typically used to treat neoplastic diseases.

The term "immunotoxins" includes immunotherapeutic agents that employ cytotoxic T cells and or antibodies, e.g., monoclonal, polyclonal, phage antibodies, or fragments thereof, which are utilized in the selective destruction of undesirable rapidly proliferating cells. For example, immunotoxins can include antibody-toxin conjugates (e.g., Ab-ricin and Ab-diptheria toxin), antibody-radiolabels (e.g., Ab-ll3 ) and antibody activation of the complement at the tumor cell. The use of immunotoxins to inhibit, reduce, or prevent symptoms or conditions associated with neoplastic diseases are well known in the art (see e.g., Harlow, E. and Lane, D., Antibodies, (1988)). Pinl -Associated States and Other Conditions

"Pinl -associated state" includes a disorder or a state (e.g., a disease state) that is associated with abnormal cell growth, abnormal cell proliferation, and/or aberrant levels of Pinl marker. Pinl -associated state includes states resulting from an elevation in the expression of cyclin DI and/or Pinl . Pinl -associated state also includes states resulting from an elevation in the phosphorylation level of c-Jun, particularly phosphorylation of c-Jun on S^63/73-P and/or from an elevation in the level of c-Jun amino terminal kinases (JNKs) present in a cell. Pinl -associated states include neoplasia, cancer, undesirable cell growth, and/or tumor growth. Pinl -associated state includes states caused by DNA damage, an oncogenic protein (i. e. Ha-Ras), loss of or reduced expression of a tumor suppressor (i.e. Brcal), and/or growth factors. In one embodiment of the invention, the Pinl -associated state is not cancer.

Pinl is an important regulator of cyclin DI expression. Because of Pinl's role in regulating the expression of cyclin DI, many of the tumor causing effects of cyclin DI can be regulated through Pinl. In particular, modulators of Pinl can be used to modulate or regulate cyclin DI (i.e., or the expression thereof), and the resulting effects of cyclin DI over- or under-expression. Moreover, inhibitors of Pinl can be used to treat, inhibit, and/or prevent undesirable cell growth, neoplasia, and/or cancer in any subject but particularly in humans. In addition, Pinl is essential for cell growth; depletion or mutations of

Pinl can cause growth arrest, affect cell cycle checkpoints and induce premature mitotic entry, mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human tumor cells, yeast or Xenopus extracts. Lu, et al. 1996. Nature 380:544-547. Winkler, et al. 2000. Science 287:1644-1647. Hani, et al. 1999. J. Biol. Chem. 274:108-116. Pinl is dramatically overexpressed in human cancer samples and the levels of Pinl are correlated with the aggressiveness of tumors. Furthermore, inhibition of Pinl by various approaches, including Pinl inhibitors, Pin 1 antisense polynucleotides, or genetic depletion, kills human and yeast dividing cells by inducing premature mitotic entry and apoptosis. Pinl is overexpressed in colon cancer cell lines, human breast cancer cell lines, and 75% of breast cancer tissues. As described herein, the Pinl -associate state includes Pinl -associated cancers, e.g., a cancer associated with aberrant levels of Pinl, e.g., elevated levels of Pinl . Examples of such cancers are described above, and the correlation with Pinl levels are further described below. The results of analysis of 60 tumor types involving 2041 tumor samples by an automated cellular imaging system (Chromavision) are shown in Figures 7 A and 7B. The analysis demonstrated that over 63% (38 tumor types) showed elevated Pinl levels by at least 10%. In certain embodiments, more than half of the tumors showed elevated Pinl levels, e.g., prostate and small cell lung cancer. The ordinarily skilled artisan would be able to determine Pinl -associated states and/or Pinl -associated cancers by determining Pinl levels associated with the particular state and/or cancer being treated. For example, Pinl protein overexpression in a sample can be evaluated quantitatively by an automated cellular imaging system (e.g., Chromavision). Parameters can be used to "score" the samples, e.g., score = intensity + positive tumor cell percentage. It should be understood that a technique capable of evaluating a sample or a subject for aberrant Pinl levels, e.g., elevated Pinl levels, can be used herein.

Furthermore, Figure 8 demonstrates that the levels of Pinl correlate with the nuclear grade of the breast tumors and their cyclin DI expression, e.g., overexpression or underexpression. These results, combined with the results described above, indicate that the Pin-1 subfamily of enzymes is a promising new diagnostic and therapeutic target for diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, primarily malignancies. In addition, in certain embodiments, diagnostic methods for Pinl associated states may comprise the step of diagnosis of cyclin DI expression, e.g., underexpression or overexpression as compared with normal cyclin DI expression, in a sample taken from a subject.

Pinl is also a highly conserved protein that binds and regulates the function of a defined subset of proteins that have been phosphorylated by Pro-directed kinases. Yaffe, et al. 1997. Science 278:1957-1960. Shen, et al. 1998. Genes Dev. 12:706-720. Lu, et al. 1999. Science 283:1325-1328. Crenshaw, et al. 1998. Embo J. 17:1315-1327. Lu, et al. 1999. Nature 399:784-788. Zhou, et al. 1999 Cell Mol. Life Sci. 56:788-806. Pinl contains an NH₂-terminl WW domain and a COOH-terminal peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) domain. The WW domain binds specific pSer/Thr- Pro motifs (pS/T-P) and targets Pinl to its phosphoprotein substrates, where the PPIase domain regulates their conformations and functions, presumably by isomerizing specific pSer/Thr-Pro bonds. In fact, several examples of Pinl and its homologues are shown in Figure 9 by graphical depiction.

Additionally, Pinl may cause the overexpression of endogenous cyclin DI . In fact, Pinl is believed to regulate, e.g., activate, the expression of cyclin DI by acting cooperatively with c-Jun to activate the cyclin DI promoter. In order to activate cyclin DI expression, c-Jun must be phosphorylated. Pinl binds to c-Jun mainly via phosphorylated S^{63 73}-P motifs. Pinl activates phosphorylated c-Jun to induce cyclin DI expression by regulating the conformation of the phosphorylated S-P motifs in c-Jun. The activity of c-Jun is also enhanced by phosphorylation induced by growth factors, oncogenic proteins, DNA damage or other stress conditions. Although different pathways may be involved, they eventually lead to activation of Pro-directed kinases, JNKs, which phosphorylate c-Jun on S -P and enhance its transcriptional activity. Binetruy, et al. 1991. Nature 351:122-127. Smeal, et al. 1991. Nature 354:494- 496. Derijard, et al. 1994. Cell. 76:1025-1037. Thus, phosphorylation of c-Jun on g^63/73_p j_{g a} ^gy _reg_Uι_at_0Iy mechanism that converts inputs from various signaling pathways into changes in cyclin DI gene expression.

Oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways may also affect the activity of Pinl. Pathways activated by oncogenic Ras may contribute to up-regulation of Pinl, while wildtype Brca (a tumor suppressor) suppresses the expression of Pinl .

"Decreased cyclin DI expression" or "cyclin DI underexpression" includes cells having lower than normal levels of cyclin D 1. Significant cyclin D 1 underexpression includes both small and large decreases in the levels of cyclin DI compared with normal levels. Preferably, cyclin DI overexpression is considered in the context of the phase of the cell cycle. In actively proliferating normal cells, cyclin DI reaches a peak in mid G_\ phase, decreases during S-phase, and remains low throughout the rest of the cycle. By contrast, in transformed cells the level of cyclin DI is more variable. Therefore, cyclin DI underexpression includes the expression of cyclin DI at levels that are abnormally low for the particular cell cycle phase of the cell. Cyclin DI underexpression can manifest itself as a Pinl -associated state.

"Increased cyclin DI expression" or "cyclin DI overexpression" or "elevation in the expression of cyclin DI" includes cells having higher than normal levels of cyclin DI . Significant cyclin DI overexpression includes both small and large increases in the levels of cyclin DI compared with normal levels. Preferably, cyclin DI overexpression is considered in the context of the phase of the cell cycle. In actively proliferating normal cells, cyclin DI reaches a peak in mid G_\ phase, decreases during S-phase, and remains low throughout the rest of the cycle. By contrast, in transformed cells the level of cyclin DI is more variable. Therefore, cyclin DI overexpression includes the expression of cyclin DI at levels that are abnormally high for the particular cell cycle phase of the cell. Cyclin DI overexpression can manifest itself as tumor growth or cancer. One skilled in the art would recognize that studies have been done measuring the level cyclin DI expression in normal cells and cells having a cancerous state.

Increased cyclin DI expression has been found in a vast range of primary human tumors. Increased cyclin DI expression has been detected in the form of gene amplification, increased cyclin DI RNA expression, and increased cyclin DI protein expression. Most clinical studies comparing cyclin DI gene amplification with expression of cyclin DI have found that more cases show over-expression of both RNA and protein than show amplification of the gene. The presence of increased cyclin DI RNA and/or protein expression without gene amplification suggests that other cellular genes such as pRb may affect the expression cyclin DI . Human tumors found to have increased cyclin DI expression include: parathyroid adenomas, mantle cell lymphomas, breast cancers, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (i.e. squamous carcinomas in the oral cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx), esophageal cancers, hepatocellular carcinomas, colorectal cancers, genitourinary cancers, lung cancers (i.e. squamous cell carcinomas of the lung), skins cancers (i.e. squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas), sarcomas, and central nervous system malignancies (i.e. astrocytomas and glioblastomas), gastric adenocarcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas, squamous carcinomas of the gall bladder. Donnellan, et al. 1998. J. Clin. Pathol: Mol. Pathol. 51 :1-7. The cyclin DI gene is amplified in approximately 20% of mammary carcinomas and the protein is overexpressed in approximately 50% of mammary carcinomas. Barnes, et al. 1998. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 52:1-15. Cyclin DI overexpression in mantle cell lymphoma is discussed in

Espinet, et al. 1999. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 11 l(l):92-8 and Stamatopoulous, et al. 1999. Br. J. Haematol. 105(l):190-7. Cyclin DI overexpression in breast cancer is discussed in Fredersdorf, et al. 1997. PNAS 94(12):6380-5. Cyclin DI overexpression in head and neck cancers is discussed in Matthias, et al. 1999. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 8(9):815-23; Matthias, et al. 1998. Clin. Cancer Res. 4(10):2411-8; and Kyomoto, et al. 1997. Int. J. Cancer. 74(6):576-81. Cyclin DI overexpression in laryngeal carcinoma is discussed in Bellacosa, et al. 1996. Clin. Cancer Res. 2(1): 175- 80. Cyclin DI overexpression in multiple myeloma is discussed in Hoechtlen-Vollmar, et al. 2000. Br. J. Haematol. 109(l):30-8; Pruneri, et al. 2000. Am. J. Pathol. 156(5): 1505-13; and Janssen, et α/. 2000. Blood 95(8):2691-8. It is believed that in many tumors, cyclin DI acts in co-operation with other oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.

Cyclin DI expression is regulated by many factors. Growth factors (i.e. CSF1, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, steroid hormones, prolactin, and serum stimulation) promote the synthesis of cyclin DI and removal of growth factors will lead to a drop in cyclin DI levels and arrest the cell in Gi phase. Hosokawa, et al. 1996. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 127:246-52. In addition, hypophosphorylated pRb stimulates cyclin DI transcription, while cyclin DI activity is inhibited by transforming growth factor β-1, p53, and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). High levels of CKIs bind to cdks and reduce the ability of cyclins to activate the cdks. There are 2 classes of CKIs: (1) the Kip/Cip family including p21, p27, and p57 and (2) the INK4 family including pl5, pl6, 18, and pl9. The Kip/Cip family members are capable of binding to and inhibiting most cyclin-cdk complexes, whereas the INK4 family members seem to be specific inhibitors of cyclin Dl-cdk complexes. Donnellan, et al. 1998. J. Clin. Pathol: Mol. Pathol. 51 :1-7. For example, pRb and E2F are activators of CKI pi 6, and the levels of p27 may be increased by TGF-β, cAMP, contact inhibition, and serum deprivation. Barnes, et al. 1998. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 52:1-15.

Cyclin DI is believed to act through the phosphorylation of pRB. pRB is hypophosphorylated throughout the Gi phase, phosphorylated just before the S phase, and remains phosphorylated until late mitosis. Hypophosphorylated pRB arrests cells in G_\ by forming a complex with the E2F family of DNA binding proteins, which are transcription factors that transcribe genes associated with DNA replication (the S phase of the cell cycle).

Cyclin DI can form a complex with either cdk4 or cdk6 to form activated cdk4 or cdk6. Activated cdk4 or cdk6 induces the phosphorylation of pRb changing pRb from its hypophosphorylated form in which it binds to and inactivates E2F transcription factors to phosphorylated pRb which no longer binds to and inactivates E2F transcription factors. In some mouse lymphoma cells overexpressing D cyclins, pRb is hyperphosphorylated compared with pRb in cells not overexpressing D cyclins. It appears that cyclin Dlis required to initiate the phosphorylation of pRb, which in turn, drives the cell through the restriction point at which stage the cell is committed to divide.

The term "neoplasia" or the language "neoplastic transformation" are used interchangeably, and are intended to include the pathologic process that results in the formation and growth of a neoplasm, tissue mass, or tumor. Such process includes uncontrolled cell growth, including either benign or malignant tumors. Neoplasms include abnormal masses of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the change. Neoplasms may show a partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually form a distinct mass of tissue. One cause of neoplasia is dysregulation of the cell cycle machinary.

Neoplasms tend to grow and function somewhat independently of the homeostatic mechanisms that control normal tissue growth and function. However, some neoplasms remain under the control of the homeostatic mechanisms that control normal tissue growth and function. For example, some neoplasms are estrogen sensitive and can be arrested by anti-estrogen therapy. Neoplasms can range in size from less than 1 cm to over 6 inches in diameter. A neoplasm even 1 cm in diameter can cause biliary obstructions and jaundice if it arises in and obstructs the ampulla of Nater.

Neoplasms tend to morphologically and functionally resemble the tissue from which they originated. For example, neoplasms arising within the islet tissue of the pancreas resemble the islet tissue, contain secretory granules, and secrete insulin. Moreover, clinical features of a neoplasm may result from the function of the tissue from which it originated. For example, excessive amounts of insulin can be produced by islet cell neoplasms resulting in hypoglycemia which, in turn, results in headaches and dizziness. However, certain neoplasms show little morphological or functional resemblance to the tissue from which they originated. For example, certain neoplasms result in such non-specific systemic effects as cachexia, increased susceptibility to infection, and fever.

By assessing the histologic and others features of a neoplasm, it can be determined whether the neoplasm is benign or malignant. Invasion and metastasis (the spread of the neoplasm to distant sites) are definitive attributes of malignancy. Malignant tumors generally have fingerlike projections, irregular margins, are not circumscribed, and have a variable color and texture. In addition, malignant tumors are locally invasive and grow into the adjacent tissues usually giving rise to irregular margins that are not encapsulated making it necessary to remove a wide margin of normal tissue for the surgical removal of the tumor. Moreover, malignant tumors are more likely than benign tumors to have an aberrant function (i.e. the secretion of abnormal or excessive quantities of hormones).

By contrast, while benign neoplasms may attain enormous size, they typically remain discrete and distinct from the adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. Benign tumors are generally well circumscribed and round, have a capsule, and have a grey or white color, and a uniform texture. Additionally, benign tumors grow by pushing on adjacent tissue as they grow, and thus as the tumor enlarges it compresses adjacent tissue, sometimes causing atrophy. The junction between a benign tumor and surrounding tissue may be converted to a fibrous connective tissue capsule allowing for easy surgical remove of benign tumors. Benign neoplasms also tend to be less autonomous than malignant tumors, tend to grow more slowly than malignant tumors, and tend to closely histologically resemble the tissue from which they originated. In fact, more highly differentiated cancers, cancers that resemble the tissue from which they originated, tend to have a better prognosis than poorly differentiated cancers. The histological features of cancer are summarized by the term "anaplasia." Malignant neoplasms often contain numerous mitotic cells. These cells are typically abnormal. Such mitotic aberrations account for some of the karyotypic abnormalities found in most cancers. Bizarre multinucleated cells are also seen in some cancers, especially those that are highly anaplastic.

The term "anaplasia" refers to the histological features of cancer. These features include derangement of the normal tissue architecture, the crowding of cells, lack of cellular orientation termed dyspolarity, cellular heterogeneity in size and shape termed "pleomorphism." The cytologic features of anaplasia include an increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio can be over 50% for malignant cells), nuclear pleomorphism, clumping of the nuclear chromatin along the nuclear membrane, increased staining of the nuclear chromatin, simplified endoplasmic reticulum, increased free ribosomes, pleomorphism of mitochondria, decrease in size and number of organelles, enlarged and increased numbers of nucleoli, and sometimes the presence of intermediate filaments.

The tern "dyplasia" refers to a pre-malignant state in which a tissue demonstrates histologic and cytologic features intermediate between normal and anaplastic. Dysplasia is often reversible. As used herein, the term "cancer" includes a malignancy characterized by deregulated or uncontrolled cell growth, for instance carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas. The term "cancer" includes primary malignant tumors (e.g., those whose cells have not migrated to sites in the subject's body other than the site of the original tumor) and secondary malignant tumors (e.g., those arising from metastasis, the migration of tumor cells to secondary sites that are different from the site of the original tumor).

The term "carcinoma" includes malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues, including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostate carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, melanomas, choriocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and carcinomas of the cervix, lung, head and neck, colon, and ovary. The term "carcinoma" also includes carcinosarcomas, which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. The term "adenocarcinoma" refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or a tumor in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.

The term "sarcoma" includes malignant tumors of mesodermal connective tissue, e.g., tumors of bone, fat, and cartilage.

The terms "leukemia" and "lymphoma" include malignancies of the hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. Leukemias tend to proliferate as single cells, whereas lymphomas tend to proliferate as solid tumor masses. Examples of leukemias include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, mixed-lineage leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia, blastic mantle cell leukemia, myelodyplastic syndrome, T cell leukemia, B cell leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Examples of lymphomas include Hodgkin's disease, non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, epitheliotropic lymphoma, composite lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, gastric or non-gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disease, T cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large cell lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic methods of the present invention can be applied to cancerous cells of mesenchymal origin, such as those producing sarcomas (e.g., fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma or chordosarcoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosardcoma, lympangiosarcoma, synoviosarcoma or mesothelisosarcoma); leukemias and lymphomas such as granulocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, malignant lymphoma, plasmocytoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, or Hodgkin's disease; sarcomas such as leiomysarcoma or rhabdomysarcoma, tumors of epithelial origin such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma-liver cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, chorioaencinoma, semonoma, or embryonal carcinoma; and tumors of the nervous system including gioma, menigoma, medulloblastoma, schwannoma or epidymoma. Additional cell types amenable to treatment according to the methods described herein include, for example, those giving rise to mammary carcinomas, gastrointestinal carcinoma, such as colonic carcinomas, bladder carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the neck and head region. Examples of cancers amenable to treatment according to the methods described herein include, but are not limited to vaginal, cervical, and breast cancers. In certain embodiments of the invention, the term cancer is intended to include any one, or a combination of more than one, of the cancers that are listed in Figures 7 A and 7B. In certain other embodiments of the invention, the term cancer is intended to include any one, or a combination of more than one, of the cancers that are listed in Figures 7 A and 7B that have been shown to overexpress Pinl . The language "inhibiting undesirable cell growth" is intended to include the inhibition of undesirable or inappropriate cell growth. The inhibition includes the inhibition of proliferation, e.g., rapid proliferation. In one embodiment, the invention includes the inhibition of undesirable cell growth that resulted in benign masses or the inhibition of cell growth that resulted in malignant tumors. Examples of benign conditions that result from inappropriate cell growth or angiogenesis are diabetic retinopathy, retrolental fibrioplasia, neovascular glaucoma, psoriasis, angiofibromas, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, Karposi's sarcoma, and other conditions or dysfunctions characterized by dysregulated endothelial cell division.

"Inhibiting tumor growth" or "inhibiting neoplasia" is intended to include the prevention of the growth of a tumor in a subject or a reduction in the growth of a preexisting tumor in a subject. The language "inhibiting tumor growth" is also intended to include the inhibition of the metastasis of a tumor from one site to another. In particular, the term "tumor" is intended to encompass both in vitro tumors and in vivo tumors that form in any organ or body part of the subject. The tumors preferably are tumors sensitive to the fredericamycin A compounds of the present invention. Examples of the types of tumors intended to be encompassed by the present invention include those tumors associated with breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder, esophagus, pancreas, rectum, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, neural tissue, head and neck, colon, stomach, bronchi, kidneys. Specifically, the tumors whose growth rate is inhibited by the present invention include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteo sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, veticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, gallstones, islet cell tumor, primary brain tumor, acute and chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumors, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, intestinal ganglloneuromas, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian tumor, leiomyomater tumor, cervical dysplasia and in situ carcinoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoide, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcoma, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythermia vera, adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma multiforma, leukemias, lymphomas (i.e. malignant lymphomas, mantle cell lymphoma), malignant melanomas, multiple myeloma, epidermoid carcinomas, and other carcinomas and sarcomas. In certain embodiments of the invention, the term tumor is also intended those associated with any one, or a combination of more than one, of the cancers that are listed in Figures 7 A and 7B. In certain other embodiments of the invention, the term tumor is also intended those associated with any one, or a combination of more than one, of the cancers that are listed in Figures 7 A and 7B that have been shown to overexpress Pinl . Furthermore, several examples of in vitro tumors are shown in the western blot cell line analysis of Figure 6. Administration of Fredericamycin A

The term "subject" is intended to include living organisms, e.g., prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Examples of subjects include mammals, e.g., humans, dogs, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, mice, rabbits, rats, and transgenic non- human animals. In specific embodiments of the invention, the subject is a human. The language "effective amount" of the compound is that amount necessary or sufficient to treat or prevent a Pinl associated state, e.g., prevent the various morphological and somatic symptoms of a Pinl associated state. In an example, an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound is the amount sufficient to inhibit undesirable cell growth in a subject. In another example, an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound is the amount sufficient to reduce the size of a preexisting benign cell mass or malignant tumor in a subject. The effective amount can vary depending on such factors as the size and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particular Pinl binding compound. For example, the choice of the Pinl binding compound can affect what constitutes an "effective amount". One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the aforementioned factors and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the Pinl binding compound without undue experimentation. In one possible assay, an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound can be determined by assaying for the expression of cyclin DI and determining the amount of the fredericamycin A compound sufficient to reduce the levels of cyclin DI to that associated with a non-cancerous state.

The regimen of administration can affect what constitutes an effective amount. The Pinl binding compound can be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of a Pinl associated state. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages, can be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose can be continuously infused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the Pinl binding compound(s) can be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.

The term "treated," "treating" or "treatment" includes the diminishment or alleviation of at least one symptom associated or caused by the state, disorder or disease being treated. For example, treatment can be diminishment of one or several symptoms of a disorder or complete eradication of a disorder.

The language "pharmaceutical composition" includes preparations suitable for administration to mammals, e.g., humans. When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals to mammals, e.g., humans, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is art recognized and includes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, suitable for administering compounds of the present invention to mammals. The carriers include liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, α-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical, transdermal, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred per cent, this amount will range from about 1 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 per cent to about 70 per cent, most preferably from about 10 per cent to about 30 per cent.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent in a suitable machine.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain an inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, com, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents. Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof. Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate. Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the active compound in a polymer matrix or gel. Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders that may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absoφtion of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amoφhous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absoφtion of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absoφtion of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue. The preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are, of course, given by forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. In certain embodiments, oral administration is preferred.

The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered parenterally" as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

The phrases "systemic administration," "administered systemically," "peripheral administration" and "administered peripherally" as used herein mean the administration of a compound, dmg or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.

These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracistemally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the compounds of the present invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other dmgs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts. A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

In certain embodiments, the Pinl -associated state, e.g., Pinl -associated cancer, is previously diagnosed, i.e., diagnosed prior to selection of treatment, in the subject, e.g., a human. Examples of previous diagnosis include, but are not limited to testing samples for aberrant levels of Pin 1 , and/or the type of cancer is a Pin 1 -associated cancer.

In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, intravenous and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used for the indicated effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, more preferably from about 0.01 to about 50 mg per kg per day, and still more preferably from about 1.0 to about 100 mg per kg per day. An effective amount of a compound(s) of the present invention is an amount that treats a Pinl associated state.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.

While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical composition.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as further limiting. The contents of all references, pending patent applications and published patents, cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incoφorated by reference. The animal models used throughout the Examples are accepted animal models and the demonstration of efficacy in these animal models is predictive of efficacy in humans.

Tumor Inhibition Assays Fredericamycin A compounds are potent antitumor agents. The antitumor activity of fredericamycin A against glioblastoma cells is comparable to l,3-bis(2- chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU), one of the most potent clinical useful antitumor agents. Misra, et al. 1982. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104: 4478-4479

In vitro anti-tumor activity of fredericamycin A compounds can be assayed by measuring the ability of fredericamycin A compounds to kill tumor cells. First an appropriate cell line is allowed to grow for a 24-hour period. Examples of appropriate cells lines include, but are not limited to: human lung (A549); resistant human lung with low topo II activity (A549-NP); murine melanoma (B16); human colon tumor (HCTl 16); human colon tumor with elevated pi 70 levels (HCTVM); human colon tumor with low topo II activity (HCTNP); P388 murine lymph leukemia cells; and human colon carcinoma cell line (Moser). After the cells are allowed to attach to a plate for 24 hours (i.e. a 96-well flat bottom plate), the cells are incubated for 72 hours with serially diluted concentrations of fredericamycin A compounds in solution. From this data, the concentration of the compound at which 50% of the cells are killed (IC₅₀) is determined. Kelly, et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,166,208 and Pandey, et. al. 1981. J. _4/ι/ιtøof. 34(l l):1389-401. In vivo anti-tumor activity of fredericamycin A compounds can be assayed by the analysis of the reduction of tumor cells in mammals (i.e. mice) and a resulting increase in survival time compared to untreated tumor bearing mammals. For example, CDFj mice are injected inteφeritoneally with a suspension of P388 murine lymph leukemia cells, Ehrlich carcinoma cells, B16 melanoma cells, or Meth-A fibrosarcoma cells. Some of the mice are treated intraperitoneally with a fredericamycin A compounds. Other mice are treated with saline. The in vivo activity of the compound is determined in terms of the % T/C (the ratio of the mean survival time of the treated group to the mean survival time of the saline treated group multiplied by 100). Yokoi, et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,584,377; Kelly, et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,166,208; Warnick-Pickle, et al. 1981. J Antibiot. 34(11):1402-7; and Pandey, et. al. 1981. J Antibiot. 34(11):1389-401

The in vivo anti-tumor activity of fredericamycin A compounds can also be assayed as inhibitors against an ovarian tumor growing in a human tumor cloning system. Tebbe, et al. 1971 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93:3793-3795. The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as further limiting. The contents of all references, pending patent applications and published patents, cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incoφorated by reference. EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE INVENTION:

EXAMPLE 1

Inhibition of the PPIase activity of Pinl by Fredericamycin A

Materials and Methods

PPIase activity measurements were performed by the protease-coupled PPIase assay developed by Fischer et al. (1984). For hPinl activity measurements, bovine trypsin (final concentration 0.21 mg/mL, Sigma) was used as an isomer-specific protease and Ac-Ala-Ala-Ser(P)-Pro-Arg-pNA (Jerini, Germany) as a substrate. PPIase activity of hFKBP12 (Sigma) and hCyplδ (Sigma) was determined with the peptide substrate Suc-Ala-Phe-Pro-Phe-pNA (Bachem) and the protease α-chymotrypsin (final concentration 0.41 mg/mL, Sigma). The test was performed by observing the released 4-nitroanilide at 390 nm with a Hewlett-Packard 8453 UN-vis spectrophotometer at 10°C. The total reaction volume was adjusted to 1.23 mL by mixing appropriate volumes of 35 mM HEPES (pH 7.8) with enzyme and effector solutions. Fredericamycin A (BioLeads, Germany) was freshly diluted from a 1 mg/mL stock solution in DMSO. If not otherwise indicated, fredericamycin A (0-6 μM) was pre- incubated with the enzyme for 5 min (10°C). Prior to the start of reaction by addition of the respective protease, 2 μL of the peptide substrate stock solution (10 mg/mL in DMSO) was added. The amount of organic solvent was kept constant within each experiment (< 0.1%). The pseudo-first-order rate constant k_obs for cis/trans isomerization in the presence of PPIase and the first-order rate constant k₀ of the uncatalyzed cis/trans isomerization were calculated using the Kinetics Software of Hewlett-Packard as well as SigmaPlot2000 for Windows 6.0 (SPSS). The Ki value for inhibition of hPinl PPIase activity by fredericamycin A at constant concentrations of substrate ([S_O]«K ) was calculated by fitting the data according to the equation for a competitive "tight-binding" inhibitor using SigmaPlot2000.

Results

A. Determination ofK, value

PPIase activity measurements were performed to determine the Kj value for hPinl PPIase activity inhibition by fredericamycin A, as described above. In particular, 6.0 nM of Pinl was pre-incubated with 0-4.8 μM fredericamycin A in 35 mM HEPES (pH 7.8) at 10°C for 5 min, using Ac-Ala- Ala-Ser(P)-Pro-Arg-pΝA (21.9 μM) as a substrate. The reactions were started by the addition of trypsin. As depicted in Figure 1 , a Kj value of (820 ± 608) nM was determined for the inhibition of the PPIase activity of hPinl by fredericamycin A.

B. Time dependency of inhibition ofhPinl PPIase activity by fredericamycin A

PPIase activity measurements were performed to determine the time dependency of Pinl PPIase activity inhibition by fredericamycin A as described in the Materials and Methods section. In particular, 6.0 nM hPinl was incubated for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min with 0 (•) and 1 μM (♦) fredericamycin, respectively. The time dependent changes of the PPIase activity of Pinl (6.0 nM) upon addition of 0 and 1 μM of hPinl were followed over a time interval of 30 min and are depicted in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, there was no progressive decrease of enzyme activity, and thus no time dependency of inhibition within 30 min.

C. Reversibility of the inhibition of the PPIase activity ofhPinl by fredericamycin A

I. Reversible Inhibition

In one embodiment of the invention, the inhibition of the PPIase activity ofhPinl by fredericamycin A is reversible. The reversibility of the interaction between hPinl and fredericamycin A was demonstrated by subjecting hPinl, (209 nM), which was inhibited up to 23% remaining activity by addition of 0.16 mM of fredericamycin A to a micro-concentration ofhPinl through a semi-permeable membrane (micron 10). After replacing the reaction buffer by 35 mM HEPES (pH 7.8) 3 -times during subsequent centrifugation, the remaining activity was assessed by the PPIase assay. As shown in Figure 3, compared to the equivalently-treated inhibitor-free enzyme control, a hPinl reactivation to 97.5% was observed, demostrating the reversibility of the binding of fredericamycin A to hPinl in certain embodiments.

In particular, 209 nM ofhPinl was incubated with 0 (■) and 0.16 (□) mM fredericamycin A and the PPIase activity ofhPinl remaining was measured before and after micro-separation through a semipermeable membrane using the protease-coupled PPIase assay described in the Materials and Methods section.

II. Irreversible Inhibition In an alternative embodiment, the inhibition of the PPIase activity of hPinl by fredericamycin A is irreversible. Moreover, Figure 11 shows the interactions between Fredericamycin A and Pinl, determined by X-ray crystallography. Specifically, Figure 11 depicts the formation of an irreversible disulfide bond through the Cysl l3 residue.

D. Specificity of the hPinl PPIase activity inhibition by fredericamycin A

Table 2 depicts the effect of fredericamycin A on the enzymatic activity of members of the three known families of PPIases: parvulins (hPinl), cyclophilins (hCyplδ) and FKBPs (hFKBP12). In the protease-coupled PPIase assay, fredericamycin was identified as to inhibit all tested PPIases with an approximately 6- to 7-fold preference for the parvulin hPinl .

Table 2

Effect of fredericam cin A on the activit ofhPinl, hFKBP12, hCyp!8.

EXAMPLE 2 Effect of Fredericamycin on DU-145 Prostate Tumor Bearing Scid Mice

The effects of Fredricamycin (FredA) on tumor growth in the scid mouse human prostate tumor model was studied. First, 44 scid mice were screened for immunoglobulin (Ig) production by ELISA. The mice were then inoculated with DU- 145 prostate cancer cell line using a subcutaneous flank injection in sterile saline on Day 0.

On Day 16, 40 mice with established tumors (~40mm³) were selected and were divided into four groups often mice each. The first group received a dosage of the vehicle control (DMSO) on Days 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. The second and third groups received dosages of 0.33 and 0.67 mg/kg of FredA, respectively, on Days 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. The fourth group, a positive control, received Mitox at a dosage on 0.34 mg/kg also on Days 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Each dose was administered via intraperitoneal injection. On Days 1-56, the tumors in the mice were measured twice weekly and the volume of the tumors was estimated according to the formula: {(width)² x length]/2. Mice were weighed before commencing the experiment and weekly thereafter to check for signs of toxicity.

None of the mice in the study receiving Mitox or the DMSO carrier alone died after 32 days. All of the mice receiving 0.67 mg/kg of Fred A died by about Day 17. Only 2 of the mice receiving 0.34 mg/kg of FredA lived until Day 32.

Figure 4 is a line graph showing the mean tumor volume (cm ) over the trial period for each of the four groups. The figure shows that FredA was able to reduce the volume 50% as compared to the DMSO or Mitox controls. Table 3 summarizes the mean tumor volume data:

Table 3

Figure 5 is a line graph showing the mean mouse weight over the trial period for each of the four groups of mice. The figure shows that the mean weight of each of the four groups of mice remained generally consistent throughout the course of the experiment. Table 4 summarizes the mean mouse weight data: Table 4

EXAMPLE 3

Effect of Lower Doses of Fredericamycin on DU-145 Prostate Tumor Bearing Scid Mice

The effects of lower doses, as compared with Example 3, of fredericamycin (FredA) on tumor growth in the scid mouse human prostate tumor model was studied. First, scid mice were screened for immunoglobulin (Ig) production by ELISA. The mice were then inoculated with DU-145 prostate cancer cell line using a subcutaneous flank injection in sterile saline on Day 0.

On Day 16, 32 mice with established tumors (~40mm³) were selected and were divided into four groups of eight mice each. The first group received a dosage of the vehicle control (DMSO) on Days 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. The second and third groups received dosages of 0.34 and 0.17 mg/kg of FredA, respectively, on Days 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. The fourth group, a positive control, received Mitox at a dosage on 0.34 mg/kg also on Days 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Each dose was administered via intraperitoneal injection.

On Days 1-56, the tumors in the mice were measured twice weekly and the volume of the tumors was estimated according to the formula: {(width) x length]/2. Mice were weighed before commencing the experiment and weekly thereafter to check for signs of toxicity. None of the mice in the study receiving Mitox or the DMSO carrier alone died after 32 days. Three of the mice receiving 0.34 mg/kg of Fred A died during the study. Only 2 of the mice receiving 0.17 mg/kg of FredA died during the study. Figure 13 is a line graph showing the mean tumor volume (cm ) over the trial period for each of the four groups. The figure shows that by decreasing the dose, the toxicity to the animals was reduced, while maintaining the efficacy.

EXAMPLE 4

Cell Based Cytotoxicity Assay (CBCA) of Pinl Modulating Compounds

Mammalian cells were seeded in 96 well flat bottom microtiter plates at a density of 5,000-6000 cells (normal fibroblasts, e.g. , Wl 38, melanoma, e.g. , RPMI 7951, and colon cell lines, e.g., SW620) per well on day 0 in 0.1 mL of an appropriate growth media. On Day 1, the wells were aspirated and 0.1 mL of fresh media was added. The cells were then treated with 0.01 mL of lOx dmg dilutions in 10% DMSO in media and incubated at 37° C in a humidified, 5% CO₂ atmosphere. The assay contained eight dmg concentrations in triplicate as well as a triplicate control where cells were treated with 0.01 mL of 10% DMSO in media.

On Day 4, the cells were incubated with 0.02 mL of a colorimetric cell- viability assay solution (MTS) prepared from 20 parts (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5- (3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (Promega) at 2.0 mg/mL in PBS and 1 part phenazine methosulfate (Sigma) at 0.92 mg/mL in PBS for 2-3 hours at 37 °C. Background wells were prepared by incubating 0.02 mL of the colorimetric cell- viability assay solution with 0.1 mL of media in parallel with the cell containing wells. The absorbance at 490 nm was then measured with an ELISA plate reader and the absorbance recorded for the background wells was averaged and the mean value was subtracted from the cell containing wells. Percent cell viabilities at each drug concentration were calculated by dividing the mean absorbance at 490 nm of the treated wells by the mean absorbance at 490 nm of the untreated wells. ED₅₀ values (the effective dose required for 50% viability) were calculated by plotting dmg concentrations versus percent cell viability. To count cells, suspended cells (0.02 mL) were diluted into 0.18 mL of

0.2% trypan blue solution in PBS. Approximately 0.015 mL of the suspension was added to a chamber of a Levy counting hemacytometer. The viable cells were counted in each of the four sets of 16 squares that are at the comers of the closely mled lines. The total number of viable cells from the 64 squares was then multiplied by 0.025 to obtain the concentration of cells in the stock suspension. (Number of cells in the 64 wells) x (0.025) = 1x10° cells/mL (original stock). The results from this experiment are shown in Figure 10. The figure shows that there is a correlation between the relative amount of Pinl present in the cell line and the sensitivity of the cancer cell lines to Fredericamycin A. In particular, the sensitivity of the colon cancer cell line, SW620, which contains higher levels of Pinl has a greater sensitivity to Fredericamycin A than the cell lines, e.g., RPMI7951 and W138, which show a relatively lower amount Pinl, as shown in the digital image depicting the western blot of these cell lines.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications and other references cited herein are hereby expressly incoφorated herein in their entireties by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments and methods described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a subject, comprising:

administering to a subject an effective amount of fredericamycin A such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

2. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a human, comprising:

administering to a human an effective amount of fredericamycin A such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

3. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a human, comprising:

administering fredericamycin A to a human previously diagnosed as having a Pinl -associated cancer such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

4. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a human, comprising:

diagnosing a human as having a Pinl -associated cancer; and administering fredericamycin A to the human diagnosed as having a Pinl -associated cancer such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

5. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a subject, comprising:

administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

6. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a human, comprising:

administering to a human an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

7. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a human, comprising:

administering a fredericamycin A compound to a human previously diagnosed as having a Pinl -associated cancer such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

8. A method for treating a Pinl -associated cancer in a human, comprising:

diagnosing a human as having a Pinl -associated cancer; and administering a fredericamycin A compound to the human diagnosed as having a Pinl -associated cancer such that the Pinl -associated cancer is treated.

9. A method for treating a Pinl -associated state in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that the Pinl -associated state is treated.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is a cyclin DI elevated state.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is neoplastic transformation.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is cancer.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is tumor growth.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the treating comprises inhibiting tumor growth.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the treating comprises preventing the occurrence of tumor growth in the subject.

16. The method of claim 9, wherein the treating comprises reducing the growth of a pre-existing tumor in the subj ect.

17. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is colon cancer.

18. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is breast cancer.

19. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is a sarcoma.

20. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is a malignant lymphoma.

21. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is esophageal cancer.

22. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is any cancer selected from the cancers listed in Figures 7 A and 7B.

23. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pin 1 -associated state is caused by overexpression of Pinl .

24. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is caused by DNA damage.

25. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is caused by an oncogenic protein.

26. The method of claim 9, wherein the Pinl -associated state is caused by Ha-Ras.

27. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula IX

wherein the dotted lines around C indicate that C may be a 5 or 6 membered ring; wherein the dotted lines not around C indicate optional double bonds; Ri is alkyl, alkenyl, alkanoyl, alkynyl;

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl;

R₉ and Rio are both hydrogen or together form a ring having the structure

R₃, R₅, Rg, Rn, and Rι₂ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing; and i, R , Rs, R are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

28. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is fredericamycin A, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

29. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula III

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

Ri is alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or alkynyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms;

R₃, R₅, Re, R₉, and Rio are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or nothing; and

R₄, R , Rs, Ri ₁ are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or alkanoyl, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

30. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula IV

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

31. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula VI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds; X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, R__t, R₅, R , Rs, and R are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy; and R₂, R₃, and R are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

32. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula XI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, R», R₅, e, Rs, R₉, and Rπ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or alkoxycarbonyloxy, or R and R_{\ 1} taken together form an epoxide ring; and

R₂, R₃, R , and Rio are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

33. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula VII

, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

34. The method of claims 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula VIII:

, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, ester, or prodmgs thereof.

35. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a

or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodrugs? and esters thereof.

36. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a fredericamycin A fragment.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the fredericamycin A fragment is a compound of the formula:

wherein the dashed lines indicate a single or a double bond;

Ri is selected from the group consisting of -0-(R₆)_n, a halogen, e.g., Cl, and a hydrogen; wherein Re is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, e.g., methyl, a hydrogen, and nothing and n = 0 or 1 ;

R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, e.g., methyl, a halogen, e.g., Cl, and a hydrogen; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of -0-(R )_n, alkyl, e.g.,

sulfonate, and hydrogen; wherein R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, e.g., methyl, a hydrogen, and nothing and n = 0 or 1 ; and

R_t and R₅ are selected from the group consisting of OH and hydrogen.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the fredericamycin A fragment is selected from the group consisting of:

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the fredericamycin A fragment is a compound selected from a compound consisting of the formulae:

40. The method of claim 9, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a griseorhodin, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

41. A method for treating cyclin DI overexpression in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound such that cyclin DI overexpression is treated.

42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the cyclin D 1 overexpression results in neoplastic transformation.

43. The method of claim 41 , wherein the cyclin D 1 overexpression results in tumor growth.

44. The method of claim 41 , wherein the treating comprises inhibiting tumor growth.

45. The method of claim 41 , wherein the treating comprises preventing the occurrence of tumor growth in the subject.

46. The method of claim 41 , wherein the treating comprises reducing the growth of a pre-existing tumor in the subject.

47. The method of claim 41 , wherein the cyclin D 1 overexpression results in colon cancer.

48. The method of claim 41, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression results in breast cancer.

49. The method of claim 41, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression results in a sarcoma.

50. The method of claim 41 , wherein the cyclin D 1 overexpression results in a malignant lymphoma.

51. The method of claim 41 , wherein cyclin D 1 overexpression results in esophageal cancer.

52. The method of claim 41, wherein cyclin DI overexpression results in any cancer selected from the cancers listed in Figures 7A and 7B.

53. The method of claim 41, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression is caused by overexpression of Pinl.

54. The method of claim 41, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression is caused by DNA damage.

55. The method of claim 41, wherein the cyclin DI overexpression is caused by an oncogenic protein.

56. The method of claim 41 , wherein cyclin DI overexpression is caused by Ha-Ras.

57. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula IX

Ri is alkyl, alkenyl, alkanoyl, alkynyl;

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl;

R and Rio are both hydrogen or together form a ring having the structure

R₃, R₅, Re, Rn, and Rι₂ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing; and R₄, R₇, R₈, Rι₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

58. The method of claim 41, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is fredericamycin A, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

59. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula III

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds; Ri is alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or alkynyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R₃, R₅, Re, R₉, and Rio are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or nothing; and Rj, R , R₈, Rn are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or alkanoyl, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

60. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula IV

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

61. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

^" Formula VI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, R», R₅, R_ό, R$, and R are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy; and

R₂, R₃, and R₇ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

62. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula XI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, P , R₅, R_δ, Rs, R₉, and Rn are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or alkoxycarbonyloxy, or R₉ and Ri ι taken together form an epoxide ring; and

R₂, R , R₇, and R₁₀ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

63. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula VII

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prod gs, and esters thereof.

64. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula VIII

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

65. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a

or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

66. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a griseorhodin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodmg or ester thereof.

67. A method for treating tumor growth in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a fredericamycin A compound having Formula VI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, R-i, R₅, Re, R_&, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy; and

R₂, R₃, and R₇ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof; such that the tumor growth is treated.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein the treating comprises inhibiting tumor growth.

69. The method of claim 67, wherein the treating comprises preventing the occurrence of tumor growth in the subject.

70. The method of claim 67, wherein the treating comprises reducing the growth of a pre-existing tumor in the subject.

71. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is colon cancer.

72. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is breast cancer.

73. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is a sarcoma.

74. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is a malignant lymphoma.

75. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is esophageal cancer.

76. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is any cancer selected from the cancers listed in Figures 7A and 7B.

77. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is caused by overexpression of Pinl.

78. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is caused by DNA damage.

79. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is caused by an oncogenic protein.

80. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is caused by Ha-Ras.

81. The method of claim 67, wherein the tumor growth is caused by loss of

Brcal or a mutation of Brcal .

82. The method of claim 67, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula VII:

83. The method of claim 67, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a griseorhodin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodmg, or ester thereof.

84. A packaged Pinl -associated state treatment, comprising a fredericamycin A compound packaged with instmctions for using an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound to treat a Pinl -associated state.

85. A packaged cyclin DI overexpression treatment, comprising a fredericamycin A compound packaged with instmctions for using an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound to treat cyclin DI overexpression.

86. A packaged cancer treatment, comprising a fredericamycin A compound packaged with instmctions for using an effective amount of the fredericamycin A compound to treat cancer.

87. A method for treating a Pinl -associated state in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hypeφlastic inhibitory agent such that the Pinl -associated state is treated.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula IX

Ri is alkyl, alkenyl, alkanoyl, alkynyl;

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl;

R₉ and Rio are both hydrogen or together form a ring having the structure

R₃, R₅, Re, Rn, and Rι₂ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing; and Rj, R₇, R$, R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

89. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is fredericamycin A, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

90. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula III:

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms;

R₃, R₅, Re, R , and Rio are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl, or nothing; and

R_t, R₇, Re, Ri i are independently hydrogen, alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or alkanoyl, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

91. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula IV:

92. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula VI:

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, R), R₅, Re, Rs, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy; and R₂, R₃, and R₇ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, or nothing, or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

93. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has Formula XI

wherein the dotted lines indicate optional double bonds;

X is N, O, S, or C;

Ri, j, R₅, Re, Rs, R₉, and Rn are independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or alkoxycarbonyloxy, or R and Rn taken together form an epoxide ring; and

94. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula VII

or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

95. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound has

Formula VIII:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodmgs and esters thereof.

96. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a

or pharmacuetically acceptable salts, prodmgs, and esters thereof.

97. The method of claim 87, wherein the fredericamycin A compound is a griseorhodin.

98. The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent is tamoxifen.

99. The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent is paclitaxel.

100. The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent is docetaxel.

101. _ The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent is interleukin-2.

102. The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent is rituximab.

103. The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent is tretinoin.

104. The method of claim 87, wherein the hypeφlastic inhibitory agent methotrexate.

105. A method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hypeφlastic inhibitory agent such that the cancer is treated.

106. A method for treating cyclin DI overexpression in a subject comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a combination of a fredericamycin A compound and a hypeφlastic inhibitory agent such that the cyclin DI overexpression is treated.

107. A method of diagnosis of a Pinl -associated state comprising the step of diagnosis of the cyclin DI expression in a sample from a subject, wherein the cyclin DI expression is correlated to the Pinl level in the subject, such that the Pinl -associated state is diagnosed.