WO2003087534A1 - Pipeline pour dioxyde de carbone - Google Patents

Pipeline pour dioxyde de carbone Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003087534A1
WO2003087534A1 PCT/US2003/008826 US0308826W WO03087534A1 WO 2003087534 A1 WO2003087534 A1 WO 2003087534A1 US 0308826 W US0308826 W US 0308826W WO 03087534 A1 WO03087534 A1 WO 03087534A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
facility
pipeline
production facilities
consumption
amount
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2003/008826
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English (en)
Inventor
Britt R. Gilbert
Eugene N. HOOPER
Original Assignee
Gilbert Britt R
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gilbert Britt R filed Critical Gilbert Britt R
Priority to AU2003225931A priority Critical patent/AU2003225931A1/en
Publication of WO2003087534A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003087534A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
    • F17D1/02—Pipe-line systems for gases or vapours
    • F17D1/04—Pipe-line systems for gases or vapours for distribution of gas
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/34—Hydrogen distribution

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods and systems for reducing the release of CO 2 into the atmosphere.
  • this invention relates to methods and systems for collecting CO 2 in a pipeline from natural and man-made CO 2 producers and delivering the collected CO 2 to one or more CO 2 consumers.
  • Carbon dioxide is introduced into the atmosphere from many natural and man-made sources. Natural sources of CO 2 include respiration, fermentation and underground gas deposits. Man-made sources of CO 2 include hydrocarbon combustion, calcination of calcium carbonate, and a wide variety of chemical reduction processes relying upon the oxidation of carbon, carbon monoxide and other carbon based compounds.
  • Oil provides the modern world with energy and raw materials for a wide variety of applications. However, worldwide, oil production appears to be leveling off and is predicted to begin declining over the next decade as oil reserves are depleted. Because oil is a non- renewable resource and oil supplies will eventually be exhausted, considerable efforts are being directed towards developing alternatives to oil. To provide time to convert from oil to oil alternatives, and to minimize the economic and social upheaval associated with the conversion, there is an urgent need to maintain oil production from mature fields for as long as possible.
  • Carbon dioxide flooding is a proven technology for enhancing oil recovery from depleted oil fields.
  • the supercritical liquid acts as a solvent with the C 5 -C )2 fraction ofthe oil in rock pores, swelling and expanding the oil and lowering its viscosity greatly.
  • the CO 2 is typically injected into a pattern of single injection wells surrounded by multiple producing wells.
  • the CO 2 miscible zone spreads outwards pushing an oil zone ahead of it.
  • water injection is often alternated with CO 2 for a less permeable barrier to CO 2 shortcut.
  • CO 2 flooding has not been extensively adopted.
  • One problem with CO 2 flooding has been the high costs associated with pipelines carrying CO 2 .
  • a CO 2 pipeline operates at ambient temperature but at very high pressure (2000 psi) in order to maintain the CO 2 in its dense supercritical phase.
  • Another problem with CO 2 flooding has been finding supplies of CO 2 sufficient to support CO 2 flooding.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,261,420 discloses enhanced recovery of crude oil from oil fields using carbon dioxide obtained in connection with a process of making single cell protein.
  • the "420 patent discloses that the most important problem in enhanced oil recovery is finding an economical CO 2 source, and that highly desirable are sources of substantially pure CO 2 that are available for direct use in an oil field.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,899,544 discloses a process using a hydrocarbon fuel to drive an electric generator and recovering CO 2 from an exhaust stream.
  • the '544 patent discloses that carbon dioxide in quantities sufficiently large enough for commercial exploitation generally has come from naturally occurring underground supplies, as by-products of the operation of a primary process, such as the manufacture of ammonia or a hydrogen reformer, and in the exhaust gases from burning various hydrocarbon fuels.
  • the '544 patent discloses that one of ' the largest problems faced by carbon dioxide users is the problem of transportation from the place of production to the place of use.
  • each oil field needing CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery has obtained the CO 2 either from a single dedicated CO 2 producing facility constructed at the oil field or from a single underground CO 2 deposit via a dedicated pipeline.
  • the costs associated with building a different CO 2 producing facility or CO 2 pipeline for each oil field are prohibitive.
  • the present invention provides methods of reducing CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere by using a pipeline to collect CO 2 from at least two different CO 2 production facilities and then delivering the collected CO 2 through the pipeline to one or more CO 2 consumption facilities where the CO 2 is needed.
  • the CO 2 from the pipeline is injected underground into one or more oil fields for use in enhanced oil recovery.
  • the present invention also provides methods and systems of tracking CO 2 emission reduction credit (ERC) generated when CO 2 emissions from at least two different CO 2 production facilities are collected in a pipeline and delivered to one or more CO 2 consumption facilities.
  • ERC CO 2 emission reduction credit
  • the ERC can be sold to CO 2 production facilities that are unwilling or unable to reduce CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere as a way of satisfying government emission regulations.
  • the present invention By collecting the CO 2 produced by a number of different facilities into a single pipeline for delivery, the present invention provides CO 2 consumption facilities with a readily available and economical source of CO 2 .
  • the present invention reduces the total amount of CO 2 introduced into the atmosphere by efficiently putting CO 2 collected in the pipeline to beneficial use in, e.g., enhanced oil field recovery.
  • the present invention also provides a mechanism for tracking and redistributing ERC that can aid in reducing the regulatory burden associated with reducing total CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a CO 2 pipeline running between three different CO 2 production facilities and one CO 2 consumption facility.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a system/method for tracking CO 2 emission reduction credits.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a computer system upon which embodiments ofthe invention can be implemented.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method of tracking CO 2 emission reduction credits.
  • the present invention uses a pipeline to transfer CO 2 from at least two different CO 2 production facilities. to at least one CO 2 consumption facility.
  • the CO 2 production facilities each include a CO 2 producer (i.e., a source of CO 2 ) , which can be natural or man-made.
  • a CO 2 producer i.e., a source of CO 2
  • the CO 2 production facilities each include a CO 2 producer (i.e., a source of CO 2 ) , which can be natural or man-made.
  • CO 2 producer is a natural underground CO 2 deposit. Carbon dioxide deposits have been found in natural springs or wells. Naturally occurring underground supplies of CO 2 have been found in Colorado, Wyoming and Mississippi.
  • Man-made CO 2 producers include coal gasification facilities.
  • a coal gasification facility converts coal, coke or char to gaseous products by reaction with air, hydrogen, oxygen, steam, or a mixture thereof.
  • Products include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and some other chemicals in a ratio dependent upon the particular reactants employed and the temperatures and pressures within the reactors, as well as upon the type of treatment which the gases from the gasifier undergo subsequent to their leaving the gasifier.
  • CO 2 Another man-made source of CO 2 is a facility for generating power by combusting coal or hydrocarbons. Combustion is an exothermic oxidation reaction. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, coal, which is primarily carbon, is oxidized to CO 2 (i.e., C + O 2 ⁇ CO 2 ). Hydrocarbons, for example carbohydrates, are oxidized to CO 2 and water (i.e., C 6 H, 2 O 6 ⁇ 6CO 2 +6H 2 O).
  • Still another man-made CO 2 producer is a facility for calcining carbonates.
  • the carbonates that are to be calcined include one or more of magnesium and calcium.
  • Thermal decomposition of, e.g., magnesite (MgCO 3 ) produces magnesium oxide and releases CO 2 (i.e., MgCO 3 ⁇ MgO + CO 2 ).
  • Thermal decomposition of limestone (CaCO 3 ) produces calcium oxide (CaO, lime) and releases CO 2 (i.e., CaCO 3 ⁇ CaO + CO 2 ).
  • Thermal decomposition of dolomite produces calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and CO 2 (i.e., CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ⁇ CaO + MgO + 2CO 2 ).
  • a facility for calcining such carbonates can be used to produce various cements in addition to CO 2 .
  • shift reaction i.e., CO + H 2 O - H 2 + CO 2
  • CO 2 released as an unwanted by-product.
  • a facility for producing hydrogen via the shift reaction thus forms large amounts of waste CO 2 .
  • the shift reaction can be used in facilities for reducing a metal-containing compound to form a metal.
  • smelting facilities can isolate various metals (M), preferably transition metals, more preferably iron, from metal-containing compounds in ore by reducing the metal-containing compounds with hydrogen from the shift reaction.
  • the metal-containing compounds are metal oxides, and the metal oxides are reduced by the hydrogen to form the metal, with water as a by-product (e.g., MO x + xH 2 -> M + xH 2 O).
  • MO x + xH 2 -> M + xH 2 O water as a by-product
  • the hydrogen used in the smelting is produced by the shift reaction at the smelting site and CO 2 is released as a by-product.
  • metal oxide in ore can be reduced with carbon monoxide to produce metal, with CO 2 as a by-product (i.e., MO x + xCO ⁇ M + xCO 2 ).
  • Hydrogen from the shift reaction is also used to produce ammonia (e.g., 3H 2 + N 2 - 2NH 3 ).
  • Facilities for synthesizing ammonia typically produce the hydrogen on-site and release the CO 2 by-product ofthe shift reaction into the atmosphere.
  • Still another man-made source of CO 2 is a facility for fermenting sugar or starch into alcohol (e.g., C 6 H, 2 O 6 - 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 ).
  • Fermentation is a chemical change induced by a living organism or enzyme, specifically bacteria or the microorganisms occurring in unicellular plants such as yeast, molds, of fungi.
  • Carbon dioxide production facilities relying upon fermentation include gasohol production facilities and breweries.
  • CO 2 production facilities include petroleum cracking facilities, where CO 2 can be released as a result ofthe partial combustion of hydrocarbons with air.
  • a pipeline is used to collect CO 2 from at least two different CO 2 production facilities and to deliver the collected CO 2 through the pipeline to one or more CO 2 consumption facilities.
  • the at least two different CO 2 production facilities have different methods of CO 2 production.
  • the at least two different CO 2 production facilities produce CO 2 as a by-product of different industrial processes each relying upon a different combination of chemical reactions.
  • the at least two different CO 2 production facilities can be at least three CO 2 production facilities.
  • the one or more CO 2 consumption facilities can be two or more CO 2 consumption facilities.
  • the pipeline carries CO 2 with minimal or no leakage.
  • the pipeline carries CO 2 as a supercritical fluid.
  • the pipeline can be constructed using techniques known in the art.
  • the CO 2 consumption facilities each include a CO 2 consumer (i.e., a "sink" for CO 2 ).
  • the CO 2 consumer can be, for example, a facility for carbonating beverages or a facility for filling CO 2 into high pressure gas cylinders.
  • the CO 2 consumer includes at least one oil field, and CO 2 from the pipeline is injected into the at least one oil field to enhance the recovery of oil from the oil field by methods known in the art.
  • oil and CO 2 are pumped from an oil field, the CO 2 is separated from the oil, and the separated CO 2 is recycled by injection back into the oil field to promote additional oil recovery.
  • the CO 2 pipeline ofthe present invention connects at least two different CO 2 production facilities to at least one CO 2 consumption facility over large distances.
  • the at least two CO 2 production facilities can each be separated by 0.5 or more, 1 or more, 2 or more, or 10 or more miles.
  • the at least two CO 2 production facilities and the at least one CO 2 consumption facility can each be separated by 0.5 or more, 1 or more, 2 or more, or 10 or more miles.
  • each of the at least two CO 2 production facilities can be separated by 5 or more, 10 or more, 25 or more, or 100 or more miles from each ofthe at least one CO 2 consumption facility.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of he invention in which a CO 2 pipeline 110 connects CO 2 producers 120, 122 and 124 with CO 2 consumer 130.
  • the present invention provides systems and methods of tracking CO 2 emission reduction credit generated when CO 2 is collected in a pipeline from at least two different CO 2 production facilities and the CO 2 is then delivered through the pipeline to one or more CO 2 consumption facilities.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates embodiments ofthe inventive systems and methods for tracking CO 2 emission reduction credits.
  • a pipeline 210 connects CO 2 producer 220 with CO 2 consumer 230.
  • the pipeline 210 is part of a pipeline operation facility 240, which operates the pipeline 210.
  • the CO 2 producer 220 is part of a CO 2 production facility 250, which operates the CO 2 producer 220.
  • the CO 2 consumer 230 is part of a CO consumption facility 260, which operates the CO 2 consumer 230.
  • the CO 2 producer 220 is a facility for gasifying coal, a facility for combusting coal or hydrocarbons to generate power, a facility for calcining calcium carbonate, a facility for reducing a metal-containing compound to form a metal, or a facility for synthesizing ammonia.
  • the CO 2 consumer 230 includes at least one oil field.
  • the flow of CO 2 from the CO 2 production facility 250 through the pipeline 210 to the CO 2 consumer 230 in the CO 2 consumption facility 260 generates CO 2 emission reduction credit by preventing the CO 2 from CO 2 producer 220 from entering the atmosphere.
  • the pipeline 210, the CO 2 production facility 250, and the CO 2 consumption facility 260 are all connected to a computer system 270 (shown in more detail in FIG. 3).
  • a non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290 including a CO 2 producer 280.
  • the CO 2 producer 280 emits CO 2 into the atmosphere.
  • the non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290 needs ERCs to offset the atmospheric CO 2 emissions of CO 2 producer 280.
  • the computer system 270 tracks the ERC generated by the flow of CO 2 through the pipeline 210 and transfers ownership ofthe ERC to the non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290 in exchange for predetermined .assets, such as money, from the non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290.
  • the vertical lines with arrows on both ends in FIG. 2 represent flows of information regarding, e.g., ownership of ERCs and money between the computer system 270 and the pipeline operation facility 240, the CO 2 production facility 250, the CO 2 consumption facility 260 and the non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290, respectively.
  • Embodiments of the present invention providing a system for tracking CO 2 emission reduction credit are illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • the system includes the computer system 270 including a processor having a communications interface (as will be shown in FIG. 3); and a memory configured to hold computer executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, implement a message reception mechanism configured to receive a message from CO production facility 250 and a pipeline operation facility 240 regarding an amount of CO 2 introduced by the CO 2 production facility 250 into the pipeline 210 operated by the pipeline operation facility 240, an account recording mechanism configured to allocate a predetermined amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to one or more ofthe CO 2 production facility 250 and the pipeline operation facility 240 for the CO 2 introduced into the pipeline 21 , a labeling mechanism configured to assign an identification to the amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit allocated for CO 2 delivered, and an exchange mechanism configured to assign ownership ofthe amount ofthe CO 2 emission reduction credit to another entity (e.g, non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290) in exchange for the another entity providing a predetermined asset to one or more
  • the message reception mechanism can be configured to receive another message from the CO 2 consumption facility 260 regarding an amount of he CO 2 withdrawn from the pipeline 210 by the CO 2 consumption facility 260; and the account recording mechanism implemented in the computer system 270 can be configured to allocate another predetermined amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to the CO 2 consumption facility 260 for the amount of CO 2 withdrawn from the pipeline 210.
  • the exchange mechanism can be configured to assign ownership ofthe another predetermined amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to the another entity (e.g., non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290) in exchange for the another entity providing another predetermined asset to the CO 2 consumption facility.
  • FIG. 2 also illustrates embodiments ofthe present invention that provide a computer implemented method for tracking emission reduction credits.
  • the inventive method includes steps of receiving a message at a controller 270 from one or more of CO 2 production facility 250 and pipeline operation facility 240 regarding an amount of CO 2 introduced by the CO 2 production facility 250 into a pipeline 210 operated by the pipeline operation facility 240; allocating a predetermined amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to one or more ofthe CO 2 production facility 250 and the pipeline operation facility 240 for the CO 2 introduced into the pipeline 210; associating an identification to the amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit allocated for.CO 2 delivered; and assigning ownership ofthe amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to another entity (e.g., non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290) in exchange for the another entity providing a predetermined asset to one or more ofthe CO 2 production facility 250 and the pipeline operation facility 240.
  • another entity e.g., non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290
  • the method includes additional steps of receiving another message from the CO 2 consumption facility 260 regarding an amount of CO 2 withdrawn from the pipeline 210 into the CO 2 consumption facility 260; and allocating another predetermined amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to the CO 2 consumption facility 260 for the amount of CO 2 withdrawn from the pipeline 210.
  • the method can further include a step of assigning ownership ofthe another predetermined amount of CO 2 emission reduction credit to the another entity (e.g., non-ERC generating CO 2 production facility 290) in exchange for the another entity providing another predetermined asset to the CO 2 consumption facility 260.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a computer system 301, that shows sub-components ofthe computer system 270 of FIG. 2, upon which embodiments ofthe present invention can be implemented.
  • the computer system 301 includes a bus 302 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 303 coupled with the bus 302 for processing the information.
  • the computer system 301 also includes a main memory 304, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device (e.g., dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), and synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)), coupled to the bus 302 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 303.
  • RAM random access memory
  • DRAM dynamic RAM
  • SRAM static RAM
  • SDRAM synchronous DRAM
  • the main memory 304 may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during the execution of instructions by the processor 303.
  • the computer system 301 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 305 or other static storage device (e.g., programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), and electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM)) coupled to the bus 302 for storing static information and instructions for the processor 303.
  • ROM read only memory
  • PROM programmable ROM
  • EPROM erasable PROM
  • EEPROM electrically erasable PROM
  • the computer system 301 also includes a disk controller 306 coupled to the bus 302 to control one or more storage devices for storing information and instructions, such as a magnetic hard disk 307, and a removable media drive 308 (e.g., floppy disk drive, read-only compact disc drive, read/write compact disc drive, compact disc jukebox, tape drive, and removable magneto-optical drive).
  • a disk controller 306 coupled to the bus 302 to control one or more storage devices for storing information and instructions, such as a magnetic hard disk 307, and a removable media drive 308 (e.g., floppy disk drive, read-only compact disc drive, read/write compact disc drive, compact disc jukebox, tape drive, and removable magneto-optical drive).
  • the storage devices may be added to the computer system
  • an appropriate device interface e.g., small computer system interface (SCSI), integrated device electronics (IDE), enhanced-IDE (E-IDE), direct memory access (DMA), or ultra-DMA.
  • SCSI small computer system interface
  • IDE integrated device electronics
  • E-IDE enhanced-IDE
  • DMA direct memory access
  • ultra-DMA ultra-DMA
  • the computer system 301 may also include special purpose logic devices (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)) or configurable logic devices (e.g., simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)).
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • SPLDs simple programmable logic devices
  • CPLDs complex programmable logic devices
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • the computer system 301 may also include a display controller 309 coupled to the bus
  • the computer system includes input devices, such as a keyboard 311 and a pointing device 312, for interacting with a computer user and providing information to the processor 303.
  • the pointing device 312 for example, maybe a mouse, a trackball, or a pointing stick for communicating direction information and command selections to the processor 303 and for controlling cursor movement on the display 310.
  • a printer may provide printed listings of data stored and/or generated by the computer system 301.
  • the computer system 301 performs a portion or all ofthe processing steps ofthe invention in response to the processor 303 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in a memory, such as the main memory 304. Such instructions may be read into the main memory 304 from another computer readable medium, such as a hard disk 307 or a removable media drive 308.
  • processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 304.
  • hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
  • the computer system 301 includes at least one computer readable medium or memory for holding instructions programmed according to the teachings ofthe invention and for containing data structures, tables, records, or other data described herein.
  • Examples of computer readable media are compact discs, hard disks, floppy disks, tape, magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, or any other magnetic medium, compact discs (e.g., CD-ROM), or any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, or other physical medium with patterns of holes, a carrier wave (described below), or any other medium from which a computer can read.
  • the present invention includes software for controlling the computer system 301, for driving a device or devices for implementing the invention, and for enabling the computer system 301 to interact with a human user (e.g., print production personnel).
  • software may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems, development tools, and applications software.
  • Such computer readable media further includes the computer program product ofthe present invention for performing all or a portion (if processing is distributed) ofthe processing performed in implementing the invention.
  • the computer code devices ofthe present invention maybe any interpretable or executable code mechanism, including but not limited to scripts, interpretable programs, dynamic link libraries (DLLs), Java classes, and complete executable programs. Moreover, parts ofthe processing ofthe present invention may be distributed for better performance, reliability, and/or cost.
  • Non- volatile media includes, for example, optical, magnetic disks, and magneto-optical disks, such as the hard disk 307 or the removable media drive 308.
  • Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as the main memory 304.
  • Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that make up the bus 302. Transmission media also may also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications.
  • Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying out one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 303 for execution.
  • the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer.
  • the remote computer can load the instructions for implementing all or a portion ofthe present invention remotely into a dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem.
  • a modem local to the computer system 301 may receive the data on the- telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal.
  • An infrared detector coupled to the bus 302 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on the bus 302.
  • the bus 302 carries the data to the main memory 304, from which the processor 303 retrieves and executes the instructions.
  • the instructions received by the main memory 304 may optionally be stored on storage device 307 or 308 either before or after execution by processor 303.
  • the computer system 301 also includes a communication interface 313 coupled to the bus 302.
  • the communication interface 313 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 314 that is connected to, for example, a local area network (LAN) 315, or to another communications network 316 such as the Internet.
  • the communication interface 313 may be a network interface card to attach to any packet switched LAN.
  • the communication interface 313 may be an asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL) card, an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data commumcation connection to a corresponding type of communications line.
  • Wireless links may also be implemented.
  • the communication interface 313 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
  • the network link 314 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices.
  • the network link 314 may provide a connection to another computer through a local network 315 (e.g., a LAN) or through equipment operated by a service provider, which provides communication services through a communications network 316.
  • the local network 314 and the communications network 316 use, for example, electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry digital data streams, and the associated physical layer (e.g., CAT 5 cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, etc).
  • the signals through the various networks and the signals on the network link 314 and through the communication interface 313, which carry the digital data to and from the computer system 301 maybe implemented in baseband signals, or carrier wave based signals.
  • the baseband signals convey the digital data as unmodulated electrical pulses that are descriptive of a stream of digital data bits, where the term "bits" is to be construed broadly to mean symbol, where each symbol conveys at least one or more information bits.
  • the digital data may also be used to modulate a carrier wave, such as with amplitude, phase and/or frequency shift keyed signals that are propagated over a conductive media, or transmitted as electromagnetic waves through a propagation medium.
  • the digital data may be sent as unmodulated baseband data through a "wired" communication chamiel and/or sent within a predetermined frequency band, different than baseband, by modulating a carrier wave.
  • the computer system 301 can transmit and receive data, including program code, through the network(s) 315 and 316, the network link 314 and the communication interface 313.
  • the network link 314 may provide a connection through a LAN 315 to a mobile device 317 such as a personal digital assistant (PDA) laptop computer, or cellular telephone.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method of tracking CO 2 emission reduction credits.
  • a computer system (such as computer system 270 in FIG. 2) allocates ERC based on the amount of diverted CO 2 ; associates an identification with the allocated ERC; and assigns ownership to the ERC.

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Abstract

Des émissions de dioxyde de carbone dans l'atmosphère sont réduites et des activités nécessitant du CO2 telles que la récupération de champs de pétrole sont favorisées par la collecte du CO2 dans un pipeline (110), provenant d'au moins deux installations de production (120, 122) de CO2 différentes, et par la distribution du CO2, à travers le pipeline (110), à une ou plusieurs installations de consommation (130). Le crédit de réduction des émissions de dioxyde de carbone associé au transfert de CO2 à travers le pipeline (110) est suivi.
PCT/US2003/008826 2002-04-05 2003-04-04 Pipeline pour dioxyde de carbone WO2003087534A1 (fr)

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AU2003225931A AU2003225931A1 (en) 2002-04-05 2003-04-04 Carbon dioxide pipeline

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US10/115,924 US20030188863A1 (en) 2002-04-05 2002-04-05 Carbon dioxide pipeline
US10/0115,924 2002-04-05

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