WO2003085420A2 - Collimateur optique pour fibre monomode et procede de fabrication correspondant - Google Patents
Collimateur optique pour fibre monomode et procede de fabrication correspondant Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003085420A2 WO2003085420A2 PCT/FR2003/001056 FR0301056W WO03085420A2 WO 2003085420 A2 WO2003085420 A2 WO 2003085420A2 FR 0301056 W FR0301056 W FR 0301056W WO 03085420 A2 WO03085420 A2 WO 03085420A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- section
- mode
- index gradient
- index
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0288—Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
- G02B6/2552—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding reshaping or reforming of light guides for coupling using thermal heating, e.g. tapering, forming of a lens on light guide ends
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/262—Optical details of coupling light into, or out of, or between fibre ends, e.g. special fibre end shapes or associated optical elements
Definitions
- Optical collimator for single-mode fiber having a section of index gradient fiber, single-core fiber with extended core and manufacturing method thereof.
- the field of the invention is that of telecommunications, and more particularly that of telecommunications by optical fiber.
- the invention relates to an optical collimator intended to be placed at the end of a single-mode optical fiber, so as to widen the section of the light beam conveyed by this single-mode fiber.
- single mode optical fiber constitutes the preferred transmission medium for the transmission of high speed information over long distances.
- the use of this fiber despite its advantageous propagation properties, causes significant assembly difficulties when the interconnection of two fibers is necessary. These difficulties are mainly due to the small emission surface of these monomode fibers, typically of the order of 10 ⁇ m in diameter.
- This small dimension makes the optical coupling of a single-mode fiber with any other optical element (including another single-mode fiber) very sensitive to the relative axial and transverse positions of the fiber and the element.
- this coupling is also very sensitive to the presence of any dust in the atmosphere surrounding the ends of the elements to be interconnected, as well as to any possible end defect in the single-mode fiber.
- Optical collimators for single-mode fibers are therefore of particular interest, since they make it possible to enlarge the size of the light beam propagating in the single-mode fiber.
- Figures la and lb show, in dotted lines, the shape of the optical beam in the case of a conventional single-mode fiber and a single-mode fiber respectively having an optical collimator at its end, so as to widen the section of the output beam of fiber.
- Such optical collimators thus make it possible, when coupling a single-mode fiber to any other optical element, to reduce the constraints of positioning and influence of dust or surface defects on the efficiency of the optical coupling performed.
- collimation makes it possible to reduce the divergence of the optical beam at the output of the single-mode fiber.
- several techniques are known for producing such optical collimators at the end of a single-mode fiber.
- a first technique consists in using discrete lenses, of the Self oc (registered trademark) type, placed at the outlet of the single-mode fiber.
- a drawback of this first technique of the prior art is that this solution is not integrated at the end of the single-mode fiber. Indeed, the diameter of a Selfoc type lens is conventionally of the order of a millimeter, while the outside diameter of a single-mode fiber is generally 125 ⁇ m. This solution is therefore not optimal in terms of compactness and packaging.
- a second known technique consists in widening the mode of the single-mode fiber, by thermal diffusion of dopants from the core of the single-mode fiber, so as to produce a single-mode fiber of TEC type (for English "Thermally diffused Expanded Core"; in French , "Thermally expanded heart”). This solution has the advantage of allowing an increase in the section of the optical beam conveyed by the fiber, while keeping the outside diameter of the fiber constant, equal to 125 ⁇ m.
- the beam widening zone thus formed is of determined length, fixed as a function of the optical properties of the fiber which it is sought to produce.
- This limitation of the length of the beam expansion zone reduces the possibilities of carrying out operations for shaping the end of the fiber, such as for example operations of polishing, bias cleavage of the fiber, which are elementary steps of the connectorization of a fiber.
- a third technique in particular described in French patent No. FR 2 752 623, entitled “method of manufacturing a collective optical coupling device and device obtained by such a method", consists in making a lens at the end of the fiber, so as to obtain a Gradissimo type fiber (registered trademark).
- Such a single-mode fiber has at its end a section of pure silica fiber, followed by a section of multimode fiber with an index gradient, so as to produce an area of expansion of the optical beam.
- This third technique has the same drawback as that of TEC fibers, namely that the beam expansion zone is of limited length, and does not allow the use of such a fiber for carrying out cleavage operations, polishing at an angle or for fitting in a connector.
- a fourth technique consists in designing a fiber having at its end a diffractive lens, so.
- a diffractive lens is for example produced by photo-inscription at the end of a silica bar, itself welded to the single-mode fiber.
- a drawback of this fourth technique of the prior art is that it requires precision alignment of the photo-registration mask and of the end of the optical fiber, which makes any collective production of fibers difficult.
- Another disadvantage of this technique of the prior art is that, as for the second and third techniques mentioned above, the fiber equipped with such a diffractive lens cannot be polished or cleaved without destroying the lens. The connectorization of such a fiber is therefore practically impossible.
- the invention particularly aims to overcome these drawbacks of the prior art.
- an objective of the invention is to provide a technique making it possible to carry out an integrated collimation function at the end of an optical fiber.
- Another objective of the invention is to implement such a collimation function which does not modify the external appearance of the optical fiber, and in particular its external diameter and its mechanical strength.
- Another object of the invention is to provide such a technique making it possible to obtain a single-mode optical fiber having at its end a beam section enlarged compared to conventional single-mode fibers.
- the invention also aims to provide such a single-mode fiber with integrated collimator, which is suitable for carrying out end operations, of the cleavage or polishing operations type, without deterioration of the integrated collimation function.
- such a method comprises the following successive steps: a step of assembling at least one multimode fiber with an index gradient to at least one monomode fiber with mode expansion; a step of fracturing said multimode index gradient fiber, so as to obtain a first section of multimode fiber with index gradient of predetermined length.
- the invention is based on a completely new and inventive approach to the realization of a collimation function of a beam carried by optical fiber.
- the invention notably consists in soldering and cleaving, at the end of a monomode fiber with mode expansion, a multimode fiber with an index gradient, so as to carry out a collimation function integrated at the end of the monomode fiber .
- the device thus constituted therefore has, compared to the techniques of the prior art, advantages in terms of compactness and simplicity of assembly.
- the multimode fiber section with an index gradient ensures a function of maintaining the cross section of the widened optical beam, which advantageously allows to carry out end operations (such as cleavage, polishing, etc.) without deterioration of the collimation function, contrary to the techniques known from the prior art.
- said mode-expansion single-mode fiber comprises a single-mode fiber, at least one section of silica fiber, and at least one second section of multimode fiber with an index gradient.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing at least one single-mode optical fiber with an extended core, comprising the following successive steps: a first step of assembling a first index gradient fiber to a first silica fiber; a first step of fracturing said first silica fiber, so as to obtain a first section of silica fiber of predetermined length; a second step of assembling a second index gradient fiber at the free end of said first section of silica fiber; a second step of fracturing said second index gradient fiber, so as to obtain a section of index gradient fiber of predetermined length, called second section of index gradient fiber; a third step of assembling a second silica fiber at the free end of said section of index gradient fiber; a third step of fracturing said second silica fiber, so as to obtain a second section of silica fiber of predetermined length; a fourth step of assembling a single-mode fiber at the free end of said second section of silica fiber, so as to obtain a single-mode optical fiber with an extended
- such a method further comprises a step of fracturing said first index gradient fiber, so as to obtain a first section of index gradient fiber.
- said first and second sections of index gradient fiber are of the same nature. According to a second preferred variant of the invention, said first and second sections of index gradient fiber are of different types.
- such a method uses ribbons of n fibers, so as to collectively manufacture a set of n single-mode optical fibers with an extended core.
- such a method comprises a step of geometric modeling of the free end of said first section of fiber with an index gradient.
- said geometric modeling step consists of a straight cleavage and / or a straight polishing of said end.
- said geometric modeling step consists of a bias cleavage and / or a bias polishing of said end.
- said geometric modeling step makes it possible to round said end, so as to form a lens.
- said end is rounded by implementing one of the techniques belonging to the group comprising: - fusion; the draw ; the contribution of matter.
- said geometric modeling step consists in attacking said end by implementing one of the techniques belonging to the group comprising: chemical attacks; mechanical attacks by polishing; laser attacks.
- the invention also relates to an optical collimator for single-mode fiber, comprising at least one section of mode expansion fiber, and at at least one section of expansion-maintaining fiber comprising at least a first section of multimode fiber with an index gradient.
- said sections of mode expansion fiber and expansion maintenance are of the same diameter as said single mode fiber.
- said section of mode-expanding fiber comprises at least one section of silica fiber and at least one second section of multimode fiber with an index gradient.
- said section of mode expanding fiber consists of two sections of silica fiber, between which is inserted said second section of multimode fiber with index gradient.
- said first and second sections of multimode fiber with an index gradient are of the same nature.
- the first and second sections of index gradient fiber can of course also be of different types.
- one end of said first section of multimode fiber with an index gradient is cleaved and / or polished straight.
- one end of said first section of multimode fiber with an index gradient is cleaved and / or polished at an angle.
- one end of said first section of multimode fiber with an index gradient is rounded.
- said end is rounded according to one of the techniques belonging to the group comprising: fusion; the draw; - the contribution of material.
- one end of said first section of multimode fiber with an index gradient is modeled according to one of the techniques belonging to the group comprising: chemical attacks; - mechanical attacks by polishing; laser attacks.
- the invention also relates to a single mode optical fiber with an enlarged mode diameter, comprising at the end at least one mode expansion section and at least one expansion maintenance section comprising at least a first section of index gradient multimode fiber.
- said mode expansion section comprises at least one section of silica fiber and at least one second section of multimode fiber with an index gradient.
- said mode expansion section comprises two sections of silica fiber between which is inserted said second section of multimode fiber with an index gradient.
- said single-mode fiber, said mode expansion section and said expansion maintenance section are of the same diameter.
- said single mode fiber is polarization maintaining.
- FIGS. and lb already described above, respectively illustrate the shape of the optical beam conveyed by a conventional single-mode optical fiber and by a single-mode optical fiber with collimation function;
- - Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a single mode optical fiber with integrated collimator according to the invention;
- FIGS. 3a to 3c illustrate different alternative embodiments of the single-mode fiber of FIG.
- FIG. 2 There is shown, in relation to FIG. 2, an embodiment of a single-mode fiber 1 according to the invention having at its end an integrated collimation function.
- the device of FIG. 2 makes it possible to obtain at the end of the single-mode fiber 1 a mode diameter 13 wider than that 14 of the single-mode fiber 1, while keeping a constant outside diameter, equal to that of the single-mode fiber 1, or conventionally 125 ⁇ m.
- Such a device includes a magnification area of the optical beam
- the magnification zone 2 makes it possible to increase the size of the optical beam, while the expansion maintenance zone 3 makes it possible to keep this size of widened beam substantially constant.
- This property of the expansion retention zone 3, re-sheathed in index gradient fiber, makes it possible to carry out end operations, such as for example a cleavage or polishing operation, at any point of the expansion holding area 3. the magnification area 2 of the beam is thus protected from end operations.
- the magnification 2 and expansion retention 3 zones comprise sections of fibers: in pure silica: such a fiber has the characteristic of not having an index profile to guide the light. It is composed entirely of silica and conventionally has an outside diameter of 125 ⁇ m; with index gradient: such a fiber has an optical core whose index profile is parabolic from the center to the periphery. Such an index profile is obtained by doping silica.
- the outside diameter of the fiber is conventionally equal to 125 ⁇ m, and the core diameter is generally between 125 ⁇ m and 1 ⁇ m.
- FIGS. 3a to 3c show the different configurations of arrangement of sections of silica fibers and with an index gradient envisaged in the context of the invention.
- the invention consists in welding, at the end of a single-mode optical fiber 1, a first section 4 of silica fiber, followed by a first section 5 of index gradient fiber , followed by a second section 6 of silica fiber, followed by a second section 3 of gradient index fiber, playing the role of expansion holding zone.
- Figures 3b and 3c show simplified alternative embodiments compared to the configuration of Figure 3a.
- the collimation function is performed by welding, at the end of the single-mode fiber 1, a first section of fiber with an index gradient 5, followed by a section of silica fiber 6, followed by a second section of index gradient fiber 3 providing the expansion maintenance zone.
- the single-mode fiber 1 has at its end a section of silica fiber 4, to which is welded a first section of gradient index fiber 5, which is itself welded to a second section of fiber. with a gradient of index 3 playing the role of an area for maintaining the expansion of the optical beam.
- the sections of index gradient fibers referenced 5 and 3 belonging respectively to the magnification zone 2 and to the expansion maintenance zone, may be of the same nature or of different natures. Thus, these two sections may or may not have the same index profile and / or the same core diameter.
- the widened-beam single-mode fiber devices of FIGS. 2 and 3a are produced according to the invention by implementing the following manufacturing steps: first of all, the end of a first index gradient fiber referenced is assembled 3 to a first pure silica fiber; the first silica fiber is then fractured, so as to produce a first section 6 of pure silica fiber; then assembling the assembly comprising the first index gradient fiber 3 and the first section of silica fiber 6, by the free end of the first section 6 of silica fiber, to a second index gradient fiber 5 , which may or may not be of the same kind as the first index gradient fiber 3; the second index gradient fiber 5 is fractured, so as to produce a second section of index gradient fiber; a second pure silica fiber 4 is assembled at the free end of this second section with an index gradient 5; - The second pure silica fiber 4 is fractured, so as to produce a second section of pure silica fiber; the assembly thus formed is assembled of the first and second sections of silica fibers 4 and 6, and
- a single-mode fiber 1 is thus obtained, having at its end an integrated optical collimator.
- This manufacturing process can of course also be carried out simultaneously on a plurality of fibers arranged in the form of ribbons of n fibers.
- the welding and cleavage operations described above are carried out simultaneously on a number of optical fibers which can vary from 1 to n.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 can be worked, so as to present various geometric shapes, as illustrated in relation to FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the presence, at the end of the device of the invention, of a expansion holding zone 3 makes it possible to perform an end operation at any point on the end index gradient fiber, as illustrated by the arrow 7 in FIG. 4.
- the section of the optical beam is maintained in enlarged form over the whole of the expansion maintenance zone 3, so that the location of the end of the optical device does not modify the size of the optical beam.
- FIGS. 5a to 5e various end operations, illustrated by FIGS. 5a to 5e can be carried out on the gradient fiber of index 3 which maintains the optical beam in enlarged form.
- the fiber with a gradient of index 3 at the end can be cleaved and / or polished straight.
- Such a configuration allows a straight polishing 8 of the fiber without disturbing the index gradient section, and therefore the widening of the mode.
- the fiber with a gradient of index 3 at the end can be cleaved and / or polished at an angle.
- An end 9 is thus obtained at an angle without disturbing the index gradient, and therefore the widening of the mode.
- FIGS. 5c and 5d illustrate the case where the end of the gradient gradient fiber 3 is rounded, for example by fusion, by stretching or by addition of material, so as to obtain an end lens 10, 11.
- magnification zone 2 of the optical beam comprising a section of index gradient fiber and one or two sections of silica fiber.
- the beams propagate periodically along the optical axis of the fiber. This is due to the successive lateral refractions undergone by the electromagnetic wave when it propagates in a medium of index which decreases from the center of the fiber towards the periphery. The period depends on the one hand on the index profile of the fiber, which follows a parabolic law, and on the other hand on the wavelength of the light which propagates there.
- the operating principle of the expansion holding zone 3 of the device of the invention is now presented.
- This fiber 3 allows the beam to be guided enlarged without modifying its optical properties over a certain distance.
- This condition propagation in the index gradient 3 corresponds to the properties of the LP01 mode of the index gradient fiber.
- the optical system 2 composed of the sections of pure silica fibers and of index gradient, is designed so as to optimize the coupling of the widened beam with the LP01 mode of the end gradient index fiber 3.
- the propagation of an LP01 mode is possible over a certain distance.
- This mode has the property of being wider than in single-mode fiber 1.
- the propagation of this mode is not accompanied by any variation in the geometry of the optical beam (that is to say the mode diameter).
- the excitation of this mode, and only of this mode is conditioned by the quality of the injection of the optical beam coming from the magnification optics 2 towards this fiber with gradient of index 3 at the end.
- the size of the optical beam is constant.
- the magnification optic 2 is thus protected and removed from the place of preparation of the end of the fiber 3 which plays the role of maintaining expansion.
- the device of the invention therefore makes it possible to obtain at the end of single-mode fiber 1 a widening of the optical beam.
- This widening of the optical beam is maintained on a certain length of fiber 3, which can undergo the standard operations of cleavage, polishing and other treatments.
- the device of the invention consisting of a single-mode fiber having at its end an integrated collimator, described above finds numerous applications, and in particular: the production of assemblies of n superimposed fiber elements; the production of fiber connectors that are very tolerant to positioning; simplification of a more complex assembly of a fiber with other optical elements; - the production of wide beam connectors (that is to say wide mode), in particular intended for dirty atmospheres (presence of dust, gas ...) the realization of contactless connectors for contamination environment; making interconnection fibers with discrete passive or active components (such as insulators, circulators, polarizers, modulators, filters, liquid crystals, photodiodes, etc.); the production of coupling fibers with lasers, in particular of the NCSELS type (for English "Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser", or in French "surface emission laser with vertical cavity”); making interconnection fibers with other types of single or multiple fibers.
- the NCSELS type for English "Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser", or in French “surface emission
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03740565A EP1493052A2 (fr) | 2002-04-08 | 2003-04-03 | Collimateur optique pour fibre monomode et procede de fabrication correspondant |
US10/509,789 US20050201701A1 (en) | 2002-04-08 | 2003-04-03 | Optical collimator for monomode fiber having a graded-index fiber section, corresponding monomode fiber with extended core and method for making same |
AU2003260720A AU2003260720A1 (en) | 2002-04-08 | 2003-04-03 | Optical collimator for monomode fiber having a graded-index fiber section, corresponding monomode fiber with extended core and method for making same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR02/04366 | 2002-04-08 | ||
FR0204366A FR2838200B1 (fr) | 2002-04-08 | 2002-04-08 | Collimateur optique pour fibre monomode presentant une section de fibre a gradient d'indice, fibre monomode a coeur etendu et procede de fabrication correspondants |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003085420A2 true WO2003085420A2 (fr) | 2003-10-16 |
WO2003085420A3 WO2003085420A3 (fr) | 2004-04-01 |
Family
ID=28052208
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2003/001056 WO2003085420A2 (fr) | 2002-04-08 | 2003-04-03 | Collimateur optique pour fibre monomode et procede de fabrication correspondant |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050201701A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1493052A2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1650206A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2003260720A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2838200B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2003085420A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7920763B1 (en) * | 2007-02-09 | 2011-04-05 | Agiltron, Inc. | Mode field expanded fiber collimator |
CN107515446B (zh) * | 2017-09-14 | 2024-04-26 | 浙江大学 | 基于光纤型光瞳滤波器扩展焦深的方法以及探针 |
CN108919422A (zh) * | 2018-08-02 | 2018-11-30 | 苏州席正通信科技有限公司 | 一种渐变折射率透镜光纤的制作方法 |
US10935720B2 (en) * | 2019-04-29 | 2021-03-02 | Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. | Laser beam product parameter adjustments |
CN112285837A (zh) * | 2019-11-28 | 2021-01-29 | 武汉阿格斯科技有限公司 | 一种光纤透镜 |
US11650367B2 (en) * | 2020-01-21 | 2023-05-16 | Lumentum Operations Llc | Graded-index fibers and phase elements for in-fiber beam shaping and switching |
CN111624701A (zh) * | 2020-05-10 | 2020-09-04 | 桂林电子科技大学 | 一种多芯光纤微准直器 |
CN111650690A (zh) * | 2020-05-10 | 2020-09-11 | 桂林电子科技大学 | 一种基于双包层光纤的微准直器 |
CN111650692B (zh) * | 2020-05-10 | 2023-03-14 | 桂林电子科技大学 | 一种基于高折射率匹配液的多芯光纤分束器 |
CN111624703B (zh) * | 2020-05-10 | 2022-05-31 | 桂林电子科技大学 | 一种纤维集成傅里叶变换微光学系统 |
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EP0155379A2 (fr) * | 1984-03-02 | 1985-09-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arrangement de couplage d'un guide d'ondes lumineuses à un laser à semi-conducteur et procédé de fabrication d'un tel arrangement |
US5293438A (en) * | 1991-09-21 | 1994-03-08 | Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. | Microlensed optical terminals and optical system equipped therewith, and methods for their manufacture, especially an optical coupling method and optical coupler for use therewith |
EP0759569A1 (fr) * | 1995-02-23 | 1997-02-26 | The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Fibre equipee de lentille |
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FR2699293B1 (fr) * | 1992-12-15 | 1995-03-03 | France Telecom | Système optique monolithique comportant des moyens de couplage perfectionnés entre une fibre optique et un phototransducteur. |
EP0637762B1 (fr) * | 1993-02-25 | 2000-05-24 | Fujikura Ltd. | Fibre optique polarisee porteuse d'onde, procede de fabrication, procede de connexion, amplificateur optique, oscillateur laser et coupleur de fibre optique polarisee porteuse d'onde |
WO1994024543A1 (fr) * | 1993-04-15 | 1994-10-27 | Japan Energy Corporation | Capteur du type a reflexion totale destine a mesurer l'indice de refraction |
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2002
- 2002-04-08 FR FR0204366A patent/FR2838200B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-04-03 CN CNA038100827A patent/CN1650206A/zh active Pending
- 2003-04-03 EP EP03740565A patent/EP1493052A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-04-03 US US10/509,789 patent/US20050201701A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-04-03 WO PCT/FR2003/001056 patent/WO2003085420A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-04-03 AU AU2003260720A patent/AU2003260720A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US6317265B1 (en) * | 1996-02-09 | 2001-11-13 | Corning Incorporated | Multi-path interference filter |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2838200B1 (fr) | 2004-08-06 |
EP1493052A2 (fr) | 2005-01-05 |
WO2003085420A3 (fr) | 2004-04-01 |
CN1650206A (zh) | 2005-08-03 |
FR2838200A1 (fr) | 2003-10-10 |
AU2003260720A1 (en) | 2003-10-20 |
AU2003260720A8 (en) | 2003-10-20 |
US20050201701A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
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