WO2003073037A1 - Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance - Google Patents

Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2003073037A1
WO2003073037A1 PCT/SE2003/000330 SE0300330W WO03073037A1 WO 2003073037 A1 WO2003073037 A1 WO 2003073037A1 SE 0300330 W SE0300330 W SE 0300330W WO 03073037 A1 WO03073037 A1 WO 03073037A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
training
tenside
substance
training substance
chemical warfare
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE2003/000330
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Lars H. Trogen
Gustav Andersson
Tage Berglund
Sune Nyholm
Original Assignee
Filtrator, Värme & Ventilation Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Filtrator, Värme & Ventilation Ab filed Critical Filtrator, Värme & Ventilation Ab
Priority to AU2003220784A priority Critical patent/AU2003220784A1/en
Publication of WO2003073037A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003073037A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H9/00—Equipment for attack or defence by spreading flame, gas or smoke or leurres; Chemical warfare equipment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/46—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances
    • F42B12/50—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances by dispersion

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents, comprising dispersal of a liquid training substance by a burst produced by explosive technology. Further the invention relates to a training substance for use in the method, and a liquid composition intended to be mixed with water for producing the training substance.
  • simulant compound which in some respect has properties similar to those of a CW agent but does not have the biological activity thereof.
  • the simulant compound may have physical properties such as water solubility, volatility, density, vaporisation heat, decomposition temperature, surface tension, viscosity etc, which closely conform with those of the real substance, or have chemical properties that make it react in a similar way on decontaminants.
  • a simulant compound of the latter type is described in United States Statutory Invention Registration H270.
  • training substances are used, which may consist of one simulant compound or mixtures of simulant compounds.
  • the purpose of such training is to train the soldiers in using detection equipment and take the necessary measures of precaution.
  • Training substances that are used for exposing training personnel to the substance are comparatively innocent chemicals, and various safety requirements can be set, stating the simulant compounds that are allowed in training substances.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents by explosive dispersal of a training substance.
  • One more object of the invention is to provide a training substance which allows explosive dispersal without catching fire although simulant compounds included in the substance are inflammable organic compounds.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a composition for easy production of the training substance.
  • the training substance is an oil-in- water emulsion containing an organic simulant compound for a chemical warfare agent as emulsified phase.
  • the amount of simulant compound and tenside in the emulsion varies depending on the simulant compound used.
  • the amount of simulant compound in the emulsion should be sufficiently low to ensure that inflammation does not take place in the explosive dispersal while at the same time it is normally desirable to have such a high concentration of simulant compound as possible to give a clear effect in the drop-off area.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion can consist of 25-60% by weight of simulant compound, 1-10% by weight of tenside and the balance water.
  • the training substance can be obtained in the form of a liquid composition which is mixed with water for preparing the emulsion in connection with use.
  • the liquid composition can contain, for instance, 85-96% by weight of simulant compound and 4-15% by weight of tenside.
  • Methyl salicylate is the simulant compound which is most frequently used when training personnel are to be exposed to a training substance.
  • MES is a highly inflammable substance that has been found well suited to be dispersed in emulsion form by explosion according to the present invention.
  • the tenside should be biologically degradable and otherwise toxicologically acceptable.
  • Nonionic tensides are preferred, and particularly good results have been obtained with Berol 797, Berol 537, Berol 535 and OMA4 (Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry AB).
  • Fig. 1 is a section through a CW training shell which is suited for explosive dispersal of the training substance.
  • Fig. 2 shows schematically how the CW training shell is fired from a launching tube and is made to explode in its trajectory for dispersing of the training substance.
  • the CW training shell 1 consists of a container 4 which is filled with the training substance 5 and provided with a removable lid 6.
  • the lid also serves as the projectile base of the shell and contains a propellant charge 7 for ejecting the shell from a launching tube 2 (Fig. 2), an ignition charge 8 for igniting the propellant, a time delay charge 9 and an explosive charge 10 for bursting the container and dis- persing its contents into the air when the shell is positioned in its trajectory.
  • Fig. 2 shows how the CW training shell is fired from a launching tube 2 and is made to explode in the air to form a cloud 3 of liquid droplets of the training substance. Large droplets will fall to the ground relatively directly while very small droplets may remain suspended in the form of an aerosol and drift with the wind. Examples:
  • Stock mixtures of MES and six different tensides were prepared, two different concentration levels of tenside being selected, nominally 5% and 10% respectively. From each of these stock mixtures, two different test mixtures were then prepared by adding different amounts of water so that the test mixtures would contain nominally 30% and 50% MES respectively. Table 1 shows the totally 24 test mixtures that were prepared. The designations 5-30, 10-50 etc. for Test Composition (nominally) relate to the nominal tenside content of the stock mixture (5%, 10%) and the nominal MES content of the test mixture (30%, 50%).
  • the emulsifying tests were carried out at room temperature.
  • the test mixtures were prepared by weighing in glass test tubes with screw stoppers. After vigorous manual shaking for 1 minute, the emulsions were left at rest. Subsequently, it was investigated by intermittent ocular inspection to what extent the original emulsion seemed to be stable or whether a homogenous macrophase formed after some time. Berol CMA5 and Berol 533 could be excluded as less suitable emulsifiers for MES. Even after a few minutes, an oil phase began to separate. Of the remaining tensides, Berol OMA4 gave the least stable emulsion although it was a matter of several hours before oil droplets could be observed. Especially the 10-50 emulsion seemed to be less stable. As regards the remaining emulsions, no droplets could be observed even after several days of intermittent monitoring.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)

Abstract

A method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents, comprising dispersal of a liquid training substance by means of an explosive charge. As training substance, use is made of an oil-in-water emulsion containing an organic simulant compound for a chemical warfare agent, such as methyl salicylate (MES), as emulsified phase. The emulsion has sufficiently high water content to prevent the explosive charge from setting the training substance on fire in dispersal. The invention also concerns the training substance and a liquid composition intended to be mixed with water for producing the training substance.

Description

Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance.
The invention relates to a method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents, comprising dispersal of a liquid training substance by a burst produced by explosive technology. Further the invention relates to a training substance for use in the method, and a liquid composition intended to be mixed with water for producing the training substance.
In research, tests and evaluations of protection against chemical warfare agents, real CW agents may rarely be used owing to the risks this would imply. Instead use is made of a simulant compound which in some respect has properties similar to those of a CW agent but does not have the biological activity thereof. For example, the simulant compound may have physical properties such as water solubility, volatility, density, vaporisation heat, decomposition temperature, surface tension, viscosity etc, which closely conform with those of the real substance, or have chemical properties that make it react in a similar way on decontaminants. A simulant compound of the latter type is described in United States Statutory Invention Registration H270.
General simulant compounds, i.e. compounds corresponding to a CW agent in terms of more than two to three properties, are difficult to obtain. Instead several similar compounds for a CW agent will have to be obtained and then the most suitable for a given application is to be chosen.
In combat training, where the scenario involves combat troops being exposed to CW agents, training substances are used, which may consist of one simulant compound or mixtures of simulant compounds. The purpose of such training is to train the soldiers in using detection equipment and take the necessary measures of precaution. Training substances that are used for exposing training personnel to the substance are comparatively innocent chemicals, and various safety requirements can be set, stating the simulant compounds that are allowed in training substances.
It has been found difficult in combat training to provide sufficient realism in the actual dispersal of the training substance so that the soldiers are given an appropriate feeling for the seriousness behind the training operation. One way of significantly increasing the realism in combat training is to eject above the battle area a container with a training substance and burst the container in the air by means of a small explosive charge. The idea of this operation is that the training substance will rain down on the ground below while at the same time a drifting gas cloud forms. Unfortunately it has been found difficult to apply the method to frequently occurring simu- lant compounds since they are inflammable organic substances and much inclined to catch fire when dispersed by the explosive charge. In particular methyl salicylate (MES), which is a frequently used training substance and a simulant compound for mustard gas, has been found far too inflammable to be dispersed in this manner.
An object of the invention is to provide a method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents by explosive dispersal of a training substance.
One more object of the invention is to provide a training substance which allows explosive dispersal without catching fire although simulant compounds included in the substance are inflammable organic compounds.
Another object of the invention is to provide a composition for easy production of the training substance.
This is achieved by a method, a training substance and a composition as defined in the claims.
A distinguishing feature of the invention is that the training substance is an oil-in- water emulsion containing an organic simulant compound for a chemical warfare agent as emulsified phase.
The amount of simulant compound and tenside in the emulsion varies depending on the simulant compound used. The amount of simulant compound in the emulsion should be sufficiently low to ensure that inflammation does not take place in the explosive dispersal while at the same time it is normally desirable to have such a high concentration of simulant compound as possible to give a clear effect in the drop-off area. For a relatively polar simulant compound such as MES, the oil-in-water emulsion can consist of 25-60% by weight of simulant compound, 1-10% by weight of tenside and the balance water. The training substance can be obtained in the form of a liquid composition which is mixed with water for preparing the emulsion in connection with use. The liquid composition can contain, for instance, 85-96% by weight of simulant compound and 4-15% by weight of tenside.
Methyl salicylate (MES) is the simulant compound which is most frequently used when training personnel are to be exposed to a training substance. At the same time MES is a highly inflammable substance that has been found well suited to be dispersed in emulsion form by explosion according to the present invention.
Since the training substance is usually dispersed in natural environment, the tenside should be biologically degradable and otherwise toxicologically acceptable. Nonionic tensides are preferred, and particularly good results have been obtained with Berol 797, Berol 537, Berol 535 and OMA4 (Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry AB).
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures and the examples below.
Fig. 1 is a section through a CW training shell which is suited for explosive dispersal of the training substance.
Fig. 2 shows schematically how the CW training shell is fired from a launching tube and is made to explode in its trajectory for dispersing of the training substance.
The CW training shell 1 according to'Fig. 1 consists of a container 4 which is filled with the training substance 5 and provided with a removable lid 6. The lid also serves as the projectile base of the shell and contains a propellant charge 7 for ejecting the shell from a launching tube 2 (Fig. 2), an ignition charge 8 for igniting the propellant, a time delay charge 9 and an explosive charge 10 for bursting the container and dis- persing its contents into the air when the shell is positioned in its trajectory.
Fig. 2 shows how the CW training shell is fired from a launching tube 2 and is made to explode in the air to form a cloud 3 of liquid droplets of the training substance. Large droplets will fall to the ground relatively directly while very small droplets may remain suspended in the form of an aerosol and drift with the wind. Examples:
A number of emulsions of MES, different tensides and water were prepared and tested with respect to the stability of the emulsion, and some of these mixtures were then tested by firing and dispersing by using the above-described CW training shell. In addition to the necessity of the training substance not catching fire in dispersal, it was aimed at the training substance being easy to handle under active-service conditions. Stock mixtures of MES and tenside should be made ready for use by adding a certain amount of water and manual shaking for a while in connection with use. To prevent the simulant compound from catching fire in dispersal, it was important that the emulsion obtained by this simple procedure should be stable for at least a few hours.
Stock mixtures of MES and six different tensides were prepared, two different concentration levels of tenside being selected, nominally 5% and 10% respectively. From each of these stock mixtures, two different test mixtures were then prepared by adding different amounts of water so that the test mixtures would contain nominally 30% and 50% MES respectively. Table 1 shows the totally 24 test mixtures that were prepared. The designations 5-30, 10-50 etc. for Test Composition (nominally) relate to the nominal tenside content of the stock mixture (5%, 10%) and the nominal MES content of the test mixture (30%, 50%).
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000006_0001
The emulsifying tests were carried out at room temperature. The test mixtures were prepared by weighing in glass test tubes with screw stoppers. After vigorous manual shaking for 1 minute, the emulsions were left at rest. Subsequently, it was investigated by intermittent ocular inspection to what extent the original emulsion seemed to be stable or whether a homogenous macrophase formed after some time. Berol CMA5 and Berol 533 could be excluded as less suitable emulsifiers for MES. Even after a few minutes, an oil phase began to separate. Of the remaining tensides, Berol OMA4 gave the least stable emulsion although it was a matter of several hours before oil droplets could be observed. Especially the 10-50 emulsion seemed to be less stable. As regards the remaining emulsions, no droplets could be observed even after several days of intermittent monitoring.
Then field experiments were carried out by dispersing test mixtures by means of the above-described CW training shell. Since the laboratory experiments showed that 5% tenside in the stock mixture was sufficient to give sufficiently stable emulsions of MES, only such stock mixtures were prepared for the field experiments. 165 g tenside was mixed with 3135 g MES. Stock mixtures were prepared using the tensides Berol 797, OMA4, 535 and 537. Test mixtures containing 30% and 50% respective- ly of MES were prepared by these stock mixtures being diluted with water, shaken manually in plastic bottles and poured into the container 4 of the CW training shell. 30 trail shots in all were made and none of them caused ignition of the test mixture. The temperature on the test occasion was 12°C. CAM instruments reacted as expected and gave distinct indication in all cases close to the drop-off area. The mixtures containing Berol 797 and OMA4 were assessed to give the same effect on trichromatic indicator paper as pure MES. Large indication spots (> 10 mm) of the mixtures containing Berol 535 and 537 seemed initially to give a colour with a slight tinge of yellow (nerve gas indication) in the centre of the spot SJO as to develop after a while the correct colour over the entire indication. Small spots gave the impression of being genuinely red. On the whole, all tested emulsions were assessed to be sufficient for training purposes as regards shade of colour as well as intensity.

Claims

Claims:
1. A method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents, comprising dispersal of a liquid training substance by means of an explosive charge, characterised in that said training substance is an oil-in-water emulsion containing an organic simulant compound for a chemical warfare agent as emulsified phase.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that said dispersal comprises launching a container holding said oil-in-water emulsion and an explosive charge into the air, and exploding the container by the explosive charge.
3. A training substance for use in a method as claimed in claim 1 , characterised by an oil-in-water emulsion containing a simulant compound for a chemical warfare agent as emulsified phase.
4. A training substance as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that the emulsion contains 25-60% by weight of the simulant compound, 1-10% by weight of a tenside and the balance water.
5. A training substance as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that said simulant compound is methyl salicylate (MES).
6. A training substance as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that said tenside is a biologically degradable tenside.
7. A training substance as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that said tenside is a nonionic tenside.
8. A liquid composition intended to be mixed with water for preparing an oil-in-water emulsion for use in a method as claimed in claim 1 , characterised in that it contains 85-96% by weight of a simulant compound for a chemical warfare agent and 4-15% by weight of a tenside.
9. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 8, characterised in that said tenside is a biologically degradable tenside.
10. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 8, characterised in that said tenside is a nonionic tenside.
11. A liquid composition as claimed in claim 8, characterised in that the simulant compound is methyl salicylate (MES).
PCT/SE2003/000330 2002-02-28 2003-02-28 Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance WO2003073037A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003220784A AU2003220784A1 (en) 2002-02-28 2003-02-28 Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE0200611-2 2002-02-28
SE0200611A SE521179C2 (en) 2002-02-28 2002-02-28 Ways to simulate an attack with chemical warfare agents, exercise substance for use in the method and composition for preparation of the exercise substance

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003073037A1 true WO2003073037A1 (en) 2003-09-04

Family

ID=20287121

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE2003/000330 WO2003073037A1 (en) 2002-02-28 2003-02-28 Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2003220784A1 (en)
SE (1) SE521179C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2003073037A1 (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2873198A1 (en) * 2004-07-13 2006-01-20 Armement Et D Etudes Alsetex S Riot control grenade for police force, has cylindrical dispersion container housed inside cylindrical envelope, where container and envelope are made up of flexible or semi-rigid thermoplastic material
CN102872566A (en) * 2011-07-07 2013-01-16 职业许可两合公司 Thermal triggering element for sprinklers, valves or the like
NL2007695C2 (en) * 2011-11-01 2013-05-07 Cbrne Solutions Holding B V Compositions for simulating chemical warfare agents and use thereof.
RU211398U1 (en) * 2022-01-12 2022-06-03 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "33 Центральный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт" Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Static model display object for training operators of remote chemical reconnaissance equipment and testing the operability of these equipment
SE2200031A1 (en) * 2022-03-15 2023-09-16 Bae Systems Bofors Ab Closed loop weapon system evaluation method

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3143070A (en) * 1962-07-27 1964-08-04 Gilbert C Bowen Safe biological or chemical warfare projectile
CA997960A (en) * 1973-08-13 1976-10-05 Russel A. Klymchuk Ground burst chemical simulator
FR2683626A1 (en) * 1991-11-13 1993-05-14 Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale Reversible gas-generating grenade
DE19925404A1 (en) * 1999-06-02 2000-12-14 Nico Pyrotechnik Practice ammunition

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3143070A (en) * 1962-07-27 1964-08-04 Gilbert C Bowen Safe biological or chemical warfare projectile
CA997960A (en) * 1973-08-13 1976-10-05 Russel A. Klymchuk Ground burst chemical simulator
FR2683626A1 (en) * 1991-11-13 1993-05-14 Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale Reversible gas-generating grenade
DE19925404A1 (en) * 1999-06-02 2000-12-14 Nico Pyrotechnik Practice ammunition

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2873198A1 (en) * 2004-07-13 2006-01-20 Armement Et D Etudes Alsetex S Riot control grenade for police force, has cylindrical dispersion container housed inside cylindrical envelope, where container and envelope are made up of flexible or semi-rigid thermoplastic material
CN102872566A (en) * 2011-07-07 2013-01-16 职业许可两合公司 Thermal triggering element for sprinklers, valves or the like
NL2007695C2 (en) * 2011-11-01 2013-05-07 Cbrne Solutions Holding B V Compositions for simulating chemical warfare agents and use thereof.
WO2013064305A1 (en) * 2011-11-01 2013-05-10 Cbrne Solutions Holding B.V. Compositions for simulating chemical warfare agents and use thereof
RU211398U1 (en) * 2022-01-12 2022-06-03 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "33 Центральный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт" Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Static model display object for training operators of remote chemical reconnaissance equipment and testing the operability of these equipment
SE2200031A1 (en) * 2022-03-15 2023-09-16 Bae Systems Bofors Ab Closed loop weapon system evaluation method
WO2023177336A1 (en) * 2022-03-15 2023-09-21 Bae Systems Bofors Ab Method for simulating weapon effect against a specific target

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE0200611D0 (en) 2002-02-28
AU2003220784A1 (en) 2003-09-09
SE521179C2 (en) 2003-10-07
SE0200611L (en) 2003-08-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Brophy The chemical warfare service: from laboratory to field
US6242489B1 (en) Malodorant compositions
US4173455A (en) Fire-safe hydrocarbon fuels
EP0785809A1 (en) Process and device for fighting fires from the air
EP0275333B1 (en) Chemiluminescent light container
DE60003159T2 (en) FOAM FORMULATION
WO2003073037A1 (en) Method of simulating an attack with chemical warfare agents and the training substance
Hasegawa Villainous Compounds: Chemical Weapons and the American Civil War
Mountcastle Flame on: US Incendiary Weapons, 1918-1945
Hay Simulants, stimulants and diseases: the evolution of the United States biological warfare programme, 1945–60
CN110170139A (en) A kind of dedicated extinguishing chemical of F class fire and preparation method thereof
Kolaitis An experimental investigation of improvised incendiary devices used in urban riots: The “Molotov cocktail”
RU2771401C1 (en) Binary pyrotechnic target for shooting
Briggs et al. Gasoline fires and foams
RU2479203C2 (en) Complex imitator of smell of firearms and ammunition for police dog service
SU1741818A1 (en) Fire extinguishing method
Education DOCUBENT BESUME ED 195 778 CE uzi 443 TITLE Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education. Firg Protection Specialist, CDC
RU2056878C1 (en) Method of charging of self-actuated fire-extinguisher
Bonavito et al. US ARMY COMBAT CAPABILITIES DEVELOPMENT COMMAND CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER
Corps Flame, Riot Control Agents and Herbicide Operations
RU2262070C2 (en) System for simulation of emergency situations, emergency ejection of liguefied fuel inclusive
DE19717530A1 (en) Penetrator for attacking building, especially bunker
Peterfi Are the Improvised Chemical Weapons as Efficient as Media Claims They Are? Case Study: The Syrian War
US Army Test and Evaluation Command, Policy and Standardization Division Aberdeen Proving Ground United States Joint Ordnance Test Procedure (JOTP)-022 Safety and Suitability for Service Assessment Testing for Small Caliber Ammunition Less Than 20mm
Al-Haddad Simulating the Spread of Chemical Warfare Agents

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Country of ref document: JP