WO2003065541A1

WO2003065541A1 - Microprocessor-controlled high frequency charger

Info

Publication number: WO2003065541A1
Application number: PCT/US2003/002146
Authority: WO
Inventors: Michael Krieger; Roy Scott Vetitoe; Bruce Randolph
Original assignee: Vector Products, Inc.
Priority date: 2002-01-25
Filing date: 2003-01-24
Publication date: 2003-08-07
Also published as: ES2648976T3; US7564223B2; EP1476931A2; US20030141845A1; EP1476931B1; EP1476931A4; CN1669200A; AU2003209360A1; US6822425B2; WO2003065537A2; CA2485040A1; CA2474632C; CN1643762A; CA2474632A1; EP1476930A1; WO2003065537B1; US20080185996A1; CN100511917C; MXPA04007211A; WO2003065537A3

Abstract

A high frequency charger includes a charge circuit (12) for charging a depleted battery (21). A microprocessor (50) is provided to control the operation of the charger can detect various faults that occur during the charging of a battery, as well as perform diagnostic functions.

Description

Microprocessor-Controlled High Frequency Charger

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a battery charger or booster and in particular to a high frequency charger. Technical Background

One of the most common techniques for recharging storage batteries is simply placing a voltage source across the battery having a voltage which is greater than the battery voltage. The voltage difference causes a charging current to flow through the battery causing a reversal of the chemical reaction. The charging current decreases as the voltage difference between the charging voltage and the battery voltage decreases. Typically, the charging voltage is selected to be greater than the nominal battery voltage in order to cause a slight overcharge of the battery. The battery is deemed to be "charged" when the battery will accept no additional current. Frequently, this is through a simple visual inspection of an amp meter on the battery charger by the user of the battery charger. The battery charger may then be switched off. However, such a simple technique for recharging a battery, although inexpensive, does not provide optimum battery charging and provides very little information about the battery itself. The device does not permit optimal rapid charging of the battery and may lead to excessive overcharging of the battery that can permanently damage the battery and even lead to boiling of the battery electrochemicals causing an unsafe environment. On the other hand, undercharging of a battery results in a battery that is not capable of providing its full potential output. These problems are exacerbated in situations where the battery is rapidly charged using large charging currents. Further, to charge an automobile battery that is of insufficient electric power by providing power from another power source, like a battery charger, the power source and the battery must be connected through a pair of electric wires, typically having clamps at their ends for connection to the battery. Making this connection can be very dangerous if there is a problem with the connection. For example, it is well known that sparking or arcing often occurs when a connection is being attempted between a battery charger and a battery. Additionally, sparking or arcing may occur when the clamps are connected to the battery with a reverse polarity. Sparking or arcing can also occur even after an apparently good connection is made. The sparking or arcing may occur due to corroded or poor terminal connections.

In the past, the use of a delay circuit or "soft start" was used to prevent sparking. A delay circuit prevents power flow to the battery from occurring until a connection is made between the battery and the battery charger. This method helps to prevent sparking upon the initial connection of the battery and battery charger. However, it does not prevent any sparking that occurs as a result of poor or corroded connections, the existence of which can only be determined after current flow begins. Sparking or arcing may result in damage to the battery, and under certain circumstances, an explosion, fire and damage to the vehicle or to a person may result.

Thus, there is a need for a battery charger that can provide diagnostic information. The battery charger should be able to provide a high current output that is sufficient to start an automobile or other vehicle with a dead battery, yet be easy to construct and safe to operate .

DEFINITIONS:

In describing the invention, the following definitions are applicable throughout this application. A "computer" refers to any apparatus that is capable of accepting a structured input, processing the structured input according to prescribed rules, and producing results of the processing as output. Examples of a computer include a computer; a general -purpose computer; a supercomputer; a mainframe; a super minicomputer; a mini -computer; a workstation; a microcomputer; a processor; a server; an interactive television; a hybrid combination of a computer and an interactive television; and application-specific hardware to emulate a computer and/or software. A computer can have a single processor or multiple processors, which can operate in parallel and/or not in parallel . A computer also refers to two or more computers connected together via a network for transmitting or receiving information between the computers . An example of such a computer includes a distributed computer system for processing information via computers linked by a network. A "computer-readable medium" refers to any storage device used for storing data accessible by a computer. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a magnetic hard disk; a floppy disk; an optical disk, like a CD-ROM or a DVD; a magnetic tape; a memory chip (e.g., ROM or RAM); and a carrier wave used to carry computer-readable electronic data, such as those used in transmitting and receiving e-mail or in accessing a network.

"Software" refers to prescribed rules to operate a computer. Examples of software include software; code segments; instructions; computer programs; and programmed logic .

A "computer system" refers to a system having a computer, where the computer comprises a computer- readable medium embodying software to operate the computer .

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to an embodiment of the invention, a high frequency charger for charging a battery is provided. The charger comprises a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer. A first switch switches the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency. A filter is coupled to the first high frequency transformer for passing a DC voltage signal . Means for measuring a charge rate of the battery, means for determining an amount of time the battery has been charging, means for measuring a voltage of the battery; and means for detecting al least one of an overtime fault, a shorted cell fault, a bad battery fault, and an open cell fault based on at least one of the charge rate, the amount of time, and the battery voltage are also provided.

In another embodiment, a method for reducing arcing in a battery charger comprises: providing a test current that is lower than a charging current from the battery charger to a battery; detecting if the test current is present at the battery; if the test current is not detected at the battery, indicating a fault; and if the test current is detected at the battery, increasing the test current a predetermined amount and returning to the detecting step.

According to yet another embodiment of the invention, computer-readable information storage medium for use with a computer controlling a high frequency charger comprising a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a boost circuit including a second high frequency transformer; a second switch switching the second high frequency transformer at a second frequency, and a selector for selecting one of a charge mode for charging a depleted battery and a boost mode for supplying a boosting current to start a vehicle with the depleted battery, the computer-readable information storage medium storing computer-readable program code for causing the computer to perform the steps of : detecting a selected mode of operation; if the boost mode is selected, controlling the boost circuit to supplying a boosting current to the depleted battery; checking for a rapid rise in voltage after the vehicle has been started; if the rapid rise in voltage is present, indicating the alternator is working properly; and if the rapid rise in voltage is not present, indicating the alternator is not working properly. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, a high frequency charger for charging a battery, comprises a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a filter coupled to the first high frequency transformers for passing a DC voltage signal; means for coupling a resistance in parallel with the battery; means for measuring a voltage of the battery while the battery is coupled to the resistance; and means for correlating the measured voltage to a CCA value. The above and other features of the invention, along with attendant benefits and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 is a block diagram of a battery charger according to a further embodiment of the invention.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of a battery charger according to a further embodiment of the invention.

Figures 3 and 4 are flow diagrams of a method according to an embodiment of the invention.

Figure 5 is a flow diagram of a method according to another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Figure 1 is a block diagram of a battery charger according to another embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment shown in Figure 1 includes a microprocessor that controls many of the functions of the battery charger. The high frequency transformer portion 8 typically receives a DC signal as its input . The DC signal can be provided from a battery or from an AC input. In the embodiment illustrated, an AC input 2, which may be provided by a typical wall -socket, is coupled to a filter 4, for example, a pi filter or an LC filter. The filter 4 is used to smooth and clean the AC input. An AC signal output from the filter 4 is provided to conventional rectifiers and filtering capacitors 6 for rectifying the AC signal. The rectifier is preferably a full-wave rectifier of a type known to one skilled in the art and provides a DC output of, for example, approximately 150 volts DC. The full -wave rectified and filtered DC output from rectifier 6 is provided to the high frequency transformer portion 8 of the battery charger. The high frequency transformer portion 8 includes a charge circuit 12 and a boost circuit 16. The transformers are turned on and off at a high frequency, for example, about 20kHz and above. This switching causes the transformers to behave as though their input is AC. This switching can be accomplished using essentially any type of switch, for example, a field effect transistor (FET) or other electronic switch. The high frequency transformers 14, 18 of the illustrated embodiment are switched by switches 22, 24, respectively, coupled thereto. The charge circuit 12 is capable of operation in two modes, a charge mode and a pulse mode. In the charge mode, the charge circuit 12 operates to charge a battery. In the pulse mode, the charge circuit 12 operates to condition or desulfate a battery. A user may select between one of these two modes via selector 30. In this embodiment, a microprocessor 50 is coupled to switches 22, 24, which may, for example, comprise FETs, and to the high frequency transformer portion 8. A display 52 is also coupled to the microprocessor 50. The display 52 is used to display various diagnostic and output information regarding the battery charger. User controls for turning the battery charger on and off, as well as the selectors 26, 30 may also be coupled to the microprocessor 50. The microprocessor 50 can be programmed to perform essentially all of the control functions needed for operation of the battery charger. For example, the microprocessor 50 can be programmed to control the charging process. When the charge/pulse selector 30 is actuated to select the charge mode, the microprocessor 50 receives this selection and controls the charging operation of the battery. This can be accomplished using the well-known negative delta V or other charge technique known to those of skill in the art. When the charge/pulse switch 30 is actuated to select the pulse mode, the microprocessor 50 receives this selection and controls the battery charger to perform the desulfation process. The microprocessor 50 may also include a timer such that the battery charger automatically shuts down after a predetermined period of time. The microprocessor 50 can also monitor the charging operation. By way of a feedback circuit described below or other means, the microprocessor 50 can monitor the voltage and/or current being supplied to the battery from the battery charger and the voltage and/or current of the battery and can detect short circuits or other faults, as described in more detail below. A resistive divider may be used to provide the voltage and current measurements to the microprocessor' s A/D input. A visual or audio indication of the faults, for example on display 52, is given. A scrolling message describing the fault, a representative code, or other message may be displayed. The microprocessor 50 can also be programmed to control the actual pulse width modulation function.

In a further embodiment, the circuit shown in Figure 1 may include a logic setting that allows the high frequency charger to provide a power supply 56. The power supply 56 may be accessed via a typical cigarette plug adapter provided on the battery charger. Figure 1 also illustrates a feedback circuit that may be provided to prevent the battery from being overcharged. The feedback circuit ensures that the proper amount of current is supplied to the battery. An opto- isolator 58 is coupled between the microprocessor 50 and the battery 21 being charged and provides information regarding the battery charging process to the microprocessor.

Additional polarity and short-circuit protection circuitry can also be provided, as shown in the embodiment of Figure 2. Figure 2 is a partial schematic diagram of a battery charger showing only the short circuit and polarity protection elements to simplify the understanding of this embodiment. Other elements of the battery charger can be included as shown in Figure 1.

In this embodiment, the battery charger is provided with a polarity detection circuit. Only when the polarity detection circuit detects that the battery is connected to the battery charger with correct polarity is power supplied to the battery. Typically, the battery charger includes a pair of clamps 60, 61 for connection to the positive terminal and the negative terminal, respectively, of the battery to be charged 21. The polarity detection circuit detects the polarity of the connection of clamps 60, 61 to battery 21 and provides a corresponding signal to the microprocessor 50. In response to the signal from polarity detection circuit, the microprocessor controls the operation of the battery charger to begin the charging process and supply power to the battery 21 or to indicate an incorrect polarity. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2, the polarity detection circuit includes an opto-isolator 62 connected to clamps 60, 61 and to microprocessor 50. The opto-isolator includes a light-emitting diode (LED) 63 and a phototransistor 65. When the battery 21 is connected with correct polarity, clamp 60 is connected to the positive terminal and clamp 61 is connected to the negative terminal of the battery 21. LED 63 is then forward biased and turns on phototransistor 65. When the phototransistor 65 is turned on, it provides a logic high signal to a pin a4 of the microprocessor 50. The logic high signal indicates to the microprocessor 50 that a correct polarity connection has been made. Connecting clamp 60 to the negative terminal of battery 21 reverse biases the LED 63, and no signal is provided to the microprocessor 50.

In response to the logic high signal, the microprocessor 50 outputs a control signal to a control circuit for completing the connection between the battery charger and the battery 21. Here, the control circuit includes a transistor 72 coupled between one of the clamps 60, 61 and the charger circuit. Transistor 72 acts as a switch to connect battery 21 to the charger circuit. Only when switch 72 is closed will transistor 69 complete the connection between the battery charger and the battery 21. The opening and closing of transistor 72 is controlled via transistors 69 and 70. A control electrode of transistor 69 receives the control signal from the microprocessor. When the control signal is received, transistor 69 turns on, which, in turn, turns on transistor 70. Current flow through transistor 70 activates a control electrode for transistor 72 and turns transistor 72 on, completing the circuit between the charger circuit and battery 21. Only when the control signal is provided to transistor 69 is it possible for transistor 72 to be turned on.

Once a correct polarity connection has been established, the transistor 72 may remain on even after clamps 60, 61 are disconnected from the battery 21. The disconnected clamps are thus still powered-up. Therefore, a means for detecting the presence of a battery at the clamps may be provided. The microprocessor 50 can be programmed to detect when the clamps 60, 61 are disconnected and, in response, turn transistor 72 off. A voltage divider comprised of resistors 74 and 76 is provided for this purpose. The voltage divider divides the voltage across the clamps 60, 61 and provides a portion of this voltage to the microprocessor 50. When the clamps are disconnected from the battery 21, the voltage across the clamps 60, 61 will greatly increase. The voltage provided by the voltage divider will also increase in a corresponding manner. When the voltage provided to the microprocessor 50 exceeds a selected amount, for example, 18 volts, the microprocessor 50 detects that the clamps 60, 61 have been disconnected and immediately turns off transistors 69 and 70, which turns off transistor 72. Various resistors, such as resistor 78, may also be included in the circuit . According to another embodiment of the invention, the means for detecting the presence of a battery at the clamps may detect the presence of a current flowing through the clamps 60, 61, instead of, or in addition to the voltage across the clamps. The presence of a current flowing through the clamps 60, 61 may indicate whether the clamps 60, 61 are connected to a battery. A current flows through the clamps when they are connected to a battery and no current should flow through the clamps when they are not connected to a battery. The microprocessor 50 is adapted to detect current flowing through the clamps 60, 61. When no current is detected, the microprocessor 50 detects that the clamps 60, 61 have been disconnected and immediately turns off transistors 69 and 70, which, in turn, turns off transistor 72.

The means for detecting the presence of a battery at the clamps may also be used to detect a bad battery or a battery whose voltage is too low to be charged. Normally, even a dead battery has some voltage, usually about 3-5 volts. Occasionally, however, a battery does not have any voltage as it is so deeply discharged that the battery is totally dead. This type of battery cannot be immediately charged, if it can be charged at all. When the clamps of the battery charger are connected to this type of battery, it is as if the battery charger is not connected to anything. As the voltage of such a battery is extremely low, the microprocessor 50 does not detect any voltage across the clamps. A fault is displayed if an attempt is made to charge the battery. This type of fault will also occur if no connection or a poor connection is made to the battery 21 and the charger is activated. When the fault occurs, the microprocessor 50 can be programmed to display a suggestion to a user that the battery be reconditioned before charging is attempted or to check if the clamps are properly connected to a battery. In another embodiment of the invention, the microprocessor 50 is programmed to determine the cold- cranking amps (CCA) available from the battery 21. CCA is the amount of power exerted by a battery when starting a vehicle on a cold day. The definition by Battery Council International (BCI) is the discharge load in amperes which a new fully charged battery at 0 degrees Farenheit can deliver for 30 seconds and maintain a voltage of 1.2 volts per cell or higher. CCA is determined in the described embodiment by connecting a resistance in parallel with the battery 21. The resistance should be connected for a short period of time so not to drain the battery. The voltage of the battery is determined when under the load of the resistance. The lower the voltage of the battery under the load, the lower the CCA of the battery. The microprocessor is programmed to correlate the measured voltage to a CCA value. The CCA value may then be displayed to the user.

Turning now to Figures 3 and 4, here are illustrated flow diagrams of a software program that can be used to control the operation of the microprocessor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. At the start of the program, the battery charger is initialized, steps 100-108. The microprocessor checks the state of the various user controls that may be provided on the battery charger. These controls may include, for example, the charge/pulse selector 30, the boost selector 26, and any other user controls. The state of the input controls is checked after a predetermined period of time has passed, for example, 200 microseconds, in order to allow the control signals to reach the microprocessor. During this initialization process and throughout the charging process, the microprocessor can detect various faults with the battery charger. For example, the battery charger may be provided with a temperature sensor that can detect the temperature of the battery. If the temperature of the battery is above a prescribed temperature, the microprocessor determines that the battery is overheated and shuts down the battery charger. A fault message may also be shown on display 52 indicating the overheated condition. If the sensed temperature is below the prescribed limit, the charging process proceeds . Next, the microprocessor determines which of the operating modes (charging, pulsing, boosting, etc.) has been selected, steps 110-112. In the embodiment shown in figures 3 and 4, the processes for the charging mode and the battery-conditioning mode are illustrated. If none of the available operating modes has been selected, the process returns to the initialization step and checks the state of the input controls again. Once an operating mode is selected, that selection may be shown to the user via display 52. For example, if the battery-conditioning mode has been selected, this selection is shown to the user via display 52, step 114. The battery conditioning mode is then begun. A timer is checked to determine if the battery charger has previously been operating in the battery- conditioning mode for a predetermined period of time. In this embodiment, it is checked if the battery charger has been operating in the battery-conditioning mode for 24 hours. If the charger has been operating in the battery-conditioning mode for more than 24 hours, the battery conditioning process is complete and the process returns to the initialization step 102. If the battery conditioning process has been ongoing for less than 24 hours, the battery conditioning process continues, steps 118-124.

When the microprocessor detects that the charge mode has been selected, the process proceeds to step 126. Here, the charging current being supplied to the battery 21 is shown to the user via display 52. The microprocessor detects if the charging process is complete. This may be done by checking if a flag indicating that the charging process is complete is set. If the charge complete flag is set, the charger is turned off and a charge complete indicator, for example, an LED, is activated to indicate to a user that charging is complete. The process then returns to the initialization stage and awaits further instructions via the user input, steps 128-132. If the charge complete flag is not set, the process proceeds to step 134 (in Figure 4) and detects if a battery is connected to the charger. This check can prevent current from being supplied from the battery charger unless a battery is connected to the battery charger, preventing a potentially hazardous situation. The means for detecting the presence of a battery at the clamps discussed above in connection with figure 2 can be perform this check. Additionally, the process for detecting a bad battery or a battery that has a voltage too low to be charged as described above may also be performed at this time. If a bad battery, a low voltage battery or no battery is detected, a fault is displayed; the charger may then be disabled in step 136, and the process returns to the initialization stage .

When a connection to a battery is detected, the microprocessor enables PWM controller 23 to generate a driving signal for FET switch 22, steps 138-142. If the charging process has already been initiated, these steps may be skipped. Next, it is determined if the battery charger is operating in a bulk charging mode or an absorption charging mode. Examining an absorption stage flag makes this determination. If the absorption stage flag is set, the battery is in the absorption charging mode, and the process proceeds according to step 168. If the absorption stage flag is not set, the battery is still in the bulk charging mode. The process then proceeds with step 146 to continue the bulk charging mode and to determine when the bulk charging mode has been completed.

Additional fault checks may be performed at this time to ensure the charging operation is proceeding correctly, steps 146-154. The fault checks may also be performed at other times during the process. The microprocessor can detect various faults, including a shorted cell battery, an open cell battery, and an overtime allowed for the charging process, among others . Various measurement means are provided to measure the required parameters and to supply this information to the microprocessor.

If a battery has a shorted cell, it is unlikely that the battery voltage will increase as it is attempted to charge the battery. However, charging must be attempted for some period of time before it can be determined if the battery has a shorted cell. The microprocessor can be programmed to monitor the voltage, current, and time of charging to detect a shorted cell. If a charge rate is greater than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging more a predetermined amount of time, and the voltage of the battery is less than or equal to a predetermined voltage, a shorted cell is detected. For example, if the charge rate of the battery is greater than 2 amps, the battery has been charging for more than 1 hour, and the voltage of the battery is less than or equal to about 11 volts, the charger is turned off, and a shorted cell fault is indicated to the user. The process for detecting an open cell battery is similar to the process for detecting a shorted cell battery. An open cell battery typically has some voltage due to leakage between the open cell and its connectors. However, the open cell battery does not have the ability to either accept or deliver current. When the battery charger is connected to an open cell battery, the microprocessor detects a voltage at the clamps of the battery charger, but when the charging process begins, no appreciable current is detected. If no current is detected after a predetermined period of time, for example five minutes, an open cell battery is detected and the appropriate fault displayed. If an open cell or shorted cell fault is not detected, the process may proceed to step 156.

Step 156 determines if the battery has been charging for an extended period of time, yet the charging process is not complete, an overtime fault. There may be situations when the voltage of a battery increases during charging, in contrast to a shorted cell battery, but the battery is not fully charged within a predetermined period of time. This can happen, for example, on a very large battery which is being charged at a very low current rate. A 100 amp hour battery cannot be charged with a change rate of 2 amps in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, the charge rate is too low to finish charging in a reasonable period of time and a fault is indicated. Additionally, another type of failure mode in a battery can cause this same circumstance, that is, a battery with a severe internal leakage . An overtime fault occurs if a predetermined voltage is not reached within a predetermined time period, yet the called for current is still flowing. When these conditions are met, an overtime fault is indicated on the display For example, referring to steps 150-156 of figure 3, it is determined if the battery has been charging for over 18 hours. If so, the battery has been charging a substantial period of time, and yet the battery voltage is not over 12 volts, per step 150. Thus, a fault is detected and the process proceeds to step 152, where the charger is turned off, and then to step 154, where a fault is indicated.

If the battery has not been charging for 18 hours, the process continues with step 158. Step 158 utilizes feedback from the battery to adjust the duty cycle of the signal driving the FET 22. If the actual current being provided from the battery charger is greater than or equal to the desired current, the duty cycle of the driving signal is decreased, step 160. If the actual current is less than the desired current, then the duty cycle of the driving signal is increased, step 162. Next, it is determined if the voltage of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined voltage, for example, 14 volts, for at least a predetermined period of time, for example, 2 seconds, step 164. If the voltage of the battery has not been greater than or equal to 14 volts for at least 2 seconds, the process returns to the initialization stage. On the other hand, if the voltage of the battery has been greater than or equal to 14 volts for more than 2 seconds and the battery has not been charging for a predetermined time, for example 15 hours (step 166) , a fault is indicated, and the process proceeds to steps 152 and 154. Otherwise, the process proceeds to step 200 and the flag for the absorption stage is set. The process then returns to the initialization stage and begins again.

If a flag for the absorption stage has been set, the process proceeds from step 144 to step 168. If the battery voltage is greater than or equal to the predetermined voltage, for example, 14 volts, the duty cycle of the driving signal is decreased. If the voltage is less than 14 volts, the duty cycle of the driving signal is increased, steps 168-172. Next, it is determined if the current of the battery is greater than or equal to the bulk charging current. If the current is greater than or equal to the bulk charging current, the duty cycle of the driving signal is decreased, otherwise no change to the duty cycle is made, steps 174-176. A check is then performed to determine if the absorption charge mode is complete. If the voltage of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined voltage, for example 14 volts, and the battery has been charging for a predetermined time, for example 2 hours, the absorption charge mode is complete and the flag for a complete charge is set, steps 178-200. The charging process is complete, and the process then returns to the initialization stage and awaits further instructions.

The microprocessor 50 may also be used to conduct a test of an alternator of a vehicle with a depleted battery. When the alternator of a vehicle is working properly, the voltage level of the discharged battery 21 rises rapidly immediately after the vehicle and ^'battery are jump-started. The rapid rise in voltage can be detected by the microprocessor 50 based on the signals the microprocessor receives from opto-isolator circuit 62. If a rapid rise in voltage is detected, a message that the alternator is working properly may be shown on display 52. If no rapid rise in voltage is detected, then a message that the alternator is malfunctioning may be shown on display 52. The rapid rise in voltage may vary depending on how depleted the discharged battery is. The microprocessor should be programmed to account for this variance.

Another fault that may be detected by the microprocessor is an overheated charger. The charger may become overheated due to restricted airflow or an internal failure. A temperature sensor that measures the internal temperature of the charger can be coupled to the microprocessor. When the microprocessor detects that the temperature of the internal electronics of the battery charger is too high, a fault is detected and shown on display 52.

In a further embodiment of the invention, a method of electrically testing a connection between the battery charger and the battery to be charged is provided. The method enables this connection to be tested before high current levels that may result in a spark or arcing are available. According to this embodiment, an amount of current less than the total available charging current is initially provided from the battery charger. It is then determined if this smaller amount of current is present at the battery being charged. If so, the current level provided from the battery charger is gradually increased, for example, in a step wise manner or according to a ramp function. The current provided from the battery charger is checked at various increments to determine if the current provided from the battery charger is present at the battery being charged. If the current from the battery charger is present at the battery being charged, the increase of the current continues until the desired charging current is reached. If, at any point during the increase of current, the current from the battery charger is not present at the battery being charged, a fault may be detected. When a fault is detected, the current from the battery charger can be reduced to a lower, safer level that does not produce a spark or arcing. A flow chart relating to this embodiment of the invention is illustrated in Figure 5. First, the battery charger is coupled to the battery being charged, per step 202. The battery charger may have an available output current of about 6 amps, for example. Initially, a far lower current, for example, 0.5 amps, is provided from the battery charger as a test current, step 204. In step 206, a test is performed to detect the presence of the 0.5 amp test current at the battery being charged. If the test current is not detected, a fault is indicated, and the charging process may stop, per step 208. In step 210, it is determined if the test current is equal to the desired charging current. If so, the charging continues at the desired charging current, step 212. Otherwise the process proceeds to step 214. In this case, the 0.5 amp test current is present at the battery being charged, and the current provided from the battery charger is increased to the next level, for example, 0.75 amps. The process then returns to step 206 to detect the increased current and so on. Stepping or ramping up the current in this manner detects a faulty connection between the battery charger and the battery being charged prior to high currents that can produce sparks being provided to the battery. The microprocessor may be programmed to operate the battery charger in this manner. Accordingly, a high frequency charger and method of operating a high frequency charger are provided. The use of high frequency transformers provides several advantages. For example, as long as the switching frequency is high enough, iron is not needed for the core of the transformers. A very light substance, for example, ferrite, can be used, greatly reducing the weight and unwieldiness of known devices . Additionally, the secondary winding of the transformers may have a small number of windings, for example, as few as four turns of wire. In comparison, a conventional transformer can require over 100 turns of wire. The higher the frequency, the less wire is needed, further reducing the cost required to manufacture the device. The embodiments illustrated and discussed in this specification are intended only to teach those skilled in the art the best way known to the inventors to make and use the invention. Nothing in this specification should be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. The above-described embodiments of the invention may be modified or varied, and elements added or omitted, without departing from the invention, as appreciated by those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. For example, the processes described above may be performed in an order different from that described above.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A high frequency charger for charging a battery, comprising : a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a filter coupled to the first high frequency transformer for passing a DC voltage signal; means for measuring a charge rate of the battery; means for determining an amount of time the battery has been charging; means for measuring a voltage of the battery; and means for detecting at least one of an overtime fault, a shorted cell fault, a bad battery fault, and an open cell fault based on at least one of the charge rate, the charging time, and the battery voltage.

2. The charger of claim 1, wherein the means for detecting detects at least the overtime fault and wherein the overtime fault is detected when the charge rate is greater than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging longer than a predetermined amount of time, and the voltage of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined voltage.

3. The charger claim 1, further comprising a display that visually indicates at least one of the faults.

4. The charger claim 2, wherein the predetermined current is 2 amps, the predetermined time is 18 hours, and the predetermined voltage is 12 volts.

5. The charger of claim 1, wherein the means for detecting detects at least the shorted cell battery fault and wherein the shorted cell battery fault is detected when the charge rate is greater than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging more a predetermined amount of time, and the battery voltage is less than or equal to a predetermined voltage .

6. The charger claim 5, wherein the predetermined time is 1 hour, and the predetermined voltage is 11 volts .

7. The charger of claim 1, wherein the means for detecting detects at least the bad battery fault and wherein the bad battery fault is detected when no battery voltage is measured by the means for measuring.

8. A high frequency charger of claim 1, wherein the means for detecting detects the open cell battery fault and wherein the open cell battery fault is detected when the charge current is less than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging more a predetermined amount of time, and the battery voltage is greater than or equal to a predetermined voltage.

9. A computer-readable information storage medium for use with a computer controlling a high frequency charger comprising a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a boost circuit including a second high frequency transformer; a second switch switching the second high frequency transformer at a second frequency, and a selector for selecting one of a charge mode for charging a depleted battery and a boost mode for supplying a boosting current to start a vehicle with the depleted battery, the computer-readable information storage medium storing computer-readable program code for causing the computer to perform the steps of : detecting a selected mode of operation; if the boost mode is selected, controlling the boost circuit to supplying a boosting current to the depleted battery; checking for a rapid rise in voltage after the vehicle has been started; indicating the alternator is working properly if the rapid rise in voltage is present; and indicating the alternator is not working properly if the rapid rise in voltage is not present .

10. A computer-readable information storage medium for use with a computer controlling a high frequency charger comprising a charge circuit including a high frequency transformer; a switch switching the high frequency transformer at a predetermined frequency, the computer-readable information storage medium storing containing software implementing a method of reducing arcing in a battery charger, the method comprising the steps of : providing a test current that is lower than a charging current from the battery charger to a battery; detecting if the test current is present at the battery; indicating a fault if the test current is not detected at the battery; and increasing the test current a predetermined amount and returning to the detecting step if the test current is detected at the battery.

11. A computer-readable information storage medium for use with a computer controlling a high frequency charger for charging a battery, comprising a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a filter coupled to the first high frequency transformer for passing a DC voltage signal, the computer-readable information storage medium storing computer-readable program code for causing the computer to perform the steps of : measuring a charge rate of the battery; determining an amount of time the battery has been charging; measuring a battery voltage; and detecting at least one of an overtime fault, a shorted cell fault, a bad battery fault, and an open cell fault based on at least one of the charge rate, the amount of time, and the battery voltage.

12. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 11 further comprising code for causing the computer to perform the step of visually indicating at least one of the faults on a display.

13. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 11 further comprising code for causing the computer to perform the step of detecting at least the overtime fault and wherein the overtime fault is detected when the charge rate is greater than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging longer than a predetermined amount of time, and the battery voltage is greater than or equal to a predetermined voltage.

14. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 13, wherein the predetermined current is 2 amps, the predetermined time is 18 hours, and the predetermined voltage is 12 volts.

15. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 11 further comprising code for causing the computer to perform the step of detecting at least the shorted cell battery fault and wherein the shorted cell battery fault is detected when the charge rate is greater than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging more a predetermined amount of time, and the battery voltage is less than or equal to a predetermined voltage.

16. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 15, wherein the predetermined time is 1 hour, and the predetermined voltage is 11 volts.

17. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 11 further comprising code for causing the computer to perform the steps of : detecting at least the bad battery fault; indicating the bad battery fault if no battery voltage is detected; and proceeding with a charging operation if the battery voltage is detected.

18. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 11 further comprising code for causing the computer to perform the step of detecting at least the open cell battery fault and wherein the open cell battery fault is detected when the charge current is less than a predetermined current, the battery has been charging more a predetermined amount of time, and the battery voltage is greater than or equal to a predetermined voltage.

19. The computer-readable information storage medium of claim 11, further comprising computer-readable program code for causing a computer to perform the step of turning the battery charger off if a battery to be charged is not connected to the battery charger.

20. A method of reducing arcing in a battery charger, comprising : providing a test current that is lower than a charging current from the battery charger to a battery; detecting if the test current is present at the battery; indicating a fault if the test current is not detected at the battery; and increasing the test current a predetermined amount and returning to the detecting step if the test current is detected at the battery.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising providing a current lower than the test current to the battery and returning to the detecting step if the test current is not detected at the battery.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the test current is increased according to a ramp function.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the test current is increased according to a step function.

24. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of using pulse width modulation to control the current provided from the battery charger.

25. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of determining if the test current equals a selected current and, if so, continuing charging at the selected current, otherwise returning to the detecting step .

26. A high frequency charger for charging a battery, comprising : a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a filter coupled to the first high frequency transformer for passing a DC voltage signal; means for coupling a resistance in parallel with the battery; means for measuring a voltage of the battery while the battery is coupled to the resistance; and means for correlating the measured voltage to a CCA value .

27. The charger claim 26, further comprising a display and wherein the CCA is visually indicated on the display.

28. A computer-readable information storage medium for use with a computer controlling a high frequency charger for charging a battery, comprising a charge circuit including a first high frequency transformer; a first switch switching the first high frequency transformer at a first frequency; a filter coupled to the first high frequency transformer for passing a DC voltage signal, the computer-readable information storage medium storing computer-readable program code for causing the computer to perform the steps of : coupling a resistance in parallel with the battery; measuring a voltage of the battery while the battery is coupled to the resistance; and correlating the measured voltage to a CCA value.