WO2003040703A1 - Detection de diffusion de lumiere - Google Patents

Detection de diffusion de lumiere Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003040703A1
WO2003040703A1 PCT/US2002/035075 US0235075W WO03040703A1 WO 2003040703 A1 WO2003040703 A1 WO 2003040703A1 US 0235075 W US0235075 W US 0235075W WO 03040703 A1 WO03040703 A1 WO 03040703A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
passage
carrier
axis
light
fluid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/035075
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gregory M. Quist
Craig Tisserat
Original Assignee
Pointsource Technologies, Llc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/058,637 external-priority patent/US6590652B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/062,247 external-priority patent/US6573992B1/en
Application filed by Pointsource Technologies, Llc. filed Critical Pointsource Technologies, Llc.
Publication of WO2003040703A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003040703A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N15/1434—Optical arrangements
    • G01N15/1436—Optical arrangements the optical arrangement forming an integrated apparatus with the sample container, e.g. a flow cell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/01—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials specially adapted for biological cells, e.g. blood cells
    • G01N2015/019—Biological contaminants; Fouling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
    • G01N15/0205—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
    • G01N2015/025—Methods for single or grouped particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N2015/1493—Particle size
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N2015/1497—Particle shape

Definitions

  • a microscopic particle such as a particular specie of bacteria lying in a fluid such as water or air, can be identified by detecting its pattern of light scatter when it passes through a light beam.
  • a plurality of photodetectors detect light scattered in different directions from a laser beam.
  • a laser beam and multiple photodetectors can be immersed in a contaminated fluid, this has a disadvantage that the laser and photodetectors may be coated with a slime or other material in the fluid and may become contaminated so that they require decontamination before they are handled.
  • a system which enabled detection and/or identification of microscopic particles in a fluid by photodetectors that detect scattered light from a laser, which isolated the laser and photodetectors from the fluid and enabled the detection of light scattered at large angles, would be value.
  • an apparatus for the detection and/or identification of microscopic particles in fluid, of the type that includes a light source and multiple photodetectors, which isolates the light source and photodetectors from the fluid and which enables the detection of light scattered at a large angle.
  • the apparatus includes a solid light-passing material such as glass, having internal walls forming a passage through which flows fluid to be analyzed, and having an outside surface at or beyond which the photodetectors are positioned. The passage confines fluid flow to a narrow path that passes through the light beam, and the photodetectors are isolated from the fluid because they lie outside the glass carrier.
  • the glass carrier has a spherical outside surface centered substantially on a detect zone that lies in the passage and along the beam.
  • the carrier has a cylindrical bore extending from its top to its bottom.
  • the spherical outer surface results in scattered light passing out of the sphere in a direction largely normal to the surface of the sphere.
  • Fig. 1 is an isometric view of a particle identification system that is largely of the prior art.
  • Fig. 2 is an isometric view of a system of one embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a sectional side view of a portion of the system of Fig. 4, showing the paths of scattered light through water, through glass of the carrier, and into air surrounding the carrier.
  • Fig. 4 is an isometric view of a system of another embodiment of the invention, wherein the carrier has a largely spherical outside shape.
  • Fig. 5 is a sectional view of the carrier of Fig. 4, showing the paths of light scattered from a particle in water, through the water, through the glass of the carrier, and into the surrounding air.
  • Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken on line 6-6 of Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken on line 7-7 of Fig. 6, showing the cross sectional shape of the laser beam.
  • Fig. 8 is an isometric view of a fluid handling system that includes the spherical carrier of Fig. 4 and apparatus for sealing to it and for flowing fluid through it.
  • Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a portion of the system of Fig. 8, showing the transition between an input conduit and the glass sphere.
  • Fig. 10 is an isometric view of a carrier constructed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, wherein the outer surface of the carrier is divided into three bands that are differently angled from the axis of the carrier.
  • Fig. 11 is a sectional view of the carrier of Fig. 10.
  • Fig. 12 is an isometric view of a carrier of another embodiment of the invention, wherein the outside of the carrier has only two bands that are differently angled from the axis, and flat spots for a light beam to enter and leave the carrier.
  • Fig. 13 is a sectional view of a carrier suitable for identifying particles in air.
  • Fig. 14 is an isometric view of a system of another embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 15 is a sectional view taken on line 15-15 of Fig. 14.
  • Fig. 16 is a partial sectional view taken on line 16-16 of Fig. 14.
  • Fig. 1 shows a scatter detect system 10 which includes a laser 12 that generates a narrow laser beam 14 that passes through fluid 16.
  • a laser beam of red light of a wavelength of 0.6 microns
  • a fluid 16 which is water that may contain pathogenic bacteria.
  • the light wavelength can extend from infrared through visible to ultraviolet and to far ultraviolet or even soft x-rays.
  • the laser beam passes through a detect zone 20 to a dump 22 that captures most of the laser beam energy.
  • the fluid moves along the direction of arrow D to carry the particles to be identified, some of which will pass through the detect zone 20 lying along the laser beam. When a particle passes through the detect zone, light of the laser beam is scattered by the particles.
  • the scattered light (including light generated by luminescence) is detected by several detectors such as photodetectors 30.
  • the outputs of the several detectors can be analyzed by a computer program designed to identify the particle. We note that it is useful to merely detect the presence and/or number of particles per unit volume in some applications (e.g. to test purified water to be used in scientific analysis).
  • Fig.2 illustrates a carrier 40 formed by a glass pipe having cylindrical inside and outside surfaces 42, 44.
  • the laser 12 lies outside the glass pipe and directs a laser beam through one side of the glass wall 46 of the pipe and through the axis 50 of the pipe.
  • the laser beam passes through fluid such as water lying in the pipe and exits through an opposite side of the wall 46 of the pipe.
  • photodetectors 30 lying outside the pipe.
  • the cylindrical glass carrier 40 provides the advantages that the laser 12, dump 22 and photodetectors 30 are all isolated from fluid in the passage 48 that extends through the glass pipe.
  • the passage 48 can be made to have a moderately small diameter so that a greater proportion of the particles in the fluid will pass through the detect zone, to allow an analysis using a smaller sample of fluid.
  • the carrier 40 has certain disadvantages, including the fact that light scattered at a large angle to the horizontal will not pass through the glass wall 46 of the pipe, as explained below.
  • Fig. 3 shows that paths of light scattered by a particle in the detect zone 20 that lies along the laser beam 14.
  • the laser beam travels along the laser beam direction 14D which is perpendicular to the passage axis 50.
  • the detect zone 20 that particles pass through lies in water 51 that is contained in the fluid container or carrier 40 whose wall 46 has inside and outside cylindrical surfaces.
  • the index of refraction of water is 1.33, while the index of refraction of one common type of glass is 1.55.
  • the scattered light moves through the glass along a path portion 62 that is angled 17° from the horizontal laser direction.
  • the scattered light emerges from the interface 64 between the glass and air 70, the light moves along a path portion 72 that is angled by 27° from the laser direction 14D.
  • Light moving along path portion 72 is detected by one of the detectors 30. Similarly, light scattered from the detect zone 20 and moving at an angle B of 40° from the laser beam direction 14D moves along a path portion 82.
  • the path portion 84 in the glass is angled 33.5° from the laser direction 14D.
  • the light continues in the air along path portion 86 that is angled 59° from the laser direction, to another detector.
  • Light scattered from a particle at the detect zone 20 at an angle C of 50° from the laser beam direction 14D will move along path portion 92.
  • the light then moves in the glass along path portion 94 which is at an angle of 41 ° from the laser beam direction 14D.
  • the beam moving along path portion 94 encounters the interface 64 between the glass and air, the beam will be totally reflected from the container outer surface 44 along path portion 96.
  • Figs. 4-6 illustrate a container or carrier 110 of the present invention, which enables the laser and photodetectors to lie isolated from the fluid, while allowing the detection of lights scattering at a wide angle from the beam direction.
  • Fig. 4 shows that the carrier is in the shape of a largely spherical lens 112 with glass walls 114 forming a passage 116 in which fluid can be contained or through which fluid can pass, where the fluid contains particles whose scattering patterns are to be detected.
  • the spherical outer surface 118 is centered approximately on a detect zone 124 in the passage.
  • the bore that forms that passage 116 is of cylindrical shape with smooth walls, and has an axis 120.
  • the beam 14 generated by a laser 12 passes into one side 122 of the spherical lens and passes through the axis 120 that lies at the center of the cylindrical passage.
  • the detect zone 124 lies at the intersection of the laser beam and the axis 120.
  • the fluid flows along the downward direction of arrow 130 through the passage, and some particles in the fluid will pass through the detect zone. Whenever a particle passes through the detect zone, light from that particle will be scattered.
  • photodetectors 132 positioned to detect light scattered from the detect zone 124.
  • the photodetectors are positioned to detect light that passes along predetermined paths to the locations of the photodetectors. Most of the laser beam energy reaches the dump 134 where it is absorbed.
  • Fig. 5 shows that the laser beam 14 initially passes through air 70, and then passes through the air-glass interface 142 at the rear side 122 of the spherical lens.
  • the laser beam moves along path 144 that carries it through the glass-fluid interface 146.
  • the interface 146 is a glass-water interface.
  • the beam then passes through the detect zone 124 where light of the beam is scattered by any particle that lies in the detect zone. Most of the light continues along the path portion 152 in the water, along the path portion 154 in the glass, and through the air into the dump 134.
  • the laser beam path 14D is assumed to be horizontal.
  • the light passes approximately normal to, which means perpendicular to or at an angle of 90° to, the surface 118 of the lens at the location of the beam 172. Accordingly, the light at path 172 does not change direction appreciably, but continues substantially along the direction of path 172 to the corresponding photodetector 132C.
  • light scattered from the detect zone 22 at an angle of more than 50° from the laser beam direction 14D would pass through the lens to a detector.
  • Fig. 5 shows light scattered from the detect zone 124 at an angle of 70°to the horizontal and moving along a path 180.
  • the light then moves along a path portion 182 within the lens, which is angled 53° from the horizontal.
  • the angle is far less than the critical angle of 41 °, the light will pass through the interface and be detected by a photodetector 132D. It is possible to use a slightly oval carrier to avoid this, but this is generally unnecessary.
  • photodetectors such as 132E can detect light scattered more than 90° from the direction of the laser beam.
  • detectors such as 132F are positioned to detect light scattered at a downward angle (and forward or rearward). It is noted that an outer surface portion 190 where light emerges that is detected by detector 132F, forms a tangent 192 that extends at a downward incline and toward the axis 120.
  • Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken downwardly along the axis 120 of the spherical lens 112. This view shows light moving along paths 200, 202, 204 and 206, which lie in a horizontal plane in which the laser beam direction 14D lies.
  • the beams 200-206 are scattered at angles of 20°, 40°, 50 ° and 70° respectively from the laser beam direction. Since the detect zone 124 lies on the axis of the passage 116, all scattered light passes through the water-glass interface 146 in a direction normal to the interface, and its path does not deviate from the original scatter direction. Similarly, when the scattered light passes through the glass-air interface 142, the scattered light passes precisely normal to the lens outer surface 118 and does not deviate from its original path. Fig.
  • FIG. 7 shows the shape of the cross section of the laser beam at 14A, as it passes through the axis of the spherical lens.
  • the laser beam has a small width W such as 1.5 mm and an even smaller average thickness T such as 0.1 mm at the detect zone.
  • Fig. 6 shows that at the rear side 122 of the lens, where the laser beam initially enters the lens, the convex surface of the lens tends to converge the laser beam. If the radius of the spherical lens 112 is insignificant with respect to the width W of the laser beam, the effect will be insignificant. Where the effect is significant, applicant can provide optics between the laser 12 and the lens rear surface 122 and/or take into account the effect of the interfaces, while also taking into account the fact that the laser beam tends to expand in width and thickness at locations progressively further from the laser.
  • the spherical lens 112 was constructed of a high quantity glass that is substantially free of defects that could cause scattering that leads to erroneous detection.
  • the sphere had an outside diameter of 6.4 cm and a passage 116 having a diameter of 9 mm.
  • the passage 116 was formed by cutting a cylindrical hole and precisely polishing it to create a smooth passage for minimum light scattering and distortion.
  • the sphere was mounted with the cylindrical hole extending vertically, so water can be flowed downwardly by gravity flow from a small receptacle.
  • the container or carrier can be used to carry gas (e.g. air containing particles) instead of liquid, and can be used even to hold a fluid that does not pass from one end of the passage to the other.
  • the diameter of the cylindrical passage 116 is preferably at least 4 times, and more preferably about 6 times, the width W of the laser beam. This is due to the photodetectors such as 132D in Fig. 5 preferably detecting the entire detection zone, which may have a width and length each about 1.5 mm.
  • Figs. 8 and 9 show a set-up where the spherical lens 112 is held on a mount 210 that has conduits in the form of pipes 214, 216 with lens-adjacent ends 220, 222, the pipes and their ends being designed for laminar flow.
  • each pipe has a surface 224 that is machined to correspond precisely with the surface of the spherical lens outside surface 174.
  • a thin elastomeric washer 226 lies between the pipe surface 224 and the outside surface 174 of the spherical lens to seal the connection.
  • Fig. 8 shows that the spherical lens 112 is fixed in place by being clamped between the pipe ends 220, 222.
  • the convex lens surfaces around the passage, and the concave pipe surfaces, prevent sideward movement of the lens.
  • a laser, dump and detectors are held by a separate frame.
  • Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate another carrier 220 with a cylindrical passage 222 and with an outside surface 224 that includes a cylindrical band 230 at the middle of the height (and centered on axis 232), and top and bottom conical bands 234, 236.
  • a laser 12 generates a light beam 14 that moves in a horizontal direction 14D to the dump 134.
  • a plurality of photodetectors 242A, 242B, 242C and 242D detect light that is scattered along paths 260-266.
  • the light moving along the paths 260-266 are initially scattered from the detect zone 124 at angles of 20°, 40°, 50° and 70°, respectively, from the horizontal laser beam direction 14D.
  • the scattered light passes through the glass-air interface 270 at only a small angle to the surface.
  • the angle 272 of the conical band from the horizontal is 45° and the angle 274 between the detect zone 124 and the lower end 276 of the upper conical band is 25°.
  • the angle 280 between the scatter light path 266 representing a scatter angle of 70° from the horizontal, and a surface location of the band 234 is only about 10°.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates still another carrier 300 wherein the outside surface 302 includes only upper and lower conical bands 304, 306. This results in a large angle between the outer surface 302 and the path of light emerging from the glass into air at a small scatter angle such as below 10° or 20°, and is not preferred.
  • Flat spots 320 are provided at opposite sides for entrance of the laser beam into the carrier and exit of the laser beam into the dump.
  • Fig. 13 shows another carrier 330 that is especially useful for passing air that contains particles.
  • the carrier has a spherical outer surface 332.
  • the passage 334 has a spherical chamber 336 to minimize deflection of scattered light. Where liquids such as water pass through a passage, the passage should have a substantially constant cross-section to avoid non-laminar flow and consequent generation of microscopic bubbles that scatter light.
  • Figs. 14-16 illustrate another carrier 410 of the present invention, which has a largely hemispherical convex lens 412 centered on point 428.
  • the lens lies in front of walls 414 forming a container or passage 416 in which fluid with particles can be contained or through which fluid can pass.
  • Fig. 15 shows that the laser beam 14 generated by laser 12 passes through a rear wall 420 and through the passage 416, so the laser beam passes through a detect zone 422 lying in the passage. Most of the light passes through the lens 412 to the dump 22.
  • the carrier has a largely parallelopiped shape, with flange portions, which can facilitate mounting it.
  • the width V of the passage at 416 or 416A is a plurality of times its thickness T.
  • Fig. 15 shows the paths of light scattered at different angles from the detect zone 422.
  • Light initially scattered at an angle from the horizontal beam direction 14D is shown which is initially scattered at angles of 20°, 40° and 50°, which pass through the glass of the lens at angles of 17°, 33.5°, and 41 ° (path 404).
  • Light passing along those paths pass through the interface 424 of glass and the surrounding air 70 substantially normal, or perpendicular to the lens outer surface 426.
  • the carrier 410 of Figs. 14-16 can be constructed, as shown in Fig. 16, of four parts 432, 433, 434, 435 that are joined as by adhesive at 436.
  • the invention provides a carrier through which fluid containing particles can flow to enable detection and identification of the particles.
  • the carrier preferably has outer surface portions above and below a horizontal (or vertical) plane in which the light beam lies, that are each angled from the axis, including an upper surface portion that is inclined at an upward incline toward the passage axis and a lower surface portion that is inclined at a downward incline toward the axis.
  • the carrier outer surface is preferably at least part of a sphere centered substantially on the detect zone.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Optical Measuring Cells (AREA)

Abstract

Système d'identification de micro-organismes et autres particules microscopiques dans un fluide, comprenant un laser dirigeant une faisceau laser (14) au travers d'une zone de détection (24) et une pluralité de photodétecteurs (132) détectant la lumière diffusée dans différentes directions à partir d'une particule présente dans la zone de détection. Ce système comporte un élément porteur (110) qui limite le mouvement du liquide à un étroit passage. L'élément porteur, qui est en verre, présente une surface extérieure sphérique (118) et un passage (116) pour le transport du liquide. La surface extérieure sphérique est sensiblement centrée sur la zone de détection (124) et permet à la lumière diffusée selon un angle important par rapport à la direction du faisceau laser de traverser le verre vers sa région extérieure où elle est détectée.
PCT/US2002/035075 2001-11-02 2002-10-29 Detection de diffusion de lumiere WO2003040703A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US33685901P 2001-11-02 2001-11-02
US60/336,859 2001-11-02
US10/058,637 US6590652B2 (en) 2001-11-02 2002-01-29 Flow through light scattering device
US10/058,637 2002-01-29
US10/062,247 US6573992B1 (en) 2001-11-13 2002-01-31 Plano convex fluid carrier for scattering correction
US10/062,247 2002-01-31

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003040703A1 true WO2003040703A1 (fr) 2003-05-15

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2002/035075 WO2003040703A1 (fr) 2001-11-02 2002-10-29 Detection de diffusion de lumiere

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WO (1) WO2003040703A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103234921A (zh) * 2013-03-27 2013-08-07 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 水体细菌微生物快速在线检测装置及检测方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4702598A (en) * 1985-02-25 1987-10-27 Research Corporation Flow cytometer
US5125737A (en) * 1987-03-13 1992-06-30 Coulter Electronics, Inc. Multi-part differential analyzing apparatus utilizing light scatter techniques

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4702598A (en) * 1985-02-25 1987-10-27 Research Corporation Flow cytometer
US5125737A (en) * 1987-03-13 1992-06-30 Coulter Electronics, Inc. Multi-part differential analyzing apparatus utilizing light scatter techniques

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103234921A (zh) * 2013-03-27 2013-08-07 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 水体细菌微生物快速在线检测装置及检测方法
CN103234921B (zh) * 2013-03-27 2015-01-28 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所 水体细菌微生物快速在线检测装置及检测方法

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