WO2003038362A2 - Condensateur a contact de stratification thermique a utiliser dans des dispositifs a cycle de compression de vapeur - Google Patents

Condensateur a contact de stratification thermique a utiliser dans des dispositifs a cycle de compression de vapeur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003038362A2
WO2003038362A2 PCT/IE2002/000153 IE0200153W WO03038362A2 WO 2003038362 A2 WO2003038362 A2 WO 2003038362A2 IE 0200153 W IE0200153 W IE 0200153W WO 03038362 A2 WO03038362 A2 WO 03038362A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
vapour
condensate
condenser
condensation
contact
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IE2002/000153
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2003038362A8 (fr
Inventor
Gerard Moran
Original Assignee
Gerard Moran
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/IE2001/000140 external-priority patent/WO2002037045A1/fr
Application filed by Gerard Moran filed Critical Gerard Moran
Priority to AU2002337477A priority Critical patent/AU2002337477A1/en
Publication of WO2003038362A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003038362A2/fr
Publication of WO2003038362A8 publication Critical patent/WO2003038362A8/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
    • B01D5/0057—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation in combination with other processes
    • B01D5/006—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation in combination with other processes with evaporation or distillation
    • B01D5/0063—Reflux condensation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
    • B01D5/0027—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation by direct contact between vapours or gases and the cooling medium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28B—STEAM OR VAPOUR CONDENSERS
    • F28B3/00—Condensers in which the steam or vapour comes into direct contact with the cooling medium

Definitions

  • High effectiveness condensers intended for use in and relating to heat pump and vapour power cycles to minimise compression work and recover heat.
  • a new use is intended of contact condensers and of the methods of distillation and fluidisation with the objective of obtaining condensation in conditions approaching constant enthalpy.
  • a contact condenser capable of condensing at a higher temperature than the vapour is possible because the vapour pressure increases with temperature.
  • Sensible heat capacities are less temperature dependent although they increase with temperature and pressure. This increasing heat capacity is of particular advantage when the objective is to fully condense the vapour in the condensate.
  • the heat of vaporisation of water is about 5 times greater than the sensible heat capacity of boiling water, about 420 Kj/kg between 0 and 100 degree centigrade , for refrigerants in general enthalpies of liquid and vapour phases at saturation are in closer agreement with sensible heat capacities. Heat capacities also increase more rapidly with temperature and pressure, as does vapour pressure at higher temperatures.
  • Thermal stratification condensation is possible by contacting separated streams of vapour and condensate in and relating to wettable surfaces, having a high surface area per unit volume.
  • a conduit can contain one or both fluids and it can be arranged to use the effects of boundary layers and gravity to separate wet vapour and to draw of the condensate at the highest available temperature.
  • the effects of gravity together with one way valves in a vertical column structure can restrict downward flow of condensate and allow upward ingress of vapour.
  • Pressurisation of the condensate also provides a means for isenthalpic cooling to assist recirculation in vapour power cycles. Material coating means as well as capillary action can be used to optimise contact condensation through surface energy effects.
  • the invention discloses a contact condenser capable of thermally stratifying the condensate in the condensing process and in the peripheral condensate storage receivers.
  • the design objective of the invention is to obtain constant enthalpy condensation in contrast to the conventional practise of isothermal condensation. It is intended for use in and relating to vapour power cycles and heat pumps to recover heat and to reduce or eliminate compression work.
  • vapour to be condensed is circulated by a forced or induced draught, substantially vertically, through a conduit or column structure.
  • Said structure comprises wettable surfaces having a high surface area per unit volume. Said surfaces may also have a high porosity.
  • Said wettable structures can be provided by the methods of distillation, of packed columns or by a series of staged trays and plates, on which vapour streams and liquid are contacted in a countercurrent flow. Restrictions to downward flow of condensate can be provided by means of bubble cap plates, sieve trays, weirs or by means of any one way flow device.
  • conduit structure may be substantially open axially to vapour flow so that wettable surfaces provided by finning or packing means, by boundary layer effects, pull differentially and separate wet vapour for condensation on said surfaces.
  • circulation or re-circulation can take place by thermosiphon effects comprising a type of condensation heat pipe. Vortex or cyclone effects can be generated within the conduit to promote separation of wet vapour.
  • condensate is regulated to flow between the porous wettable sides of a conduit, open to a space containing vapour to be condensed.
  • the static pressure depression together with surface energy effects can be used to draw in and entrain vapour through the porous sides of the conduit and to condense and transport it in the condensate stream.
  • the active conduit condensing element can be embodied in motion, for example, in the vanes of a centrifuge or a fan or in the inner walls of a rotating drum, to increase the pressure differential between the vapour and the condensate stream, thereby to enforce condensation.
  • Condensate is removed laterally from the sides of the conduit condensing structure or with the flow of the condensate stream from the lower end of the structure. It is removed at the highest available temperatures from where it can be brought to a storage tank for thermal stratification.
  • Said tank may be pressurised for optimum thermal stratification and enrichment.
  • Said tank may also be combined with a porous plug throttle type restriction to provide constant enthalpy cooling of the condensate recirculated to the condenser.
  • the objective of the invention is the use the phenomena of gravity, thermal buoyancy, boundary layer and surface energies as well as the effects of static pressure and centrifugal action of moving streams of vapour and condensate, in contact with wettable surfaces.
  • the design objective is to obtain optimum vapour liquid equilibrium contact for thermal stratification contact condensation in conditions approaching constant enthalpy.
  • Figure 1 A sectioned side view showing a distillation column embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 A sectioned side view showing a fhiidized bed embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 3 A sectioned side view showing an axial duct embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 4 A sectioned side view showing a porous walled conduit embodiment of the invention in a unified structure together with a throttle element and a thermal stratifying storage tank.
  • a distillation column embodiment of the invention is shown in figure 1.
  • Vapour from a vessel 1 is circulated vertically through a series of stages containing trays or plates 2 which retain the condensate.
  • the condensate and vapour pass through the column in opposite directions cascading over weirs 3 through vertical downcomers 4 and through sieve trays 5.
  • Condensate is removed from the liquid tray receivers through tap holes in the side of the column 6 and from a sump 7 at the bottom of the vapour containing vessel 1.
  • Condensate can be removed from the column through tap holes at a differential mass flow rate from the column so as to optimise the temperature stratification.
  • the thermally stratified condensate can be brought to a tank 8 for further thermal stratification.
  • Condensate from the lower end of the tank can be recirculated through the condenser and the tank may be pressurised for thermal enrichment and to facilitate return of condensate through a throttle device 9 for isenthalpic cooling.
  • Heat exchange can take place from the condenser through the sides or by constructing the inner members of the column from heat exchange tubes and plates or by any heat exchange means.
  • the tray structures, for example, by means of porous sides can also comprise condensate removal means. Heat can also be removed from the tank by sensible heat exchange means.
  • the invention is not limited to the specific arrangement of trays and plates as shown or to a countercurrent flow or by the separate arrangement of the column element and the stratifying tank and throttle elements.
  • any effective arrangement of wettable conventional distillation devices such as, bubble cap trays, valve trays or packed column structures, is intended and the flow arrangement may be cocurrent or crosscurrent or act through horizontal redistribution decks to collect and redistribute the condensate through the inner structure at successive intervals of height.
  • the invention can be embodied as a distillation column alone, without tank and throttle elements.
  • FIG. 2 shows the invention embodied by the methods of fluidisation.
  • the supporting plate 12 may be slotted or fitted with nozzles or sized and arranged by any other means, to uniformly distribute upflowing vapour and to contain the granular material in the bed.
  • Selection of bed material should be of a size and specific gravity to ensure the necessary countercurrent behaviour of a turbulent fluid and to enable stable operation at the vapour velocities and rate of condensation activity of a specific design.
  • Said bed material maybe porous.
  • Additional means can be used to restrict the downflow of bed material and liquid condensate, such as, the baffle ball valve one way flow device 14 or any effective one way flow device.
  • Said devices or a plurality of said devices suitably sized and staged can serve to lengthen the effective operating height of the bed and to contain the liquid condensate in the upper section of the bed. They can also serve to entrap and drain condensate from the bed by, for example, having porous sides. They can also be constructed as heat exchange members, having optimum heat transfer contact with the condensate and bed material.
  • condensate can be removed laterally through tap holes at the sides of the bed 15 or from a sump 16 in the lower containing vessel to a tank for thermal stratification and recirculation, but it can also be embodied as a fluidized bed alone.
  • the condenser comprises a duct open axially to the flow of vapour, as shown in Figure 3.
  • Said duct can be arranged vertically or at an angle and by fmning or packing means 17 or by some combination of the two, provides wettable surfaces having a high surface area per unit volume.
  • Axial flow of vapour through the duct can be by forced draught or by thermosiphon and may be recirculated through the duct or through a plurality of said ducts. Boundary layer effects as well as those of gravity are used to separate wet vapour to the wetted surfaces for condensation.
  • the vapour may also be circulated by a cyclone or vortex action to separate wet vapour and promote condensation by centrifugal effects.
  • the geometry of said duct may also be arranged so that by diffusive action the pressure in the vapour can change with length, for more effective use of boundary layer, centrifugal and gravity effects.
  • the geometry and arrangement of the duct is not limited to the proportions and shape, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the packing structure may also be moveable by, for example, vibration so as to minimise filming and to accelerate condensation by raining condensation drops through the vapour.
  • the effect of condensation raining as a means to promote contact condensation is an intention of the duct embodiment in particular when the vapour flow and the duct are horizontal.
  • the effectiveness of boundary layers as a means to separate wet vapour and to improve heat transfer by momentum transfer are dependent on velocity. To great a velocity and the heat and mass transfers will be in the opposite direction to that intended.
  • vapour flow can be restricted and redirected to generate turbulence and greater heat and mass transfers to the wetted sides of the duct.
  • the fining and packing structure 17 should be arranged to entrap the condensate and drain it through the sides of the duct.
  • Inner grid like structures 18 can also be constructed to provide condensate and heat removal means. As in the earlier embodiments condensate should be removed through the sides and sump of the condenser at the highest available temperatures and can be brought to a tank for further stratification and/or recirculation.
  • the invention can also be embodied as an axial flow condenser duct alone.
  • the invention comprises a porous sided wettable conduit structure through which condensate flows.
  • This embodiment is shown in Figure 4 as a unified structure, comprising the active conduit condensing element 19 vertically arranged, a throttle restriction 20 above the conduit, open to a condensate storage tank 21 thereabove.
  • Condensate in the tank leaks through a porous plug type restriction or any type of isenthalpic throttle device, to enter the conduit below.
  • Condensate flows through the conduit under gravity thereby to use the static pressure depression caused by the flow, together with the surface energy effects and capillary action in the porous walls of the conduit, to draw in vapour to the condensate stream for condensation.
  • the design, regulation and rate of flow in the conduit structure is such as to ensure that the pressure in the condensate stream is lower than that of the vapour.
  • Additional means can be used to entrap and collapse entrained vapour bubbles which rise in the condensate stream to the upper end of the conduit.
  • Said addition mean can comprise capillary ducts 22 through the profiled lower surface of the throttle structure 23 entering to the upper section of the tank, packed column duct type structures entering through the throttle structure to the upper section of the tank or by means of a parallel duct structure to draw off said vapour bubbles, to collapse them by surface energy effects and to transport the resultant condensate by capillary action or by pumping means to the upper section of the tank.
  • the condensate is recirculated from a sump or tail pipe 24, at the bottom of the vapour containing vessel 25, by a pump or compressor 26, to the upper section of the tank. Condensate is removed from the tank by pipe means 27 at the highest available temperature.
  • the tank can include a surface heat exchanger 28 for heat transfer according to requirement.
  • the active conduit condensing element or a plurality of said elements may be spaced and sized in the vessel 23, so as to use the boundary layer effects of vapour flow through said vessel, to separate wet vapour.
  • Said vessel may also contain a wettable packing structure to condense vapour for recover from the sump 22.
  • Said vessel may also be elongated comprising a duct like structure.
  • the embodiment shown in Figure 4 is not limited to a unified structure arrangement or to a gravity feed arrangement.
  • the tank, throttle and condensing elements may be spaced apart, being connected by pipe or duct means and this embodiment may comprise the active condensing element alone.
  • the condensing element is not limited to a gravity feed vertical arrangement. With any angular arrangement and with a forced draught condensate flow this element can be effectively embodied.
  • a porous walled conduit condensing element can also be embodied in the walls and vanes of rotating centrifuge and fan type blowers.
  • centrifugal effect of a rotating drum can draw in vapour for enforced condensation on its inner wall which comprises porous sided ducts, embodied according to the invention.
  • the same centrifugal effect can also serve to pump the condensate through said rotating equipment.
  • Fan type blowers comprising condensation elements in the fixed and moving parts can also act to cool and dehumidify/humidify air in heating and ventilating applications.
  • the invention can be embodied to minimise the work consumed in a number of vapour compression processes.
  • a thermal stratifying contact condenser which can reduce or eliminate compression work and which can incorporate a heat exchanger in its structure is of particular use in heat pumps where heat transfers from a condenser are necessary.
  • the invention can act as a type of forced draught open ended heat pipe. Vapour power cycles which use refrigerants together with an effective thermal stratifying condenser, for use in a closed cycle, are of particular value in solar energy applications where available cooling capacities are limited. This intended use has been a primary objective of the invention.
  • air is generally removed from a space to be conditioned.
  • a porous sided contact condenser element according to the invention, to cool and humidify or dehumidify a space directly.
  • the cooling fluid in said element should feed to the evaporator of conventional heating and ventilation equipment thereby to increase the evaporation temperature and reduce the compression work consumed.
  • Thermal comfort is dominated by radiant heat transfers and the invention can be further embodied as a radiant cooler in a space to be conditioned.
  • This embodiment can be ideally formed as a gravity feed panel, as an architectural feature. Because of the static pressure depression said panel can be easily constructed from matted fabric type materials.
  • the sizing, design and controls are such as to find the right balance between the several phenomena the invention is intended to exploit.
  • pressures in the condensate are in general lower than those in the vapour.
  • the control objectives are to maintain the necessary temperature and pressure differences for optimum vapour liquid equilibrium contact, to recover condensate at the highest possible temperature.
  • the objective is to recover all the heat in vapour power cycles. Closed cycle vapour power cycles are an objective of the invention but the invention is not limited to closed cycle applications. Glazing or other material coating means can be used to promote filmwise or dropwise condensation.
  • the invention may be ideally embodied in retrofit as condensers of existing power cycles where there is an available cooling capacity.
  • Alternatively smaller scale, more mobile vapour power cycle applications are realistic objectives.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à un condensateur permettant d'obtenir une condensation à contact de stratification thermique dans une structure de condensation de conduit mouillable, dans des conditions voisines de l'enthalpie constante. Ce condensateur est conçu pour être utilisé dans des dispositifs à cycle de compression de vapeur, tels que généralement des machines à vapeur ou des pompes à chaleur. La vapeur devant se condenser est mise en contact avec les surfaces mouillables possédant une superficie élevée par unité de volume, idéalement dans un agencement à contre-courant, dans lequel la vapeur est mise en circulation dans le sens ascendant dans la structure contre la force d'attraction descendante de la gravité. Le condensat est évacué de la structure par gravité sur toute sa longueur, pour être récupéré à la température disponible la plus élevée. Des soupapes peuvent être prévues pour restreindre le courant descendant de condensat et pour permettre l'entrée de la vapeur dans le sens montant dans la structure. Cette invention s'applique aux méthodes de distillation et de fluidisation, sans être néanmoins limitée à ces modes de réalisation. Cette invention vise à utiliser les phénomènes de la gravité, de la poussée thermique, des énergies de surface et de couche limite ainsi que les effets de la pression statique et de l'action centrifuge, pour un contact vapeur/liquide optimum, et pour réaliser la séparation de la vapeur humide et renforcer la condensation. La pressurisation du condensateur et d'un récipient de stockage de condensat peut être prévue pour l'enrichissement thermique et la stratification du condensat. Des étranglements peuvent également être utilisés pour produire un refroidissement isenthalpique dans le condensat remis en circulation, dans un cycle fermé.
PCT/IE2002/000153 2001-11-02 2002-10-31 Condensateur a contact de stratification thermique a utiliser dans des dispositifs a cycle de compression de vapeur WO2003038362A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2002337477A AU2002337477A1 (en) 2002-10-31 2002-10-31 Thermal stratifying contact condenser for use in and relating to vapour cycle devices

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IE2001/000140 WO2002037045A1 (fr) 2000-11-02 2001-11-02 Condenseur a contact par stratification thermique
IEPCT/IE01/00140 2001-11-02

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WO2003038362A2 true WO2003038362A2 (fr) 2003-05-08
WO2003038362A8 WO2003038362A8 (fr) 2004-03-25

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8028438B2 (en) * 2004-07-02 2011-10-04 Aqualizer, Llc Moisture condensation control system
WO2019004910A1 (fr) * 2017-06-28 2019-01-03 Climeon Ab Dispositif de condensation et procédé comprenant un condenseur de pluie

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
No Search *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8028438B2 (en) * 2004-07-02 2011-10-04 Aqualizer, Llc Moisture condensation control system
WO2019004910A1 (fr) * 2017-06-28 2019-01-03 Climeon Ab Dispositif de condensation et procédé comprenant un condenseur de pluie

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2003038362A8 (fr) 2004-03-25

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