WO2003023224A1 - Systeme d'utilisation de l'energie stockee dans l'inertie mecanique du rotor d'une turbine eolienne - Google Patents

Systeme d'utilisation de l'energie stockee dans l'inertie mecanique du rotor d'une turbine eolienne Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003023224A1
WO2003023224A1 PCT/ES2002/000099 ES0200099W WO03023224A1 WO 2003023224 A1 WO2003023224 A1 WO 2003023224A1 ES 0200099 W ES0200099 W ES 0200099W WO 03023224 A1 WO03023224 A1 WO 03023224A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
control
voltage
frequency
torque
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2002/000099
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English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
Gonzalo Costales Ortiz
Antonio Lara Cruz
Juan Manuel CARRASCO SOLÍS
Eduardo Galvan Diez
Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo
Original Assignee
Made Tecnologías Renovables, S.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by Made Tecnologías Renovables, S.A. filed Critical Made Tecnologías Renovables, S.A.
Priority to BR0206032-9A priority Critical patent/BR0206032A/pt
Publication of WO2003023224A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003023224A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/42—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output to obtain desired frequency without varying speed of the generator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/48—Arrangements for obtaining a constant output value at varying speed of the generator, e.g. on vehicle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/337—Electrical grid status parameters, e.g. voltage, frequency or power demand
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
    • H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the objective of the present invention is to use the mechanical energy stored in a rotating element to contribute to the dynamic stability and control of the frequency of the network to which said rotating element is coupled.
  • the main field of application of this invention is that of wind turbines, where the inertial energy stored in the rotor of said wind turbines can be harnessed in order to contribute to the dynamic stability and control of the frequency of the network to which said wind turbines are coupled.
  • variable speed wind turbines the use of the installation is even greater because much of the power and control electronics necessary for the physical realization of this invention are already available, since the system proposed in this invention can be added to the control of the capture of energy from the wind and the injection of power to the distribution grid that the variable speed wind turbine system already has.
  • variable speed wind turbines that currently exist in the market allow decoupling the operation of the wind energy collection system of the distribution grid, so that the criterion of operation is to optimize the capture of wind energy and therefore the amount of energy injected into the network, without taking into It has other factors that can be produced by the existence of distributed generation, such as the increasingly important problem of the dynamic stability of the network frequency and its regulation.
  • a system of utilization is proposed for its application mainly in fixed or variable speed wind turbines that contemplates in the global control of said wind turbines the effect of the disturbances of the frequency of the distribution network allowing to contribute to its dynamic stability and control of it through the mechanical energy stored in the total inertia of the wind turbine.
  • the power system used consists of two converters connected by an electric energy storage system based on capacitor bank or coil.
  • the first acts as a rectifier that controls the electrical quantities of the stator, or those of the generator rotor in order to control its power or torque and capture the necessary energy from the wind.
  • the second converter acts as an inverter and injects the active power into the power grid.
  • the fundamental objective of the joint system is, in addition to optimizing the capture of energy from the wind, to contribute:
  • the inertia of the complete mechanical system of the wind turbine, together with an optional flywheel that could be installed to it, will act as a mechanical energy storage / generator system that the power system and control proposed in this invention will make the contribution or absorption of active power from the distribution network necessary to contribute to its dynamic stability and frequency control.
  • this invention incorporates make the electric power generation system can behave from the point of view of dynamic stability and frequency control of the distribution network with the generation and stabilization benefits of the network, which a conventional central owns.
  • variable speed wind turbines the field of application of this invention is its own structure that gives them the ability to store part of the energy they handle in the total inertia of the turbine's mechanical system.
  • variable speed wind turbine is the main field of application of this invention. It is currently the unconventional energy source that allows to contribute to the power grid with sufficient power level to be able to dynamically stabilize it and regulate its frequency.
  • the electronic interface between the wind turbine and the distribution network allows the integration of the control features claimed in this patent without the need to add an additional power electronics.
  • the system proposed in the invention may also incorporate additional storage based on a flywheel, which provides or absorbs the power required to contribute to dynamic stability and frequency regulation in the power grid. of distribution.
  • the contribution that conventional power plants make to the electric service is not only the power supply itself, but also to give the demanded power at all times and continuously contribute aliquotically to the dynamic stability of the network, maintaining the frequency (50 or 60 cycles / s, depending on the country) of the system.
  • the electrical system constituted by the generation, the electricity grid and the consumers, is a system in dynamic equilibrium that collapses if an equality between demand and consumption of electrical energy is not maintained at all times.
  • the index that indicates that this is happening is the frequency of the network (50 or 60 cycles / s). Up or down mismatches indicate that more or less is being generated than what is being consumed.
  • the generator system has the mechanical inertia of the set of generators that are also electromagnetically coupled to each other (dynamic stability).
  • each generator has its own frequency regulator whose signal acts on the power additively to the setpoint set by the operator. In this way, a system is achieved that consumers access in a discretionary manner and that is required total availability and also wave quality.
  • the primary energy sources with which the electricity is produced are susceptible to storage either in the form of binders or embalmed water since the electric generators are synchronous, and can be coupled to form a set of great inertia.
  • the first would be that of the kinetic energy stored in the mass of the turbogroups, whose energy content is very small in relation to those described later, but which is indispensable for the maintenance of dynamic stability, because continuously and without Delay contributes to the stability of the frequency, by giving the whole inertia.
  • Said energy is supplied as power in more or less than the one set by the operator in a proportional way and opposite sign to the frequency errors.
  • the turbine regulators carry out this primary regulation mission.
  • Said frequency stabilizing effect is not as immediate as the one described above, since it requires the action of valves and mechanisms that introduce delays. The sensitivity of the response will depend on the weighting between frequency regulation versus power regulation set by the operator.
  • the third would correspond to the storage of energy at the foot of the plant, or in the reservoir in the case of hydraulics, measured with units of days; and with which there is sufficient energy to attend to the programming carried out by the "firching" for the block adjustment of the daily load curve.
  • the fourth refers to the strategic medium and long term that would be expressed in years or five years being reflected in the Energy Plans.
  • US Invention Patents US 3970409 are known for "Wind Power and Flywheel Apparatus", US Patent 5225712 for “Variable speed wind turbine with reduced power fluctuations and a Static VAR mode of operation”, US5083039 for "Variable speed wind turbine”, US5187427 for “Static reactive power compensator” and US5289041 for "Speed control system for a variable speed wind turbine”.
  • the energy storage / generation system is used to reduce the fluctuations of electrical energy that is injected into the distribution network, but they do not allow establishing a control strategy that allows in turn the contribution of a wind turbine system, or a set of them forming a park, to the improvement of dynamic stability and the regulation of the frequency of the distribution grid, by absorbing or injecting active energy into it.
  • the present invention relates to a variable speed wind turbine that includes the effects of disturbances of said network in the control of the collection of energy from the wind and in the injection of power to the distribution grid, contributing to the dynamic stability and to control its frequency through the total inertia of the system.
  • the proposed invention provides the power generation system with the possibility of contributing to the improvement of dynamic stability and the regulation of the frequency of the distribution grid, thanks to the control of the active power injected instantaneously, both power active as reactive. In this way, the entire system, or a set of them acting simultaneously, will be able to behave as a conventional power generation plant.
  • the invention is intended to solve the problem of contributing to the reduction of disturbances and instabilities caused by the rapid installation of electrical power from unconventional power plants (renewable energy sources, etc.).
  • unconventional power plants newable energy sources, etc.
  • These producers that have power generation systems connected to the distribution network lack planning in terms of power injection in the distribution power grid, since they depend on the conditioning of each of the generation systems used.
  • This type of operation produces effects of instability of the frequency and voltage of the distribution network, which have to be palliated by the rest of the conventional generating plants, which is a very important problem in the distribution companies of the electricity sector. Therefore, the power converter and the control system proposed in this invention have as their main mission the compensation of frequency fluctuations and improve the dynamic stability that other systems, whether consumers or generators of electric power, could cause in the network electric distribution, as a conventional generation plant would.
  • the present invention relates to a system that uses the mechanical energy stored in the inertia of a rotating element in order to contribute to the dynamic stability and control of the frequency of the electrical network to which said mechanical system is coupled.
  • the main field where the invention has its application is that of electricity generation by wind generators.
  • the effects of the disturbances of said network can be added to the control of the energy collection from the wind and the injection of power to the distribution grid in order to contribute, through storage / generation capacity of mechanical energy in the total inertia of the complete wind turbine system, to the dynamic stability and frequency control of the distribution network.
  • variable speed wind turbines that currently exist in the market allow decoupling the operation of the wind energy collection system of the distribution grid, so that the criterion of operation is to optimize the capture of wind energy and therefore the amount of energy injected into the network, without taking into account other factors that may occur for the existence of distributed generation, as is the increasingly important problem of the dynamic stability of the frequency of the network and its regulation.
  • variable speed wind turbine system is proposed coupled to the control of the frequency disturbances of the distribution network that allows to contribute to its dynamic stability and control of the same through the total inertia of the wind turbine.
  • the power system used consists of two converters connected by an electric energy storage system based on capacitor bank or coil.
  • the first acts as a rectifier that controls the electrical quantities of the stator, or those of the generator rotor in order to control its power or torque and capture the necessary energy from the wind.
  • the second converter acts as an inverter and injects the active power into the power grid.
  • the fundamental objective of the joint system is, in addition to optimizing the capture of energy from the wind, to contribute:
  • the inertia of the complete mechanical system of the wind turbine, together with an optional flywheel that could be installed to it, will act as a mechanical energy storage / generator system that the power system and control proposed in this invention will make the contribution or absorption of active power from the distribution network necessary to contribute to its dynamic stability and frequency control.
  • the system object of this invention is a variable speed wind turbine, so that the energy captured from the wind by the wind turbine is converted to AC electric energy by a generator (synchronous or asynchronous). From the generation of AC alternating voltage there is a rectifier circuit, which can be controlled or uncontrolled in order to convert this voltage into a DC continuous voltage.
  • a DC voltage converter - AC alternating voltage which injects DC power from a DC voltage busbar, so that the converter and its control behaves like a current source.
  • This source injects sinusoidal current in phase with the mains voltage, or with a certain lag, being able to instantly control the active and reactive power injected into said network.
  • the invention is essentially characterized by the fact that the wind energy capture control system includes the elements necessary to reduce the disturbances of the distribution network, by means of a storage / power generation system, using the system inertia Full mechanical of a wind turbine, contributing to dynamic stability and frequency control.
  • This energy storage allows it to be used to provide net active power in the distribution network to achieve the objectives of compensation of instability phenomena of the network frequency, or the absorption of active power and its storage in the system Mechanic with the same goals.
  • the storage system will be simply the mechanical assembly composed of all the elements that provide inertia to the wind turbine, or, if the energy need for supply / storage is higher, it will be necessary to use a flywheel.
  • Figure 1. Shows the scheme of the system and the control diagram object of this invention that refers to the integration of an electronic power system that acts as an interface between a wind turbine and the distribution network that has the power capacity contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability and the control of the frequency of the network, by means of the total inertia of the mechanical system of the turbine.
  • This figure shows the proposed scheme of the invention for a controlled wind turbine in the stator of the electric machine.
  • Figure 2. Shows two alternative topologies of the power converter for the proposed invention.
  • Figure 3. Shows the same scheme proposed for the invention in the case of a double-powered electric machine based wind turbine. It shows the scheme of the system and the control diagram object of this invention that refers to the integration of an electronic power system that acts as an interface between the generator rotor and the distribution network that has the ability to contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability and to the control of the frequency of the network, by means of the energy stored in the total inertia of the mechanical system of the turbine.
  • Figure 4. Shows the general block diagram of the preferred embodiment of this invention, showing a scheme of a variable speed wind turbine based on uncontrolled rectifier, Booster converter and grid connection inverter, where all of them have been included. the control characteristics claimed in this invention.
  • Figure 5. Shows the equivalent model per phase of the network connection converter. This system injects a current into the network that is controlled instantaneously and can follow an arbitrary waveform that is imposed as a slogan at the input. In this way, the invention behaves from the point of view of the network and, considering an equivalent model per phase, as a current source. In this equivalent model per phase, the smoothing coil and the network considered to have infinite power have also been represented.
  • Figure 6 shows the block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the frequency control system and the improvement of the dynamic stability of the network based on a closed loop control scheme that regulates the frequency by controlling the torque or power. of the electric generator and the injection or absorption of active power from the network.
  • the invention can be applied to wind turbines based on simply fed electric machine controlled in the stator, or it can be applied to wind turbines with double fed electric machine controlled in the rotor.
  • the invention will initially be described for controlled wind turbines in the stator.
  • the invention is constituted by a variable speed wind turbine consisting of an electronic power converter system consisting of:
  • the rectifier circuit (4) converts the output voltage AC of the electric generator (3) to a DC voltage whose output is connected to a DC busbar (5).
  • This circuit may be implemented in a controlled or uncontrolled manner:
  • This circuit is a DC-DC converter whose mission is, in addition to adapting the DC voltage mentioned above, to regulate the electrical torque of the machine that generates the alternating voltage, achieving optimum operation of the energy source. Also this power converter is controlled by a microprocessor card that generates the optimal trip sequence of the power switches with the acquisition and processing of the information of the measurements of the currents and continuous voltages before and after the converter DC-DC .
  • a controlled rectifier causes the continuous-continuous voltage converter and its associated control to disappear from the block diagram, since the same controlled rectifier is responsible for these control objectives.
  • FIG. 1 shows the block diagram of the control that would be necessary to perform in the case of a variable speed wind turbine controlled in the stator of the machine, using as a variable to control its electrical torque.
  • control scheme that will be detailed later where the same control strategy is performed on a variable speed wind turbine controlled in the machine's rotor (figure 3).
  • This module (16) is fed by the measurement of the angular speed of the rotor of the electric machine (9) and the data of the active power injected into the network that is made in the module (21) from the measurements provided by the voltage (14) and current (13) transducers used in the connection part to the distribution network. From this information the module (16) obtains the optimum reference torque set Topt and the reference blade angle setpoint that feeds the blade angle actuation system (8), which acts on the actual angle of the turbine.
  • the control block diagram it is proposed to add two torque components superimposed on it: the first ⁇ Tf, at the output of the control block (20), which provides an increase in torque over the Topt reference pair to ensure that the frequency of the distribution network follows a reference frequency (50 6 60 Hz).
  • the second torque component that overlaps the Topt reference torque is the output of the control block (18) that calculates the torque increase ⁇ Ti, whose purpose is to contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of the network of distribution giving the system an inertial torque equivalent similar to the inertial power equivalent of a synchronous generator connected to the distribution network of a conventional generation plant.
  • Both the module (18) and the (20) use the module (19) that calculates the instantaneous frequency of the voltage waveform in the distribution network.
  • the reference torque Tref is obtained, which is the torque setpoint that feeds the torque control circuit (10) that will generate the trip sequence of the rectifier power switches (4) so that the electric torque of the generator (3) follows that reference
  • inverter circuit (6) that couples the system with the distribution grid (7). From the DC busbar voltage (5), the inverter circuit generates an AC alternating current in the distribution grid (7), which depending on the control over it, more or less electrical power will be injected into said net.
  • the DC DC busbar (5) is formed by a set of capacitors.
  • a power control system measures the currents (13), by means of the corresponding Hall effect measurement sensors and the voltages (14), by means of the measurement transformers, of the power grid in order to generate the trips of the circuit breakers. power through the power control module (12) and ensure that the instantaneous active power supplied is the reference power Pref.
  • This reference is obtained by two components. The first is obtained directly from the control of the capacitor voltage (15). That is, measuring the DC continuous voltage of the busbar (5), using the block (11) and comparing it with a reference voltage for DC busbar, which will be established in the control specifications, an error is generated between the reference voltage and the actual busbar voltage (5) that feeds a compensation network and generates the active power at inject at all times by the inverter circuit to maintain the DC busbar voltage (5) in the reference. If the measured voltage rises above the reference voltage, the reference of active power to be injected will increase, so when injecting more active power the level of busbar voltage will tend to decrease closing the control loop. In the same way the opposite case, that is if the measured voltage decreases below the reference voltage, the reference of active power to be injected will decrease, so when injecting less active power the level of busbar voltage will tend to increase, closing the control loop
  • the reference power Pref to be injected by the inverter circuit connected to the mains is obtained as the sum of two terms that converge to the adder module (23).
  • the first is the power that comes from the control of the capacitor voltage ⁇ Pc and the second term to be added in the adder module (23) which is the power ⁇ Pf- ⁇ Pi. Thanks to this sum, the effects of frequency control are transmitted directly to the network without waiting for the control of the capacitor voltage detect these effects through the variation of the capacitor voltage, whereby the control system as a whole acts more quickly.
  • Figure 2 shows two topologies of the power converter that could be used in this invention.
  • Figure 2.a shows the topology of the power converter formed by a controlled rectifier (4) connected to the stator terminals of the electric generator (3) which can be a synchronous or asynchronous machine.
  • This converter rectifies the AC alternating voltage generated and converts it to a DC continuous voltage at point (5). Its objective is to control the torque of the electric machine by capturing the maximum energy of the wind and injecting it into the distribution network but contributing at all times to the dynamic stability of the network and to the control of the frequency of said network.
  • a very important advantage derived from the use of a synchronous rectifier is the fact that the currents in the stator of the machine are controlled in a sinusoidal way making the torque curling to which the electric generator is subjected is much less than in the case of other topologies, increasing the life of the machine.
  • the control of the synchronous rectifier is physically performed by the microprocessor electronic board (25) which, from the measurements of currents and voltages in the stator of the machine (26) and the voltage measurement (27) at the output of the rectifier (24), generates the Optimum trigger sequence for power switches in order to achieve the control criteria specified above.
  • the DC-AC power converter (6) is the converter that is responsible for transforming the energy stored in the capacitor bank (6) generated by the wind turbine (1) (2) (3) to a sinusoidal alternating current that is injected into the mains (7), through smoothing coils (28). These coils allow to control the instantaneous currents injected in each phase and reduce their curling.
  • This system (6) behaves as a source of sinusoidal current that injects this current into the distribution network (7), whose voltage at the connection point is set by the mains voltage at that point. By increasing or decreasing the value of the amplitude of this current, the injected active power is controlled. The variation of this instantaneous active power injected into the distribution network will allow the contribution to dynamic stability and frequency control thereof.
  • This power will be provided instantaneously by the capture of energy from the wind turbine, or else by the capacitors. If it is necessary to absorb electrical energy to meet the aforementioned control objectives, it will be stored in the set of capacitors (5 ), or it may be stored as mechanical energy in the inertia of the complete system in the event that the rectifier (24) was bidirectional and could return energy to said mechanical system.
  • a microprocessor-based control system (29) is responsible for triggering the power switches of the DC-AC converter (6) connected to the mains in order to inject the active reference power Pref (figure 1) to achieve the objectives of control mentioned above.
  • the generation of the trip sequence of the power switches of the DC-AC converter (6) is carried out by acquiring the voltages three-phase mains, by means of the measurement transformers (30), the mains currents, by means of Hall effect transducers, and the continuous voltage Vdc of the busbar (31). All this information is processed and finally the control algorithm generates the reference current that should be injected in each phase. These reference currents are followed by the actual output currents of the inverter by means of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) on the power switches of the converter (6).
  • PWM Pulse Width Modulation
  • Another mission of the capacitor bank connected to the DC direct voltage busbar (5) is to allow a high frequency current supply for the DC-AC converter (6) and that the power grid injection or absorption be carried out optimal way.
  • microprocessor-based control system (29) which has been described above, corresponding to the power converter (6) and the control board (25) of the rectifier (24), can be implemented in a single control card that includes several microprocessors, or only one with sufficient computing power and processing capacity that could integrate all the proposed controllers, such as a digital signal processor (DSP).
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • a supervisory system (32) in the proposed invention which generates the reference angular velocity setpoint at which the synchronous generator must rotate in order to optimize the energy capture of the wind turbine.
  • This reference angular velocity setpoint is read by the control board (25) in order for the rectifier circuit (24) to generate the appropriate electrical torque to achieve the actual angular velocity following said reference.
  • the angular reference speed is calculated by the module (32) using the instantaneous power measurement that the control system (29) performs on the network.
  • the control system (32) also acts on the wind turbine blade angle adjustment system (33).
  • the blade angle control is used in the wind turbine to limit the power or mechanical torque of the wind turbine system so as not to exceed the nominal power of the main converter, controlling the angular speed of the generator.
  • the supervision system (32) is implemented in a programmable automaton (PLC), which also handles the general maneuvers and protections of the wind turbine system.
  • Figure 2.b shows a power converter topology where the rectifier circuit (34) is implemented in an uncontrolled manner, using diodes and there is a DC-DC continuous converter (35) that adapts the output voltage of the rectifier uncontrolled
  • This circuit in addition to the aforementioned mission of adapting DC voltage, has the power to regulate the electrical torque of the machine (synchronous or asynchronous) that generates the alternating voltage, achieving optimum operation of the wind turbine.
  • This power converter is also controlled by a microprocessor card (25) that generates the optimal trip sequence of the power switches with the acquisition and processing of the information of the measurements of the currents and continuous voltages (27) (31) before and after the DC-DC DC voltage converter (35).
  • the rest of the circuit and its operation is identical to the case shown in Figure 2.a. Generator control in the machine rotor. Doubly fed machines
  • the invention proposed in this documentation can be applied to wind turbines based on an electric machine doubly fed or controlled in the rotor of the machine and where the stator is connected directly to the distribution network through some maneuvering and protection elements.
  • the invention is constituted by a variable speed wind turbine consisting of an electronic power converter system that acts as an interface between the generator rotor and the distribution grid and is composed of:
  • a rectifier circuit (4) that converts the output voltage AC of the electric generator to a DC voltage connected to a DC bus (5).
  • This circuit is implemented in a controlled manner and there is an electronic control card based on a microprocessor that will be responsible for generating the trip sequence of the power switches to achieve the rectification of the alternating voltage transforming it to a continuous voltage in order to control The rotor currents of the machine.
  • the second control objective of this converter is to regulate the electrical power of the machine that generates the alternating voltage, achieving the optimal operation of the capture of energy from the wind.
  • the generation of the appropriate trip sequence to achieve the control objectives described above of the rectifier circuit is carried out with a control algorithm that is implemented in the microprocessor card and that acquires and processes the voltages and currents three-phase at the output of the generator, in order to achieve the optimal sequence of trip vectors of the power switches.
  • Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the control that would be necessary to perform in the case of a variable speed wind turbine controlled in the rotor of the machine, using as a variable to control the active power that the machine injects into the network (and which is the sum of the power injected into the distribution network and the active power handled by the machine rotor).
  • a control block (16) that generates the optimum active power of reference Popt so that the turbine operates at the work point that guarantees an optimum capture of energy for any wind speed condition.
  • This module (16) is fed by the measurement of the angular speed of the rotor of the electric machine (9) and the data of the active power injected into the network that is made in the module (21) from the measurements provided by the voltage (36) and current (37) transducers used in the connection part to the distribution network. From this information, the module (16) obtains the optimum reference power setpoint Popt and the reference blade angle setpoint that feeds the blade angle actuation system (8), which acts on the actual angle of the turbine.
  • the control block diagram it is proposed to add two power components superimposed on it: the first ⁇ Pf, at the output of the control block (20) that provides an increase in power over Popt reference power, in order to ensure that the frequency of the distribution network follows a reference frequency (50 or 60 Hz).
  • the second power component that overlaps the active reference power Popt is the output of the control block (18) that calculates the increase in power ⁇ Pi, whose purpose is to contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of the distribution network providing the system with an equivalent inertial power, similar to the inertial power of a synchronous generator connected to the distribution network of a conventional generation plant.
  • Both the module (18) and the (20) use the module (19) that calculates the instantaneous frequency of the voltage waveform in the distribution network.
  • the active reference power P * f is obtained, which is the power setpoint that feeds the power control circuit (10) that will generate the trip sequence of the rectifier's power switches (4), so that the active reference power of the generator (3) follows that reference.
  • inverter circuit (6) which couples the DC bus (5) of the rectifier output (4) with the distribution grid (7), usually through a transformer (38). From the DC busbar voltage (5), the inverter circuit generates a AC alternating current in the distribution grid (7), which depending on the control over it, more or less electrical power is injected.
  • the DC DC busbar (5) is formed by a set of capacitors.
  • a power control system measures the currents (13), by means of the corresponding Hall effect measurement sensors and the voltages (14), by means of the measurement transformers, of the power grid in order to generate the trips of the circuit breakers.
  • This reference is obtained by adding two terms. The first is obtained directly from the control of the capacitor voltage (15). That is, by measuring the DC continuous voltage of the busbar (5), using the block (11) and comparing it with a reference voltage for DC busbar, which will have been established in the control specifications. The error generated between the reference and actual voltage of the continuous busbar (5) feeds a compensation network and generates the active power to be injected at all times by the inverter circuit to maintain the DC busbar voltage (5) in the reference.
  • the reference of active power to be injected will increase, so when injecting more active power the level of busbar voltage will tend to decrease closing the control loop.
  • the reference of active power to be injected will decrease, so when injecting less active power the level of busbar voltage will tend to increase, Closing the control loop.
  • the second term is obtained directly from the adder module (17) which is the power ⁇ Pf- ⁇ Pi. Thanks to this sum, the effects of frequency control are transmitted directly to the network without having to wait for the capacitor voltage control to detect these effects through of the variation of the capacitor voltage, whereby the control system as a whole acts more quickly.
  • the power converter (6) handles a fraction of the nominal power of the generator that depends on the maximum speed range to be covered.
  • the nominal power of the converters (4) and (6) is from 10 to a
  • the invention behaves from the point of view of said network as a programmable moment of inertia generator at the appropriate regulation value at the connection point of the network in which it is installed.
  • the power converter object of this invention is controlled so that, in the event of a temporary power demand, for example a short circuit in the power grid, there is an increase in the injection of instantaneous active power equivalent to the one that would be injected a generator thanks to the inertia effect. The same is done in the case of the opening of an electric line that feeds the generator. In this case, there is a decrease in instantaneous active power equivalent to the decrease that would occur in a generator due to the effect of mechanical inertia.
  • the equivalent inertia power is performed by means of the modules (48) and (49) of the block diagram shown in figure 6. From the three-phase mains voltages, the frequency thereof is determined instantaneously. Once the frequency is known, the inertia torque obtained by deriving said frequency and multiplying said derivative by a inertia constant is calculated. The equivalent inertia torque ⁇ T ⁇ is a component that is subtracted from the optimal reference torque Topt to obtain the equivalent reference torque Tref.
  • the system consists of a power converter circuit that connects the generator stator (2) to the distribution grid (7).
  • the generator output voltage is AC alternating, and since it is necessary to adapt this alternating voltage to a DC continuous voltage, an uncontrolled rectifier circuit (59) based on a rectifier bridge of six power diodes has been chosen.
  • the electrical machine (2) chosen as a generator in this application is synchronous, where there is an electronic circuit (62) that controls the excitation current of the rotary winding of the machine by measuring the output voltage of the Vrgen generator.
  • the fundamental mission of the electronic circuit (62) is to establish the excitation curve of the synchronous generator, for which the electric machine produces a voltage in its stator proportional to its angular velocity. This characteristic is used by the converter control system (60) to control the electrical torque of the machine proportionally to the direct current Idc ref by multiplying the reference torque Tref by the torque constant Kpar to obtain said reference current by the module (61).
  • Transient energy storage occurs in the mechanical system of the turbine (1) and the generator (2).
  • the objective of this system will be to provide or store the active power necessary to contribute to the improvement of dynamic stability and the regulation of the frequency of the distribution grid. That is, when the electric power generation system connected to the DC DC bus input cannot provide active power instantly in order to compensate for the grid frequency, it will be the mechanical energy stored in the inertia of the turbine that Perform this mission.
  • This system will also be in charge of storing instantaneous active power coming from the network to meet the aforementioned control objectives in the case where the rectifier circuit is bidirectional. Power injection system to the distribution grid
  • the power converter (63) behaves as a source of sinusoidal current that injects this current into the distribution network (7), whose voltage at the connection point is set by the mains voltage at that point.
  • the reference power Pref is obtained as the sum of two terms that converge to the adder module (23).
  • the first is calculated by the voltage control circuit (15) that must keep the capacitor voltage (5) at a constant value at all times. This voltage is measured by the voltage sensor (14).
  • a power control system measures the currents, by means of the corresponding Hall effect measurement sensors (13 ') and the voltages, by means of the measurement transformers (13 "), of the power grid in order to generate the firing of the power switches through the module Trigger (64) and ensure that the instantaneous active power supplied is the reference power Pref.
  • a microprocessor-based control system (65) is responsible for generating the trip signals to the trip circuits that govern the power switches of the DC-DC converter (60) and the DC-AC converter (63) connected to the mains, in order to produce the Tref reference torque in the generator to achieve the aforementioned control objectives.
  • the generation of the trip sequence of the power switches of the DC-AC converter (63) is carried out by acquiring the three-phase mains voltages, by means of the measuring transformers (13 "), the mains currents, by Hall effect transducers ( 13 '), and the continuous voltage V c of the busbar, by means of the DC voltage sensor (14) and converting said values from analog to digital.
  • the control algorithm generates the reference current that should be injected in each phase
  • These reference currents are followed by the actual output currents of the inverter by means of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) on the power switches of the converter (63)
  • PWM Pulse Width Modulation
  • Another mission of the capacitor bank connected to the DC voltage busbar (5) is to allow a current supply of high frequency for the DC-AC converter (63) and that the injection or absorption of power from the mains is carried out optimally.
  • the DC-DC converter control (64) is also implemented in the microprocessor card.
  • the IGBT trigger signal of the Booster converter power circuit (60) is generated by the control board so that the direct current and continues to the DC reference current Idc network following the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique .
  • the power semiconductor trip is performed by the trip circuit (64 ').
  • the control block (16) generates the optimum angular reference speed ⁇ ref which is compared with the current speed given by the module (9) generating an error that feeds a controller (66).
  • the optimal Topt reference torque is generated for the turbine to operate at the work point that guarantees optimum energy capture for any wind speed condition.
  • This module (16) is fed by the measurement of the angular speed of the rotor of the electric machine (9) and the data of the active power injected into the network that is made in the module (21) from the measurements provided by the voltage (13 ") and current (13) transducers used in the connection part of the distribution network. From this information the module (16) obtains the optimum reference torque set Topt and the setpoint angle of reference blade that feeds the blade angle actuation system (8), which acts on the actual turbine angle.
  • the control block diagram it is proposed to add two torque components superimposed on it: the first ⁇ Tf, at the output of the control block (20), which provides an increase in torque over the Topt reference pair in order to ensure that the frequency of the distribution network follows a reference frequency (50 or 60 Hz).
  • the second torque component that overlaps the Topt reference torque is the output of the control block (18) that calculates the increase in ⁇ Ti pair, whose purpose is to contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of the distribution network by providing the system with an equivalent inertial torque similar to the equivalent inertial power of a synchronous generator connected to the distribution network of a conventional generation plant .
  • Both the module (18) and the (20) use the module (19) that calculates the instantaneous frequency of the voltage waveform in the distribution network.
  • the reference torque Tref is obtained, which is the torque setpoint which, multiplied by a constant Kpar in the module (61), feeds the current control circuit (67) that will generate the Trigger sequence of the booster power switch (60) so that the generator's electrical torque (59) follows that reference.
  • the tripping of the power semiconductor is carried out by means of the trip circuit (64 ') using the PWM pulse width modulation technique.
  • control loop that regulates the frequency based on the injection or absorption of active power is necessary of the network.
  • the control circuit is shown in Figure 6.
  • the frequency is determined instantaneously by the block (47) corresponding to the calculation of the instantaneous frequency.
  • said instantaneous frequency value is known, it is compared with the reference frequency (39) to obtain the frequency error (40) and, by means of a control circuit (41) the electrical torque to be applied ⁇ Tf (42) is calculated to contribute to the regulation of the frequency of the network.
  • This pair will be one of the components of the instantaneous reference torque to be applied to the synchronous generator.
  • the modules responsible for calculating the equivalent inertia torque are included in this scheme, so that the system object of the invention behaves analogously to the large synchronous generators of conventional generation plants.
  • the instantaneous frequency obtained from the frequency determination block (42) is derived and multiplied by a constant of inertia J in the module (49) in order to obtain an equivalent inertia torque ⁇ Ti.
  • This equivalent torque when superimposed on the other pairs, will produce an increase or decrease in the instantaneous active power that must be injected into the electrical network to contribute to the improvement of its dynamic stability.
  • the reference power Pref of the module (57) to be injected by the inverter circuit connected to the mains is obtained as the sum of two terms that converge to the adder module (56).
  • the first is the power that comes from the control of the capacitor voltage ⁇ Pc. This term is calculated by measuring the DC continuous voltage of the Vdc busbar (53) and comparing it with a reference voltage Vdc mains (52) for the DC continuous busbar, which will be established in the control specifications.
  • An error (54) is generated between the reference voltage and the actual busbar voltage that feeds a compensation network (55) and generates the active power to be injected at all times by the inverter circuit to maintain the busbar voltage of DC continues at a constant value.
  • the second term to be added in the adder module (56) is the power that contributes to the improvement of dynamic stability and frequency control of the ⁇ Pf- ⁇ Pi network, obtained by multiplying the torque ⁇ Tf- ⁇ Ti obtained in the module (43) by the angular frequency of the wind turbine (58) by means of the multiplier module (58 '). Thanks to this sum, the effects of the frequency control are transmitted directly to the network without the need to wait for the control of the capacitor voltage to detect these effects through the variation of the capacitor voltage, whereby the system of control as a whole acts faster.
  • control card (65) of Figure 4 which corresponds to the control system of the power converter object of this invention.
  • a monitoring system (16) that is represented in Figure 4, which generates the reference angular velocity setpoint at which the synchronous generator should rotate in order to optimize the energy capture of the wind turbine.
  • the monitoring system incorporates a control system whose output is the optimum reference speed ⁇ ref that is read by the control board (65) so that the DC-DC DC voltage converter (60) generates the electrical torque suitable to ensure that the actual angular velocity of the generator follows that reference.
  • the monitoring system (16) in turn acts on the wind turbine blade angle adjustment system (8). This system is used by the wind turbine to limit the power or mechanical torque of the wind turbine system so as not to exceed the nominal power of the main converter, controlling the angular speed of the generator.
  • control objectives that the supervisory system (16) pursues will be: first, to achieve maximum energy efficiency and second to reduce the transient pairs thanks to the possibility of accelerating and decelerating the machine.
  • the invention is characterized by including a closed loop control circuit that regulates the frequency, based on control over the torque of the generator that performs the input rectifier circuit and the injection or absorption of active power from the network by the inverter circuit , in order to contribute to frequency control.
  • the control circuit is shown in Figure 6 where, from the three-phase mains voltages, its instantaneous frequency is determined. Once the frequency is known, it is compared with the reference frequency (50 or 60 Hz) in order to obtain a frequency error. This error feeds a regulator circuit, from which the torque increase ⁇ Tf is obtained, which must be added to the optimal reference torque Topt in order to contribute to the frequency control.
  • Continuous busbar voltage regulation is shown in Figure 6 where, from the three-phase mains voltages, its instantaneous frequency is determined. Once the frequency is known, it is compared with the reference frequency (50 or 60 Hz) in order to obtain a frequency error. This error feeds a regulator circuit, from which the torque increase ⁇ Tf is obtained, which must be
  • the effective injection of active power in the distribution network to contribute to the frequency control is carried out by the inverter circuit, controlling the DC busbar voltage.
  • the phase-equivalent model of the power system object of this invention acting as a current source is represented in Figure 5.
  • the dynamics of the system will be governed by a coil (68) located between the power system (69) and the network. (70) to reduce the curling of current due to the switching of the power switches.
  • the wind turbine can be motorized to maintain mechanical energy storage that contributes to dynamic stability and frequency control independently of wind conditions.
  • the system can be connected to an isolated network being parallel to any sine-wave generation system based on a synchronous machine, as is the case, for example, with a diesel generator.
  • the invention is capable of supplying the instantaneous active and reactive power necessary by causing the frequency and voltage of the isolated system to remain constant even in the event of transient short-circuit or line-opening situations, thereby contributing to dynamic stability. and the regulation of the frequency and voltage of the isolated installation.
  • the system object of the invention can generate a three-phase voltage waveform of constant frequency and amplitude thanks to the main power converter and the possibility of controlling said converter in voltage mode.
  • Wind farm control policy In an installation of several wind turbines, different control policies can be carried out that will allow all of them to behave optimally, both from the point of view of energy capture, and that of the contribution to dynamic stability and network frequency control.
  • this invention it is possible to make some wind turbines responsible for contributing to the control of the frequency and its dynamic stability by making them work at a power lower than the nominal power to have a sufficient reserve that can meet the transient demands. Thanks to the control proposed in this invention to take advantage of the energy stored in the turbine rotor, the decrease in power is not too significant compared to the nominal power of the equipment, optimizing the energy capture of the park as a whole. The rest of the wind turbines will work in their optimal conditions for capturing energy from the wind.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

Ce système permet d'utiliser l'énergie mécanique stockée dans un élément rotatif pour contribuer à la stabilité dynamique et au contrôle de la fréquence du réseau à laquelle ledit élément de rotation est couplé. Le principal domaine d'application de cette invention est le domaine d'aérogénérateurs, dans lequel l'énergie d'inertie stockée dans le rotor desdits aérogénérateurs peut être utilisée. Ce rotor comprend deux convertisseurs de puissance placés côte à côte, un rectificateur (4) et un onduleur (6) ayant un système de contrôle (16) qui génère le couple de transfert Topt garantissant une capture d'énergie pour toute vitesse du vent. Le système ajoute deux composants de couple : la première ΔTf à la sortie du bloc de contrôle (20) afin de garantir que la fréquence du réseau de distribution suive une fréquence de référence. Le second composant de couple généré par le bloc de contrôle (18) réalise le calcul de l'augmentation de couple ΔTi, dont la finalité est de contribuer à l'amélioration de la stabilité dynamique du réseau de distribution apportant au système un couple d'intertie similaire à la puissance d'inertie équivalente d'un générateur synchronique connecté au réseau de distribution d'une centrale de génération conventionnel. On obtient donc le couple de référence Tref qui est la consigne de couple que le circuit rectificateur (4) devra suivre pour que le couple électrique du générateur (3) suive ladite référence et on obtienne les objectifs de contrôle.
PCT/ES2002/000099 2001-09-13 2002-03-06 Systeme d'utilisation de l'energie stockee dans l'inertie mecanique du rotor d'une turbine eolienne WO2003023224A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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BR0206032-9A BR0206032A (pt) 2001-09-13 2002-03-06 "sistema de aproveitamento da energia armazenada na inércia mecânica do rotor de uma turbina eólica

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ESP200102063 2001-09-13
ES200102063A ES2189664B1 (es) 2001-09-13 2001-09-13 Sistema de aprovechamiento de la energia almacenada en la inercia mecanica del rotor de una turbina eolica.

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WO2005025026A1 (fr) 2003-09-03 2005-03-17 Repower Systems Ag Procede pour faire fonctionner ou reguler une eolienne et procede pour mettre a disposition une puissance de regulation primaire au moyen d'eoliennes
EP2284974A1 (fr) * 2003-09-03 2011-02-16 REpower Systems AG Procédé de fonctionnement ou de réglage d'une éolienne et procédé de préparation de la puissance de régulation à l'aide d'une éolienne
EP1790850A1 (fr) * 2005-11-29 2007-05-30 General Electric Company Système et procédé pour le contrôle des utilitaires et des éoliennes
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US7761190B2 (en) 2005-11-29 2010-07-20 General Electric Company System and method for utility and wind turbine control
NL2000154C2 (nl) * 2006-07-21 2008-01-22 Wind Energy Solutions Wes B V Hybride Windturbinesysteem.
WO2008031426A2 (fr) * 2006-09-14 2008-03-20 Oswald Elektromotoren Gmbh Appareil à turbine
WO2008031426A3 (fr) * 2006-09-14 2009-04-30 Oswald Elektromotoren Gmbh Appareil à turbine
ES2338396A1 (es) * 2007-12-27 2010-05-06 GAMESA INNOVATION &amp; TECHONOLOGY S.L. Instalacion de energia eolica y procedimiento para su funcionamiento.
US8373312B2 (en) 2008-01-31 2013-02-12 General Electric Company Solar power generation stabilization system and method
US8237301B2 (en) 2008-01-31 2012-08-07 General Electric Company Power generation stabilization control systems and methods
US10066602B2 (en) 2009-03-23 2018-09-04 Wobben Properties Gmbh Method for operating a wind turbine
US9279411B2 (en) 2009-03-23 2016-03-08 Aloys Wobben Method for operating a wind turbine
EP2282053B1 (fr) 2009-06-29 2016-01-13 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Éolienne fournissant un support de grille
US8301311B2 (en) 2009-07-06 2012-10-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Frequency-responsive wind turbine output control
US8219256B2 (en) 2009-07-14 2012-07-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Bang-bang controller and control method for variable speed wind turbines during abnormal frequency conditions
WO2011008637A2 (fr) 2009-07-14 2011-01-20 Siemens Energy, Inc. Contrôleur par tout ou rien et procédé de commande pour turbines éoliennes à vitesse variable dans des conditions de fréquences anormales
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US9325217B2 (en) 2010-06-08 2016-04-26 Temporal Power Ltd. Flywheel energy system
US8803363B2 (en) 2012-04-16 2014-08-12 Temporal Power Ltd. Method and system for regulating power of an electricity grid system
US9316160B2 (en) 2012-09-12 2016-04-19 Alstom Technology Ltd Method for operating a thermal power plant
EP2708737A1 (fr) * 2012-09-12 2014-03-19 Alstom Technology Ltd Procédé de fonctionnement d'une centrale électrique thermique
US10508710B2 (en) 2012-11-05 2019-12-17 Bc New Energy (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Cooled flywheel apparatus having a stationary cooling member to cool a flywheel annular drive shaft
US9083207B1 (en) 2014-01-10 2015-07-14 Temporal Power Ltd. High-voltage flywheel energy storage system
US9362801B2 (en) 2014-01-10 2016-06-07 Temporal Power Ltd. High-voltage flywheel energy storage system
CN105041569A (zh) * 2014-03-11 2015-11-11 歌美飒创新技术公司 风力涡轮机惯量控制系统
EP2918824A1 (fr) * 2014-03-11 2015-09-16 Gamesa Innovation & Technology, S.L. Système de commande d'inertie d'une éolienne
CN105041569B (zh) * 2014-03-11 2019-06-21 歌美飒创新技术公司 风力涡轮机惯量控制系统
EP3440756B1 (fr) 2016-04-05 2022-02-09 Wobben Properties GmbH Procédé, éolienne, et parc à éoliennes pour injection d'énergie électrique
US10972029B2 (en) 2016-10-28 2021-04-06 Wobben Properties Gmbh Method for operating a wind turbine

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ES2189664B1 (es) 2004-10-16
YU35903A (sh) 2004-05-12
BR0206032A (pt) 2003-11-11

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