WO2003012066A2

WO2003012066A2 - Magnesium precipitate hot start method for molecular manipulation of nucleic acids

Info

Publication number: WO2003012066A2
Application number: PCT/US2002/024533
Authority: WO
Inventors: Wayne M. Barnes; Katherine R. Rowlyk
Original assignee: Barnes Wayne M; Rowlyk Katherine R
Priority date: 2001-08-02
Filing date: 2002-08-02
Publication date: 2003-02-13
Also published as: WO2003012066A3; EP1419275A4; AU2002327421A1; EP1419275A2

Abstract

The present invention provides methods of performing enzymatic reactions, including PCR, which require the use of magnesium dependent enzymes, including restriction endonucleases, ligases, and reverse transcriptases. The method is based on sequestration of magnesium ions in the form of a precipitate which renders a magnesium dependent enzyme inactive until the appropriate time in the reaction when a certain temperature is reached and the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate. Also provided are kits comprising reagents and instructions for amplifying a target nucleic acid, for DNA digestion and ligation, and for reverse transcription of RNA into cDNA. Furthermore, the kits and reagents of the present invention can be utilized in other reactions requiring magnesium dependent enzymes.

Description

MAGNESIUM PRECIPITATE HOT START METHOD FOR MOLECULAR

MANIPULATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. provisional application serial no. 60/309,646, filed August 2, 2001 as well as U.S. non-provisional application serial no. 10/091,784 filed March 6, 2002 and its parent, U.S. non-provisional application serial no. 09/920,872, filed August 2, 2001 and issued June 11, 2002 as U.S. Patent No. 6,403,341, all the specifications of which are included herein by reference as if restated here in full. Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to a novel method of performing enzymatic reactions involving magnesium dependent enzymes which are active at temperatures above 30°C, such as DNA polymerases, ligases, restriction endonucleases, and reverse transcriptases. Also provided is a novel method of performing hot start PCR reactions. Furthermore, the present invention relates to achieving a greater specificity of these reactions. Also provided in the present invention are reagents and kits for performing these enzymatic reactions using a magnesium precipitate.

Background of the Invention Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a rapid and simple method for specifically amplifying a target DNA sequence in an exponential manner: Saiki, et al., Science

239:487-4391 (1988). Briefly, the method as now commonly practiced utilizes a pair of primers that have nucleotide sequences complementary to the DNA which flanks the target sequence. The primers are mixed with a solution containing the target DNA (the template), a thermostable DNA polymerase and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPS) for all four deoxynucleotides (adenosine (A), tyrosine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine(G)). The mix is then heated to a temperature sufficient to separate the two complementary strands of DNA. The mix is next cooled to a temperature sufficient to allow the primers to specifically anneal to sequences flanking the gene or sequence of interest. The temperature of the reaction mixture is then optionally reset to the optimum for the thermostable DNA polymerase to allow DNA synthesis (extension) to proceed. The temperature regimen is then repeated to constitute each amplification cycle. Thus. PCR consists of multiple cycles of DNA melting, annealing and extension. Twenty replication cycles can yield up to a million-fold amplification of the target DNA sequence. In some applications a single primer sequence functions to prime at both ends of the target, but this only works efficiently if the primer is not too long in length. In some applications several pairs of primers are employed in a process commonly known as multiplex PCR.

The ability to amplify a target DNA molecule by PCR has applications in various areas of technology e.g., environmental and food microbiology (Wernars et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol, 57:1914-1919 (1991); Hill and Keasler, Int. J. Food Microbiol, 12:67-75 (1991)), clinical microbiology (Wages et al. J Med. Virol, 33:58-63 (1991); Sacramento et al., Mol. Cell Probes, 5:229-240 (1991)), oncology (Kumar and Barbacid, Oncogene, 3:647-651 (1988); McCormick, Cancer Cells, 1:56-61 (1989)), genetic disease prognosis (Handyside et al., Nature, 344:768-770 (1990)), and blood banking and forensics (Jackson, Transfusion, 30:51-57 (1990)).

Although significant progress has been made in PCR technology, the amplification of non-target oligonucleotides due to side-reactions, such as mispriming on non-target background DNA, RNA, and/or the primers themselves, still presents a significant problem. This is especially true in diagnostic applications where PCR is carried out in a milieu containing complex background DNA and/or RNA while the target DNA may be present at a very low level down to a single copy (Chou et al., Nucleic Acid Res., 20:1717- 1723 (1992)).

The temperature at which Taq DNA polymerase exhibits highest activity is in the range of 62° to 72° C, however, significant activity is also exhibited in the range of 20° to 37° C. As a result, during standard PCR preparation at ambient temperatures, the primers may prime DNA extension at non-specific sequences because the formation of only a few base pairs at the 3 '-end of a primer can result in a stable priming complex. The result can be competitive or inhibitory products at the expense of the desired product. As an example of inhibitory product, structures consisting only of primer, sometimes called "primer dimers" are formed by the action of DNA polymerase on primers paired with each other, regardless of the true target template. The probability of undesirable primer-primer interactions increases with the number of primer pairs in the reaction, as with multiplex PCR. Other examples of inhibitory products are "wrong bands" of various length, caused by mispriming on the template DNA. During PCR cycling, these non-specific extension products can compete with the desired target DNA and/or lead to misinterpretation of the assay.

Since these side reactions often occur during standard PCR preparation at ambient temperature, one method for minimizing these side reactions involves "hot start" PCR. Many PCR analyses, particularly the most demanding ones, benefit from a hot start. About 50% of all PCR reactions show improved yield and/or specificity if a hot start is employed, and in some cases a hot start is absolutely critical. These demanding PCR analyses include those which have very low copy numbers of target (such as 1 HIV genome per 10,000 cells), denatured DNA (many DNA extraction procedures include a boiling step, so that the template is single- stranded during reaction setup), or contaminated DNA e.g., DNA from soil or feces and/or DNA containing large amounts of RNA. However, current methods of achieving a hot start are tedious, expensive, and/or have other shortcomings.

Hot start PCR may be accomplished by various physical, chemical, or biochemical methods. In a physical hot start, the DNA polymerase or one or more reaction components that are essential for DNA polymerase activity is not allowed to contact the sample DNA until all the components required for the reaction are at a high temperature. The temperature must be high enough so that not even partial hybridization of the primers can occur at any locations other than the desired template location, in spite of the entire genome of the cell being available for non-specific partial hybridization of the primers. Thus, the temperature must be high enough so that base pairing of the primers cannot occur at template (or contaminating template) locations with less than perfect or near- perfect homology. This safe starting temperature is typically in the range of 50° to 75° C. and typically is about 10° C. hotter than the annealing temperature used in the PCR.

One physical way a hot start can be achieved is by using a wax barrier, such as the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,599,660 and 5,411,876. See also Hebert et al., Mol Cell Probes, 7:249-252 (1993); Horton et al., Biotechniques, 16:42-43 (1994). Using such methods, the PCR reaction is set up in two layers separated by a 1 mm thick layer of paraffin wax which melts at about 56° C. There are several methods which may be used to separate the reaction components into two solutions. For instance, all of the DNA is added, with 1 xbuffer but no dNTPs and no DNA polymerase enzyme, in a volume of 25 ml. One drop of melted wax is added and the tubes are all heated to 60° C. for one minute to allow the melted wax to form a sealing layer after which the tubes are cooled so the wax solidifies. Then a 25 ml mixture containing 1 xbuffer, all of the dNTPs, and the enzyme is added to each reaction. Finally, 1 drop of oil is added, to make 4 total layers. As the thermal cycler protocol heats the tubes to the first melting step (approximately 95° C), the wax melts and floats to mix with the oil layer, and the two aqueous layers mix by convection as the temperature cycles.

One common variation involving the use of a wax barrier is that the reaction components are assembled with no magnesium ions so that the DNA polymerase enzyme is inactive. The magnesium ion encased in a wax bead is then (or initially) added. A further modification of the wax barrier used in PCR reactions is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,660. Alternatively, at least one biological or chemical reagent needed for PCR is mixed with a wax carrier, resulting in a reagent that is solid at room temperature. Thus, the addition of other PCR reagents does not activate the DNA polymerase due to the fact that one or some of the reagents are sequestered in the wax. However, upon heating or the addition of a solvent, the sequestered reagent(s) is/are released from the carrier wax and allowed to react with other soluble reagents, leading to the initiation of the PCR reaction. After the amplification is complete, the reactions are cooled to ambient temperature. Thus, a problem with these wax methods, however, is that the wax hardens after the completion of the amplification which makes sample recovery extremely tedious, since the wax tends to plug the pipet tips used to remove the sample. This is true even if the samples are reheated to melt the wax. Another potential problem is cross-contamination if tweezers are used to add wax beads, since slight contact between the tweezers and the tube caps can move DNA template between samples before the PCR reactions start. Furthermore, the addition of a wax or a grease layer can negatively affect a PCR reaction since increasing the total mass of the PCR reaction tube decreases the speed with which the contents of the tube approach the targeted temperatures in the thermal cycler.

Another way to implement a hot start PCR is to use DNA polymerase which is inactivated chemically but reversibly, such as AMPLITAQ GOLD® DNA polymerase. This enzyme preparation, distributed by PE Applied Biosystems, is distributed to users in inactivated form, but is reactivatable by heating. The required reactivation conditions, however, are extremely harsh to the template DNA: ten minutes at 95° C. and at a nominal pH of 8.3 or lower results in reactivation of some 30% of the enzyme which is enough to start the PCR. See Moretti, et al, Biotechniques 25: 716-722 (1998). Because this treatment depurinates DNA every thousand bases or so, this enzyme can not be used to amplify DNA more than a few kilobases in length. Accordingly, the use of this enzyme is most efficient when it is restricted to amplifying target DNA with a length of approximately 200 base pairs.

An additional way of implementing a hot start is to combine the Taq DNA polymerase enzyme with a Taq antibody before adding it to the reagent. This method employs a monoclonal, inactivating antibody raised against Taq DNA polymerase. See Scalice et al., J Immun. Methods, 172: 147-163 (1994); Sharkey et al., Bio/Technology, 12:506-509 (1994); Kellogg et al., Biotechniques, 16: 1134-1137 (1994). The antibody inhibits the polymerase activity at ambient temperature but is inactivated by heat denaturation. Unfortunately, the antibodies currently available for use in this method are not very efficient, and a 5 to 10- fold molar excess must be used to effect the advantages of a hot start PCR. For Klentaq-278, an amino-terminally deleted Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase that starts with codon 279 which must be used at higher protein levels for long PCR (up to ten times more protein than Taq DNA polymerase), the levels of antibody necessary for a hot start become extremely high and the denatured antibody protein retains some inhibition for longer PCR targets. The original developer of anti-Taq antibodies (Kodak, now Johnson & Johnson) uses a triple-monoclonal antibody mixture which is more effective but is not commercially available and has not been tested in long PCR.

These methods used for hot starts require inclusion of an often expensive component (e.g., anti-Taq antibody) in the reaction mix and may place some undesirable constraints on the performance of the PCR such as a relatively short time period between when a reagent is prepared and when it must be used, or a lower efficiency of amplification.

Yet another method used for hot start PCR is to specially design primers with secondary structures that prevent the primers from annealing until cycling temperatures denature them. See Ailenberg et al., Biotechniques, 29: 1018-1020, 1022-1024 (2000). These specially designed primers are usually longer in length and special care must be taken in primer design. It may be inconvenient, expensive, or otherwise infeasible to design such primers.

Besides the grease/wax method, a low tech, inexpensive option of a physical hot start is to add the enzyme, the magnesium and/or the dNTPs to the reactions after they have heated to a temperature sufficient to ensure specificity of primer annealing. This "manual" hot start method, besides being tedious and prone to error, commonly results in contamination and cross-contamination of PCR samples as the reaction tubes must be opened in the thermal cycler while they are hot. Some PCR users believe they are performing a hot start when they set up PCR reactions in tubes on ice, then add the tubes to a thermal cycler block pre-warmed to 95° C. Although some benefit arises from this method, the addition of only a few nucleotides to a primer can take place every second during the fifteen seconds or more that the tubes warm from 0° to 25° C. This is enough to initiate unwanted competitive PCR for reactions that require a hot start. Also, if many tubes are involved in an experiment, the tubes placed in the block first are heated for a longer time period at 95° C. compared to the tubes placed later in the heating block thus resulting in a lack of reproducibility between samples. Therefore, the current methods of hot start PCR are associated with multiple shortcomings. In cases of applying physical methods of the hot start, the possible problems include the ease of contamination, plugging up of pipet tips with wax or grease, and increase in time needed to reach target temperatures. In cases of applying chemical/biochemical methods of the hot start, the major drawbacks include the damage to template DNA resulting from harsh conditions needed to activate a chemically inactivated DNA polymerase, the excessive amounts of anti-Amplitaq antibody needed for inactivation of a DNA polymerase prior to initiation of a PCR reaction, and significant costs of obtaining commercially available antibodies. Furthermore, the use of specially designed primers may place unnecessary constraints on PCR reactions.

Accordingly, a need exists for obtaining novel or modified methods of "hot start" PCR that would still provide all advantages of this procedure and at the same time minimize or completely eliminate some of its shortcomings.

In addition to PCR technology, recombinant DNA technology generally has become widely used in recent years, has contributed to major scientific breakthroughs and relies heavily on the use of enzymes such as restriction endonucleases, ligases, and reverse transcriptases. Restriction endonucleases naturally occur in bacteria, and isolated and purified forms of such nucleases can be used to "cut" DNA molecules at precise locations. These enzymes function by first recognizing and binding to a particular double-stranded sequence ("recognition sequence") within the DNA molecule. Once bound, they cleave the DNA molecule either within or to one side of the recognition sequence to which they are bound. The majority of restriction endonucleases recognize sequences that are four to six nucleotides in length; however, a small number of endonucleases can cleave sequences that are seven to eight nucleotides in length. The target DNA must be double-stranded for the restriction enzymes to bind and cleave. Apparent cleavage of single-stranded DNA is actually due to the formation of double-stranded regions by intrastrand folding at ambient to warm temperatures (20° to 30°C).

The temperature at which restriction enzymes are active varies; however, many enzymes prefer temperatures above the ambient temperature. For example, 98% of enzymes available from New England BioLabs have optimum activities above 30°C. Some 5% of the restriction enzymes are active at temperatures above 55°C. All restriction endonucleases require magnesium ions for activity.

The second group of enzymes which are important in recombinant DNA technology are ligases. These enzymes are responsible for joining or ligating DNA molecules through a reaction involving the 3'-hydroxy and 5 '-phosphate termini. In vivo, one of the functions of DNA ligases involves fixing DNA damage which the ligase accomplishes by utilizing a molecule of ATP or NAD⁺ to activate the 5' end at the nick in the DNA prior to forming a new bond. With regard to recombinant DNA molecules, the process is the same with the exception that the DNA ligase "seals" cohesive ends produced by restriction endonucleases instead of the nicks in the DNA. In case of blunt ends, the ligation process is less efficient since base-pairing does not occur between the termini. Therefore, ligation reactions with blunt ends require higher concentrations of DNA and ligase in the reaction mixtures. See U.S. Patent No. 6,143,527.

In addition to ligation of recombinant DNA molecules, an important in vitro use of ligase is in ligase chain reaction (LCR) which is an alternative to PCR in target nucleic acid amplification. LCR utilizes thermostable ligases, which are active at higher temperatures than regular ligases. For instance, Taq ligase, isolated from Thermus aquaticus, functions optimally at temperatures between 45°C and 65°C. In LCR reactions, repeated cycles of hybridization and ligation of primary and secondary probes result in amplification of the target sequence. See U.S. Patent No. 5,427,930. LCRs have been utilized in DNA diagnostics such as genetic disease detection since they can detect single- base mismatches in DNA targets, thereby indicating the mutated or disease-causing alleles. See Barany, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 88, pp. 189-193, Jan. 1991.

One of the problems of achieving specificity in LCR is the ligation of the probe primers when they are non-specifically annealed to non-target DNA during reaction setup. This can cause a seed of competing signal that confounds the specific detection and quantization of the desired specific sequence(s).

Reverse transcriptases (RT) were first recognized as components of retro viruses whose genetic material consists of single-stranded RNA. These viruses use RTs to synthesize a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) using viral RNA as a template, which is followed by the synthesis of double stranded DNA and subsequent integration into the host genome. See U.S. Patent No. 5,998,195. At present, reverse transcriptases are frequently used in molecular biology because of their ability to synthesize complementary DNA from almost any RNA template. Thus, reverse transcriptase is commonly used to make nucleic acids for hybridization probes and to convert single-stranded RNA into a single-stranded cDNA, which can further be converted into a double-stranded DNA for subsequent cloning and expression by techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Reverse transcriptases have been used as a component of transcription-based amplification systems that can amplify RNA and DNA target sequences up to 1 trillion fold. See e.g. , PCT Patent Application WO 89/01050 and European Patent Application EP 0329822. Reverse transcriptases are also included in RT-PCR reactions wherein an initial step involves making a cDNA copy of the RNA target, which is then amplified by PCR. See U.S. Patent No. 5,998,195. Similarly to PCR reactions, RT-PCR reactions are very sensitive to a variety of factors such as magnesium concentration and pH, and can result in production of nonspecific bands if RT can non-specifically initiate the synthesis of cDNA.

In addition, a method which would withhold a critical component, such as magnesium from magnesium dependent restriction endonucleases, ligases, and reverse transcriptases which are active above 30°C would be desirable to improve the specificity of such enzymatic reactions. As such, a need exists to provide novel or modified methods of performing enzymatic reactions involving magnesium dependent enzymes that would allow for improved precision and specificity of the reactions.

Summary of the Invention Among the several aspects of the invention, therefore, may be noted the provision of novel processes for performing enzymatic reactions which require the use of a magnesium dependent enzyme such as DNA polymerase, a restriction enzyme, ligase or reverse transcriptase. These magnesium dependent enzymes are utilized in reactions which occur at temperatures above 30°C. Briefly, the present invention is directed to processes of synthesizing nucleic acids using DNA polymerases, cleaving DNA using restriction endonucleases, ligating DNA using DNA ligases, and transcribing RNA into cDNA using reverse transcriptases. Accordingly, the present invention provides reagents and kits which can be used to perform said reactions.

In particular, the processes of the invention comprise sequestering magnesium ions in a precipitate thereby rendering the magnesium dependent enzyme such as a restriction endonuclease, a ligase, or a reverse transcriptase inactive until the magnesium ions are released. In one aspect, the processes of the present invention utilize a reagent which comprises a precipitate containing magnesium. Alternatively, the reagent comprises a source of magnesium ions with a source of phosphate ions which can be used to form a precipitate combining the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions at a temperature of below 34°C. These reagents are utilized in enzymatic reactions including cleaving of DNA, reverse transcribing DNA and ligating DNA molecules, which occur at temperatures above 30°C in order to improve the specificity of such reactions.

A further aspect of the present invention is to provide kits useful for reactions involving magnesium dependent enzymes. These enzymes include restriction endonucleases, ligases and reverse transcriptases. In one embodiment, kits of the present invention comprise a container containing a source of magnesium ions and a container containing a source of phosphate ions which form a precipitate containing magnesium when combined at temperatures of below 34°C and instructions for performing said reactions. In another embodiment, the kits comprise a container containing a reagent comprising a precipitate containing magnesium and instructions for using the precipitate containing magnesium. Preferably, other reagents necessary for the above-mentioned reactions are included in the kits of the present invention.

Among the several aspects of the invention, therefore, may be noted the provision of novel processes for performing hot start PCR reactions. Briefly, the present invention is directed to processes for synthesizing nucleic acid extension products and specifically, to methods for amplifying a target nucleic acid sequence using PCR. Accordingly, the present invention provides reagents and kits which can be used to synthesize a nucleic acid extension product.

As such, it is an aspect of the present invention to increase the specificity of PCR product amplification by providing a new method for hot start PCR. In particular, the processes comprise sequestering magnesium ions in a precipitate thereby rendering the DNA polymerase inactive until the magnesium ions are released. In one aspect, the processes of the present invention utilize a reagent which comprises a precipitate containing magnesium. Alternatively, the precipitate is formed by combining a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions at a temperature of 4° to 30° C. The precipitate is combined with the PCR reaction components e.g., a thermostable DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, a set of primers and a target nucleic acid sequence. The magnesium ions are then released from the precipitate, preferably by heating the mixture to a temperature sufficient to release the magnesium ions from the precipitate and into the mixture. The release of magnesium ions into the mixture activates the DNA polymerase thus allowing the extension of each primer to proceed.

A further aspect of the present invention is to provide kits for amplifying a target nucleic acid. In one embodiment, kits of the present invention comprise a container containing a source of magnesium ions and a container containing a source of phosphate ions which form a precipitate containing magnesium when combined at a temperature of 4° to 30° C, and instructions for amplifying the target nucleic acid. In another embodiment, the kits comprise a container containing a reagent comprising a precipitate containing magnesium and instructions for using the precipitate containing magnesium to amplify the target nucleic acid sequence. Preferably, other reaction reagents such as a DNA polymerase or a mixture of DNA polymerases and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are included in the kits of the present invention.

Other aspects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

Brief Description of the Figures These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, claims and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 is an image of an agarose gel depicting the amplification products of hot start PCR reactions performed using different concentrations of phosphoric acid (3-7 mM) added to magnesium chloride in TAT buffer. Lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard molecular weight ladders. The PCR reactions in lanes 3 and 6 were performed by a manual hot start method and the PCR reactions in the remaining lanes were prepared at room temperature and incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes (warm start). The PCR products represented in lanes 3-5 were formed without any phosphoric acid in the TAT buffer whereas the products in other lanes (6-16) were formed utilizing TAT buffer containing phosphoric acid ranging in concentration from 3 mM to 7 mM (TAT3-TAT7). In lanes 7- 16, this buffer was initially incubated with magnesium chloride to form the precipitate. The superscript represents the milimolar concentrations of phosphoric acid in the PCR reactions. FIG. 2 is an image of an agarose gel depicting the amplification products of hot start PCR reactions performed using different concentrations of phosphoric acid (5-19 mM) added to magnesium chloride in TAT buffer. Lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard molecular weight markers. Lanes 3, 4, 7, and 8 are representations of a manual hot start, whereas the standard/bench start is portrayed in lanes 5 and 6. The remaining lanes contain the products from PCR reactions that were performed by using the magnesium precipitate hot start method. Specifically, lanes 9-19 depict PCR products that were formed as a result of PCR reactions utilizing TAT buffers containing different phosphoric acid concentrations. The superscript represents the milimolar concentrations of phosphoric acid in each PCR reaction. FIG. 3 is an image of an agarose gel of a magnesium precipitate hot start PCR using TaqLA and KlentaqLA. Lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard molecular weight markers. Lanes 3 and 4 and lanes 9 and 10 represent the products of the manual hot start method performed with KlentaqLA and TaqLA, respectively. Lanes 5 and 6 and lanes 11 and 12 show minimal amplification of the products when using regular PCR methods (bench start) using KlentaqLA and TaqLA, respectively. Lanes 7 and 8 and lanes 13 and 14 illustrate the use of KlentaqLA and TaqLA in magnesium precipitate hot start reactions. The superscript represents the milimolar concentrations of phosphoric acid in the PCR reactions.

FIGS. 4 A and 4B are images of agarose gels depicting the magnesium precipitate hot start method utilizing different magnesium comprising compounds including magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ). In FIG. 4A , lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard molecular weight markers. The PCR reactions from lanes 3-8 were performed in the presence of magnesium chloride, lanes 9-14 were performed in the presence of magnesium sulfate, and lanes 15-20 were done in the presence of magnesium hydroxide. In FIG. 4B , lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard markers and lanes 3-6 were performed in the presence of magnesium carbonate. A manual hot start is represented by lanes 3, 4, 9, 10, 15 and 16 in FIG. 4 A and lanes 3 and 4 in FIG. 4 B. The regular bench start is shown in lanes 5, 6, 11, 12, 17 and 18 of FIG. 4 A and lane 5 in FIG. 4 B. The magnesium precipitate hot start is depicted in FIG. 4 A in lanes 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, and 20, and lane 6 in FIG. 4 B. The superscript represents the milimolar concentrations of the phosphoric acid in the PCR reactions.

FIGS. 5 A and 5B are images of agarose gels depicting the magnesium precipitate hot start method utilizing different phosphate containing compounds, including H 3 PO 4 , KH 2 PO 4 , NaH 2 PO 4 , and CH 6 O 6 P 2 . In FIG. 5A , lanes 1 and 2 are the molecular weight markers. The PCR reactions in lanes 3-6 were performed using TAT buffer (no phosphate), whereas the PCR reactions depicted in lanes 7-10 were performed using TAT buffer containing 5 mM phosphoric acid. Furthermore, lanes 3, 4, 7, and 8 were performed as manual hot start reactions, whereas lanes 5, 6, 9 and 10 were performed with the magnesium precipitate hot start method. In FIG. 5B , lanes 1 and 2 are the molecular weight markers and lanes 3-6 depict PCR reactions performed using 5 mM KH 2 PO 4 . Lanes 7-10 represent the PCR reactions that were performed using 5 mM NaH 2 PO 4 and the PCR reactions depicted in lanes 11-14 were performed using 5 mM methylenediphosphonic acid (MDP). In FIG. 5B , lanes 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, and 12 represent manual hot start reactions, and lanes 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, and 14 represent magnesium precipitate hot start PCRs.

FIG. 6 is an image of an agarose gel depicting the effect of magnesium chloride concentration on precipitate formation and the efficacy of the magnesium precipitate hot start PCR. Lane 1 is a standard molecular weight marker, lanes 2-11 were performed as manual hot start PCRs in the presence of the TAT buffer and increasing concentrations of magnesium chloride and lanes 12-21 were performed as magnesium precipitate hot start reactions in the presence of TAT5 buffer and increasing magnesium chloride concentrations. The superscript represents the final milimolar concentrations of the magnesium chloride used in the PCR reactions. FIG. 7 is an image of an agarose gel depicting the effect of incubating TAT5 buffer with magnesium chloride for various lengths of time. Lanes 1 and 2 represent molecular weight markers, lanes 3 and 4 depict the manual hot start method and lanes 5 and 6 represent the regular bench start. Lanes 7-16 depict the products of the magnesium precipitate hot start PCR reactions. TAT5 and magnesium chloride were allowed to incubate during the magnesium precipitate hot start reactions for 15 minutes (lanes 7 and 8), 10 minutes (lanes 9 and 10), 5 minutes (lanes 11 and 12), 2 minutes (lanes 13 and 14), and 0 minutes (lanes 15 and 16). The superscripts represent minutes of incubation of TAT5 and magnesium chloride. FIG. 8 is an image of an agarose gel depicting use of the magnesium precipitate hot start method to amplify HIN-1 gag gene. Lanes 1 and 2 depict the molecular markers, lanes 3 and 4 depict the manual hot start, lanes 5 and 6 depict the bench start method, and lanes 7 and 8 depict the magnesium precipitate hot start reaction. The bench start method of performing PCR resulted in the amplification of an incorrect band thus showing the lack of specificity. However, both the manual and magnesium precipitate hot starts yielded the bands of correct size. The superscript represents the milimolar concentration of phosphoric acid utilized in the reaction.

FIG. 9 is an image of an agarose gel showing the effect of ammonium sulfate ((ΝH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) in the TAT buffer on the formation of precipitate and subsequent PCR product (HIN-1 gag) amplification. Lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard molecular weight markers, lanes 3 and 4 represent the manual hot start reactions, and the lanes 5 and 6 represent the bench start. The bench start yielded the wrong band thus indicating the advantage of applying the hot start methods in PCR reactions. Lanes 7- 10 represent the magnesium precipitate hot start PCR reactions. The incubation of the phosphoric acid with magnesium chloride was done so that either ammonium sulfate or both Tris and ammonium sulfate were excluded from the buffer. The missing reagents were then added to the reaction tubes with mastermixes prior to running the reactions. Lanes 7 and 8 represent withholding both Tris and ammonium sulfate during the incubation step whereas in the PCR reactions depicted in lanes 9 and 10, only ammonium sulfate was excluded during the incubation.

FIG. 10 is an image of an agarose gel depicting the optimal concentration of ammonium phosphate ((ΝH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ) for use in the magnesium precipitate hot start PCR reactions. All lanes show the amplification of Cryptosporidium parvum heat shock protein homolog gene (hsp70). Lanes 1 and 2 represent the standard molecular markers. Lanes 3 and 4 and lanes 5 and 6 represent the manual hot start and the bench start, respectively. As shown in lanes 7 and 8, the manual hot start was also performed with TAT buffer containing ammonium phosphate as the source of phosphate ions. The remaining lanes (9-18) depict the amplification products in magnesium precipitate hot start reactions that utilized ammonium phosphate. In these reactions, only the concentration of phosphate ions was increased while the concentration of ammonium ions was kept constant. The concentrations of phosphate that were tested are represented by superscripts and include: 1 mM (lanes 9 and 10), 3 mM (lanes 11 and 12), 5 mM (lanes 13 and 14), 7 mM (lanes 15 and 16), and 10 mM (lanes 17 and 18).

Detailed Description All publications, patents, patent applications or other references cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication, patent, patent application or reference are specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Abbreviations and Definitions The listed abbreviations and terms, as used herein, are defined as follows: bp is the abbreviation for base pairs, kb is the abbreviation for kilobase (1000 base pairs), nt is the abbreviation for nucleotides. Taq is the abbreviation for Thermus aquaticus. Pfu is the abbreviation for Purococcus furiosus.

Tth is the abbreviation for Thermus thermophilus.

"Stoffel fragment" refers to a DNA polymerase having substantially the same amino acid sequence as Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase but lacks the 5' nuclease activity due to a genetic manipulation which results in the deletion of the N-terminal 289 amino acids of the polymerase molecule. See Erlich et al., Science 252:1643, 1991.

"Deep Nent" DΝA polymerase is purified from an archael, thermophilic bacterium by New England Biolabs, Inc.

"Klentaql " is a trademarked commercial name for Klentaq-278 which is a DNA polymerase having substantially the same amino acid sequence as Thermus aquaticus

DNA polymerase, but excluding the N-terminal 278 amino acids, ±one residue as claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,494, incorporated herein by reference.

"LA PCR" is Long and Accurate PCR using an unbalanced mixture of two DNA polymerases, as claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,149. "KlentaqLA" is an unbalanced mixture of two DNA polymerases, wherein the major component is the thermostable DNA polymerase known as Klentaql or Klentaq278 and lacking 3'-exonuclease activity and the minor component is at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3'-exonuclease activity, as claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,149. KlentaqLA is commercially available from Clontech (Cat. No. 8421-1) and from Sigma (Cat. No. D6290). In the examples shown, the minor component is "Deep Vent" DNA polymerase.

"TaqLA" is an unbalanced mixture of two DNA polymerases, wherein the major component is full-length Taq DNA polymerase as the thermostable DNA polymerase lacking 3'-exonuclease activity and the minor component is at least one DNA polymerase exhibiting 3'-exonuclease activity, as claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,149, incorporated herein by reference. In the examples shown, the minor component is "Deep Vent" DNA polymerase. "Thermostable" is defined herein as having the ability to withstand temperatures up to at least 95° C. for many minutes without becoming irreversibly denatured and the ability to polymerize DNA at optimum temperatures of 55° C. to 75° C.

In vitro processes of producing replicate copies of the same polynucleotide, such as PCR, are collectively referred to herein as "amplification" or "replication." For example, single or double stranded DNA may be replicated to form another DNA with the same sequence. RNA may be replicated, for example, by a RNA directed RNA polymerase, or by reverse transcribing the RNA using a reverse transcriptase or a DNA polymerase exhibiting reverse transcriptase activity and then performing a PCR amplification. In the latter case, the amplified copy of the RNA is a DNA (known as "complementary DNA" or "cDNA") with the correlating or homologous sequence.

The polymerase chain reaction ("PCR") is a reaction in which replicate copies are made of a target polynucleotide using one or more primers, and a catalyst of polymerization, such as a DNA polymerase, and particularly a thermally stable polymerase enzyme. Generally, PCR involves repeatedly performing a "cycle" of three steps: "melting", in which the temperature is adjusted such that the DNA dissociates to single strands, "annealing", in which the temperature is adjusted such that oligonucleotide primers are permitted to match their complementary base sequence using base pair recognition to form a duplex at one end of the span of polynucleotide to be amplified; and "extension" or "synthesis", which may occur at the same temperature as annealing, or in which the temperature is adjusted to a slightly higher and more optimum temperature, such that oligonucleotides that have formed a duplex are elongated with a DNA polymerase. This cycle is then repeated until the desired amount of amplified polynucleotide is obtained. Methods for PCR amplification are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4, 683,195 and 4,683,202. "Specificity" in PCR amplification refers to the generation of a single, "specific,"

PCR product with the size and sequence predicted from the sequences of the primers and the genomic or transcribed region of nucleic acid to which the primers were designed to anneal in a base- complementary manner. "Nonspecific" PCR product has a size or sequence different from such prediction. A "target nucleic acid" is that genomic or transcribed region of nucleic acid, the ends of which are base- complementary (with proper orientation) to primers included in a complete set of PCR reagents. A primer refers to a nucleic acid sequence, which is complementary to a known portion of a target nucleic acid sequence and which is necessary to initiate synthesis by DNA polymerase. "Proper orientation" is for the two primers to anneal to opposite strands of double-stranded target nucleic acid with their 3' ends pointing toward one another. Such primers are said to target the genomic or transcribed sequence to the ends of which they are base-complementary. An "appropriate temperature", as referred to in the claims in regard to the PCR amplifications, indicates the temperature at which specific annealing between primers and a target nucleic acid sequence occurs. "Manual hot start PCR" is a PCR method that generally produces improved reliability, improved products from low-copy targets, and/or cleaner PCR products. Template DNA and primers are mixed together and held at a temperature above the threshold of non-specific binding of primer to template. All of the PCR reaction components are added to the extension reaction except one critical reagent which is withheld. The withheld reagent is usually the thermostable polymerase or the magnesium, but it can also be, for instance, the triphosphates or the primers. Just prior to the cycling, the withheld reagent is added to allow the reaction to take place at higher temperature. Due to lack of non-specific hybridization of primers to template or to each other, the PCR amplification proceeds more efficiently as a result of the reduction or elimination of competing extensions at non-target locations.

"Standard or bench start" are used interchangeably herein and when used to refer to PCR amplification, indicate that all the PCR reaction components needed for amplification are added to the template nucleic acid sequence at 25° C. "Warm start" is used herein and when used to refer to PCR amplification, indicates that all the PCR reaction components needed for amplification are added to the template nucleic acid sequence at 25° C. followed by an incubation at 30° for 30 minutes.

When referring to a particular DNA polymerase, the term "polymerase activity" refers to the ability of the DNA polymerase to incorporate dNTPs or ddNTPS in a chain extension reaction.

"Reverse transcription", "reverse transcribing" or "RT reaction" refers to the process by which RNA is converted into cDNA through the action of a nucleic acid polymerase such as reverse transcriptase. Methods for reverse transcription are well known in the art and described for example in Fredrick M. Ausubel et al. (1995), "Short Protocols in Molecular Biology," John Wiley and Sons, and Michael A. Innis et al. (1990), "PCR Protocols," Academic Press.

"Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase" or "Taq DNA polymerase" are used interchangeably to refer to heat stable DNA polymerases from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus and include all Taq mutants, natural and synthesized. "Reverse transcriptase" is defined herein as an RNA-directed DNA polymerase or as a DNA polymerase exhibiting reverse transcriptase ability. rTth is the abbreviation for recombinant thermostable polymerase obtained from Thermus thermophilus that possesses reverse transcriptase and Taq-like DNA polymerase activities. "RT-PCR" or "reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction" is a reaction in which replicate DNA copies are made of a target RNA sequence using one or more primers, and catalysts of polymerization, such as reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase, and particularly thermostable forms of these enzymes. Generally, a target RNA sequence is first reverse transcribed into cDNA by the action of reverse transcriptase. Subsequently, PCR is performed, wherein the cDNA can be amplified many times depending on the number of PCR cycles. For instance, twenty amplification cycles can yielded up to a million-fold amplification of the target DNA sequence. Methods for PCR amplification are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202. For RT-PCR, see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,130,238 and 5,693,517. "Single restriction enzyme digest" or "restriction enzyme reaction" are used interchangeably herein to refer to reactions catalyzed by a single restriction enzyme that cleaves target DNA at specific sites either within or at the ends of DNA molecule(s).

"Multiple restriction enzyme digest" or "multiple restriction enzyme reaction" are used interchangeably herein to indicate reactions catalyzed by multiple restriction enzymes that cleave target DNA molecule at their cognate sites either within or at the ends of the DNA molecules.

"Ligase reaction" as used herein refers to a reaction catalyzed by a ligase, which results in ligation or joining of target nucleic acid sequences through formation of phosphodiester bonds between 5' and 3' termini of the target nucleic acids. "Specificity" in RT-PCR reaction refers to the generation of a single, "specific",

RT-PCR product with the size and sequence predicted from the sequences of the primers and the genomic or transcribed region of nucleic acid to which the primers were designed to anneal in a base-complementary manner. "Specificity" in a single or a multiple restriction enzyme digest refers to the ability of restriction enzyme(s) to only cleave DNA at their cognate recognition sequences in double-stranded form without cleaving any other similar, non-specific or single-stranded DNA sequences. "Specificity" in a ligase reaction refers to the ability of the ligase to specifically join two or more DNA sequences only when their 5' and 3' ends being joined are fully double-stranded and base-paired for at least few bases or for the length of the oligonucleotide substrate probes. The present invention further provides processes and kits for performing reactions requiring magnesium dependent enzymes. Preferably, these enzymes comprise ligases, restriction endonucleases, and reverse transcriptases. The enzymes utilizes in these processes are magnesium dependent and the enzymatic reactions in which the enzymes are utilized occur at temperatures above 30°C. The processes and kits utilize the step of sequestering magnesium ions, thereby rendering a magnesium dependent enzyme inactive until the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate into the reaction mixture.

The magnesium precipitate method of the present invention is achieved by forming a precipitate comprising magnesium ions which sequesters the magnesium ions from other reaction reagents and preferably, prevents significant magnesium dependent enzyme activity due to the lack of magnesium ions in the reaction mixture. The magnesium ions utilized in the present invention are available from different sources. Preferably, the sources of magnesium ions include but are not limited to magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate. In a preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride. Many sources of phosphate ions are available in the art. Preferably, the sources of phosphate ions include but are not limited to phosphoric acid (H₃PO ), potassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄), and ammonium phosphate ((NH₄)₂HPO₄). In a preferred embodiment, the source of phosphate ions is ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid and more preferably, the source of phosphate ions utilized is phosphoric acid. Many buffers used in reactions utilizing restriction enzymes, ligases, or reverse transcriptases contain magnesium. As such, the processes of the present invention may utilize buffers which contain the source of magnesium ions for the formation of the magnesium precipitate. In this embodiment, the magnesium precipitate method is achieved by adding a source of phosphate ions to a buffer containing magnesium ions to form a precipitate containing magnesium. Preferably, this buffer containing magnesium ions is at higher concentration i.e., contains less water, than the concentration of the reaction mixture at which the enzymatic process occurs.

In a preferred embodiment, the source of phosphate ions is contained in a solution which is buffered to a pH above 7. Solutions or buffers used for performing reactions with magnesium dependent enzymes vary depending on the enzyme used. For ligase reactions, the buffer often comprises Tris (for pH stabilization), a source of magnesium ions, a reducing agent, preferably dithiothreitol (DTT), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) or a surfactant for preventing aggregation of enzyme, a salt, preferably potassium acetate. If Taq ligase the ligase utilized in the reaction, then the buffer will also contain NAD+ co- factor. For RT-PCR reactions, the buffer commonly comprises Tris, a source of magnesium ions, a reducing agent such as DTT, and a salt such as potassium chloride. Buffers for restriction enzymes vary in specific content but commonly contain Tris, a salt, usually sodium chloride or potassium acetate, and a reducing agent such as DTT. The required concentrations of these buffer components will vary depending on the magnesium dependent enzyme. Such concentrations would be easily determined by one skilled in the art.

Alternatively, buffers may be utilized in the enzymatic process which are not pre- formulated with a source of magnesium or a source of phosphate ions. In this case, either the source of magnesium ions or the source of phosphate ions can first be mixed with the buffer and incubated with either the source of phosphate ions or the source of magnesium ions, respectively, to form a precipitate containing magnesium. This is another way of achieving all the benefits of magnesium precipitate method for magnesium dependent enzymes.

The precipitate is formed by combining a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions for at least 3 minutes at a temperature below 34°C, preferably ranging from 4° to 30°C and preferably, at 4°C. The incubation of phosphoric acid with magnesium ions for approximately 3 minutes at a low temperature produces an insoluble precipitate containing magnesium and phosphate. Preferably, the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions are incubated at a temperature of at least 4°C. In another preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions are incubated at a temperature of at least 25°C. In yet another preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions are incubated at a temperature of 0° to 30°C. The source of magnesium and the source of phosphate are incubated for at least three minutes to form the precipitate containing magnesium. Preferably, the source of magnesium and the source of phosphate are incubated for at least 5 minutes and more preferably, for at least 10 minutes.

In a preferred embodiment, the source of phosphate ions is incubated with a source of magnesium ions in a concentration at or above appropriate for a particular enzyme and for a particular enzymatic reaction, at a temperature of 4° to 30°C for at least 5 minutes, more preferably 15 minutes, to form a precipitate containing magnesium.

Once the precipitate is formed, the additional reagents appropriate for the enzymatic reaction being performed are added. In case of single or multiple restriction enzyme digests, the commonly added reagents include sterile nuclease-free water, a target DNA sample, and restriction enzyme(s). For ligase reactions, the additional reagents to be added are target DNA molecule(s), and a particular ligase, preferably Taq ligase. If Taq ligase is utilized, then co-factor NAD+ is also added to the reaction mixture. RT reactions would require addition of a target RNA sequence, at least one primer, deoxyribonucleosides, and a reverse transcriptase. Hot start RT-PCR reactions require the addition of a target RNA sequence, at least one primer, deoxyribonucleosides, and an enzyme or mixture of enzymes possessing both RT and DNA polymerase activities (such as rTth) .

After the precipitate is combined with other reaction reagents to form a reaction mixture, the magnesium is released from the precipitate and into the reaction mixture. The release of the magnesium ions into the reaction mixtures results in making the magnesium available to the enzyme and consequentially, activating the magnesium dependent enzyme for the desired enzymatic process. The ability of the precipitate to sequester magnesium until the appropriate conditions are achieved to release the magnesium results in increased specificity of the reaction and/or simultaneous start of a number of reactions. Preferably, the mixture containing the precipitate and reaction reagents is heated to standard temperatures required for the reaction being performed so that the magnesium is released from the precipitate at a higher temperature than the temperature at which nonspecific DNA ligation, digestion or RNA reverse transcription occur, and more preferably, the magnesium ions are released by heating the reaction mixture to a temperature above 30°C. In this way, the magnesium precipitate method provides an improved specificity for reactions involving magnesium dependent enzymes. The temperature at which the precipitate dissolves is achieved during the standard reaction temperatures, thereby eliminating any extra steps and need for additional reagents.

Besides a greater precision and specificity, the magnesium precipitate method possesses other beneficial attributes such as the ease of manipulation, the little extra time necessary to perform it, and the inexpensive reagents required. The processes of the present invention are not only useful in reactions specified above, but can also be applied in any reaction that requires use of a magnesium dependent enzyme.

The procedures disclosed herein which involve the molecular manipulation of nucleic acids are known to those skilled in the art. See generally Fredrick M. Ausubel et al. (1995), "Short Protocols in Molecular Biology," John Wiley and Sons, and Joseph Sambrook et al. (1989) , "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual," second ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, which are both incorporated by reference.

Accordingly, the present invention provides processes and kits for performing a "hot start" PCR. The processes and kits utilize the step of sequestering magnesium ions in a precipitate prior to the extension step of the PCR reaction thereby rendering a DNA polymerase inactive until the mixture the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate. As a result, amplification of target DNA molecules is specific with minimal or no formation of competitive or inhibitory products. Thus, the processes and kits for amplification of a nucleic acid have improved efficacy which is achieved by preventing a significant catalytic reaction of DNA polymerase with other reagents until the extension cycle of PCR.

The hot start PCR of the present invention is achieved by forming a precipitate comprising magnesium ions which sequesters the magnesium ions from other PCR reagents and preferably, prevents significant DNA polymerase activity due to the lack of magnesium ions in the reaction mixture. As such, the magnesium ions required for DNA polymerase activity are withheld from the DNA polymerase and other PCR reagents prior to the transfer of the tubes into the thermal cycler. The precipitate is formed by combining a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions for at least 3 minutes at a temperature ranging from 4° to 30° C. The magnesium ions utilized in the present invention are available from different sources. Preferably, the sources of magnesium ions include but are not limited to magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate. In a preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride, which is most commonly used in PCR reactions. The concentration of magnesium needed for the magnesium precipitate hot start is similar to the concentration that is needed for a manual hot start. Preferably, the concentration of magnesium chloride in the present invention is about 3.5 mM.

Many sources of phosphate ions are available in the art. Preferably, the sources of phosphate ions include but are not limited to phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), potassium phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ), and ammonium phosphate ((NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ). In a preferred embodiment, the source of phosphate ions is ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid and more preferably, the source of phosphate ions utilized is phosphoric acid. The concentrations of the phosphoric acid that are suitable for magnesium precipitate hot start range from about 3 mM to 13 mM and preferably, the concentration of phosphoric acid is between 5 mM and 7 mM. Alternatively, if ammonium phosphate is the source of the phosphate ions, the concentration of ammonium phosphate ranges from 2 mM to 6 mM.

Preferably, the source of phosphate ions is contained in a solution which is buffered to a pH above 7. In a preferred embodiment, the buffer contains Tris (Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) and more preferably, ammonium sulfate to aid in the production of the precipitate during the magnesium precipitate hot start method.

Preferably, the buffer used in the present invention is TAT buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl with pH 9.2, 16 mM ammonium sulfate, and 0.1% Tween 20) having a final pH of approximately 9. 1. In a preferred embodiment, the source of the phosphate ions is premixed with the TAT buffer prior to the formation of the precipitate. Accordingly, when TAT buffer containing a source of phosphate ions, ammonium sulfate, and Tris is incubated with a source of magnesium ions, ammonium sulfate and Tris contribute to formation of the precipitate. Preferably, the TAT buffer used in the processes employs phosphoric acid as the source of phosphate ions. As shown in the Example 8, ammonium sulfate and Tris are not essential for the formation of the precipitate and execution of the magnesium precipitate hot start; however, the use of ammonium sulfate and Tris in the buffer enhances the precipitation reaction and the amplification of the products.

The incubation of phosphoric acid with magnesium ions in the presence of TAT buffer for approximately 3 minutes at a low temperature, preferably below 34° C, produces an insoluble precipitate comprising magnesium and phosphate. In yet another preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions are incubated at a temperature of 0° to 30° C. Preferably, the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions are incubated at a temperature of at least 4° C. In another preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions are incubated at a temperature of at least 25° C. The source of magnesium and the source of phosphate are incubated for at least three minutes to form the precipitate containing magnesium. Preferably, the source of magnesium and the source of phosphate are incubated for at least 5 minutes and more preferably, for at least 10 minutes.

Once the precipitate is formed, the additional PCR reaction components are added. Such PCR reagents include at least one DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, at least one primer and at least one target nucleic acid sequence. Preferably, the DNA polymerases are thermally stable DNA polymerases. Some examples of thermally stable DNA polymerases include, but are not limited to, Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase, N-terminal deletions of Taq DNA polymerase such as Stoffel fragment DNA polymerase, Klentaq235, and Klentaq-278 ; Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerase; Bacillus caldotenax DNA polymerase; Thermus flavus DNA polymerase; Bacillus stearothermophilus DNA polymerase; and archaebacterial DNA polymerases such as Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase (also referred to as Vent), Pfu, Pfx, Pwo, and Deep Vent or a mixture of DNA polymerases. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA polymerases are TaqLA, KlentaqLA, Klentaql, Pfu, Deep Vent or Tth. More preferably, the DNA polymerases are TaqLA, Klentaql , and KlentaqLA.

After the precipitate is combined with other PCR reagents, the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate thereby activating the DNA polymerase. Preferably, the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate by heating the reaction mixture to a temperature above 30° C. However, other methods may be used to release the magnesium ions from the precipitate and into the reaction mixture e.g., chemical reactions, pH changes. The ability to quickly release magnesium ions from the precipitate results in the amplification of the specific target nucleic acid sequence with minimal or no formation of competitive or inhibitory products. As DNA polymerases require magnesium in order to synthesize nucleic acid extension products, the release of the magnesium ions into the mixture results in the extension of the target nucleic acid molecules. Preferably, the mixture containing the precipitate and PCR reaction reagents is heated to standard cycling temperatures (50°-95° C, preferably 68° C.) so that the magnesium is released from the precipitate at a higher temperature than the temperature at which mispriming occurs. In this way, the magnesium precipitate hot start method provides a significantly improved specificity of PCR target amplification compared to the standard PCR reactions. The temperature at which the magnesium ions are released is achieved during the first cycle of the PCR amplification in the thermal cycler thereby eliminating any extra steps and need for additional reagents.

In addition to the applicability of this invention in standard PCR reactions, the formation of a precipitate containing magnesium could be utilized in "long and accurate" PCR. Specifically, "long and accurate" PCR could conveniently be provided the advantages of a hot start without tedious extra care or steps thus resulting in increased reliability and efficiency of human STR typing and multiplex PCR. Such long and accurate PCR is described in Barnes, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91:2216- 2220 (1994) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,149. Furthermore, the magnesium precipitate hot start method can be applied in the RT-PCR reaction, wherein the desired RNA sequence is first reverse transcribed into the cDNA, and then amplified by PCR. Besides a greater specificity of product amplification, the magnesium precipitate hot start method possesses other beneficial attributes such as the ease of manipulation, the little extra time necessary to perform it, and the inexpensive reagents required.

Further, the present invention may be utilized in any process which requires amplification. For instance, the formation of a precipitate containing magnesium may be utilized in processes of in vivo footprinting which use a DNA polymerase to amplify the DNA. In general, analysis of the interaction of proteins with either DNA or RNA by in vivo footprinting involves first modifying the nucleic acids by the footprinting reagent in situ. Footprinting reagents are chosen based on how extensively the reactivity of a nucleic acid toward the modifying agent is altered upon interaction with the binding protein of interest. The modifications are then visualized (i.e., the analysis of the reactivity of each nucleotide of the sequence of interest) usually by PCR. See Grange et al., Methods, (1997) 11:151-63. Accordingly, LM-PCR is utilized to visualize modifications in DNA molecules and RL-PCR is utilized to visualize modifications in RNA molecules. Both LM-PCR and RL- PCR involve ligating a linker to the unknown 5'-ends resulting from the in vivo footprinting analysis and exponentially amplifying the region of interest. In LM-PCR, a blunt double-stranded end is created using a gene specific primer and a DNA polymerase. Then a partially double—stranded DNA linker with one blunt end is ligated to the blunt ends using a DNA ligase. The strand onto which the linker has been ligated will then serve as a template for PCR amplification. Similarly, in RL-PCR, a single stranded RNA linker is ligated to the 5' P-ends of all RNA molecules using a RNA ligase. Then a CDNA copy of the sequence of interest is synthesized using a reverse transcriptase which results in generating templates for PCR amplification. Lastly, amplified products from LM-PCR and RL-PCR are then labeled and sequenced for analysis.

A precipitate containing magnesium is also applicable to processes of primer directed mutagenesis using DNA polymerases to amplify the mutated nucleic acid sequences having substitution mutations within the target DNA sequence. The process of primer directed mutagenesis comprises contacting a nucleic acid sequence with two mutated primers, where each mutation is a mismatch when compared to the template sequence; amplifying using DNA polymerase; and allowing the amplified products to reanneal. The resulting nucleic acid molecules amplified using these mismatched mutated primers have mismatched bases and have a double-stranded region containing a mutant strand. See Innis et al., "PCR Protocols", Academic Press, 1990, pp. 177-183.

The use of a precipitate containing magnesium is further applicable to processes of DNA restriction digest filling using DNA polymerases to amplify the DNA. DNA polymerases are used in restriction digest filling to extend the 3' ends resulting from digestion with restriction enzymes for the purpose of producing 5 '-sticky ends. The process comprises separating the digested DNA strands; contacting each 3' end of the separated nucleic acid molecules with oligodeoxyribonuclotide primers; extending the 3' ends using DNA polymerase to create blunt ends; and allowing the DNA strands with the newly synthesized 3' ends to reanneal to its complementary strand. In a further aspect, the present application provides kits for the use of the magnesium precipitate hot start in PCR reactions. Accordingly, a reagent containing a preformed precipitate containing a source of phosphate ions and a source of magnesium ions and other PCR reagents are provided in the form of a test kit, that is, in a packaged collection or combination as appropriate for the needs of the user. Instructions for utilizing a precipitate containing magnesium in a process of amplifying a target nucleic acid are provided in the kits of the present invention. Preferably, the kit provides a pre-formed precipitate containing magnesium ions and instructions for utilizing the precipitate to amplify a nucleic acid sequence. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a container comprising a source of phosphate ions and a container comprising a source of magnesium ions, wherein combining two sources at a temperature of below 34° C. results in the formation of a precipitate, and instructions for using the source of phosphate ions and a source of magnesium ions to amplify a target nucleic acid. The kit can of course include appropriate packaging, containers, labeling, and buffers for amplifying a target nucleic acid. In another preferred embodiment, the kit also includes a DNA polymerase and more preferably, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. In another embodiment, a kit comprises instructions for using a source of phosphate ions and a source of magnesium ions in amplifying a target nucleic acid sequence.

All publications, patents, patent applications or other references cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication, patent, patent application or reference are specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The Effect of Phosphoric Acid Concentration on PCR Product Amplification

The human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) gene was amplified using different hot start PCR methods. The standard PCR program for this gene included holding the reaction for 3 minutes at 68° C, after which 40 cycles were performed with the following parameters: 93° C. for 50 seconds, 67° C. for 40 seconds, and 68° C. for 5 minutes. The primers for the amplification of human t-PA gene were: t-PAforward 7: GGAAGTACAGCTCAGAGTTCTGCAGCACCCCTGC (SEQ. ID. NO.1) t-PAreverse 7.5: TGGGATTATAGACACGAGCCACTGCACCTGGCCC (SEQ. ID. NO.2).

The choice of primers follows Degen et al., J Biol Chem., 261(15):6972-6985 (1986) and Flynn S. (unpublished, 2000). The enzyme that was used was KlentaqLA. The expected size of the product was 880 bp. In addition to the standard protocol, all the samples in FIG. 1 were incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes prior to the first step of the PCR reaction (warm start). This step was included as a control for the efficacy of the magnesium precipitate hot start.

The manual hot start was achieved by adding 5 ul of 35 mM magnesium chloride after 30 seconds at 68° C. (hot start is denoted in FIGS. 1 and 2 with a letter H), whereas magnesium chloride was added at room temperature to warm start reactions. The warm start involving the additional step of incubation at 30° C. for 30 minutes was denoted with a letter W in FIG. 1. B denotes a standard or bench PCR protocol, wherein all PCR reagents are mixed and are directly transferred to the cycler. The superscript designation in FIGS. 1 and 2 denotes the concentration of phosphoric acid in the reaction, which was included in the TAT buffer. For the magnesium precipitate hot start, the appropriate TAT buffer (4.5 ul) was incubated with 35 mM magnesium chloride (5 ul)for at least 10 minutes at room temperature to allow precipitate to form, after which the master mix was added to the tubes. The mastermix contained the following:

10 mM each dNTP (each 0.5 ul/rxn)

10 ul tPA forward primer (1 ul/rxn) 10 ul tPA reverse primer (1 ul/rxn)

10 ng/ul human DNA (0.05 ul/rxn)

5 M Betaine (13 ul/rxn)

100% DMSO (0.75 ul/rxn), and

KlentaqLA Mix (5 ul/rxn), wherein KlentaqLA Mix consisted of 2.25 ul KlentaqLA, 15 ul TAT, and 132.75 ul dH 2 O, and sufficient volume of dH 2 O so that the total volume of the reaction is 50 ul.

The reactions were then run in the RoboCycler40 thermocycler at the previously specified conditions. The amplification products were observed on the agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. In FIG. 1 , the concentration of phosphoric acid ranged from 3 mM to 7 mM, whereas in FIG. 2 it ranged from 5 mM to 19 mM. As can be seen from the Figures, the magnesium precipitate hot start was as efficient as the manual hot start. The optimal concentration range of phosphoric acid in the manual hot start is between 5 mM and 7 mM, however the method still works well at concentrations between 3 mM and 13 mM. The procedure as specified above was also performed with incubations taking place at 34° C. and 37° C; however, the magnesium precipitate PCR reactions did not work as effectively as manual hot start reactions at these temperatures (data not shown). Example 2

The Use of Different Polymerases in the Magnesium Phosphate Hot Start Method The human t-PA gene was amplified using the standard PCR protocol described in

Example 1. In addition, TaqLA Mix that was also used in this Example 2 consisted of 5 ul TaqLA, 5 ul TAT, and 40 ul dH 2 O. The reactions were run in duplicate, and each of the hot start (H), bench start (B) or bench start with phosphoric acid (i.e. B ⁵ or the magnesium precipitate hot start method) was performed with both KlentaqLA and TaqLA (for either enzyme, 5 ul of the enzyme mix was used per reaction). The bands in FIG. 3 depict the products of these reactions. The bench start yielded very light bands, indicating that the specificity of the reaction was suboptimal whereas both the manual and the magnesium precipitate hot start reactions resulted in high amplification of the product with both KlentaqLA and TaqLA. The data suggest that multiple DNA polymerases can be utilized to perform magnesium precipitate hot start PCR with similar efficiencies. Example 3

The Effect of Varying Phosphate Comprising Compounds on PCR Product Amplification Human t-PA gene was amplified with KlentaqLA using the standard protocol from

Example 1 either utilizing the manual hot start method (magnesium chloride added at 68° C. after 30 seconds) or the magnesium precipitate hot start method. For the magnesium precipitate hot start, TAT buffers containing different phosphate comprising compounds were formulated. The following compounds were used: phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) , potassium phosphate (KH 2 PO 4), sodium phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ), and MDP

(methylenediphosphonic acid, (CH 6 O 6 P 2 ), each at a final concentration of 5 mM in the reaction. The resulting pHs were:

8.8-TAT+5 mM phosphoric acid 9.1-TAT+5 mM KH 2 PO 4 9.2-TAT+5 mM NaH 2 PO 4

8.7-TAT+5 mM MDP.

As FIG. 5 shows, the reactions performed with TAT buffer generated well amplified products only with the manual hot start whereas bench start resulted in low amplification. The reactions containing phosphoric acid and KH 2 PO 4 yielded bands on the gel, however the phosphoric acid was superior in performance compared to KH 2 PO 4 . The reactions with NaH 2 PO 4 generated hardly any amplifications products, and there were no products in the reactions with MDP indicating that these two compounds are not the adequate choices for performing hot start PCR reactions. However, some optimization of KH 2 PO 4 might render it suitable for use in magnesium precipitate hot start PCR. At present, the phosphoric acid is the most adequate source of phosphate ions for the magnesium precipitate hot start. Example 4 The Effect of Magnesium Chloride Concentration on Precipitate Formation The human t-PA gene was amplified using the standard protocol described in

Example 1. FIG. 6 shows the effect of varying magnesium chloride concentration in manual and hot start PCRs. The DNA polymerase used in both methods was TaqLA. The manual hot start reactions were performed with TAT buffer while the magnesium precipitate hot start PCR reactions were performed with TAT5. The concentrations of magnesium chloride that were tested included 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM, and 8 mM. The magnesium chloride concentration of 0.5 mM resulted in no amplification of the product in either manual or magnesium precipitate hot start and at concentrations of 2 mM and 4 mM both PCR methods worked well. At the high concentration of magnesium (8 mM) the manual hot start worked better than the magnesium precipitate method. This was expected, since at high concentrations of magnesium, there was not enough phosphate in the solution to sequester a significant proportion of magnesium ions, thereby allowing DNA polymerase to extend the primers. However, the concentration curve of magnesium indicated that the magnesium precipitate hot start is effective over the range of magnesium concentrations commonly used in PCR. Example 5

The Time of Incubation Influences the Precipitate Formation Human t-PA gene was amplified using the standard protocol described in Example 1. The manual hot start (H) and the bench start (B) were performed with TAT buffer. The hot start resulted in a significant amplification of the t-PA gene, whereas the bench start yielded a minimal band. For the magnesium precipitate hot start reactions, TAT5 buffer was incubated with magnesium chloride for different lengths of time prior to the addition of the mastermix. All the reactions mentioned in this example and depicted in FIG. 7 were performed with KlentaqLA. The reactions were done in duplicate, and the incubation times were 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 2 minutes, and 0 minutes. It can be seen from the figure that no incubation time or 2 minutes are not long enough for the precipitate to form and simulate a hot start. At 5 minutes, there is a slight amplification of the product, however the best amplification is observed after 15 minutes of incubation. This data suggests that in order for the magnesium precipitate hot start to function properly a source of phosphate and a source of magnesium need to be incubated for at least 5 minutes, with the amplification significantly improving after 10- 15 minutes of incubation. Example 6

The Universality of the Magnesium Precipitate Hot Start Method Examples 1-5 have shown that the magnesium precipitate hot start method works efficiently with the human t-PA gene. In order to show that this method is not limited to certain genes, the same method was utilized to amplify a viral gene. The gene utilized was HIV-1 gag. The primers for the amplification of HIV- 1 gag were:

SK 38: ATAATCCACCTATCCCAGTAGGAGAAAT (SEQ. ID. NO. 3) SK39: TTTGGTCCTTGTCTTATGTCCAGAATGC (SEQ. ID. NO. 4). These primers and the HIV-1 DNA were supplied by Applied Biosystem's GeneAmplimer HIV-1 Control Reagents. The use of the primers is disclosed in Qu et al., Science 239: 295-297 (1998).

The PCR program for amplification of this gene included holding the reaction at 68° C. for 3 minutes followed by 42 cycles with the following conditions: 95° C. for 40 seconds, 52° C. for 40 seconds, and 68° C. for 1 minute. The mastermix contained: 10 mM each DNTP (each 0.5 ul/rxn)

25 urn SK 38 primer (0.5 ul/rxn) 25 uM SK 39 primer (0.5 ul/rxn) 25 copies/ul HIV-1 DNA+100 ng/ul denatured human DNA (1 ul/rxn) Klentaql Mix (5 ul/rxn), wherein said mix consisted of 2 ul Klentaql, 20 ul TAT, and l78 ul dH 2 O, and sufficient dH 2 O for the total reaction volume of 50 ul. For the magnesium precipitate hot start, 5 ul of 35 mM magnesium chloride was added to a reaction tube containing 4.5 ul TAT5 and incubated for at least 10 minutes at room temperature to allow the precipitate to form. The mastermix was then prepared and added to the tubes for both manual and magnesium precipitate hot starts (magnesium was excluded for the manual hot start, and then added to the appropriate tubes in the cycler after 30 seconds at 68° C). The results of the FIG. 8 show that the bench start was very non- specific, generating an incorrect band whereas the magnesium precipitate hot start, similar to the manual hot start was very specific and resulted in a significant amplification of the gag gene. Example 7

Various Magnesium Containing Compounds can Result in Precipitate Formation Different magnesium containing compounds were tested for the ability to form a precipitate with phosphoric acid and to facilitate the magnesium precipitate hot start method. The compounds tested were magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium carbonate. As shown in Examples 1-6, magnesium chloride was previously tested and shown to work in the magnesium hot start methods. Thus, magnesium chloride was utilized in this Example 7 as a positive control. The PCR program and the protocols for performing bench start, manual start and magnesium precipitate hot starts are described in the previous examples. As seen in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, the bench start reactions performed with all four magnesium containing compounds yielded the bands of incorrect size. The manual hot start reactions worked well with magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium carbonate, whereas the manual hot start performed with magnesium sulfate generated very little product. The magnesium precipitate hot start method worked efficiently with all four magnesium containing compounds (magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium carbonate). This could prove to be useful in PCR reactions wherein the DNA polymerases require magnesium in a form other than the most commonly used magnesium chloride. Example 8

The Effect of Ammonium on Precipitate Formation The gene that was amplified in this Example 8 was HIV-1 gag and its amplification was performed according to the protocol specified in Example 6. The changes from that protocol include the use of 50 copies of HIV genome instead of 25 copies and the cycling in the RoboCycler was performed 44 times rather than 42 times. The reactions that were prepared and run in the cycler were the manual hot start, the bench start, and reactions that omitted either ammonium sulfate or both Tris and ammonium sulfate during the incubation step. In the reaction where both ammonium sulfate and Tris were withheld, the mixture of 100 ul 35 mM magnesium chloride and 100 ul of 50 mM phosphoric acid was incubated for 24 hours at room temperature and then for additional 12 hours at 4° C. For the reaction where only ammonium sulfate was withheld, 50 ul of 1 M Tris Base was added to the mixture of the same composition as above and incubated at the same conditions. Prior to the transfer into the thermal cycler, 10 ul of the first mixture and 12.5 ul of the second mixture were added to the tubes. The appropriate missing reagents were then added to both tubes and the reactions were subjected to the amplification in the cycler. It can be seen from the FIG. 9 that the manual hot start generated a well amplified correct product whereas the bench start generated the product of the incorrect size. The two reactions that excluded either ammonium sulfate or both Tris and ammonium sulfate generated the amplification products, however the amplification was not as optimal as when both Tris and ammonium sulfate are also provided in the buffer during the precipitate formation.

Example 9

Concentration Curve of Ammonium Phosphate in Magnesium Precipitate Hot Start Reactions

Cryptosporidium parvum heat shock protein homolog gene (hsp70) was amplified using the following PCR program: 68° C. for 3 minutes, followed by 42 cycles of 95° C. for 40 seconds, 58° C. for 1 minute, and 68° C. for 2 minutes, and the results are shown in FIG. 10 . The primers used to amplify this gene were: CPHSPT2F: TCCTCTGCCGTACAGGATCTCTTA (SEQ. ID. NO. 5) and

CPHSPT2R: TGCTGCTCTTACCAGTACTCTTATCA (SEQ. ID. NO. 6). See Di Giovanni et al., "Real Time Quantitative PCR Detection of Intact and Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts for Water Industry Applications", Abstracts of the 100th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 2000. The mastermix consisted of:

10 mM each DNTP (0.5 ul each dNTP/rxn)

10 uM CPHSPT2F (1 ul/rxn)

10 uM CPHSPT2R (1 ul/rxn)

1 pg/ul Cryptosporidium parvum DNA (0.1 ul/rxn) 200 ng/ul denatured Calf Thymus DNA (2 ul/rxn)

Klentaql Mix (5 ul/rxn), and sufficient volume of dH 2 O so that the total volume of the reaction is 50 ul.

The manual hot start and the bench start reactions were performed as in the previous examples. H ⁵ denotes the manual hot start reaction, wherein the TAT buffer contained 5 mM ammonium phosphate ((NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ) as the source of phosphate ions. In the magnesium precipitate hot start reactions, the amount of ammonium phosphate was varied in such way that only the phosphate concentration was effectively changed. The concentration of ammonium ions was kept constant by decreasing the amount of ammonium sulfate in the TAT buffer. The TAT buffers modified in this manner are marked in the FIG. 10 as TA'T. All the modified buffers had the same pH of 9.2.

As can be seen from FIG. 10 , both forms of manual hot start worked well with or without ammonium phosphate (H ⁵ and H, respectively) whereas the bench start without ammonium phosphate resulted in the amplification of two incorrect bands. The same incorrect bands were observed in the magnesium precipitate hot start method with 1 mM ammonium phosphate. However, 3 mM and 5 mM concentrations of ammomum phosphate in magnesium precipitate hot start reactions gave rise to significant product amplification. Therefore, ammonium phosphate can successfully be applied in magnesium precipitate hot start PCR as a source of phosphate ions. Furthermore, ammonium phosphate possesses a different range of phosphate concentrations at which magnesium precipitate hot start is functional compared to the phosphoric acid. The ability to use different effective concentration ranges of different phosphate containing compounds allows for broad application of magnesium precipitate hot start method in PCR reactions. These ranges of concentrations can be determined by a skilled artisan using the methods disclosed herein. It is to be understood that the present invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example in order to acquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application. Further, the specific embodiments of the present invention as set forth are not intended as being exhaustive or limiting of the invention, and that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing examples and detailed description.

Accordingly, this invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the following claims. While some of the examples and descriptions above include some conclusions about the way the invention may function, the inventors do not intend to be bound by those conclusions and functions, but puts them forth only as possible explanations.

Claims

We claim:

1. A process for synthesizing a nucleic acid extension product, said process comprising: a. forming or obtaining a reagent comprising a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions, wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature below 34° C; b. making a mixture comprising the reagent of step (a), wherein said magnesium ions are contained in said precipitate, a DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, primers and a target nucleic acid sequence; c. releasing the magnesium ions from the precipitate at a temperature above 34° C. thereby activating the DNA polymerase; d. if the nucleic acid is double stranded, separating the strands and denaturing intrastrand structures; e. annealing the primers to the target nucleic acid sequence at an appropriate temperature; and f. synthesizing an extension product of each primer using the activated

DNA polymerase, wherein the primer extension product is complementary to the target nucleic acid DNA strand.

2. The process of claim 1 further comprising: a. separating the primer extension products from the templates on which they are synthesized to produce single-stranded molecules; and b. repeating steps (f) and (g) at least once.

3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the precipitate comprises magnesium and phosphate.

4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the reagent further comprises ammonium sulfate and Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate in step (c) by heating the mixture to alternating temperatures within the range of between 50° C. and 95° C.

6. The process of claim 1 wherein the source of phosphate ions in the reagent comprises phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate or ammonium phosphate.

7. The process of claim 6 wherein the reagent comprises phosphoric acid at a concentration of about 3 to 13 mM.

8. The process of claim 6 wherein the reagent comprises ammonium phosphate at a concentration of about 2 to 6 mM.

9. The process of claim 6 wherein the reagent has a pH above 7.

10. The process of claim 6 wherein the reagent further comprises Tris at a concentration of about 50 mM.

11. The process of claim 6 wherein the reagent further comprises ammonium sulfate at a concentration of about 16 mM.

12. The process of claim 1 wherein the source of magnesium ions in the reagent comprises magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate or magnesium sulfate.

13. The process of claim 1 wherein if the target nucleic acid sequence is a RNA sequence, first reverse transcribing the RNA into cDNA.

14. The process of claim 1 wherein the DNA polymerase is TaqLA, KlentaqLA or Klentaql.

15. The process of claim 14 wherein the source of phosphate ions is phosphoric acid and the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride.

16. The process of claim 14 wherein the magnesium ions are released from the precipitate in step (c) by heating the mixture to alternating temperatures within the range of between 50° C. and 95° C.

17. A method of molecular manipulation of a nucleic acid sequence with an enzyme, said method comprising: a. forming or obtaining a reagent comprising a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions, wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature below a temperature at which specific enzymatic manipulation occurs; b. making a mixture comprising a precipitate of the reagent of step (a), a magnesium dependant enzyme and the nucleic acid sequence; c. releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture thereby activating said enzyme; and d. allowing the enzyme to catalyze the manipulation of said nucleic acid.

18. A method of cleaving a nucleic acid sequence with a restriction endonuclease, said method comprising: a. forming or obtaining a reagent comprising a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions, wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature below a temperature at which specific cleaving occurs; b. making a mixture comprising a precipitate of the reagent of step (a), a restriction endonuclease and the nucleic acid sequence comprising a restriction site for said restriction endonuclease; c. releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture thereby activating the restriction endonuclease; d. allowing the restriction endonuclease to recognize and bind to the recognition sequence of the nucleic acid sequence; and e. cleaving said nucleic acid.

19. A method for reverse transcribing an RNA template, said method comprising: a. forming or obtaining a reagent comprising a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions, wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature below a temperature at which specific reverse transcription occurs; b. making a mixture comprising a precipitate of the reagent of step (a), said RNA template, an oligonucleotide primer, which primer is sufficiently complementary to said RNA template to hybridize therewith, and reverse transcriptase in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates; c. releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture thereby activating the reverse transcriptase; and d. allowing said primer to hybridize to said RNA template and said reverse transcriptase to catalyze the polymerization of said deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to provide cDNA complementary to said RNA template.

20. A method of ligating nucleic acid sequences with a thermostable DNA ligase, said method comprising: a. forming or obtaining a reagent comprising a source of magnesium ions and a source of phosphate ions, wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature below a temperature at which nonspecific ligation occurs; b. making a mixture comprising a precipitate of the reagent of step (a), the DNA ligase and the nucleic acid sequences; c. releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture thereby activating the thermostable DNA ligase; and d. allowing the thermostable DNA ligase to ligate nucleic acid sequences.

21. The method of claim 17 wherein the source of magnesium ions is selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate.

22. The method of claim 18 wherein the source of magnesium ions is selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate.

23. The method of claim 19 wherein the source of magnesium ions is selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate.

24. The method of claim 20 wherein the source of magnesium ions is selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate.

25. The method of claim 17 wherein the source of phosphate ions is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate.

26. The method of claim 18 wherein the source of phosphate ions is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate.

27. The method of claim 19 wherein the source of phosphate ions is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate.

28. The method of claim 20 wherein the source of phosphate ions is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate.

29. The method of claim 17 wherein the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride and the source of phosphate ions is phosphoric acid.

30. The method of claim 18 wherein the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride and the source of phosphate ions is phosphoric acid.

31. The method of claim 19 wherein the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride and the source of phosphate ions is phosphoric acid.

32. The method of claim 20 wherein the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride and the source of phosphate ions is phosphoric acid.

33. The method of claim 17 wherein releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture comprises heating reagents to a temperature standard for the enzyme manipulation.

34. The method of claim 18 wherein releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture comprises heating reagents to a temperature standard for cleaving a nucleic acid sequence.

35. The method of claim 19 wherein releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture comprises heating reagents to a temperature standard for reverse transcribing an RNA template.

36. The method of claim 20 wherein releasing the magnesium ions into the mixture comprises heating reagents to a temperature standard for the ligating of the nucleic acid with a thermostable DNA ligase.

37. The method of claim 17 wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature of below 34°C.

38. The method of claim 18 wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature of below 34°C.

39. The method of claim 19 wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature of below 34°C.

40. The method of claim 20 wherein the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature of below 34°C.

41. The method of claim 37 wherein the releasing of the magnesium ions comprises heating the reagents to a temperature of above 30°C.

42. The method of claim 38 wherein the releasing of the magnesium ions comprises heating the reagents to a temperature of above 30°C.

43. The method of claim 39 wherein the releasing of the magnesium ions comprises heating the reagents to a temperature of above 30°C.

44. The method of claim 40 wherein the releasing of the magnesium ions comprises heating the reagents to a temperature of above 30°C.

45. A kit for molecular manipulation of a nucleic acid sequence with an enzyme, said kit comprising: a. a container containing a source of magnesium ions; b. a container containing a source of phosphate ions, wherein said source of magnesium ions and said source of phosphate ions form a precipitate containing magnesium when combined at temperatures below the temperature which specific molecular manipulation occurs; and c. instructions for performing said molecular manipulations.

46. A kit for cleaving of a nucleic acid sequence with an enzyme, said kit comprising: a. a container containing a source of magnesium ions; b. a container containing a source of phosphate ions, wherein said source of magnesium ions and said source of phosphate ions form a precipitate containing magnesium when combined at temperatures below the temperature at which non-specific cleaving of the nucleic acid occurs; and c. instructions for performing said cleaving.

47. A kit for reverse transcribing an RNA template with an enzyme, said kit comprising: a. a container containing a source of magnesium ions; b. a container containing a source of phosphate ions, wherein said source of magnesium ions and said source of phosphate ions form a precipitate containing magnesium when combined at temperatures below the temperature at which non-specific reverse transcription occurs; and c. instructions for performing said reverse transcription.

48. A kit for ligating nucleic acid sequences with an enzyme, said kit comprising: a. a container containing a source of magnesium ions; b. a container containing a source of phosphate ions, wherein said source of magnesium ions and said source of phosphate ions form a precipitate containing magnesium when combined at temperatures below the temperature which specific molecular manipulation occurs; and c. instructions for performing said ligation.

49. A kit for molecular manipulation of a nucleic acid sequence with an enzyme, said kit comprising: a. a container containing a reagent comprising a precipitate containing magnesium; b. instructions for using the precipitate containing magnesium for performing said molecular manipulations.

50. A kit for amplifying a target nucleic acid, said kit comprising: a. a container comprising a source of phosphate ions and a container comprising a source of magnesium ions, wherein combining the source of magnesium ions and the source of phosphate ions form a precipitate at a temperature below 34°C; and b. instructions for using the source of phosphate ions and the source of magnesium ions in amplification of the target nucleic acid.

51. The kit of claim 50 wherein the source of phosphate ions is phosphoric acid and the source of magnesium ions is magnesium chloride.

52. The kit of claim 51 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising a DNA polymerase.

53. The kit of claim 52 wherein the DNA polymerase is TaqLA, Klentaql, KlentaqLA, Pfu, Deep Vent or Tth.

54. The kit of claim 53 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.

55. The kit of claim 51 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising a mixture of at least two DNA polymerases selected from the group consisting of TaqLA, Klentaql, KlentaqLA, Pfu, Deep Vent and Tth.

56. The kit of claim 55 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.

57. A kit for amplifying a target nucleic acid, said kit comprising: a. a container comprising a reagent comprising a precipitate comprising a magnesium salt; and b. instructions for using the precipitate to amplify the target nucleic acid.

58. The kit of claim 57 wherein said kit further comprises a DNA polymerase.

59. The kit of claim 58 wherein said DNA polymerase is TaqLA, Klentaql, KlentaqLA, Pfu, Deep Vent or Tth.

60. The kit of claim 58 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.

61. The kit of claim 57 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising a mixture of at least two DNA polymerases selected from the group consisting of TaqLA, Klentaql, KlentaqLA, Pfu, Deep Vent and Tth.

62. The kit of claim 61 wherein said kit further comprises a container comprising deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.

63. A kit for amplifying a target nucleic acid, said kit comprising instructions for using a source of phosphate ions and a source of magnesium ions in amplification of a target nucleic acid.