WO2003005771A1 - Perfectionnements a la structure d'un four a resistance graphite - Google Patents
Perfectionnements a la structure d'un four a resistance graphite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003005771A1 WO2003005771A1 PCT/FR2002/002113 FR0202113W WO03005771A1 WO 2003005771 A1 WO2003005771 A1 WO 2003005771A1 FR 0202113 W FR0202113 W FR 0202113W WO 03005771 A1 WO03005771 A1 WO 03005771A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- strips
- thin strips
- graphite
- elements
- connection
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
- H05B3/64—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces using ribbon, rod, or wire heater
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
- A61K33/02—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
- H05B3/66—Supports or mountings for heaters on or in the wall or roof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/075—Ethers or acetals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/075—Ethers or acetals
- A61K31/08—Ethers or acetals acyclic, e.g. paraformaldehyde
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/095—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds, e.g. thiols
Definitions
- the invention relates to ovens with high performance in terms of temperature and lifetime.
- Such ovens are consumable accessories.
- their very high operating temperature leads to the consumption of graphite, either because of the presence of traces of oxygen in the atmosphere of the ovens although this is controlled, or because of the sublimation of graphite at these temperatures. extremes.
- the fine machining of the resistance of the furnace on the surface of the graphite block makes it possible to obtain the dimensional characteristics capable of providing the desired temperature profile inside the furnace.
- a zigzag is cut on the surface of a block according to generatrices of the block, generally in the form of a tube. The cut retains the maximum rigidity of the block.
- the graphite block Before machining, the graphite block must be purified by a treatment at very high temperature. The purification is carried out for a time all the longer as the volume of the block is important.
- the graphite is then impregnated by diffusion of carbon in the gas phase in order to reduce its porosity.
- impregnation is only possible over a limited depth.
- the heating element being in a single block - or in three blocks possibly for an oven supplied with three-phase - the rupture, even of a single branch, makes it entirely unusable. In this case, we lose a lot of raw material - purified and treated graphite is expensive - but also the entire cost of machining the block.
- the invention proposes to overcome these drawbacks.
- the object of the invention is to simplify the production of ovens and to save the very expensive material of which they are made.
- a material is used which can only be obtained for small parts, for physical or economic reasons. However, this material must be able to withstand the extreme temperature conditions of oven applications.
- the invention consists in connecting the heating parts by conductive elements, also made of refractory material, but also having other physical properties, in particular satisfactory machinability and suitable resistivity to obtain a maximum joule effect.
- the invention provides a device according to claim 1.
- It has at least one thin strip of iridium, or tungsten, or tantalum, or niobium purified and annealed;
- At least one thin strip of high density purified graphite is covered with vitreous carbon; - It comprises at least one thin strip of uniform or profiled thickness;
- conductive connecting element made of niobium, or tungsten, or tantalum
- - It comprises a conductive connection element made of iridium, the thin strips then being made of iridium; - It comprises a plurality of thin strips, of equal or unequal lengths, these being connected to each other by their ends by means of conductive connection elements, at least two of said elements being able to be connected to airnenées current ;
- the plurality of thin strips are joined to each other by the connecting elements to form a continuous zigzag capable of forming a sheet in a plane or according to any regulated surface;
- the shape of the connecting elements is capable of giving the sheet a cylindrical or parallelepiped shape
- each connection element is able to cooperate with clamping and / or fixing means comprising screws, and / or nuts, and / or washers and or plates thermochemically compatible at high temperatures with the materials of the strips and connecting elements as well as with the furnace atmosphere so that two strips elementary extend between said connecting piece and said clamping or fixing means;
- each graphite connection element is bonded to its strips by a graphite bond which is then purified and densified;
- - It comprises at the right of the connection elements a sheet of thermochemically compatible conductive material, at high temperatures, with the material of the thin strips and that of the connection elements as well as with the atmosphere of the furnace, this sheet extending between the connection elements and thin strips;
- the connection elements are substantially in the form of an inverted T, the thin strips extending in line with the horizontal part of the inverted T, the vertical part comprising means suitable for serving as electrical connection means and for fixing the resistance on an insulating support;
- the inverted T's have a fold in the middle along its vertical axis, the two horizontal parts making an angle relative to their position when the connection element is not folded equal to 360 ° divided by the number of thin strips s 'extending in resistance;
- the two horizontal parts of the inverted T are bevelled in a substantially triangular shape, the vertices of which extend along the vertical axis of the T have an angle at the apex equal to 360 ° divided by the number of thin strips extending in the resistance, the two bevels being offset radially along a plane normal to the plane of the inverted T and in line with their apex of a drop capable of avoiding an electrical breakdown between two thin strips mounted on a connection element and of allowing an apparent radial overlap two thin strips mounted on a connecting element;
- connection elements are reduced to the single horizontal part of the T, and in that the connection elements are made integral with their neighbors by electrical insulating plates;
- - insulating parts are used both to hold the connecting elements in position and to also maintain heat shields suitable distance from each other and suitable distance from thin strips.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a device according to claim 1.
- FIG. 1 shows an overview of a resistor according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows an overview of a connecting piece according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 shows an overview of a connecting piece according to a second embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 shows an overview of a connecting piece according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 shows an overview of an embodiment of a part for connecting together connecting pieces.
- Figure 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a resistor 1 of a graphite furnace.
- the power supply considered in the following developments is single phase.
- Resistor 1 comprises a strip or a plurality of elementary thin strips 2 of elongated shape and connected one after the other by their ends by means of connection pieces 3.
- the strips 2 can be aligned in the direction of their length, the strips 2 being arranged end to end.
- the strips 2 can be of different length.
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 shows that the series of elementary bands 2 folds back on itself so as to extend in the form of a continuous zigzag.
- the zigzag of the elementary bands 2 is able to form a sheet.
- the sheet can be curved so as to substantially form a cylinder of revolution, the lengths of the bands 2 thus forming the generatrices of the cylinder of revolution.
- the junction between the elementary strips 2 is made by a conductive connecting piece 3.
- the number N of bands 2 can be chosen at will equal to one oirplus.
- the connecting pieces 3 will have substantially the shape of arcs of a circle whose radius is the radius of the furnace.
- the graphite strips 2 can be thin enough to be curved on a cylinder of revolution of fairly small radius.
- the curve can be carried out according to the length or the width of the strips, but preferably it is carried out according to the width of each strip 2.
- the elementary bands 2 are preferably composed of purified, densified graphite.
- They can also be made of tungsten, tantalum, niobium or molybdenum, purified and annealed.
- They can be cut to the desired width calculated to obtain the resistance adapted to the power supply for the desired thermal power.
- the cutting is carried out for example with a diamond wire saw in a thick profiled graphite plate.
- the thickness profile of the plate was defined before a final glassy carbon covering treatment.
- the profile along a longitudinal axis of the thickness of the graphite plate from which the strips are cut can be chosen so as to reinforce the power available at the ends of the furnace, if one wishes a more uniform profile in the axis of the oven for example.
- the graphite of the plate is treated to have:
- the increase in the density of graphite is obtained by diffusion of carbon in the gas phase.
- the plate can be covered on the surface with a glassy carbon deposit in order to seal the surface and increase the resistance to oxidation.
- the strips may for example have a rectilinear structure. Their oblong section is then rectangular. As shown in FIG. 1, the surface of the edges 4 of the elementary bands 2 is much smaller than that of the faces 5. However, the edges 4 of the bands 2 are subjected to the same atmosphere during the operation of the oven. One can either neglect their influence or advantageously coat them with vitreous carbon in order to attenuate the latter.
- the elementary bands 2 can be cut to the dimension before the operation of covering the entire band 2 with vitreous carbon, which ensures the protection of the wafers 4. Since the diamond cutting wire preferably has a small diameter of 0.15 mm, the loss of material is extremely low. This avoids the problems of breakage or chip removal.
- the fine adjustment of the width of the strips 2 and the finishing (elimination of burrs) of each strip 2 can be done by abrasion on abrasive paper.
- the width of the strips 2 is the same for all the strips, for example for a cylindrical oven which must have a constant temperature along each cross section.
- the width of the bands 2 will be different in the case of another geometry, where it is desired to compensate for the edge effects by an additional contribution of thermal power at precise locations.
- FIG. 1 there is shown an oven structure comprising twenty-eight elementary heating bands 2 of graphite.
- the elementary bands 2 are mounted in two parallel tracks each comprising fourteen heating bands.
- Each channel consists of a sector of the cylinder of revolution representing 180 °.
- the two sectors of the cylinder of revolution are opposite one another.
- connection pieces 21 and 22 diametrically opposite and on the same end of the cylinder of revolution serve to separate the channels and connect to the current leads.
- each strip 2 can be pierced with at least one hole 20 at each end to ensure the passage of at least one fixing screw 6.
- connection pieces 3 are preferably made of molybdenum.
- connection pieces can be made of graphite with inert and refractory insulating plates which insulate the graphite from the tungsten screws and nuts which tighten the assembly in order to avoid carburetor reaction of tungsten.
- the parts 3 are plates preferably having threaded holes 30 for fixing the graphite strips 2 in the correct position. During mounting, the strips 2 are not necessarily parallel since the risk of electrical breakdown is zero at the connection piece 3 but maximum at their other end. The filling rate of the emitting surface can therefore be higher than the rate obtained with conventional machining of a graphite block furnace.
- all kinds of geometries can be produced according to any surface, adjusted or not, the elementary strips 2 being able to be very curved if they are thin. It is also possible to produce a continuous apparent surface by accepting a slight visual overlap of the strips without contact with each other.
- the connecting pieces 3 are all identical except possibly those which are connected to the current leads 21 and 22. They are all easily machinable in series and reusable.
- the contact surface between the graphite of an elementary strip 2 and a connecting piece 3 on the hot side must be at least equal to that of the section of the elementary strip 2 in its thickest part, in order to avoid too high a current density locally.
- the electrical conductivity of molybdenum being a hundred times higher than that of graphite, generally the thickness of the connecting pieces 3 must first meet the requirements of mechanical strength and ease of machining.
- the contact surfaces between a connecting piece 3 and an elementary strip 2 of graphite must be as flat and polished as possible, in order to avoid their sticking in hot spots. This makes it easier to change the elementary bands 2 during maintenance operations.
- the elementary bands 2 are fixed to the connection pieces 3 by tightening screws 6, a washer (not shown in the figures) in polished molybdenum then being located between a nut 8 and the graphite of the elementary bands 2.
- the washer can be replaced by a molybdenum plate 7, preferably rectangular, polished and pierced with smooth holes 70 with the same dimensions as the tapped holes 30 of the connecting pieces 3.
- the plates 7 are identical for two elementary strips 2 of graphite united on the same connection element 3.
- connection pieces 3 can be extended towards the outside of the oven, which gives them a T shape. They are then able to be fixed in an electrical insulator that is chemically and thermally compatible with the environment of the oven.
- the insulating material may for example be made of alumina or boron nitride.
- the connection pieces can be held together by hafnium oxide plates 41 (FIG. 4 described later), or others compatible insulators, connecting a connecting piece 3 to its neighbor and fixed by the same screws as in Figure 4.
- the material coming from the vertical bar of the T also ensures the maintenance of the geometry of the assembly.
- Heat shields (not shown in the figures) extending between the connection pieces 3 and the environment of the furnace can be fixed to the connection pieces 3 by the insulating pieces 42 of FIG. 5 replacing the pieces 41. They are advantageously in molybdenum in tantalum or graphite foam. They make it possible to minimize energy losses by radiation. This reduces energy consumption, while increasing the life of the oven components.
- the connecting part 3 is produced by folding a machined part in a flat sheet in the shape of an inverted T.
- the central element of the T is capable of ensuring the fixing of the device to a support, in particular an insulator.
- the fixing could in particular be carried out thanks to the hole 31.
- the horizontal part of the inverted T is able to support two adjacent strips.
- the part 3 is preferably made of molybdenum.
- the material of the bands for its resistivity, the geometry of the bands and the assembly of the bands in pure series or in parallel series.
- the inputs and outputs 21 and 22 are on the same side or on the opposite side.
- the elementary bands 2 are preferably made of purified, densified graphite and covered with vitreous carbon.
- the elementary bands 2 extend between the parts 3 and 7.
- the screws 6 passing through the non-tapped holes of the parts 2, 3 and 7 tighten the assembly by cooperating with the nuts 8.
- the order of parts 3 and 7. can be reversed to tighten the elementary bands 2 on the external face of the part 3. This avoids the possible discomfort of an excessive radius of curvature of the part 3 in line with the axis of the fold.
- the parts 7 may constitute a single folded plate. Their holes can also be tapped. We can do without nuts 8.
- a sheet of graphite paper can be inserted on each side of the elementary strips 2 in line with the contacts with the connection pieces 3 to improve the electrical contact. It also facilitates the subsequent disassembly of the elementary bands 2 during maintenance operations.
- the sheet can also be made of molybdenum.
- the width of the horizontal bar of the inverted T is equal to the sum of the widths of the elementary bands 2, to which is added the spacing space of the elementary bands 2 necessary to avoid the formation of an electric discharge between said bands 2.
- the vertical part of the inverted T can be very long. It is able to fix the position of the elementary strips 2 in an insulating part (not shown in the figure). A threaded hole 31 extending in the upper part of the vertical part allows this fixing. A narrowing 32 of the vertical bar makes it possible to reduce the energy losses by thermal conduction.
- parts 3, 2 and 7 must be flat and polished to ensure low contact resistance.
- the thicknesses of parts 3 and 7 are not necessarily equal. They can even be very fine.
- the thickness of the piece 3 must however be sufficient to ensure its mechanical role of fixing the strips 2 and not to introduce too high ohmic resistance.
- the connecting piece 3 always has a substantially inverted T shape.
- the central part of the T is able to secure the connection pieces to a support, which is for example an insulator.
- the horizontal part externally supports two adjacent parallel strips.
- the horizontal part has two parts defining integral corners or dihedrons.
- the outer faces of the corners are coplanar, their inner faces being neither coplanar nor parallel.
- the angle between the two internal faces of the corners is referenced by ⁇ .
- the angle between the internal face and the external face is referenced by ⁇ .
- the angle ⁇ - angle at the top of the corners - is equal to 360 ° divided by the number of thin strips 2 extending in the resistor.
- a radial offset 35 is arranged in line with the tops of the corners, at the level of the central part of the inverted T.
- the strips (not shown in Figure 3) are mounted on the inner face of the central part. They are clamped between the internal face of the central part and the plates 7.
- the radial offset 35 is greater than the thickness of a strip, then an apparent overlap of the strips is possible. There is therefore a filling of the oven surface of 100% by the heating surface. Such recovery is very advantageous. In all cases, the difference in thickness 35 at the top must be sufficient to avoid an electrical discharge, in the radial direction of the resistor 1, between two strips 2.
- the connecting piece 3 is produced by machining in molybdenum or solid graphite. Solid parts advantageously find application for large ovens intended for very high temperatures.
- FIG. 4 shows a third possible embodiment of the connection pieces 3.
- connection pieces 3 are reduced in this third embodiment to the horizontal part of the connection piece 3 of the first embodiment of FIG. 2.
- the connection between the resistance bands 2 is made by the conductive piece 3.
- the parts 2 and 3 are kept in good electrical contact by the screws 6 and the nuts 8.
- Electric insulating refractory plates 41 are interposed between the screws 6 and the connecting piece 3.
- Electric insulating refractory plates 7 are interposed between the strips 2 and the nuts 8.
- the plates 41 and 7 have no thermochemical reactions either with graphite or with the material of the screws 6 or nuts 8 under the operating conditions of the furnace.
- the dimensions of the parts 41 - in particular their horizontal extension and the position of the holes 410 - are capable of ensuring the correct spacing of adjacent and successive bands 2.
- the dimensions of connecting pieces 3 are capable of ensuring such a spacing.
- the horizontal extension of each connecting piece 3 can be shortened. This increases the insulating path along the parts 41 between two adjacent connecting pieces 3. Short circuits along the parts 41 are also avoided.
- the angle at the top of the parts 3 can be equal to 360 ° divided by the number of pairs of strips 2.
- FIG. 5 shows that the plates 41 can also be composed of two brackets 42 joined. This promotes the maintenance of thermal screens - not shown in the figures -, these screens surrounding the oven. They can for example be maintained thanks to the holes 420.
- resistive strips 2 of graphite and connecting pieces 3 of graphite their assembly can advantageously be carried out by bonding with purified and densified graphite glue.
- the superior quality of the graphite ensures that the elementary bands 2 have a very long service life under equivalent working conditions.
- the maximum oven temperature is only limited by the thermochemical properties of the material constituting the connection elements.
- the connecting pieces 3 are infinitely reusable. Even after temperature rises up to 2300 ° C, the connection elements 3 are removable from the elementary bands 2. It is easy to change a single elementary band 2 to graphite from the furnace. It will be understood the economic advantage of the oven according to the invention compared to the conventional machining of an all graphite oven from a single block.
- the filling rate can reach very high levels. This minimizes power per unit area and extends the life of the oven, all other things being equal.
- An oven according to the invention can be used in any position thanks to the rigidity of the graphite which is even reinforced at high temperature. It is advantageously used in a horizontal position.
- the example of graphite ovens has been chosen to illustrate the advantages of the invention.
- the thin heating strips can for example also be made of tungsten, tantalum, niobium or molybdenum purified and annealed.
- the only conditions for choosing the materials of the connecting piece - electrical and mechanical connections - and elementary bands are their thermochemical compatibility with each other and with the atmosphere in which they are immersed.
- the sheet is advantageously composed of molybdenum.
- connection piece can be of the same material as the heating element - elementary strip 2.
- the previous developments relate to a single-phase power supply.
- the invention can also be used in the case of two-phase or three-phase power supplies.
- the respective sectors corresponding to each electrical phase can be inserted, for example by interposing and staggering the legs of the zigzags superimposed in the direction of the height, so that the distribution of heat be as uniform as possible.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003511590A JP2004534370A (ja) | 2001-06-21 | 2002-06-19 | グラファイト製抵抗炉の構造に関する改良 |
US10/482,090 US20040238526A1 (en) | 2001-06-21 | 2002-06-19 | Made to the structure of a graphite resistance furnace |
CA002451297A CA2451297A1 (fr) | 2001-06-21 | 2002-06-19 | Perfectionnements a la structure d'un four a resistance graphite |
EP20020745542 EP1400150A1 (fr) | 2001-06-21 | 2002-06-19 | Perfectionnements a la structure d'un four a resistance graphite |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0108173A FR2826541B1 (fr) | 2001-06-21 | 2001-06-21 | Perfectionnements a la structure d'un four a resistance graphite |
FR01/08173 | 2001-06-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003005771A1 true WO2003005771A1 (fr) | 2003-01-16 |
Family
ID=8864595
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2002/002113 WO2003005771A1 (fr) | 2001-06-21 | 2002-06-19 | Perfectionnements a la structure d'un four a resistance graphite |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20040238526A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1400150A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2004534370A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2451297A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2826541B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2003005771A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012032324A1 (fr) | 2010-09-09 | 2012-03-15 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Passivation de métal d'un échangeur thermique exposé à un gaz de synthèse |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050229856A1 (en) * | 2004-04-20 | 2005-10-20 | Malik Roger J | Means and method for a liquid metal evaporation source with integral level sensor and external reservoir |
KR100805531B1 (ko) * | 2006-06-13 | 2008-02-20 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 증발원 |
AT12463U1 (de) * | 2010-09-27 | 2012-05-15 | Plansee Se | Heizleiteranordnung |
AT13671U1 (de) | 2013-03-01 | 2014-06-15 | Plansee Se | Haltevorrichtung für Heizelement und Heizer |
US20160174302A1 (en) * | 2013-07-15 | 2016-06-16 | Momentive Performance Materials Inc. | Coated graphite heater configuration |
JP5903114B2 (ja) * | 2014-01-31 | 2016-04-13 | 貞徳舎株式会社 | 電気ヒーター及び電気ヒーターの製造方法並びにこれを備えた加熱装置 |
DE102017005909A1 (de) * | 2016-07-11 | 2018-01-11 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Wärmofen |
JP6762673B2 (ja) * | 2016-07-11 | 2020-09-30 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 加熱炉 |
CN112063993A (zh) * | 2020-07-23 | 2020-12-11 | 西安航天发动机有限公司 | 一种立式真空炉加热机构 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4755658A (en) * | 1985-11-12 | 1988-07-05 | Ultra Carbon Corporation | Segmented heater system |
US4856022A (en) * | 1988-10-05 | 1989-08-08 | Jones William R | Graphite hot zone assembly |
US5157242A (en) * | 1990-10-29 | 1992-10-20 | Hetherington, Inc. | Hanging heating element for high temperature furnace |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3242959C2 (de) * | 1981-11-20 | 1986-02-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho, Kobe | Isostatische Heißpreßvorrichtung |
DE3532142A1 (de) * | 1985-09-10 | 1987-03-12 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zum aufschmelzen und gerichteten erstarren von metallen |
US4652438A (en) * | 1985-11-18 | 1987-03-24 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Chemical vapor purification of fluorides |
JPS6424383A (en) * | 1987-07-20 | 1989-01-26 | Tokai Konetsu Kogyo Kk | Graphite heat emitting body |
-
2001
- 2001-06-21 FR FR0108173A patent/FR2826541B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-06-19 EP EP20020745542 patent/EP1400150A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-06-19 CA CA002451297A patent/CA2451297A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2002-06-19 WO PCT/FR2002/002113 patent/WO2003005771A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-06-19 US US10/482,090 patent/US20040238526A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-06-19 JP JP2003511590A patent/JP2004534370A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4755658A (en) * | 1985-11-12 | 1988-07-05 | Ultra Carbon Corporation | Segmented heater system |
US4856022A (en) * | 1988-10-05 | 1989-08-08 | Jones William R | Graphite hot zone assembly |
US5157242A (en) * | 1990-10-29 | 1992-10-20 | Hetherington, Inc. | Hanging heating element for high temperature furnace |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012032324A1 (fr) | 2010-09-09 | 2012-03-15 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Passivation de métal d'un échangeur thermique exposé à un gaz de synthèse |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2826541B1 (fr) | 2004-01-09 |
EP1400150A1 (fr) | 2004-03-24 |
JP2004534370A (ja) | 2004-11-11 |
CA2451297A1 (fr) | 2003-01-16 |
US20040238526A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
FR2826541A1 (fr) | 2002-12-27 |
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