WO2003002485A1 - Reduced sensitivity, melt-pourable tritonal replacements - Google Patents
Reduced sensitivity, melt-pourable tritonal replacements Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003002485A1 WO2003002485A1 PCT/US2001/021046 US0121046W WO03002485A1 WO 2003002485 A1 WO2003002485 A1 WO 2003002485A1 US 0121046 W US0121046 W US 0121046W WO 03002485 A1 WO03002485 A1 WO 03002485A1
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- pourable explosive
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
- C06B31/02—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal nitrate
- C06B31/12—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal nitrate with a nitrated organic compound
- C06B31/14—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal nitrate with a nitrated organic compound the compound being an aromatic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B21/00—Apparatus or methods for working-up explosives, e.g. forming, cutting, drying
- C06B21/0033—Shaping the mixture
- C06B21/005—By a process involving melting at least part of the ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B29/00—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate
- C06B29/22—Compositions containing an inorganic oxygen-halogen salt, e.g. chlorate, perchlorate the salt being ammonium perchlorate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
- C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
- C06B31/32—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound
- C06B31/38—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound the nitrated compound being an aromatic
Definitions
- This invention relates to explosives, and in particular this invention relates to explosives that are melt-pourable and may function as excellent replacements for Tritonal.
- this invention relates to Tritonal replacement compositions that exhibit similar melting characteristics, comparable energetic performance, and either comparable or reduced shock and thermal sensitivities to Tritonal.
- This invention also relates to mortars, grenades, artillery, warheads, and antipersonnel mines containing the melt-pourable Tritonal replacement compositions.
- Tritonal usually consists of 60-80 weight percent 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 20-40 weight percent aluminum (Al). Tritonal has been used in a wide array of military applications, although perhaps its most frequent use is as a general bomb fill. One of the reasons for the wide acceptance of Tritonal is that its binder component, TNT, has a relative low melting point of 81°C, which makes Tritonal suitable for pouring into shells or casings of munitions.
- Tritonal has several drawbacks attributable to its TNT binder.
- One of the most prominent of these drawbacks is the toxicity of TNT.
- undesirable isomers are produced.
- meta isomers produced during the nitration of toluene react with the sodium sulfite to produce water-soluble, sulfated nitrotoluene that is red and highly toxic.
- Waste streams containing these isomers are known as red and pink water, and are considerably toxic and hazardous to workers and the environment. Consequently, stringent domestic environmental regulations have been imposed to protect worker safety and prevent against adverse ecological impact caused by the waste streams. However, waste stream clean up is laborious and expensive.
- These regulations and safety precautions have also increased manufacturing costs and slowed production rates, thereby making Tritonal and TNT production largely uneconomical and leading to cessation of domestic TNT production by most, if not all domestic manufacturers.
- TNT synthesis has the additional drawback of increasing the exudation of TNT from the ordnance.
- Many isomers generated during TNT synthesis have melting points lower than that of TNT. These isomers tend to exude under high storage temperature requirements, such as about 74°C (165°F).
- the exudation of TNT isomers from Tritonal raises concerns that the isomers might enter into areas of munitions that are not designed for exposure to energetic materials. In such an event, the sensitivity, vulnerability, and ability to handle and transport the munitions safely may be compromised.
- Tritonal replacement composition that exhibits comparable energetic and pouring properties to Tritonal, in particular similar energies of detonation and melting points for melt-pouring procedures, but may be produced without as severe toxicity issues as encountered in TNT production and substantially without undesirable isomers that substantially lower the melting point of TNT and cause exudation.
- Tritonal replacement that exhibits comparable energetic and pouring properties to Tritonal, but increases process safety by exhibiting substantially reduced shock sensitivity and/or either comparable or reduced thermal sensitivity compared to Tritonal.
- reduced sensitivity of the Tritonal replacement may mean a lower vulnerability to physical and thermal stimuli such as, for example, bullet and fragment impact, fast and slow cook-off, and/or sympathetic denotation.
- a melt-pourable explosive composition comprising 30 weight percent to 70 weight percent of one or more organic binders selected from the group consisting of mononitro aromatics and dinitro aromatics, 5 weight percent to 35 weight percent of one or more oxidizer, and 5 weight percent to 35 weight percent of one or more reactive metallic fuels.
- the aromatic binder or collection of aromatic binders exhibit an energy of detonation that is lower than TNT and collectively have a total melting point in a range of 80°C to 115°C.
- the melt-pourable explosive composition is formulated to become melt-pourable at a temperature in a range of 80°C to 115°C.
- a melt- pourable explosive composition comprises 30 weight percent to 70 weight percent of one or more organic binders selected from the group consisting of mononitro aromatics and dinitro aromatics, 5 weight percent to 35 weight percent of one or more inorganic oxidizers, and 5 weight percent to 35 weight percent of one or more reactive metallic fuels, preferably aluminum.
- the organic binder or collection of organic binders exhibit a total energy of detonation lower than TNT and collectively have a total melting point in a range of 80°C to 115°C.
- the inorganic oxidizer(s) preferably comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of perchlorates and nitrates, and preferably have an average particle size of 3 to 60 microns, more preferably 5 to 20 microns. It is still more preferable that the mononitro/dinitro aromatic compound(s), the inorganic oxidizer(s), and the metallic fuel(s) collectively account for at least 95 weight percent, more preferably at least 99 weight percent of the total weight of the explosive composition.
- the composition is preferably essentially free of TNT.
- the melt pourable explosive composition is formulated to become melt-pourable at a temperature in a range of 80°C to 115°C.
- oxidizer particles are preferably inorganic, and preferably have relatively fine particle sizes. The oxidizer particles compensate for the energy loss experienced by the replacement of TNT with the less energetic mononitro and/or dinitro aromatic melt-pourable binders.
- melt-pourable Tritonal replacement compositions should not be heated close to or above their exothermic decomposition temperatures, because exothermic decomposition may cause the Tritonal replacement composition to ignite automatically and generate an exothermic deflagration or explosion.
- a relatively wide "safety margin" is present between the melt temperature of the Tritonal replacement composition and the temperature at which the composition experiences an onset of exothermic decomposition.
- TNT has a melting point of about 80.9°C and is believed to experience an onset of exothermic decomposition at about 185°C, giving a relatively wide safety margin between the binder melting temperature and the autoignition temperature.
- many mononitro and dinitro aromatics have melting points exceeding that of TNT, thereby narrowing the safety margin for melt pouring.
- dinitroanisole has a melting point of 94°C.
- the processing aid is preferably also a mononitro or dinitro aromatic, and more preferably is selected from the group consisting of alkylnitroanilines and arylnitroanilines.
- the processing aid lowers the overall melting temperature of the energetic composition, preferably into a range of from 80°C to 115°C, while preferably raising the onset of exothermic decomposition temperature, preferably to at least 55°C higher than the melting temperature to widen the safety margin.
- This invention is also directed to ordnances and munitions in which the melt-pourable Tritonal replacement composition of this invention can be used, including, by way of example, mortars, grenades, artillery shells, warheads, and antipersonnel mines.
- melt-pourable binder or binders constitute 30 weight percent to 70 weight percent, more preferably 40 weight percent to 60 weight percent, of the total weight of the Tritonal replacement composition. It is preferred that the binder or binders include nitrocarbon (C-NO2) moieties, although the nitro moieties may include nitramines (N-NO2). Exemplary melt-pourable binders suitable for this invention include mononitro-substituted and dinitro-substituted phenyl alkyl ethers having the following formula:
- Ri, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are nitro (-NO2) groups, the remaining of Ri to R5 are the same or different and are preferably selected from -H, -OH, -NH 2 , NR 7 R 8 , an aryl group, or an -alkyl group (such as methyl), Re is an alkyl group (preferably a methyl, ethyl, or propyl group), R is hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group, and R 8 is hydrogen or an alkyl group.
- 2,4-dinitroanisole (2,4-dinitrophenyl-methyl-ether) and 2,4- dinitrophenotole (2,4-dinitrophenyl-ethyl-ether) are examples of dinitro- substituted phenyl alkyl ethers suitable for use in the present melt- pourable explosive composition, while 4-methoxy-2-nitrophenol is an example of a preferred mononitro-substituted phenyl alkyl ether.
- aromatics include phenols and aryl amines.
- mononitro and dinitro aromatic binders suitable for use with this invention include nitrophenols, such as meta-nitrophenol, para- nitrophenol, and 2-amino-4-nitrophenol; dinitrophenols, such as 2,4- dinitrophenol and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol; nitrotoluene and dinitrotoluenes, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene; mononitroanilines, such as ortho-nitroaniline, meta-nitroaniline, para-nitroaniline; and dinitroanilines, such as 2,4- dinitroaniline and 2,6-dinitroaniline.
- aromatics also include polycyclic benzenoid aromatics, such as mononitronaphthalenes and dinitronaphthalenes (e.g., 1,5-dinitronapthalene). It is also within the scope of the invention to use one or more heterocyclic binders, such as 4- chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazon, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate, 5-nitro- isoquinoline, and methyl-5-nitro-2-furoate.
- heterocyclic binders such as 4- chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazon, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate, 5-nitro- isoquinoline, and methyl-5-nitro-2-furoate.
- the binder preferably can be characterized by several or all of the following attributes: non- toxic, non-hygroscopic, non-mutagenic, light insensitive, air insensitive, non-corrosive, not a lachrymator, moisture insensitive, temperature insensitive between -54°C and 140°C, melting point between 80°C and 115°C, and viscosity of lower than 0.64 kp (kilopoise), more preferably lower than 0.16 kp within the pour temperature range of 80°C to 115°C.
- attributes non- toxic, non-hygroscopic, non-mutagenic, light insensitive, air insensitive, non-corrosive, not a lachrymator, moisture insensitive, temperature insensitive between -54°C and 140°C, melting point between 80°C and 115°C, and viscosity of lower than 0.64 kp (kilopoise), more preferably lower than 0.16 kp within the pour temperature range of 80°C to 115°C.
- the mononitro and dinitro aromatics generally have a much lower toxicity than TNT, particularly when the aromatics do not contain -OH and/or -NH2 functionalities. Thus, in many instances the use of mononitro and dinitro aromatics often simplifies handling and reduces the costs associated with manufacturing the Tritonal replacement explosive.
- the processing aid of this invention preferably is a mononitro or dinitro aromatic, and more preferably is one or more N-alkyl-nitroanilines and/or N-aryl-nitroanilines having the following formula:
- R is an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbons (e.g., straight-chain alkyl, branched alkyl, cyclic alkyl, or aryl group), and at least one of Ri to R5 is a nitro group, the remaining of Ri to R5 are the same or different and are preferably selected from -H, - OH, -NH2, NRsR 9 , an aryl group, or an -alkyl group (such as methyl), Rs is hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group, and R9 is hydrogen or an alkyl group.
- Exemplary N-alkyl-nitroaniline processing aids include the following:
- aryl-nitroaniline processing aids include the following:
- the concentration of the processing aid is selected in order to widen the "safety margin" at which the melt-pourable Tritonal replacement composition can be melt poured without significant threat of an onset of exothermic decomposition and auto-ignition of the Tritonal replacement composition.
- the processing aid preferably acts to lower the melting point of the composition towards (but not necessarily to) its eutectic point.
- the melting point of the mixture of binder and processing aid can be adjusted into a range of 80°C to 115°C that generally characterizes melt-pourable materials. More preferably, the melting point is adjusted to 80°C to 110°C, more preferably 80°C to 90°C.
- the processing aid preferably raises the temperature at which the composition experiences an onset of exothermic decomposition, thereby widening the safety margin between the melting temperature and the auto-ignition temperature of the Tritonal replacement composition.
- the concentration of the processing aid can be selected by taking into account the amount of melt-pourable binder in the overall melt- pourable Tritonal replacement composition, the purity of the binder, and the nitrogen content of the binder.
- the Tritonal replacement composition can include, for example, from about 0.15 weight percent to about 1 weight percent processing aid based on the total weight of the Tritonal replacement composition. Using more than about 1 weight percent of the processing aid may lower the pour temperature of the melt- pourable Tritonal replacement composition below about 80°C.
- Representative inorganic oxidizers suitable for the present melt- pourable Tritonal replacement composition include perchlorates, such as potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, strontium perchlorate, and ammonium perchlorate; and nitrates, such as potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, strontium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, copper nitrate (Cu2(OH)3NO 3 ), and hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN); ammonium dinitramide (ADN); and hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF).
- Organic oxidizers having excess amounts of oxygen available for oxidizing the binder can also be used, although preferably the oxidizers consist of inorganic compounds.
- organic oxidizers examples include nitramines, such as CL-20.
- the organic oxidizer is preferably present in less than 20 weight percent, more preferably less than 10 weight percent, still more preferably less than 5 weight percent, and most preferably no more than 1 weight percent based on the total weight of the explosive composition.
- the oxidizer particles preferably having particle diameters, on average, 3 to 60 microns, more preferably 5 to 20 microns. It is possible to use bi- modal distributions, such as a combination of coarse particles (200 to 400 microns) and fine particles (less than 20). More preferred, however, is a single modal distribution of 5 to 50 microns. In the event that a single modal distribution in this particle size range is selected, the content of inorganic oxidizer in the energetic composition is preferably in a range of 15 weight percent to 20 weight percent.
- Representative reactive metallic fuels that may be used in this invention include one or more of the following: aluminum, magnesium, boron, titanium, zirconium, and mixtures thereof. Of these, aluminum is preferred.
- the particles may have an average particle size of, for example, 3 to 60 microns, more preferably 5 to 20 microns.
- the metallic fuel preferably constitutes from 5 weight percent to 35 weight percent of the Tritonal replacement composition, more preferably 15 weight percent to 20 weight percent.
- the inorganic oxidizer and metallic fuel are present in a weight ratio of about 1:1.
- the melt-pourable Tritonal replacement composition of this invention is substantially free of polymeric binders conventionally found in pressable and extrudable energetic materials, since an undue amount of these polymeric binders can lower the energy (especially for non-energetic polymer binders) and reduce the melt pourability (by increasing the viscosity) of the melt-pourable explosive.
- the binder and optional processing aid are loaded into a pressurized, steam-heated melt kettle having a surrounding jacket.
- the kettle is heated to a temperature far enough above the melting temperature of the binder and processing aid to prevent solidification of the binder during the subsequent addition of ambient-temperature particles, but not so high as to cause an onset of exothermic decomposition.
- the kettle may be heated to about 90°C to 100°C, preferably 95°C.
- the oxidizer and fuel are then added by metering, i.e., adding the oxidizer and fuel either in stages or continuously so as not to lower the temperature of the melt phase below its melting temperature.
- the oxidizer is added prior to the fuel.
- Constant stirring is preferably performed throughout the mix cycle. Stirring is preferably sufficiently rapid to wet the oxidizer particles and achieve homogeneity in a relatively short time.
- the mixture is then poured or cast, usually into a case of munitions or the like.
- melt-pourable composition of preferred aspects of this invention exhibits comparable energetic and pouring properties to Tritonal, but increases process safety by exhibiting substantially reduced shock sensitivity compared to Tritonal.
- An indicator of thermal stability is the temperature at which an explosive composition experiences an exotherm, or exothermic decomposition.
- a test known as Stimulated Bulk Autoignition Test, or SBAT may be used to determine this temperature.
- SBAT Stimulated Bulk Autoignition Test
- the test sample is placed in Pyrex tube and insulated, and then placed in metal blocks in an oven.
- the samples are heated from 38°C (100°F) to 260°C (500°F) over a 16 hour period at a rate of 13.3°C/hr (24°F/hr).
- the temperatures of the energetic material and control are monitored through thermocouples and recorded on a chart until the test is complete.
- the reaction is recorded along with the onset temperature, which is the temperature at which the data trace of the energetic material first leaves the baseline, i.e., that of the control.
- Energetic materials with high autoignition temperatures are desirable because they are less likely to explode or detonate when exposed to elevated temperatures.
- the energetic composition of this invention preferably experiences an onset of thermal decomposition that is at least 55°C, more preferably at least 100°C, higher than the temperature at which the energetic composition becomes melt pourable.
- LSGT Large Scale Gap Tests
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- the distance between the booster and the metal tube is expressed in cards, where 1 card is equal to 0.0254 cm (0.01 inch), such that 100 cards equals 2.54 cm (1 inch).
- a card gap measurement is the minimum number of cards required to prevent the booster from detonating the explosive sample, so that the sample does not blow a hole through the witness plate.
- the LSGT (or NOL Card Pipe Test) is more fully described in Joint Technical Bulletin, Navy document number NAVSEA INST 8020.8B, Air Force technical order 11A-1-47, Defense Logistics Agency regulation DLAR 8220.1, and Army technical bulletin TB700-2.
- Tritonal has a measured card gap value of 127.
- the explosive composition of this invention preferably has a card gap that is less than 127, more preferably less than 105, and still more preferably less than 85.
- Energetic performance of an explosive can be evaluated through use of calculated properties, such as total energy of detonation, theoretical maximum density (TMD), detonation pressure, shock velocity, cylinder expansion energy, and the like. These properties may be calculated based on the software CHEETAH, available through Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of Livermore, Ca. This software is well known and used in the art, including by those having ordinary skill in the art of explosive development.
- Tritonal has a total energy of detonation of 12.9 kJ/cc.
- the melt-pourable explosive composition has a total energy of detonation within 10 percent of 12.9 kJ/cc, i.e., 11.6 kJ/cc to 14.2 kJ/cc.
- a measurable property for determining energetic performance of an explosive is dent depth. Dent depth measurements are conducted by placing a 350 gram sample in a metal tube, identical to the one discussed above and used for the NOL card gap test, having exposed ends. The metal tube sits on a 1018 steel plate having a thickness of 5.08 cm (2 inches) and a width and height of 15.24 x 15.24 cm (6 x 6 inches), so that one of the ends of the tube is in contact with the steel plate.
- a Pentolite booster is placed on top of the metal tube and in operative association with the sample. The explosive is detonated in the pipe by activating the booster. The detonation products from the explosion form an indentation in the steel plate. The depth of this indentation is measured and recorded as the dent depth, which represents the amount of work performed by the explosive.
- the dent depth of Tritonal is about 0.793 cm (0.312 inch).
- the dent depth of the explosive composition of this invention is preferably within 10 percent of that of Tritonal, i.e., 0.713 cm to 0.872 cm.
- dinitroanisole dinitroanisole
- MNA N-methyl-p-nitroaniline
- 50 micron ammonium perchlorate then 3 micron aluminum were metered into the kettle while maintaining constant stirring.
- the explosive composition was then melt poured onto a flaker and cooled at room temperature, and broken into small flake-like solid pieces, nominally 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) thick by 1.27 x 1.27 cm (0.5 x 0.5 inch). The flake is then remelted in the melt kettle, and poured into the ordnance.
- the explosive composition comprised 49.75 weight percent DNAN, 0.25 weight percent MNA, 30 weight percent ammonium perchlorate, and 20 weight percent aluminum. When tested, the composition exhibited a dent depth of 0.808 cm, a card gap of less than 90, and an exotherm of 207°C.
- dinitroanisole dinitroanisole
- MNA N-methyl-p-nitroaniline
- 9 micron ammonium perchlorate and 3 micron aluminum were sequentially metered into the kettle while maintaining constant stirring.
- the explosive composition was then melt poured onto a flaker and cooled at room temperature, and broken into small flake-like solid pieces, nominally 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) thick by 1.27 x 1.27 cm (0.5 x 0.5 inch).
- the explosive composition comprised 49.75 weight percent DNAN, 0.25 weight percent MNA, 30 weight percent ammonium perchlorate, and 20 weight percent. When tested, the composition exhibited a dent depth of 0.876 cm, a card gap of 40, and an exotherm of 209° C.
- dinitroanisole dinitroanisole
- MNA N-methyl-p-nitroaniline
- 50 micron ammonium perchlorate and 20 micron aluminum were metered into the kettle while maintaining constant stirring.
- the explosive composition was then melt poured onto a flaker and cooled at room temperature, and broken into small flake-like solid pieces, nominally 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) thick by 1.27 x 1.27 cm (0.5 x 0.5 inch).
- the explosive composition comprised 49.75 weight percent DNAN, 0.25 weight percent MNA, 30 weight percent ammonium perchlorate, and 20 weight percent aluminum. When tested, the composition exhibited a dent depth of 0.785 cm, a card gap of 58, and an exotherm of 218°C.
- dinitroanisole dinitroanisole
- MNA N-methyl-p-nitroaniline
- 9 micron ammonium perchlorate and 20 micron aluminum were metered into the kettle while maintaining constant stirring.
- the explosive composition was then melt poured onto a flaker and cooled at room temperature, and broken into small flake-like solid pieces, nominally 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) thick by 1.27 x 1.27 cm (0.5 x 0.5 inch).
- the explosive composition comprised 49.75 weight percent DNAN, 0.25 weight percent MNA, 30 weight percent ammonium perchlorate, and 20 weight percent aluminum. When tested, the composition exhibited a dent depth of 0.84 cm, a card gap of 60, and an exotherm of 218°C.
- dinitroanisole dinitroanisole
- MNA N-methyl-p-nitroaniline
- 50 micron ammonium perchlorate particles and 3 micron aluminum particles were metered into the kettle while maintaining constant stirring.
- the explosive composition was then melt poured onto a flaker and cooled at room temperature, and broken into small flake-like sohd pieces, nominally 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) thick by 1.27 x 1.27 cm (0.5 x 0.5 inch).
- the explosive composition comprised 59.75 weight percent DNAN, 0.25 weight percent MNA, 17 weight percent ammonium perchlorate, 23 weight percent aluminum. When tested, the composition exhibited a dent depth of 0.792 cm, a card gap of less than 50, and an exotherm of 242°C.
- dinitroanisole dinitroanisole
- MNA N-methyl-p-nitroaniline
- 50 micron ammonium perchlorate particles and 20 micron aluminum particles were sequentially metered into the kettle while maintaining constant stirring.
- the explosive composition was then melt poured onto a flaker and cooled at room temperature, and broken into small flake-like solid pieces, nominally 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) thick by 1.27 x 1.27 cm (0.5 x 0.5 inch).
- the explosive composition comprised 59.75 weight percent DNAN, 0.25 weight percent MNA, 17 weight percent ammonium perchlorate, and 23 weight percent aluminum. When tested, the composition exhibited a dent depth of 0.747 cm, a card gap of 69, and an exotherm of 204°C.
- Example 1 Each of Examples 1 and 3-6 exhibited dent depths falling within 10 percent of the dent depth of Tritonal.
- Example 2 was outside the range by a negligible amount of 0.004 cm.
- Examples 1-6 also exhibited card gaps well below that of Tritonal.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA002451760A CA2451760C (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2001-06-27 | Reduced sensitivity, melt-pourable tritonal replacements |
PCT/US2001/021046 WO2003002485A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2001-06-27 | Reduced sensitivity, melt-pourable tritonal replacements |
EP01950810A EP1399399A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2001-06-27 | Reduced sensitivity, melt-pourable tritonal replacements |
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PCT/US2001/021046 WO2003002485A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2001-06-27 | Reduced sensitivity, melt-pourable tritonal replacements |
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US7602548B2 (en) | 2005-09-14 | 2009-10-13 | Jena-Optronik Gmbh | Schiefspiegler telescope with three reflecting surfaces |
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2001
- 2001-06-27 WO PCT/US2001/021046 patent/WO2003002485A1/en active Application Filing
- 2001-06-27 CA CA002451760A patent/CA2451760C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-06-27 EP EP01950810A patent/EP1399399A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Cited By (1)
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US7602548B2 (en) | 2005-09-14 | 2009-10-13 | Jena-Optronik Gmbh | Schiefspiegler telescope with three reflecting surfaces |
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CA2451760A1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
CA2451760C (en) | 2006-08-15 |
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