WO2002102475A1 - Procede et appareil d'analyse d'un coup de golf - Google Patents

Procede et appareil d'analyse d'un coup de golf Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002102475A1
WO2002102475A1 PCT/US2002/018243 US0218243W WO02102475A1 WO 2002102475 A1 WO2002102475 A1 WO 2002102475A1 US 0218243 W US0218243 W US 0218243W WO 02102475 A1 WO02102475 A1 WO 02102475A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
movement
head
golf
during
sensing
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PCT/US2002/018243
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English (en)
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WO2002102475A9 (fr
Inventor
George K. Shoane
Original Assignee
Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/107,910 external-priority patent/US20020187860A1/en
Application filed by Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey filed Critical Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey
Priority to US10/314,434 priority Critical patent/US20030144088A1/en
Publication of WO2002102475A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002102475A1/fr
Publication of WO2002102475A9 publication Critical patent/WO2002102475A9/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B69/00—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports
    • A63B69/36—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports for golf
    • A63B69/3608—Attachments on the body, e.g. for measuring, aligning, restraining
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B69/00—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports
    • A63B69/36—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports for golf
    • A63B69/3614—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports for golf using electro-magnetic, magnetic or ultrasonic radiation emitted, reflected or interrupted by the golf club
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2220/00—Measuring of physical parameters relating to sporting activity
    • A63B2220/80—Special sensors, transducers or devices therefor
    • A63B2220/805—Optical or opto-electronic sensors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for golf stroke analysis, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for analyzing components of a golf stroke including club face movement and the physical movement of a golfer during a stroke.
  • the present invention also relates to a method and apparatus for allowing golfers to practice and improve their golf strokes.
  • the putting stroke is a crucial element in the game of golf.
  • Statistics compiled by the Professional Golfer's Association show that approximately 40% of the total strokes by professional golfers in a given round are spent on putting.
  • Golf teaching professionals and sports psychologists frequently teach beginning and experienced golfers the importance of minimal or ho eye and head movements throughout the putting stroke.
  • Reduced eye movement is particularly important to successful execution of the putting stroke, because eye fixation at locations other than the ball can cause improper strokes and missed puts.
  • reduced head movement allows a golfer to maintain a stable image of a putting surface, thereby enhancing the golfer's accuracy at putting. If the golfer's head moves during the stroke, putting misalignment and missed putts can result.
  • putter head velocity and acceleration are useful indicators of a golfer's putting accuracy and ability.
  • It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for analyzing a golf stroke including a processor for acquiring eye, head, and club movement data and processing same.
  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for analyzing and practicing a golf stroke, particularly a golf putting stroke.
  • a putting platform is provided, wherein a golfer can putt in an environment simulating a golf green.
  • Information regarding the golfer's eye, head, and club movements during the putting stroke are acquired using a plurality of sensing devices.
  • a club movement sensor in the putting surface measures club movements during the stroke, without requiring attachment to the club.
  • Eye movement sensors measure left and right eye movements of the golfer during putting.
  • a head movement sensor tracks rotational movement of the golfer's head during the putting strokes. The acquired motion data are gathered simultaneously by a processor, and time traces of club, head, and eye movement may be generated.
  • the time traces can be compared to time traces of golfers of various experience levels to determine the accuracy and efficiency of the golfer's putting stroke. Additionally, the effect of various golfing grips on eye, head, and club movement can be measured and analyzed. As such, a golfer can practice and improve his or her golf stroke, and compare measurements thereof to measurements of others, such as professionals.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the apparatus of the present invention during use by a golfer.
  • FIG. 2a is a top view of the club movement sensor shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 2b is a side view of the club movement sensor and a portion of the putting surface shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 2c is an end view of the club movement sensor and a portion of the putting surface shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the head movement sensor shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4a is a side view of the eye movement sensor shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4b is a side view showing the eye movement sensor of FIG. 1 shown in greater detail.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing components of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a circuit configuration of the club movement sensor of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing operation of the club movement sensor.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a time trace of club movement during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing a time trace of eye movement during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing a time trace of head movement during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 11a is a graph showing a time trace of club movement of an experienced golfer during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. lib is a graph showing a time trace of club movement of a novice golfer during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing simultaneous time traces of eye, head, and club movement during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 13a is a graph showing simultaneous time traces of eye, head, and club movement of a novice golfer during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 13b is a graph showing simultaneous time traces of eye, head, and club movement of an experienced golfer during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing time traces of eye, head, and club movement when a conventional golf grip is used during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing time traces of eye, head, and club movement when a cross-handed golf grip is used during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing time traces of eye, head, and club movement when a one-handed golf grip is used during a putting stroke.
  • FIG. 17 is a table showing results of statistical analysis of conventional, cross- hand, and one-handed grips used during 3 foot and 9 foot putts.
  • FIG. 18 is a photograph showing an embodiment of the present invention for analyzing head movement during a golf stroke uses an accelerometer and that wirelessly transmits the acquired data to a processor.
  • FIG. 19 shows an embodiment of a head movement sensor of FIG. 18.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic showing a circuit for use with the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 18, for converting accelerometer output to head rotation data.
  • FIG. 21 is a graph showing time traces of putter, eye, and head movement measured using the apparatus of FIG. 18.
  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for analyzing golf strokes, particularly a putting stroke.
  • a variety of physical movements can be tracked and analyzed during the golf stroke, such as eye, head, and club movement, and time traces thereof can be produced in real time.
  • the sampled data can be compared with pre-recorded time traces of golfers at different experience levels, to determine the accuracy and efficiency of the golfer's stroke. Further, the effects of various golf grips on eye, head, and club movement can be determined.
  • a golfer can practice and improve his or her game, and compare measurements relating to his or her golf stroke to measurements of professionals.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system of the present invention comprises a variety of components which, operating in conjunction, provide golf stroke analysis.
  • a putting surface 80 is provided for a golfer 20 for taking practice putting strokes using any club 30 and golf ball 34 known in the art. Movement of club 30 along a path generally indicated by line 32 can be analyzed by club movement sensor 60, embedded in putting surface 80, as will be hereinafter further described.
  • club movement sensor 60 does not obstruct the path of golf ball 34, allowing golfer 20 to putt normally and (hopefully) sink golf ball 34 into hole 82. Further, putting movement sensor 60 allows for the analysis of movement of club 30, without requiring the attachment of any apparatus thereto.
  • putting surface 80 can be partitioned into two or more surfaces that can be positioned lengthwise to allow for putts of varying lengths. For example, two sections of putting surface 80 can be joined to allow for putts of three feet in length, additional sections can be added to allow for putts of nine feet in length. Any combination of sections of putting surface 80 can provided for allowing putts of any desired length.
  • Movement of the head of golfer 20 during the putting stroke can also be measured by the present invention.
  • Rotational movement of the head of golfer 20, indicated generally along axis 24, can be measured by head movement sensor 40, attached to helmet 41, as will be hereinafter further described. It is to be understood that other types of head movement (i.e., side-to-side) are contemplated by the present invention and considered within the scope thereof.
  • Head movement sensor 40 can be any sensor known in the art, e.g., an accelerometer with wireless transmitter and receiver, that is capable of measuring rotational movement.
  • Eye movements of golfer 20 can also be analyzed by the present invention by eye movement sensor 50, as will be hereinafter further described.
  • eye movement sensor 50 is an infrared device that tracks motion of both right and left eyes of a golfer. Other eye movement sensors are considered within the scope of the invention.
  • Movement data generated by eye movement sensor 50, head movement sensor 40, and club movement sensor 60 is transmitted to processor 70 by cables 72. It is conceivable that other means for transmitting the acquired data, such as radio frequency (“RF”) or infrared (“IR”) transmission, can be utilized to channel the acquired movement data to processor 70. The movement information gathered by processor 70 during a putting stroke can then be analyzed to determine the accuracy and efficiency of the putting stroke.
  • RF radio frequency
  • IR infrared
  • FIG. 2a is a top view of the club movement sensor of the present invention.
  • Putting motion sensor 60 comprises first detector array 62, and second detector anay 64, each of the detectors having a plurality of detectors 66.
  • detectors 66 are infrared phototransistors. As a club moves along axis 32, shadows are cast on one or more of the detectors 66, whereupon the one or more detectors 66 turn electrically off.
  • the outputs of detectors 66 of both first detector anay 62 and second detector array 64 are then fed to processor 70 via cables 72.
  • the second detector anay 64 is positioned to track movement of the club to impact.
  • the first detector anay 62 is positioned to track movement of the putter after impact.
  • the first detector anay 62 is offset from the second detector array 64, so that golf ball 34 can travel freely along path 36 without traveling over detectors 66 of first detector anay 62.
  • Other spatial configurations of club movement sensor 60, first detector anay 62, and second detector anay 64 are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2b is a side view of the club movement sensor 60 and putting surface 80 of the present invention.
  • detectors 66 are positioned at increasing intervals away from the ball 34, in both frontward and rearward directions. For example, the first four detectors 66 of first detector anay 62 and second detector anay 64, closest to ball 34, are spaced approximately Vi inch apart. The next two detectors are spaced 1 inch apart. The remaining two detectors are then spaced 2 inches apart. It is to be understood that additional detectors and other spatial arrangements are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2c is an end view of the club movement sensor 60 and putting surface 80 of the present invention.
  • the surface 80 can be constructed of wood boards 82, 84, and 86, such as particle boards, which are joined together and covered with artificial grass to form putting surface 80. Other materials capable of forming putting surface 80 are considered within the scope of the present invention.
  • Putting surface 80 contains cavities for retaining embedded detector anays 62 and 64.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the head movement sensor of the present invention.
  • Rotational movement of a golfer's head about axis 24 can be measured during a putting stroke by sensor 44.
  • a golfer wears hat or helmet 41 which transfers rotational movement of the golfer's head to sensor 44, via interconnections 42 and 43.
  • Interconnections 42 and 43 are designed to mate interchangeably, and allow a user to step away from sensor 44 to disengage therefrom. It may be desirable to magnetize these components to facilitate engagement thereof.
  • Interconnection 42 is attached to hat or helmet 41, and interconnection 43 is attached to sensor 44.
  • Sensor 44 can be any sensor in the art that is capable of measuring rotational movement, such as a potentiomenter.
  • sensor 44 is mounted via pivot 45 to a fixed surface, and output from sensor 44 is transmitted via cables 72.
  • sensor 44 could be mounted on the hat or helmet 41, and could be self-contained, i.e., not attached to a fixed surface.
  • the sensor could contain a pendulum such that when one rotates his or her head, a reading is taken. Further, this reading could be wirelessly transmitted to the processor.
  • other headgear can be used to receive the golfer's head and transfer movement thereof to a sensor.
  • FIG. 4a is a side view of the eye movement sensor 50 of the present invention.
  • Eye movement sensor 50 can be any sensor known in the art that is capable of measuring eye movements, such as a Skalar-Iris Model 6500 helmet-mounted infrared reflection device. Other comparable detection devices can be used with the present invention without departing from the scope thereof.
  • eye motion sensor 50 contains one or more infrared detectors 52 that are pointed generally in the direction of the golfer's eyes and measure eye motion of the golfer (i.e., left-to- right and right-to-left eye motion). Output from the one or more infrared detectors 52 can be sent to a processor via cables 72, or wirelessly.
  • eye motion sensor 50 can be affixed to hat or helmet 41 via frame 54, or formed integrally therewith.
  • the sensors can be incorporated on eyewear.
  • hat or helmet 41 and eye motion sensor 50 are manufactured to be lightweight, so that a golfer experiences minimal to no discomfort while wearing same during a golf stroke.
  • FIG. 4b is a side view showing the eye movement sensor 50 of the present invention shown in greater detail. Movements of a golfer's eyes, such as eye 26, can be tracked by infrared detectors 52. In a prefened embodiment of the present invention, infrared detectors 52 of eye movement sensor 50 have a linear range of +/- 25 degrees, a combined resolution of 5 minutes of arc, and a bandwidth of 200 Hz, but these tolerances are not required. Voltage output signals of eye movement sensor 50 represent eye movements of the golfer's eyes, and can be analyzed by a processor.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing component parts of the present invention. Outputs from the head movement sensor 40 and eye movement sensor 50 are connected to analog-to-digital (A/D) converters 90 and 92, respectively. Club movement sensor 60 is connected to digital input port 94. The resulting digital signals derived from each of the sensors 40, 50, and 60 are then processed in real time by processor 70.
  • Processor 70 can be any computer system known in the art. In a prefened embodiment of the present invention, processor 70 acquires the digitized movement data from each of the sensors, and outputs same. Such output may comprise synchronized time trace plots indicating movement of the right eye, left eye, club, and head of the golfer. As shown in FIG. 5, such data can be output through numerous channels (i.e., channels 1 through 4) for presentation to the golfer or for further data processing.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a circuit configuration of the club movement sensor 60 of the present invention.
  • a plurality of infrared sensors such as phototransistors Qi through Q scenery, can be connected to provide club movement detection.
  • phototransistors Qi through Q 4 are shown connected in the circuit of FIG. 6.
  • other light-sensing devices such as CdS photocells, can be used in place of the phototransistors.
  • Each of phototransistors Qi through Q 4 are connected to difference amplifiers Di through D 4 , which reduce noise in the signals generated by each of phototransistors Qi through Q 4 .
  • difference amplifiers Di through D allow for the generation of an electrical signal conesponding to the leading edge (i.e., face) of a club passed over one or more of phototransistors Qi through Q .
  • comparators Ci through C Connected to difference amplifiers Di through D are comparators Ci through C , which compare the outputs of each of difference amplifiers Di through D to a threshold voltage Vx.
  • Vx threshold voltage
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing operation of the club movement sensor 60.
  • Club 30, having a face 31 is passed over phototransistors of the club movement sensor 60, shown illustratively as Qi through Q , generally along path 32 of a putting stroke. At a given point along the path 32 of the putting stroke, club 30 casts a shadow over one or more of the phototransistors of club movement sensor 60, turning same electrically off.
  • club 30 casts a shadow over phototransistors Q 2 and Q 3 , turning them to an off state, while phototransistors Qi and Q remain in an electrically on state, hi an illustrative embodiment, the on state of the phototransistors is indicated as a voltage of 0 volts, while the off state is indicated as a voltage of +5 volts.
  • Vx is 0.7 volts. Other values can be substituted for Vx. For input voltages that fall below V ⁇ 5 a negative voltage (i.e., -12 volts) is produced. Conversely, for input voltages that exceed V , a positive voltage (i.e., +5 volts) is produced. Thus, as shown in FIG.
  • Outputs from the sensors of the present invention can be utilized to produce time traces conesponding to eye, club, and head movements.
  • C++ and MATLAB programs are used to generate position and velocity graphs as functions of time for club movement, left eye movement, right eye movement, and head movement.
  • the generated time traces/graphs can then be compared amongst golfers at varying skill levels to indicate the efficiency and accuracy of the subject golfer. It is well known that any general purpose computer, programmed by languages known in the art, can be used to produce the time traces.
  • the present invention can be adapted to allow analysis and practice of all types of golf strokes, such as putting, driving strokes, iron stokes, chips, pitches, or other stokes.
  • the apparatus of the present invention can be installed in commercial driving ranges, golf courses, or other practice locations, allowing golfers to quickly gauge the efficiency of their golf strokes and to receive feedback on practice strokes by returning real-time measurements of the strokes and comparing same to measurements of professional golfers.
  • the present invention can be adapted to allow practice and analysis of other sports involving stroke-like movements.
  • the apparatus of the present invention was experimentally tested on twelve volunteers, divided into three groups according to skill levels. Individuals with handicaps between 0 and 9 were placed in the first group, and individuals with handicaps between 10 and 20 were placed into the second group. Novices were placed into the third group. Each group had four volunteers. Each subject made twenty 3- foot putts and twenty 9-foot putts using the present invention, and results for each of the volunteers were compared. It was found that the typical low-handicapper exhibited a small head rotation (i.e., clockwise as seen from top) during the backstroke, compensated for by a smooth eye movement (i.e., vestibulo-ocular reflex), wherein steady eye fixation on the ball was maintained.
  • a small head rotation i.e., clockwise as seen from top
  • a smooth eye movement i.e., vestibulo-ocular reflex
  • Head rotation appeared to be associated with a slight shoulder turn during the putting stroke, and occuned less frequently for 3 -foot putts but occasionally appeared for 9-foot putts.
  • the typical mid- handicapper demonstrated a similar response pattern, but additionally exhibited saccadic eye movements (i.e., fast jumps in fixation) during the backstroke and at the time of impact.
  • the typical novice golfer showed relatively large head rotations and compensatory eye movements, and exhibited frequent enatic eye fixations through the backstroke and during impact.
  • FIGS. 8 through 10 are graphs showing examples of measurements of club, eye, and head movement achieved by the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing time traces of club movement during a putting stroke produced by the present invention.
  • Club position measured in centimeters, is graphed as a function of time, measured in seconds. Positive and negative club position values indicate movements toward or away from the hole, respectively.
  • Position of the club is represented as a solid line, while velocity of the club is represented as a dashed line.
  • the point of impact with the ball is illustratively represented as a club position value of 0, occurring between 1 and 1.5 seconds.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing time traces of eye movement during a putting stroke. Eye movements for both left and right eyes of the subject are indicated in the top and bottom graphs, respectively. Prior to capturing eye movement data, the subject fixated on three known locations (i.e., left end, middle, and right end of the club movement sensor 60 of the present invention), in order to provide adequate calibration data. Eye movement data acquired during the putt was then measured with reference to the calibration data, and eye position was recorded as displacement in centimeters of the left and right eyes along putting surface 80. The solid line of the graph indicates eye displacement in centimeters. Further, the dashed line indicates eye velocity.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing a time trace of head movement during a putting stroke.
  • the head movement sensor 60 Prior to acquiring head movement data, the head movement sensor 60 was pre-calibrated to provide conversion from a measured voltage change to a conesponding angular rotation of the potentiometer shaft, which in turn conesponded to an angular rotation of the subject's head. This angle was then converted to a displacement of a hypothetical beam emanating from the center of rotation of the head, approximated by the position of the center between the two eyes of the subject, and measured in centimeters. As shown in the graph, head position is measured in centimeters from the center position of the head, and indicated as a solid line. The dashed line indicates head velocity.
  • FIG. 11a is a graph showing a time trace of club movement of an experienced golfer during a putting stroke. As can be seen, club movement is relatively smooth, with backward and forward movement being relatively uniform. These results can be compared to FIG. lib, which shows a time trace of club movement of a novice golfer during a putting stroke. Backward movement is noticeably larger than forward movement, and there is a lack of uniformity between forward and backward movements.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing simultaneous time traces of eye, head, and club movement during a putting stroke.
  • the dotted line across the four graphs indicates the moment in time in which the ball is struck.
  • FIG. 13a is a graph showing simultaneous time traces of eye, head, and club movement of a novice golfer during a putting stroke.
  • the point of contact between the club face and the ball is represented in the graphs as occurring after 2 seconds.
  • a considerable amount of eye movement for both the left and right eyes of the subject occuned prior to the point of contact.
  • forward and backward club movements are not uniform, as there is greater backward movement than forward movement.
  • the occunence of saccadic eye movement can be seen occurring prior to the putt.
  • FIG. 13b is a graph showing simultaneous time traces of eye, head, and club movement of an experienced golfer during a putting stroke.
  • club, eye, and head movements for the experienced golfer appeared more uniform than the movements of the novice golfer, as shown in FIG. 13a.
  • Club movements are also more uniform, with backward and forward movements being generally equal. Eye movements are significantly less than those of the novice golfer, and saccadic movements do not appear prior to contact between the club face and the ball. Additionally, head movement is reduced.
  • the present invention can also be utilized to determine the effect of various golf grips on putting performance. For example, club, eye, and head movements can be measured and compared for various golf grips, i.e., conventional, cross-hand, and single-hand grips. Results using these grips are shown in FIGS. 14-16.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing time traces of eye, head, and club " movement when a conventional golf grip is used during a putting stroke. Time traces of club, eye, and head movements are shown for a typical 9 foot put using a conventional golf grip. For all traces, position and velocity are indicated by solid and dashed lines, respectively. The vertical dashed lines indicate the duration of the putt starting from the beginning of the backstroke and ending at the point of impact with the ball.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing time traces of eye, head, and club movement when a cross-handed golf grip is used during a putting stroke. FIG. 16 shows time traces using the one-handed grip.
  • FIGS. 14-16 can be analyzed using statistical methods to determine the effect of the various grips on putting.
  • Putt amplitude is not significantly different for the three putting grip styles for 3 foot putts. However, for 9 foot putts, amplitude for cross-handed grips are statistically significantly smaller than for either conventional or one-handed grips. This may be attributable to a restriction of right elbow motion in the backstroke, due to increased bending of the right elbow to compensate for a higher right hand position on the club.
  • Putt duration is longer for the one-handed grip than for either conventional or cross-handed grips, for both 3 and 9 foot putts. This may be due to the increased length of the swing arm (i.e., club plus hand and arm), in the one-handed putt. Hence, if one considers this as a pendulum motion, the increased length conesponds to an increase in the period of motion, resulting, in turn, in an increase in the duration of the putt.
  • the STD of combined right and left eye movements is lowest for one-handed grips, intermediate for cross-handed grips, and highest for conventional grips, for both 3 and 9 foot putts.
  • FIG. 18 is a photograph showing an embodiment of the present invention for analyzing head movement during a golf stroke using an accelerometer and wirelessly transmitting the acquired data.
  • the present invention can be implemented using one or more devices for wirelessly transmitting head and eye movement data during the stroke, thereby obviating the need for interconnecting cables between the head and eye movement sensors and other apparatuses.
  • the present invention can be modified to provide a system 100 for wirelessly measuring head movement data during a golf stroke.
  • the system 100 includes a helmet 110, similar in design to the helmet 41 of FIG. 1.
  • helmet is meant to cover any suitable mechanism for support sensing equipment including, but not limited to, a hat, a headband that fully or partially sunounds the head, a visor, etc. Attached to the helmet 110 are a head movement sensor 120, a battery back 130, and eye movement sensors 140.
  • Head movement sensed by sensor 120 is wirelessly transmitted to receiver 160, for remote analysis.
  • the sensor 120 allows for the untethered acquisition and analysis of head movement data during a golfer's putting stroke, without requiring the golfer to align his or her head with a stationary device and keep same in place during measurement.
  • Head movement sensor 120 comprises an accelerometer, transmitter, and associated circuitry for measuring head movement and transmitting same wirelessly to receiver 160 for remote analysis. Any other device that can be used to acquire head rotation data is considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • Battery packs 130 and 150 can be used to provide a power source to power sensor 120 and receiver 160. A 3 volt power source has been found to be sufficient.
  • FIG. 19 shows the head movement sensor 120 of the present invention in greater detail.
  • the sensor 120 comprises an accelerometer 121, a transmitter 125, an antenna 126, and a power source 130. These components can be mounted on one or more circuit boards. As shown in FIG. 19, two circuit boards are interconnected. The power source 130 is shown remote from the circuit boards but could be positioned thereon. As shown in FIG. 19, the accelerometer 121 is mounted on one of the boards, and the wireless transmitter 125 and antenna 126 on the other board.
  • the accelerometer comprises an ADXL202 single chip accelerometer manufactured by Analog Devices, Inc., which provides a 167 Hz rectangular wave signal having a duty cycle proportional to the acceleration.
  • the duty cycle represents the ratio of the pulse- width to the period, and is proportional to the acceleration of the device in each of two sensitive axes (i.e., X and Y axes).
  • the dimensions of the device are 10.6 mm x 9.9 mm x 5.5 mm.
  • Two outputs are provided, based on sensors aligned in the X and Y directions within the plane of the device. The device is useful for measuring tilt, and it uses the force of gravity as an input vector to determine orientation of an object in space.
  • a particular axis i.e., X or Y axis
  • the accelerometer is capable of measuring both dynamic acceleration (i.e., vibration) or static acceleration (i.e., gravity). It is to be understood, however, that other devices capable of measuring head movement are considered within the scope of the invention and may be utilized without departing from the spirit of the invention.
  • the accelerometer 121 is positioned on top of a subject's head and oriented in such a way that the Y-axis of the accelerometer is pointed toward the sky and in the direction behind the subject, then the X-axis is approximately parallel to the earth's surface (and parallel to an imaginary line drawn between the two eyes), providing sensitivity to tilt of the X-axis.
  • the tilt of the X-axis is a result of the rotation of the head. Indeed, in testing the device during putts, it was found that the X-axis is much more sensitive to rotational as opposed to translational (i.e., side-to-side) motions of the head.
  • the accelerometer can be used to measure head rotation during a golf swing or a putting stroke.
  • the transmitter 125 is the TR-1000 916.50 MHz hybrid transceiver manufactured by RFM, Inc.
  • the device is well-suited to short-range wireless data applications, can serve as either a transmitter or a receiver, and its dimensions are 10.2 mm x 7.1 mm x 2.0 mm.
  • the transmitter can operate using either on-off keying (OOK) or amplitude-shift keying (ASK).
  • OOK on-off keying
  • ASK amplitude-shift keying
  • the operation of the transmitter is basically transparent to the other components of the overall device.
  • the input analog signal to the transmitter is directly reflected in the output analog signal of the receiver.
  • the distance between the transmitter and receiver can be up to 100 ft depending on environmental conditions.
  • the transmitter/receiver combination can be easily implemented in a laboratory, pro-shop or driving-range environment. It is to be understood, however, that other transmitters/transceivers known in the art can be utilized with the present invention.
  • Sensor 120 can be implemented as follows: the accelerometer 121 can be soldered onto a small circuit board 122 (2.5 mm x 4.0 mm), and appropriate components such as capacitors and resistors can be added.
  • the transmitter 125 can be soldered onto another similar-size circuit board 124.
  • the two boards 122 and 124 can be mated by means of male and female complementary connectors on the two circuit boards. Of course, a single board could be used.
  • the sensor 120 can then be adhered to a small flat plastic member that is glued to a stem. The stem can then be screwed onto a female stem fixed on the helmet 110 of FIG. 18. The orientation of the sensor 120 is adjusted so that the X-axis of the accelerometer is approximately parallel to a hypothetical line drawn between the subject's eyes.
  • the accelerometer signal is input to the transmitter, which then emits a radio frequency signal.
  • the signal consists of a rectangular wave whose duty cycle is proportional to the head rotation acceleration.
  • the receiver 160 of FIG. 18 receives the signal and relays the duty cycle signal to remote processing circuitry.
  • the construction of the sensor 120 can be simplified in accordance with what is known in the art.
  • circuit 200 for providing such processing is shown in the schematic of FIG. 20.
  • the received duty cycle signal is fed into input 205 of circuit 200.
  • stage 210 the signal is integrated to provide an acceleration signal conesponding to rotational acceleration of the subject's head during a putting stroke.
  • stage 220 the signal is fed through a biasing and gain stage to permit adjustment of circuit 200 to the most sensitive level (i.e., by tweaking the potentiometer of stage 220).
  • the signal is then integrated by an operation amplifier in stage 230 to provide a velocity signal, and then integrated once again by another operation amplifier in stage 240 to produce a head rotation position signal.
  • a final gain stage 250 provides a larger head rotation voltage signal for input to a computer or other system for analysis and/or further processing.
  • the circuit 200 allows for the production of a head rotation position signal at output 255 given a duty cycle signal at input 205.
  • Other circuit configurations for providing head rotation position signals are considered within the scope of the invention.
  • FIG. 21 is a graph showing time traces of putter, eye, and head movement measured using the wireless head measurement apparatus of the present invention.
  • head movement information can be acquired by the accelerometer of the present invention, transmitted wirelessly, processed, and analyzed to produce a time trace of high accuracy conesponding to head position during the putting stroke.
  • the angle of head rotation about the spine axis has been converted to an equivalent movement of an imaginary beam projected pe ⁇ endicularly to the face of the subject and onto the putting platform of the present invention.
  • wireless data acquisition and transmission equipment and techniques can be used to wirelessly transmit data acquired by the eye movement sensors of the present invention.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'analyse et d'exercice de coups de golf, tels que des coups de putting. L'invention concerne également une surface, ladite surface permettant au golfeur (20) de pratiquer un ou plusieurs coups dans un environnement simulant des éléments d'un terrain de golf tels qu'un green. Un détecteur de mouvement de club inséré dans la surface et comprenant une pluralité de photodétecteurs et de circuits associés détermine la position et la vitesse de la face de la canne de golf. Un capteur (40) de mouvement de tête détecte le mouvement de rotation de la tête du golfeur durant le coup de golf. Un capteur (50) de mouvement des yeux détecte le mouvement des yeux du golfeur durant le coup de golf. Un processeur (70) connecté au capteur (60) de mouvement du club, au capteur (60) de mouvement des yeux et au capteur (50) de mouvement de tête rassemble les données de mouvement durant le coup de golf et produit des mesures correspondant au coup de golf, tels que les mouvements des yeux, de la tête, et du club du golfeur. L'invention consiste à mesurer des données de mouvement de tête et à les transmettre sans fil pour permettre une analyse à distance durant un coup de golf.
PCT/US2002/018243 2001-06-07 2002-06-07 Procede et appareil d'analyse d'un coup de golf WO2002102475A1 (fr)

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US10/314,434 US20030144088A1 (en) 2001-06-07 2002-12-06 Method and apparatus for analyzing a golf stroke

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US29652701P 2001-06-07 2001-06-07
US60/296,527 2001-06-07
US31794401P 2001-09-10 2001-09-10
US60/317,944 2001-09-10
US10/107,910 2002-03-27
US10/107,910 US20020187860A1 (en) 2001-06-07 2002-03-27 Method and apparatus for analyzing a golf stroke
US37169902P 2002-04-11 2002-04-11
US60/371,699 2002-04-11

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