WO2002093503A1 - Electronic voting machine - Google Patents
Electronic voting machine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002093503A1 WO2002093503A1 PCT/IN2002/000011 IN0200011W WO02093503A1 WO 2002093503 A1 WO2002093503 A1 WO 2002093503A1 IN 0200011 W IN0200011 W IN 0200011W WO 02093503 A1 WO02093503 A1 WO 02093503A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ballot
- control unit
- unit
- vote
- electronic voting
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C13/00—Voting apparatus
Definitions
- This invention relates to an Electronic Voting Machine.
- Electronic Voting Machines are preferable because all the above disadvantages could be eliminated and also further security checks can be included to avoid rigging, booth capturing etc.
- EVM Electronic Voting Machine
- This machine can be used for conduct of election to elected bodies like Parliament Senate/House of Delegates, State/Country Routes, local bodies like municipalities, panchayats, industrial trade unions, etc.
- EVM is a very simple machine requiring minimal training on the part of election officials, contesting candidates and their agents and the voting public.
- the voter has to simple press a button to vote in favor of a candidate of his/her choice.
- the votes polled for each candidate of his/her choice are duly recorded in memory module.
- the votes polled for each candidate can be displayed immediately after the poll by the press of a button.
- the machine incorporates several unique mechanical, electrical and software security features to ensure and protect the integrity of the voting data.
- the machine retains many of the time-tested features and operational sequences of the conventional ballot paper method to enable quick adaptability.
- Electronic Voting machine is a gadget developed specifically for use in conduct of elections to elected bodies based on secret ballot and ' One Voter per post per Vote' principle.
- Electronic Voting Machine comprises of Control Unit, Ballot Unit and Interconnecting Cable.
- Control Unit is designed around a micro-controller. This is designed to collect, record, store, count and display the votes when called for.
- the machine incorporates several unique features to ensure and protect the integrity of the voting data.
- Top portion of the control unit consists of 4 sections, i.e. Display Section, Cand Set Section, Result Section and Ballot Section. In these sections, the following switches are provided to control the operation.
- a toggle switch is provided to turn-on/off the control unit and the 'On' lamp glows when the machine is switched on. When Polling Official presses the ballot button, the busy lamp glows RED. When the voter casts his vote, the busy lamp goes off.
- detachable display unit which has two display panels - a two-digit display panel on the left side and a four-digit display panel on the right side.
- Cand. set button is used for setting the number of contesting candidates.
- Clear button is required to be pressed before the start of the pole for clearing the machine from the previous data.
- Ballot button has to be pressed for enabling a voter to record his vote.
- Ballot Unit has a green LED, which glows when the voter is permitted to vote and goes off, after the voter casts his vote.
- Candidate lamp is provided for each candidate. This glows momentarily when the voter presses the corresponding vote button. The glowing indicates that a vote in favour of that candidate has been recorded in the memory.
- a four- position slide switch is provided to set the position number of the ballot units.
- a compartment is also provided to securely house the ballot paper up to 16 candidates and the arrangement for sealing the ballot paper housing.
- the said units are interconnected through this cable and housed in a multi part moulded plastic cabinets and the electrical power for operating the units is derived from power pack located in control unit.
- the Control Unit In a polling booth, the Control Unit is kept under the control of presiding election officials (presiding officer/polling officer) in such a way that the displays are visible to candidates' agents also.
- the ballot unit is kept in a separate enclosure to enable the voter to exercise his/her franchise secretly.
- the machine is designed to operate in Single Post
- Double Post Single Vote mode enables the use of these machines for conducting simultaneous elections to National Parliament and State
- Fig. 5 shows the flow diagram of the embedded instructions/software in the micro controller of the control unit.
- the Electronic Voting machine of the present invention comprises of two parts, i.e. a control unit and a ballot unit, both units being connected by interconnecting cable.
- the said cable is a protected flat cable, one end of which is permanently attached to the Ballot
- the other end is attached to a connector with a hood for connecting it to the
- the Control Unit controls the polling process and it consists of four sections: a. Display Section; b. Candidate Set Section; c. Result Section and, d. Ballot Section.
- the various sections of the control unit are controlled by the programmed micro controller/micro processor which has a set of instructions/programmes embedded therein, From the block diagram of the said control unit (see Fig. 3), it can be seen that the micro controller is connected to a memory module wherein the number of votes cast are recorded.
- the memory module has two memory banks and each bank has two nonvolatile memory locations. This provision helps to record the vote cast by a voter in 'quadruplicate'.
- the micro-controller is embedded with a set of instructions to carry out the various functions.
- the display interlace having a printed circuit board is connected to the micro controller and this display interface helps to display on demand the total number of votes polled at any time during polling, the votes polled for each candidate sequentially and also display the operational and electrical error conditions, if any.
- the results are displayed in the removable seven-segment display panel provided in the control unit.
- Control switches represented by reference numeral 5 to 11 are connected to the said micro controller. The said control switches act as the input devices and will send the necessary request to the micro controller, which will process the requests and display the results in the display panel.
- the functions of the control switches are listed herein under: ON/OFF Switch: Reference Numeral 5: A toggle switch to turn on/off battery power to
- the switch is placed in the rear side of the control unit as shown in Fig. 1.
- Candidate set button Reference Numeral 6: To set the number of contesting candidates in conjunction with corresponding Ballot Unit (s). This button is placed in the Candidate Set Section of the Control unit.
- Ballot Button Reference Numeral 8: This switch is placed in the ballot section of the control unit, to permit the voter to cast a vote. This is similar to the issue of ballot paper in conventional voting.
- Total Button Reference Numeral 9: To display the number of contesting candidates and the total votes polled for each post during poll. This switch is also placed in the ballot section of the control unit.
- Result 2 Button Reference Numeral 12: To display sequentially the total votes polled for each candidate for Post 2. The switches 10, 11 and 12 are placed in the result section of the control unit.
- the Candidate Set Section B (Fig.1) houses a Power Pack compartment (15) and a "Cand Set' button (6).
- This section has a cover (Door IB), which opens from left to right. On Opening its cover, by pressing the latch on the left hand side, the two compartments are seen.
- the Power Pack compartment is on the left side of the Candidate Set Section and is for fixing the Power Pack.
- the 'Cand Set' button compartment on the right side is covered with a flap 'f which opens from left to right and can be sealed by thread seal. In this compartment a red 'Cand Set' (6) button is located.
- the Candidate Set Section can be closed and sealed by thread seal.
- the cover (Door H) of the Result Section 'C has an elliptical aperture 'api' on the left hand side through which the 'Close' button (10) is seen.
- the left portion of the Result Section houses a black 'Close' button (10).
- the right portion is actually an inner compartment with its own door (Door I).
- the door of the inner compartment has two elliptical apertures "ap ii & ap iii" through which buttons (11 & 12) marked 'Result I' and 'Result II' are seen.
- the inner door can be opened by inserting the thump and a finger through the two apertures above the 'Result I and Result II' buttons and then pressing the inner door should be forced open without releasing the latches in the manner described above, to avoid any damage to this most vital compartment.
- On opening the door of the inner compartment by inserting forefinger, and thumb through the holes which are marked 'Result I' and 'Result II' and pressing the latches and pulling the cover up, there will be seen on its inner side a frame around the two apertures for fixing Green Paper Seal. This will also reveal three sub sections with two yellow buttons marked 'Result I ' and 'Result II' and a white 'Clear" button. (Result H button is not used in case of single poll).
- the bottom portion of the Control Unit has also a compartment with a cover. This cover is hinged in the bottom and opens swinging downwards, when the latch in the middle is pressed downwards. This has a provision for thread sealing. The cover, when opened will reveal a plug on the left hand side for plugging the Interconnection cable from the Ballot Unit and a 'Power' switch in the middle, for switching the EVM ON or OFF (Fig.12)
- the 'ON' Lamp (3) is located at the top left corner of the Display Section.
- the 'Busy' lamp (4) is located at right corner of the Display Section. It glows 'RED' when the 'Ballot' button is pressed by the polling official to enable the voter to cast his vote. It goes off when the voter has cast his vote.
- Thread/lac seal-mechanism First seal for result and clear compartment.
- the micro controller is also connected to a buzzer interface having buzzer- 1 and buzzer
- the micro controller can be optionally connected to a mini control unit (MCU), which can be used for simultaneous poll. It is also used for interfacing with a computer for accessing the voting data.
- MCU mini control unit
- the micro controller is also provided with an interface along with the necessary connector to enable the connection between the Ballot
- the Ballot Unit is that unit of Ihe machine, which the voter operates to exercise his franchise. It consists of a rectangular box.
- the box which is as shown in fig.2, has -
- Ballot Paper Screen Provision for insertion of Ballot paper containing the SI. Nos, Names and Election Symbols of contesting candidates under a transparent acrylic sheet (17) (Ballot Paper Screen).
- the interconnecting cable (20) is a protected flat cable, one end of which is permanently attached to the Ballot Unit. To its other end is attached the connector with a hood (not shown) for connecting it to the Control Unit.
- the 'Ready Lamp' (18) is on the top left side of the Ballot Unit. This lamp glows
- the Slide Switch Panel 'SL' is on the top right side.
- the Slide Switch inside the Ballot Unit can be operated to set any one of the four positions viz., 1 ,2,3 or 4. When only one Ballot Unit is to be used, the Switch is to be set to 1.
- the Position of the switch is indicated through the transparent panel on the unit. If a second Ballot Unit is used, the Switch in that unit is set to position 2 and so on.
- the voter records his vote by pressing the Candidate's button against the name and symbol of the Candidate of his choice.
- the Lamp arrow mark (Candidate's lamp) on the left side of that button glows RED and the voter's choice is recorded.
- the Ballot Unit has a provision for inserting on its top face the Ballot Paper in which the SI. Nos, Names and Symbols of the contesting candidates are printed.
- a transparent acrylic sheet (17) (Ballot Paper Screen) protects the Ballot paper.
- the top cover of the Ballot Unit is opened by pressing simultaneously, towards the right, the latches at the top and bottom of the right edge of the Unit.
- the inside of the Unit is as in fig.5. Sixteen Candidates' buttons are visible, each having an associated masking tab. The buttons that are required to be used should not be covered or masked. The buttons which are not required to be used should be covered or masked with their associated masking tabs.
- the housing is a multi part injection molded plastic cabinet with a cover (21). Special sliding mechanisms (not shown in the drawings) are provided for masking the unused
- the block diagram of the ballot unit is shown in fig 4.
- the EPM is the centre of the Ballot Unit having a set of instructions embedded therein.
- the same is connected to the visual indicator LEDs 1 to 16 represented by an arrow mark and candidate switches i.e. buttons 1 to 16 generally represented by reference numeral 'a' in fig. 2. It is further connected to a slide switch and the necessary connectors for power supply and for connecting to the control unit.
- the software is based on the flow chart given in Fig (5). After factory programmed, the system is in clear state with default parameters. Before an election, the input parameter for the election i.e. the number of contesting candidates is set with the candidate set key. The system is ready for use for voting. The Ballot key is pressed when each candidate has to vote.
- the Red Lamp on the Control Unit is an indication to the polling official of the readiness of the unit to accept a vote and the Ready Lamp on the Ballot Unit is an indication to the voter that the system is ready to accept a vote. Once the voter has exercised his franchise there is a visual and audio indication to the voter that his vote has been recorded. The lamps on the Control Unit and Ballot Unit then go off.
- the data is encoded and retained in redundant memory banks for the integrity of data.
- the data is verified for correctness in writing to memory. During computation of the result this data is read and compared from the memory banks before final display. In case of any error, the software also provided for display of voting data up to the instant prior to the error condition.
- FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT The Control Unit is designed to perform the following functions. SETS:
- the Control unit is provided with a housing which is a multi part injection molded plastic cabinet 16 conforming to standard industrial design aspects. FUNCTIONS OF BALLOT UNIT:
- the ballot Unit is designed to perform the following functions: Provides
- Both the Control Unit and the Ballot Unit are provided with carrying cases.
- the Ballot Unit Before the Electronic Voting Machine is sent to the Polling Stations, the Ballot Unit has to be prepared by the Qfficer-in-charge as given below:
- the top cover of the unit may be opened carefully by pressing simultaneously, towards the right, the latches at the top and bottom on the right edge of the unit (Ref. Numeral 22-fig.2), and swinging the cover up. (Ref. Numeral 21 -fig.2).
- Ballot Paper Screen which is a transparent acrylic sheet, hinged to the top cover on the extreme left side.
- the release latches of the screen are inside the top cover (Ref. Numeral 21). By pressing the latches simultaneously, first slightly towards right and then pushing them downwards, the Ballot Paper Screen will become free for opening on the upper side of the said top cover. While opening the screen care should be taken to ensure that it is not damaged.
- Ballot Paper Place the Ballot Paper in the space provided for the purpose on the upper side of the top cover. Align the Ballot paper properly so that each candidate's name and his symbol are in line with the corresponding Candidate's lamp and button. After ensuring this alignment, close and press fit the Ballot Paper Screen to secure the Ballot Paper firmly underneath that screen.
- the screen is to be sealed on the inner side of the Top Cover. This is to be done by passing the thread through the two holes on the screen specially provided for the purpose and by putting the thread seal on the prescribed address tag showing the particulars of the election with the seal of the Returning Officer.
- a Slide Switch which has four positions 1,2,3 and 4. If only one Ballot Unit is to be used, set this Switch to the position marked T. If two Ballot Units are to be used, set this Switch to the position marked '1' in the Ballot Unit in which the names of the Candidates at SI. Nos. 1 to 16 appear, and in the second Ballot Unit set this Switch to the position marked '2'. If three Ballot Units are to be used, the Slide Switch will be set to the position marked '1 ' in the first Ballot Unit in which the names of candidates at SI. Nos.
- the Control Unit is to be prepared by the Returning Officer by-
- the Display Panels will stop flashing the letters 'Cd - -'. Instead, the full panel will start displaying the following information sequentially -
- the Ballot Unit sill be checked to see if the Ballot Paper is properly fixed in place and that the two seals are intact.
- the presiding officer will check if the Candidate Set Section is intact and then connect the Ballot Unit to the Control Unit by plugging the connector of the interconnecting cable, put the 'Power' switch to 'ON' position and then close the bottom compartment. Then open the 'Result' Section in the Control Unit and press the 'Clear' button to set all counts to 'ZERO'. It takes about fourteen seconds and the buzzer is 'ON' during the clearing process.
- the display panel On completion of the clearing process, the display panel will start displaying that all counts are set to 'ZERO' sequentially (i.e. one by one, the display panel will show the total number of candidates, total votes polled and number of votes for each candidate). If need be the presiding officer will conduct a "MOCK POLL" in the presence of some polling agents & others.
- the 'Result Section' should be sealed. Using special security paper serially numbered. This paper seal has to be firmly fixed in the inner cover frame of the Result Section. A thin cardboard padding may be provided. The seal should be so fixed that its green surface is seen through the apertures from the outer side. Here is also a provision for making a thread seal on the left side of the inner door. After this, the outer cover of the Result Section has to be pressed for closing this section.
- the Poll shall commence at the hour fixed for such commencement Press the 'Total' button and ensure that the total votes polled is zero.
- the voter concerned has to be allowed for recording his vote.
- press the 'Ballot' button on Ballot Section of the Control Unit which would make the Ballot Unit ready for recording of the vote by that voter as has been explained herein above. Repeat that procedure every time the next voter is to be allowed to record his vote. It should be ensured that only one voter goes inside the voting compartment to vote.
- the close button After the close of the poll, the close button will be pressed. When this button is pressed the display panel will show the total number of candidates and the total number of votes polled during the day.
- the software for setting the number of contesting candidates works in a unique way and provides a simple and efficient method to set the machine to the number of contesting candidates.
- the "display on demand' provision in the control unit greatly reduces the power requirements for the machine and at the same time provides adequate time for the viewer to take note of the displayed data.
- the software which detects the presence of ballot units, works in a unique way.
- the software periodically checks for the presence of the ballot unit and gives a clear audio-visual indication (Link Error ⁇ LE') regarding the error condition if the ballot unit is disconnected.
- the software for the detection of pressed error condition works in a unique way to detect the jammed buttons on the ballot unit. Under this error condition, the control unit display TE' (Pressed Error).
- the method of recording the votes in the non-volatile memory inside ttie control unit helps in reducing the numbers of write cycles per cell in the memory thereby greatly increasing the usability of the machine. In fact, during every poll, any specific location in the non-volatile memory is written, on an average ten (10) times. With a non-volatile memory, with about a million write cycle durability, this machine can be used for at least one hundred thousand elections (one Lakh) election before the memory needs a replacement.
- the provision to include an error-checking bit with the recording of each vote inside the memory greatly enhances the reliability of the recorded data.
- the unique software in the control unit which computes the result of the poll, performs up to 10 compare and validation checks before the vote is assigned to a candidate.
- the unique software inside the control unit provides for a sequence looking for the control buttons - ballot, close, result 1 / result 2, clear and Cand Set in such a way that i) Contesting Candidate setting cannot be changed unless the machine is in the condition, ii) Votes cannot be cast on the machine unless it is in the cleared condition. iii) Votes cannot be added to the machine once it is closed (by pressing the close button). iv) Result cannot be seen unless the machine is closed (by pressing the close button) v) The machine cannot be cleared (by pressing the clear button) unless the result is seen at least once if there are non zero votes recorded on the machine.
- the unique software inside the Control unit provides for regulating the voting on the machine. This is achieved by ensuring that a maximum of only 5 votes per minute can be cast on the machine. This is especially useful to discourage rigging during poll.
- the interlocking feature built into the software in the control unit which requires the connection of ballot unit for the clear operation to commence, prevents accidental erasure of voting data.
- the gray code conversion of the binary scan codes by the control unit when scanning the ballot units reduces the frequency of signals on the cable connecting the ballot unit with the control unit. This helps in reducing the susceptibility of the machine to induced electromagnetic interface.
- the control unit has the unique feature of retaining the voting data without the need for applying any power.
- the control unit can retain, securely, the voting data without any power connection for up to 10 years.
- the control unit can be switched off safely at any stage of operation and still continue to work satisfactorily after reapplying the power.
- a gadget called "Auxiliary Display Unit (ADU)" which is connected to in parallel to the display board and the result data can be conveniently displayed even if the internal display digits/segments in digits on the control unit have failed.
- ADU auxiliary Display Unit
- the machine provides unique provision for conducting "Simultaneous poll'. This feature enables one control unit along with a mini-control unit to conduct polls simultaneously to two posts - like Member of Parliament and Member of State Legislative Assembly.
- the mechanical blocking tabs provided in the ballot unit to block the unused candidate buttons with color identical to that of the body of the ballot unit removes any confusion in the minds of the voter regarding the actual candidate buttons in use. This also prevents votes being cast on buttons not in use.
- the software in the control unit for scanning the candidate keys in the ballot unit works in a unique way such that only the buttons of those candidates who are in poll are scanned. Rest of the buttons as well as boxes if connected is ignored.
- the hardware daisy chaining provision implemented in the ballot unit prevents wrong connection of the ballot units when more than one ballot unit is used (As in the case where the number of contesting candidates is more than 16).
- the control unit always detects any error in the sequential connection of the ballot units at the appropriate time and an error message is flashed and further operation stopped. This prevents wrongly registering the votes on the machine.
- the locking pins provided under the transparent ballot paper screen on the Ballot unit, prevent the movement of the ballot paper placed under the screen.
- the machine has unique feature of providing for up to 64 candidates on both the polls when used for simultaneous poll.
- the cabinet designs for both the control unit and the ballot unit provide for adequate interlocking of the required functions/keys.
- the carrying cases provided separately for the control unit and the ballot units provide for easy transport of the machines and also enable them to be carried over rugged terrain without causing any damage to the units.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IN379CH2001 | 2001-05-11 | ||
IN379/MAS/2001 | 2001-05-11 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002093503A1 true WO2002093503A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
Family
ID=11097001
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IN2002/000011 WO2002093503A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2002-01-21 | Electronic voting machine |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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WO (1) | WO2002093503A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200308884B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104680901A (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2015-06-03 | 湖北大学 | System and method for performing visualization demonstration on 8051 singlechip principle |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4178501A (en) * | 1976-09-17 | 1979-12-11 | R. F. Shouptronics Corp. | Electronic voting machine |
US4649264A (en) * | 1985-11-01 | 1987-03-10 | Carson Manufacturing Company, Inc. | Electronic voting machine |
US5758325A (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1998-05-26 | Mark Voting Systems, Inc. | Electronic voting system that automatically returns to proper operating state after power outage |
-
2002
- 2002-01-21 WO PCT/IN2002/000011 patent/WO2002093503A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2003
- 2003-11-14 ZA ZA200308884A patent/ZA200308884B/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4178501A (en) * | 1976-09-17 | 1979-12-11 | R. F. Shouptronics Corp. | Electronic voting machine |
US4649264A (en) * | 1985-11-01 | 1987-03-10 | Carson Manufacturing Company, Inc. | Electronic voting machine |
US5758325A (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1998-05-26 | Mark Voting Systems, Inc. | Electronic voting system that automatically returns to proper operating state after power outage |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104680901A (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2015-06-03 | 湖北大学 | System and method for performing visualization demonstration on 8051 singlechip principle |
CN104680901B (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2017-05-17 | 湖北大学 | System and method for performing visualization demonstration on 8051 singlechip principle |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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ZA200308884B (en) | 2004-02-17 |
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