WO2002088234A1 - Polymer processing aid and method for processing polymers - Google Patents
Polymer processing aid and method for processing polymers Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002088234A1 WO2002088234A1 PCT/US2002/013540 US0213540W WO02088234A1 WO 2002088234 A1 WO2002088234 A1 WO 2002088234A1 US 0213540 W US0213540 W US 0213540W WO 02088234 A1 WO02088234 A1 WO 02088234A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/0066—Use of inorganic compounding ingredients
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/38—Boron-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/0807—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons only containing more than three carbon atoms
- C08L23/0815—Copolymers of ethene with aliphatic 1-olefins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2327/12—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/38—Boron-containing compounds
- C08K2003/382—Boron-containing compounds and nitrogen
- C08K2003/385—Binary compounds of nitrogen with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/06—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features having improved processability or containing aids for moulding methods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
Definitions
- melt fracture Although those skilled in the art differentiate between various types of melt fracture, the characteristic of concern is a matte, rough surface of the extrudate, also known as “sharkskin". Several measures have been proposed for prevention of this undesired melt fracture. Another important melt fracture mechanism is gross melt fracture, which take the form of severe irregular distortions at higher throughput rates at which sharkskin effects are seen.
- melt fracture is displaced towards higher shear rates. Accordingly, it is possible to increase temperature to move to higher sustainable shear rates.
- this method can only be employed to a limited extent. Increasing processing temperatures increases operation costs, produces heat dissipation problems and can result in discoloration and thermal degradation of the polymer.
- Nozzles having a relatively large cross-section produce a relatively high material throughput at the same shear rate.
- This measure is employed typically in the production of monoaxially or biaxially stretched films in which the relatively thick film obtained due to the enlargement of the nozzle slit can be adjusted to the desired thickness by means of a relatively large stretching ratio.
- this process cannot be used in all applications.
- Another way of avoiding melt f acture comprises modifying the viscoelastic behavior of the polymer melt by means of additives.
- additives which are generally compatible with the polyolefin include low-molecular-weight polyethylene waxes.
- highly compatible additives may adversely affect the properties of the polymer (e.g., tear resistance).
- Another method involves modifying the interactions of the polymer melt with the nozzle walls by means of suitable additives.
- Such additives are generally not compatible with the polymer. They migrate to the boundary layer between the polymer melt and the nozzle wall where they act as lubricants.
- fluorme-containing polymers and in particular fluroelastomers, as processing auxiliaries for polyolefins (see U.S. Patent No. 3, 125,547).
- fluorine-containing polymers are generally obtained from vinylidene fluoride, vinyl fluoride, hexafluoropropene, clilorotrifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene.
- further improvement in the flow behavior continues to exist in the art.
- linear polyolefins such as linear polyethylene
- fluoroelastomer processing aids in particular can be especially difficult to melt process, as compared to highly branched polyethylenes.
- fluoroelastomer may be effective to reduce sharkskin effects, such additives typically do not have an impact on the onset of gross melt fracture.
- Increasing motor load, head pressure and/or torque can place undesirable, unacceptable, or unattainable requirements on specific machinery.
- a given extruder having a specific motor power and gearing will reach a maximum of motor load or head pressure under certain melt temperature conditions for a given polymer being processed.
- a polymer or polymer blend is introduced to such an extruder having a higher requirement for power in at least one component, such as a polymer having higher molecular weight and/or narrower molecular weight distribution and/or lower shear sensitivity, the extruder will reach a maximum of one or several of these parameters and, consequently, be limited in its ability to pump/perform at a similar level to the performance expected/demonstrated with a highly branched or broader molecular weight distribution polymer. Even highly adjustable, high performance melt processing machinery, that can withstand the higher loads, consumes more power in processing the aforementioned linear polyethylenes.
- Linear polyethylenes and elastomeric blends thereof may exhibit other imperfections during extrusion (specifically blown film extrusion) that may be undesirable, such as gross melt fracture and/or sharkskin effects (discussed supra). Melt fracture can have a deleterious effect on optical properties and/or physical properties of the film. Typically, when a linear or high molecular weight thermoplastic resin is extruded through a die, smooth extradates can only be obtained up to a certain shear stress (i.e., shear rate; extruder output rate). Beyond that, melt fracture becomes a significant problem.
- the present invention is directed to a method and processing aid for processing polymers.
- the present method includes the steps of providing a melt processable polymer to be processed; blending a processing aid with the melt processable polymer, the processing aid containing at least one foam cell nucleant, such as particulate boron nitride (BN) and at least one fluoropolymer with said melt processable polymer (bulk polymer resin) to provide a resin blend (feedstock polymer blend), and processing the feedstock polymer blend.
- BN particulate boron nitride
- BN particulate boron nitride
- fluoropolymer with said melt processable polymer
- processing aid containing at least one foam cell nucleant, such as particulate boron nitride (BN) and at least one fluoropolymer with said melt processable polymer (bulk polymer resin) to provide a resin blend (feedstock polymer blend), and processing the feedstock polymer blend.
- processing is
- the nucleant(s) and fluoropolymer(s) can be added at various points during the process, such as after the resin is heated thereby producing an admixture or suspension.
- the nucleant can be added to the fluoropolymer, where both the nucleant and the fluoropolymer are in powder forms, and processing the powder mixture.
- the powder mixture generally contains a powder of the melt processable polymer, which is the same as the or compatible with the bulk melt processable polymer.
- advantages of the present invention may include the ability to modulate and control the coefficient of friction of the processed polymer; production of smoother polymer films; increased control of thickness of the produced polymer films (improved gauge); haze reduction in the polymer films; anti-blocking effects; reduced or controlled melt pressure during extrusion; reduction or elimination of die drool; postponement of melt fracture, such as sharkskin effects and gross melt fracture, to higher shear rates; allow for modified extrusion operation to improve product quality (e.g., lower temperature to improve cross-sectional control or surface quality), reduction of polymer decomposition or charring, and possibly reduction of undesirable gel formation and reduction or elimination of film streaking.
- product quality e.g., lower temperature to improve cross-sectional control or surface quality
- FIG. 1 is a table comparing coefficient of friction data among various blown films
- FIG. 2 is a table comparing haze data among various blown films
- FIG. 3 is a table comparing relevant data among various blown films
- FIG. 4 is a Weibull distribution curve obtained from analyzing the thickness of a blown film, where FIG. 4 shows the distribution curve of film thickness across a circumference of the blown film formed of 210 ppm fluoroelastomer and 70 ppm BN in Escorene 1001.29 at extrusion near stability at 75.0 pounds per hour at 42.2 rpm; and
- FIG. 5 is another Weibull distribution curve obtained from analyzing the thickness of a blown film, where FIG. 4 shows the distribution curve of film thickness across a circumference of a comparative blown film formed of 280 ppm fluoroelastomer in Escorene 1001.29 at extrusion near stability at 70.9 pounds per hour at 39.4 rpm.
- the present invention is directed to a method and processing aid for processing polymers as described above.
- the polymer to be processed can be any thermoplastic polymer, copolymer, or blend that would benefit from increased melt-processing properties.
- the polymer which is to undergo processing (sometimes referred to herein as the 'bulk' polymer) is generally a melt processable polymer.
- the present method is especially applicable to linear polyolefins and elastomer blends containing the same.
- the method is applicable to metallocene polyolefins and linear polyolefins.
- the polymer is a linear polyethylene and, more preferably, a linear low-density polyethylene or copolymer containing the same. It is contemplated that the present method will benefit the processing of high melt extruded polypropylenes, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, dynamically vulcanized alloys and other difficult to process elastomers.
- the polymer may contain various additives and modifiers, such as UV stabilizers, slip additives antiblocking agents, foaming agents, flame retardant components, colorants, and fillers (e.g., minerals), to adjust the properties of the polymer.
- additives may be first provided in the master batch (discussed in more detail hereinbelow), for subsequent mixing with the bulk melt processable polymer.
- Slip additives include saturated (and unsaturated) fatty acid amides, metal salts of fatty acids, and waxes, for example.
- Antiblock agents may include fatty acid amides as noted above, Diatomaceous earth, silica, zeolites, waxes, calcium carbonate, talc, and others.
- the foam cell nucleant is preferably provided as a powder.
- BN represents a preferred form of the nucleant.
- use may be made of commercially available BN powders.
- One embodiment makes use of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having an aspect ratio of at least 2, such as from about 50 to about 300.
- the term "aspect ratio" is the value determined by dividing particle diameter by particle thickness.
- the h-BN particles can be obtained by a milling process, which exposes newly cleaved BN surfaces to oxidizing agents in the atmosphere thereby producing B 2 0 on the newly exposed surfaces.
- High residual B 2 0 3 content may enhance dispersion of the nucleant (BN) within the melt.
- the h-BN powder has at least 0.5 wt% B 0 3 , more preferably, from about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt% B 2 0 3 .
- the BN is provided in an effective amount.
- the term "effective amount" means an amount of a substance which advantageously affects a processing characteristic of the subject polymer or a characteristic of the finished product beyond that attained in the absence of said substance.
- BN is present in an amount less than 5000 ppm in the polymer and greater than 10 ppm, more preferably, from about 50 -1000 ppm or, most preferably, from about 100-500 ppm.
- BN is provided in the feedstock polymer blend in an amount less than 500 ppm, such as less than 200 ppm, and even less than 100 ppm.
- the relatively low concentration of BN, and in particular relatively low concentrations of BN with respect to the fluoropolymer additive provides superior melt extrusion properties and characteristics in the final product obtained after extrusion.
- the h-BN described herein can be produced by milling h-BN powder in a milling mixture under conditions effective to produce delaminated h-BN powder having an aspect ratio of from about 50 to about 300.
- a starting powder is "high fire” treatment of a raw, essentially turbostratic (amorphous) boron nitride powder (see Hagio et al., "Microstructural Development with Crystallization of Hexagonal Boron Nitride,” J. Mat. Sci. Lett. 16:795-798 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference).
- a fine turbostratic BN powder having a crystallization index of less than 0.12 is heat treated in nitrogen at about 1400 to 2300 °C for about 0.5-12 hours.
- This heat treatment typically acts to produce a more coarse h-BN powder, as the fine, ⁇ 1 ⁇ m crystallites, of turbostratic powder particles become more ordered (crystallized) and larger (>1 micron) during the heat treatment.
- the high fired h-BN powder has a particle size of between 1 and 20 ⁇ m, more typically between 4 and 9 ⁇ m.
- the virgin h-BN powder comprises between about 5 and 30 wt % of the milling mixture. If substantially less than 10 wt % is used, production efficiencies may decline. If more than 30 wt % is used, then the viscosity of the milling slurry may increase, leading to less efficient milling.
- the milling mixture includes milling media and a milling liquid.
- the milling liquid may be water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, isomers of low molecular weight alcohols, acetone, and supercritical C0 2 .
- the liquid is any liquid in which B 2 0 3 is soluble.
- the milling liquid comprises between about 70 and 95 wt% of the milling mixture. If less than 70 wt % is used, the viscosity of the slurry may be too high for efficient milling. If more than 95 wt % is used, then there may be a sacrifice in productivity and the added burden of removing a larger volume of solvent if a dry powder is desired.
- a dispersant can be used in order to lower the viscosity of the milling slurry.
- Suitable dispersants include Rohm & Haas Duramax 3019, Rliodapex CO/436, Nekal, and the Triton series.
- between about 1 and 20 wt % alcohol can be used to assist in the wetting of the h-BN by the water.
- the temperature of the milling mixture may increase significantly during the milling operation. Since the production of B 2 0 3 increases according to an Arrhenius rate law with temperature, it is possible that this increase in temperature may affect the ultimate B 0 3 concentration.
- the temperature can be maintained at or below about 30 C. Otherwise, the temperature of the milling mixture can be increased.
- the selection of the milling liquid should depend upon the desired aspect ratio of the h-BN. For example, if a highly delaminated, high aspect ratio h-BN powder is desired, then the liquid can be one that readily removes B 2 0 3 from the h-BN particle (to prevent particle fracture and promote delamination). In these cases, the liquid should be one in which B 0 is highly soluble (i.e., in which B 2 0 3 has a solubility of at least 0.01 grams/cc). Given the B 0 solubility in the selected milling liquid, a material balance calculation may be used to determine the minimum ratio of milling liquid volume to total B 0 3 to achieve effective removal of B 2 0 from the BN surface. On the other hand, if the mechanism for producing high aspect ratio BN platelets is shear milling, then any liquid of sufficient density can be used in combination with milling media.
- suitable fluoropolymer processing aids have fluorine to carbon ratio of at least 1 :2, and preferably at least 1:1.
- preferred fluoropolymers are the VF 2 /HFP fluoroelastomers that typically contain 30-70 wt % VF 2 , 30-70 wt % HFP, and 0-40 wt % TFE.
- the feedstock polymer blend (as well as the master batch) are rich in fluoropolymer content as compared to BN content.
- the ratio (generally weight ratio) of fluoropolymer to nucleating agent is generally greater than 1:1, and typically greater than 1.5:1. More typically, embodiments have a ratio of at least 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, and 3.5:1. Particular embodiments have had ratios on the order of 8:1 to 10:1 and higher.
- Working examples were prepared with ratios of 135:65, 650: 100, 320:80, and comparative examples at 100:100 (1:1).
- the powders of fluoropolymer and nucleant are mixed together to form a master batch, and melted and extruded into master batch pellets.
- the master batch pellets are then used to add the active components (nucleant and fluoropolymer processing aid) to the bulk polymer blend.
- the master batch does not contain solely the nucleant and fluoropolymer. Rather, the master batch preferably further contains a melt processable polymer, either the same polymer with which the master batch pellets are combined or a melt processable polymer that is compatible with the bulk melt processable polymer. Like the BN and the nucleant, the melt processable polymer is also added in powder form. It is mixed with the BN powder and the nucleant powder, and subsequently extruded in the master batch pellets. The addition of melt processable polymer in the master batch is effective to lower the concentration of the polymer processing aid contained in the master batch.
- the master batch contains not more than about 20 wt% of processing aid, the balance being substantially melt processable polymer. Even more typical, the batch contains not more than 10 wt% processing aid, such as less than 5 wt%. Particular examples contained 3 wt%.
- Other additives may be included in the master batch, such as UV stabilizers, anti-blocking agents, foaming agents, slip agents, flame retardant components, colorants, and fillers
- pellets of the master batch are then typically combined with pellets of the bulk melt processable polymer thereby forming a feedstock blend for processing
- two or more fluoropolymers may be used in combination with the foam cell nucleant (e.g. calcium tetraborate and boron nitride).
- foam cell nucleant e.g. calcium tetraborate and boron nitride.
- foam cell nucleants e.g. calcium tetraborate and boron nitride.
- foam cell nucleants may be used in conjunction with one or more fluoropolymers as required in discrete applications.
- processing means forming a polymer of interest into a desired shape.
- processing incorporates an extrusion process, during which the feedstock polymer blend (bulk melt processable polymer, and processing aids and additives) is melted and forced through a die.
- a nonexclusive list of methods for processing the polymer blend includes injection molding, blow molding, extrusion coating, film casting, film blowing, transfer molding, and the like. Processing also include blow molding parison for making monoaxial and biaxial oriented bottles. Desired shapes of the processed polymer may include flat films, cylindrical films, fibers, filaments, laminates, coatings, electrical insulation, tubing, lined pipe, injection molded containers, parts, or any shape of interest in a given application.
- Suitable extruders include single screw or twin screw extruders, as are known in the art (see U.S. Patent No. 5,688,457 to Buckmaster et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference).
- extrusions methods are well known to skilled practitioners (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 2,991,508; U.S. Patent No. 3,125,547; U.S. Patent No. 5,688,457 to Buckmaster et al.; Yip et al, ANTEC 1999, Tech. Papers, 45, New York (1999), which are hereby incorporated by reference).
- One exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises providing a blend of BN powder and fluoroelastomer powder (i.e., processing aid blend).
- the processing aid blend and particulate polymer to be processed are blended in a mixer.
- the blend is fed to a hopper, which feeds the extruder.
- the blend is melted in the extruder, which imparts sufficient shear to disperse the BN particles throughout the melted polymer.
- the melt is then force through the extruder nozzle to form a desired shape.
- the extrusion operation was conducted in a "one-pass" Farrel Continuous mixer followed by a melt extrusion pelletization process.
- the extrusion operation may be conducted in a twin-screw extrusion operation coupled with a pelletization process.
- the twin-screw operation may utilize one or two passes through the twin-screw extrusion step. This can be with both passes at a high concentration of the fluoroelastomer/BN mixture. Or, more appropriately, it can be conducted with the first pass at a high concentration and the second pass at a lower concentration. In either case, such a double pass extrusion may be used to insure excellent distribution of the fluoroelastomer/BN in the polyolefin within the master batch.
- Superior dispersion of the BN in the master batch has been realized by using powdered or ground up polyethylene and one pass through a twin screw extruder.
- a precision Kaytron® weigh belt feeder shall be used for the fluoroelastomer/BN mixture.
- a similar feeder will be used for the polyolefin resin. In this set up, two feeders are used for the extrusion.
- the fluoroelastomer/BN mixture and the polyolefin resin may be mixed in appropriate mixing equipment. This mixing could be done in a ribbon blender or a drum tumbler.
- Subsequent feeding to the twin-screw extruder shall be via a precision weigh-belt feed system. In this case, one feeder is used with the extrusion set up.
- twin-Screw Design The twin screw consisted of feed elements, one set of kneading blocks and one set of reverse elements.
- the size (diameter) of the twin-screw extruder can be selected according to the amount of master batch requested, as is known in the art.
- the extrusion process shall include down stream pelletizing of the extruded melt stream. Either strand cutting or melt cutting may be employed. Melt filtration (400, 200 or a 100-mesh pack) is an option that may be considered; assuming the increased melt pressure can be tolerated. Extrusion may be repeated, with additional polyolefin resin in the second extrusion.
- the friction coefficient of the melt with respect to the die may be specifically chosen by utilizing varying levels of BN and fluoroelastomer, within the fluoroelastomer-rich regime.
- Fluoroelastomer by itself in polyethylene 350D60 yields a streaky extruded film. The streakiness is generally absent when BN and fluoroelastomer are used simultaneously in resin 143.
- Figures 1-5 which present various data relative to the testing. Based on these data, it was found that the following process aid combinations exhibited many of the benefits recited herein: Fluoroelastomer (ppm) 320 640 650 650 136
- Fluoroelastomer improves control by a factor of two, also.
- BN acts as an anti-blocking agent in extruded film (prevents film from sticking to itself when the blown film is laid flat.) Resin manufacturers currently add ingredients like silica to achieve this anti-blocking feature. • Melt pressure is lowered. This is the main key to enhancing extrusion rate as the blown film set-up is usually limited by how much pressure (e.g., 4,700 psig with the equipment used) the die holder can endure before leaking melt.
- the polymer may contain various additives and modifiers, such as UV stabilizers, anti-blocking agents, foaming agents, and fillers (e.g., minerals), to adjust its properties.
- additives and modifiers such as UV stabilizers, anti-blocking agents, foaming agents, and fillers (e.g., minerals), to adjust its properties.
- the polymer component of the processing aid is generally directed to any fluorine-containing polymers, which group includes not only fluoropolymers as described above, but other materials such as fluorochloropolymers and halogenated polymers containing fluorine.
- the polymer making up the bulk of the feedstock polymer blend the base or bulk polymer
- the fluorine-containing polymer which is a portion of the processing aid the base polymer is distinct from and a different polymer composition than the fluorine-containing polymer of the processing aid.
- the melt processable bulk polymer contains a fluorine, it is typically a fluoroplastic, while the fluorine containing polymer of the processing aid is a fluoroelastomer.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP02723999.5A EP1397421B1 (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-30 | Polymer processing aid and method for processing polymers |
US10/476,364 US7662324B2 (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-30 | Polymer processing aid and method for processing polymers |
CA2445555A CA2445555C (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-30 | Polymer processing aid and method for processing polymers |
JP2002585528A JP2004525242A (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-30 | Polymer processing aid and polymer processing method |
NO20034827A NO20034827L (en) | 2001-04-30 | 2003-10-29 | Processing aid and process for polymer processing |
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US28745201P | 2001-04-30 | 2001-04-30 | |
US60/287,452 | 2001-04-30 |
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US (1) | US7662324B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1397421B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2004525242A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100398589C (en) |
CA (1) | CA2445555C (en) |
NO (1) | NO20034827L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002088234A1 (en) |
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- 2002-04-30 CA CA2445555A patent/CA2445555C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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USRE45803E1 (en) | 2001-08-07 | 2015-11-17 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | High solids HBN slurry, HBN paste, spherical HBN powder, and methods of making and using them |
USRE45923E1 (en) | 2001-08-07 | 2016-03-15 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | High solids HBN slurry, HBN paste, spherical HBN powder, and methods of making and using them |
USRE47635E1 (en) | 2001-08-07 | 2019-10-08 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | High solids hBN slurry, hBN paste, spherical hBN powder, and methods of making and using them |
GB2585635B (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2022-03-23 | Kafrit Ind 1993 Ltd | Compositions and methods for use in the preparation of hydrophobic surfaces |
Also Published As
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US7662324B2 (en) | 2010-02-16 |
US20040220288A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
EP1397421B1 (en) | 2019-09-04 |
CN100398589C (en) | 2008-07-02 |
NO20034827D0 (en) | 2003-10-29 |
JP2004525242A (en) | 2004-08-19 |
CA2445555C (en) | 2010-11-23 |
CA2445555A1 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
NO20034827L (en) | 2003-12-19 |
EP1397421A4 (en) | 2004-09-15 |
JP5006295B2 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
CN1575314A (en) | 2005-02-02 |
EP1397421A1 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
JP2009035742A (en) | 2009-02-19 |
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