WO2002078720A2 - Antibiotics from bacteria isolated from amphibian skin - Google Patents
Antibiotics from bacteria isolated from amphibian skin Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002078720A2 WO2002078720A2 PCT/US2002/000217 US0200217W WO02078720A2 WO 2002078720 A2 WO2002078720 A2 WO 2002078720A2 US 0200217 W US0200217 W US 0200217W WO 02078720 A2 WO02078720 A2 WO 02078720A2
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Definitions
- mucus-producing glands associated with the integument
- mucus-producing glands associated with the integument
- the primary component of mucus in amphibians is a mucopolysaccharide (glycoprotein) (Duellman and Trueb 1986).
- Glycoproteins contain one or more carbohydrate chains covalently linked to a polypeptide backbone (Schaechter, M., and I. Brockhausen. 1989. The biosynthesis of branched O-glycans. In Mucus and related topics. E. Chantler and N. A. Ratcliffe (eds).
- the mucus layer necessarily produced by amphibians in order to accomplish cutaneous respiration represents a nutrient rich habitat for microorganisms (Austin, Jr., R.M. 2000. Cutaneous microbial flora and antibiosis in Plethodon ventralis: inferences for parental care in the Plethodontidae. Pp. 451 -461.
- microcommunities often exhibit the same types of community-level interactions that communities of larger organisms (macrocommunities) exhibit.
- Members of microcommunities compete for limited resources and form intimate, and, at times, ammensalistic relationships (Atlas, R. M., and R. Bartha. 1993. Microbial Ecology. Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd ed. Benjamin Cummings, New York, New York, U.S.A.; Bull, A. T., and J. H. Slater. 1982. Microbial Interactions and Communities. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, New York, U.S.A.; Frederickson, A. G., and G. Stephanopoulos. 1981.
- Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that are capable of killing or inhibiting growth of other microorganisms (Williams, S. T. 1982. Are antibiotics produced in soil? Pedobiology 23:85-87, Williams, S. T., and J. C. Vickers. 1986. The ecology of antibiotic production. Microbial Ecology 12:43-52; Brock, T. D. 1994. The biology of Microorganisms. 7 th ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey). The production of such substances has been viewed as an adaptation to reduce or inhibit competition in natural environments Weiner 1996). Competition studies between antibiotic-producing and antibiotic sensitive bacteria in both solid and liquid media have provided evidence that supports this theory (e.g.
- Plethodontidae comprise the largest family of extant salamanders. Its members are among the most numerous vertebrates in many forest and lotic ecosystems. They are characterized most notably by their lack of lungs. Life histories exhibited within the family are extremely diverse (e.g., Tilley, S. G., and J. Bernardo. 1993. Life history evolution in plethodontid salamanders. Herpetologica 49: 154-163; Wake, D. B., and S. M. Marks. 1993. Development and evolution of plethodontid salamanders: a review of prior studies and a prospectus for future research. Herpetologica 49:194-203).
- Parental care can be defined as post-zygotic parental investment in progeny (Trivers, R. L. 1985. Social Evolution. Benjamin Cummings, New York, New York, U.S.A.). Within the Plethodontidae this investment occurs in the form of egg attendance, most often by the female parent (Crump, M. L. 1995. Parental care. Pp. 518-567. In H. Heatwole and B. K. Sullivan (Eds.), Amphibian Biology. Vol. 2: Social Behaviour. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia). In most cases the female remains with the clutch until hatching occurs.
- plethodontid salamanders Because of the nature of the nutrient rich mucus produced to facilitate cutaneous respiration, other aspects regarding the success of plethodontid salamanders may be attributable to their resident microorganismal flora. Because plethodontid salamanders must rely solely upon their skin for the exchange of respiratory gases, excessive microbial loads of aerobic soil bacteria inhabiting the surface of the skin would provide an impenetrable barrier for respiratory gases, ultimately leading to the death of the salamander.
- the nutrient rich skin environment of amphibians has been shown to support a microbial community that is distinct from those of surrounding environments (Austin, Jr., R. M. 1997.
- the cutaneous environment of amphibians can be predicted to support microorganisms capable of producing compounds which reduce or inhibit microbial growth, thus imparting a competitive advantage to the ecology and life history of amphibians.
- metabolites produced by certain of the microorganisms isolated from the cutaneous environment of organisms that respire at least partially through their skin exhibit antimicrobial activity against important human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, as well as having antiviral and antitumor activities.
- the invention consists of extracts which comprise compounds and combinations of compounds produced by microorgamsms isolated from the body of mucus-producing organisms that respire at least partially through their skin, and which have antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, and/or antibacterial activity in humans. More specifically, the invention consists of antibiotics produced by bacteria growing in the mucus of animals which respire through their skin. Even more specifically, the invention consists of compounds and/or combinations of compounds produced by bacteria isolated from the skin of amphibians which have antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial and/or antifungal activity, including activity against bacteria and/or fungi which are pathogenic to humans.
- extracts which comprise compound(s) produced by bacteria isolated from the skin of salamanders and frogs which have activity against Candida sp., Microsporum sp., Streptococcus sp. (including penicillin-resistant Streptococcus), Staphylococcus sp. (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus), Enterococcus sp.
- HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- An object of the invention is the extraction of a compound or combination of compounds from bacterial isolates from the skin of organisms that respire at least partially through their skin that have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antitumor effects.
- Another object of the invention is the identification of bacterial isolates from the skin of organisms that respire at least partially through the skin that produce compounds that are extracted from the isolates that have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antitumor effects.
- Fig. 1 is a photograph of a petri dish used as an inhibition trial control, wherein the vertical streak (AC024) includes a bacterium isolated from the skin of Acris crepitans, the horizontal streaks are the four human bacterial pathogens Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), and which shows the presence or absence of an inhibitory effect based on the proximity of growth of horizontal human pathogen bacterial streaks to the vertical amphibian bacterial streaks.
- the vertical streak AC024 includes a bacterium isolated from the skin of Acris crepitans
- the horizontal streaks are the four human bacterial pathogens Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Fig. 3 is a photograph of a petri dish used as an inhibition trial control as described with reference to Fig. 1, wherein the vertical streak (RC003) includes a bacterium isolated from the skin of Rana clamitans.
- the invention comprises the identification of bacterial isolates taken from the cutaneous microbial flora of animals that respire at least partially through their skin and the extraction of a compound or combination of compounds (extract) from the isolates which has or have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antitumor effects.
- extract a compound or combination of compounds
- the extract may comprise a single active compound, a combination of compounds, or one or more compounds which have a synergistic effect when found in combination with other compounds in the extract.
- Source organisms are collected in their native environments and placed in isolation. After the isolation period, samples of the cutaneous microflora of the organisms are grown and isolated based on morphological characteristics. The bacterial isolates and extracts from the isolates are tested for antibacterial effects against selected bacterial strains on culture media. Liquid extraction techniques are used to prepare extracts from the bacterial isolates which are then tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of selected strains of bacteria and fungi using photometric evaluation. Components of the extracts are tested for their ability to inhibit cytopathicity in cell cultures. Components of the extracts are tested for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of carcinoma cells.
- a brooding female of the species Desmognathus quadramaculatus was collected at Piedmont Nature Garden and placed in a 3.79 liter plastic bag filled with leaf litter and soil taken from the locality of collection, placed in a travel cooler, and transported to the laboratory.
- the salamander was isolated in glass petri dishes lined with moist filter paper, and maintained at 6-7° C for one week.
- bacteria were sampled from the salamander by streaking the dorsum between the pectoral and pelvic girdles with a bacteriological loop.
- Bacterial samples were cultured on Tryptic Soy Yeast Extract (TSYE) agar (2g Difco Bacto tryptic soy broth, 1 g Difco Bacto yeast extract, 12g Difco Bacto purified agar to one liter of water) and allowed to grow for 72h at room temperature. Morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were re-isolated on TSYE agar and allowed to grow for 72 h to obtain pure cultures. Once pure cultures were obtained, isolates were cultured on TSYE agar slants, allowed to grow for two weeks at room temperature, and stored at 5° C until needed.
- TTYE Tryptic Soy Yeast Extract
- DQOOIB DQOOIC
- DQOOID DQOOIE
- DQOOIF DQOOID
- Six plates were prepared with parallel stripes of five known opportunistic human pathogens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium xerosis, and Serratia marcescens. The plates were incubated at 37° C for 72 hours. Each of the six plates was then struck with one of each of the six isolates DQ001 A-F. The six plates were then incubated at 37° C for 72 hours.
- amphibian species were placed in 3.79 liter plastic bags and were taken from the locality of collection, placed in a travel cooler, and transported to the laboratory. Amphibian species were individually isolated in 0.0946 L plastic containers lined with moist filter paper, placed in a Coron model 6010 Environmental Chamber, and maintained at 16° C for a period of one week.
- Mo ⁇ hologically distinct bacterial isolates isolated from source organisms were tested for the ability to produce antimicrobial compounds effective against Gram positive and Gram negative human pathogenic bacteria.
- the human pathogenic bacterial species utilized in the inhibition trials were Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC #29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC # 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC #27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC # 29213).
- Agar plate inhibition trials consisted of testing each mo ⁇ hologically distinct bacterium isolated from source organisms for the ability to inhibit growth of the human pathogenic bacteria according to the methodology and protocol listed in Alcamo, I. E. 1994. Laboratory Fundamentals of Microbiology. Benjamin Cummings, New York, New York, U.S.A.. Bacterial isolates from the source organisms were independently streaked on TSYE agar plates in a median streak with a bacteriological loop. The plates were then incubated at room temperatures for a minimum of 72 h to allow growth of the bacteria. The human pathogenic bacterial species were then streaked in single streaks at right angles to the initial resident bacterial culture. Care was taken to ensure that the pathogenic isolates did not touch the initial bacterial streak. The plates were then re-incubated for 48 h to allow growth of the human pathogenic bacterial species. Following incubation, the plates were examined for growth of the human pathogenic bacterial isolates adjacent to the original source orgnaisms bacteria.
- Inhibition was considered as a zone of unobservable growth adjacent to the original resident bacterial streak. When observed, inhibition was quantified by measuring the distance of the zero-growth zone from the initial resident bacterium to the nearest 0.5 mm.
- Bacteria isolated from source organisms that exhibited the ability to inhibit the growth of human pathogenic bacteria in the Agar Plate Inhibition Trials were grown in 0.5 L of liquid TSYE media at ambient temperature for a period of 7 days. Each isolate was grown in duplicate flasks for subjection to two different extraction procedures. Following the growth period, complex molecules (metabolites) produced by the bacterial isolates isolated from source organisms were extracted from the liquid media utilizing standard liquid extraction methods.
- the extraction methodology consisted of two independent extraction procedures, designed to target the extraction of both water-soluble and non- water soluble compounds for further testing.
- the water-soluble extraction procedure consisted of rapidly freezing the liquid media sample containing the bacterial isolate cell culture at -80 °C. Following the freezing procedure, the frozen sample was lyophilized. Following lyophilization, the sample was added to 0.5L of 100 percent methanol and mechanically stirred for one hour. The sample was filter sterilized to ensure all bacterial cell/cell fragments were removed. Methanol was then evaporated from the resulting methanol/compound mixture utilizing a rotoevaporator, leaving only the crude extract of multiple compounds containing one or more compounds with potential biological activity.
- Each resulting metabolite extract obtained from both water-soluble and non-water soluble extraction procedures of each of the inhibitory bacterial isolates was then tested for the ability to inhibit one or more human pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic-resistant human pathogenic bacteria, human fungal pathogens, and a human pathogenic virus.
- Human pathogenic bacteria utilized were Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) ATCC 700221, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Methicillin-resistant
- Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12358, penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumonia ATCC 700674, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 700408.
- Human pathogenic fungi utilized were Candida albicans ATCC 24433, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 14683, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533 and Aspergillus fumigatus IHEM 2895.
- Antibacterial testing are conducted in Mueller-Hinton broth.
- the inoculum is prepared by making a direct saline suspension of isolated colonies selected from 18 to 24 hour agar plate. Afterwards the inoculum is standardized to 500,000 CFU/ml. The incubation temperature is 35°C and the incubation time is 16 hours.
- Yeast screenings are conducted in RPMI 1640 broth supplemented with 0.3g/l glutamine and 34.6g/l mo ⁇ holine propane sulfonic acid (MOPS- buffer). The incubation temperature is 35°C and the incubation time is 24 hours.
- the inoculum is prepared by making a direct saline suspension of isolated colonies selected from 18 to 24 hour Sabouraud agar plate.
- the inoculum is standardized (1000 to 5000 CFU/ml).
- the area under the growth curve which is automatically determined via the Biolink software.
- the area of the sample only containing broth and test chemical e.g. 25 ppm of an extract
- Five replicates are used for each sample, resulting in a number that can be compared with the reference antibiotic, e.g. amphotericin B, penicillin and vancomycin. Results are expressed as percentage of growth relative to the sample without test-chemical.
- Antimould screenings are conducted in RPMI 1640 broth supplemented with 0.3g/l glutamine and 34.6g/l mo ⁇ holine propane sulfonic acid (MOPS-buffer).
- the incubation temperature/time is 35°C / 48 hours for the Aspergillus sp.
- the dermatophytes have an incubation temperature of 25°C and the incubation time is 5 days.
- the inoculum is prepared by covering a seven days old culture with approximately 1ml of sterile saline. A suspension is made by gently probing the colonies with the tip of a Pasteur pipette. Afterwards the inoculum is standardized (4000 to 50000 CFU/ml). For the moulds, kinetic measurements are not used, but only beginning and end point measurements. As measurement tool we use the OD (start and end) which is automatically determined via the Biolink software. OD-start is subtracted from OD-end. Five replicates are used for each sample. These data result in a number that can be compared with the reference antibiotic, e.g. amphotericin B. Results are also expressed as percentage of growth relative to the sample without test-chemical.
- the human pathogenic bacterial and fungi species were exposed to standardized concentrations of 100 and 25 micrograms/milliliter (ppm) of the metabolite extract from each of the bacteria isolated from source organisms.
- the metabolite inhibition trials were conducted utilizing a Bioscreen C Analyzer, an automated reader-incubator capable of monitoring turbidity development (i.e. growth) of bacterial and fungal species by vertical photometry (optical density). The results were utilized to generate growth curves in response to the metabolite extracts obtained from the bacterial isolates. For each test we also included a positive control or reference antibiotic with known MIC against the tested organism
- CEM cells were suspended at approximately 250,000 cells per milliliter of culture medium and infected with wild-type HIN-1(IH B ) at approximately 100 times the 50% cell culture infective dose (CCID 50 ) per milliliter. Then, 100 1 of the infected cell suspensions were added to 200- 1 microtiter plate wells containing 100 1 of an appropriate dilution of the test compounds. After 4 days incubation at 37 °C, the cell cultures were microscopically examined for syncytium formation. The EC J0 (50% effective concentration) was determined as the compound concentration required to inhibit syncytium formation by 50%.
- Bacterial isolates EG006, EC009, PO014, EC024, and AC024 exhibited the capability of producing compound(s) inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922).
- Bacterial isolates AC021, PO019, PO014, PO027, RC003, PD026, and PC017 exhibited the capability of producing compound(s) inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213).
- Bacterial isolates EC024 and AC024 exhibited the capability of producing compound(s) inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853).
- Gram positive bacterial pathogenic species at both 100 ppm (micrograms/milliliter) and 25 ppm.
- metabolic extracts from DQOOID completely inhibited the growth of pathogenic species Enterococcus faecalis, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia. Additionally, the metabolite extract from DQOOID was also effective in completely inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic human fungus Candida albicans at 100 ppm and showed partial growth inhibition of the human fungal pathogen Microsporum gypseum at 100 ppm. The metabolic extract from isolate number PO026 showed complete growth inhibition of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans at 100 ppm.
- the metabolic extract from isolate number PO027 was effective in completely inhibiting the growth of the human bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus at 25 ppm. Additionally, the metabolic extract from PO027 also inhibited the growth of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans at 250 ppm.
- the metabolic extract from isolate number PC017 exhibited the ability to inhibit the growth of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans at 100 ppm. Similar results of antibacterial/antifungal activities of extracts from other bacterial isolates from amphibian species have been recently obtained, further indicating the application of the invention, leading to the expectations of finding other such activities in the future.
- Metabolites extracted from the 13 bacterial isolates isolated from the skin environment of source organisms which inhibited pathogenic bacterial growth during agar plate inhibition trials were tested for their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of multiple strains of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
- HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- the metabolite extract from DQOOID (retention time 7.27 min) exhibited marked abilities in inhibiting HIN cytopathicity in human lymphocyte CEM and MT-4 cell cultures.
- the effective metabolite concentration of DQOOID required to inhibit HIN cytopathicity of HJN-1 and HJN-2 in CEM cells was 7 ppm and 17 ppm respectively.
- the effective metabolite concentration of DQOOID required to inhibit HIN-induced cytopathicity of HIN- 1 in MT-4 cells was 9 ppm.
- the determined toxicity of the metabolite extract from DQOOID on MT-4 cells was 40 ppm. Based on the experience to date testing the isolates, it is expected that future antiviral activity of other isolates will be indicated.
- the metabolite extract from bacterial isolate number DQOOID was shown to inhibit the proliferation of f-murine leukemia cells (LI 210/0), murine mammary carcinoma cells (FM3A) and human T-lymphocyte cells (Molt4/C8, CEM/0) at 17 ppm, 16 ppm, 17 ppm and 17 ppm respectively. Based on the experience to date testing the isolates, it is expected that future antitumor activity of other isolates will be indicated.
- antibiotic resistance of bacteria to known drugs presents a serious world-wide health problem.
- This study provides clear indication that the skin environment of amphibians contains bacterial species which are capable of inhibiting the growth on multiple human bacterial and fungal pathogens, including those are highly antibiotic resistant such as vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
- the antiviral and antitumor activity of the metabolite extract from the bacterial isolate DQOOID provides clear indication of the application of medically useful compounds isolated from the skin environment of amphibians. Given the biological activity of this and other isolates, it is believed and expected that future isolates will exhibit similar antiviral activities.
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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BR0203466-2A BR0203466A (en) | 2001-01-05 | 2002-01-04 | Extract of a skin bacterial isolate, method for treatment, bacterial isolate, methods of identifying bacterial metabolites, biologically active extracts, fractions or compounds, biologically active extract, fraction or compound, pharmaceutical composition, and methods of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic organisms. in an individual, tumor cells in an individual, and a virus in an individual |
EP02714692A EP1357921A2 (en) | 2001-01-05 | 2002-01-04 | Bacterial isolates from organisms that respire at least partially through their skin and biologically active extracts derived therefrom |
JP2002576985A JP2004521935A (en) | 2001-01-05 | 2002-01-04 | Bacterial antibiotics isolated from amphibian skin. |
CA002433910A CA2433910A1 (en) | 2001-01-05 | 2002-01-04 | Antibiotics from bacteria isolated from amphibian skin |
AU2002246943A AU2002246943A1 (en) | 2001-01-05 | 2002-01-04 | Antibiotics from bacteria isolated from amphibian skin |
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US26002201P | 2001-01-05 | 2001-01-05 | |
US60/260,022 | 2001-01-05 |
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WO2002078720A2 true WO2002078720A2 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
WO2002078720A3 WO2002078720A3 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
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PCT/US2002/000217 WO2002078720A2 (en) | 2001-01-05 | 2002-01-04 | Antibiotics from bacteria isolated from amphibian skin |
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EP (1) | EP1357921A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004521935A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1455673A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002246943A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0203466A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2433910A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002078720A2 (en) |
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US10617790B2 (en) | 2013-01-09 | 2020-04-14 | Ise Professional Testing & Consulting Services, Inc. | Decellularized biomaterial from non-mammalian tissue |
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CN100522993C (en) * | 2006-05-30 | 2009-08-05 | 中国科学院昆明动物研究所 | Odorranagrahami antimicrobialpeptides and application thereof |
FR3038983A1 (en) * | 2015-07-13 | 2017-01-20 | Centre Nat De La Rech Scient (Cnrs) | COMPOUNDS INHIBITING PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA |
CN112800543B (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2022-09-13 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心计算空气动力研究所 | Nonlinear unsteady aerodynamic modeling method based on improved Goman model |
WO2022191357A1 (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2022-09-15 | 대상 주식회사 | Corynebacterium glutamicum variant having improved l-lysine production ability, and method for producing l-lysine using same |
Citations (2)
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US6310176B1 (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 2001-10-30 | Sbl Vaccin Ab | Antimicrobially active polypeptides |
US20020035061A1 (en) * | 1996-08-21 | 2002-03-21 | Timothy J. Krieger | Compositions and methods for treating infections using cationic peptides alone or in combination with antibiotics |
-
2002
- 2002-01-04 AU AU2002246943A patent/AU2002246943A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-01-04 WO PCT/US2002/000217 patent/WO2002078720A2/en active Application Filing
- 2002-01-04 JP JP2002576985A patent/JP2004521935A/en active Pending
- 2002-01-04 CN CN02800047A patent/CN1455673A/en active Pending
- 2002-01-04 EP EP02714692A patent/EP1357921A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-01-04 BR BR0203466-2A patent/BR0203466A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20020035061A1 (en) * | 1996-08-21 | 2002-03-21 | Timothy J. Krieger | Compositions and methods for treating infections using cationic peptides alone or in combination with antibiotics |
US6310176B1 (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 2001-10-30 | Sbl Vaccin Ab | Antimicrobially active polypeptides |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10617790B2 (en) | 2013-01-09 | 2020-04-14 | Ise Professional Testing & Consulting Services, Inc. | Decellularized biomaterial from non-mammalian tissue |
US11660376B2 (en) | 2013-01-09 | 2023-05-30 | NeXtGen Biologies, Inc. | Decellularized biomaterial from non-mammalian tissue |
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WO2002078720A3 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
JP2004521935A (en) | 2004-07-22 |
BR0203466A (en) | 2003-03-11 |
AU2002246943A1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
EP1357921A2 (en) | 2003-11-05 |
CN1455673A (en) | 2003-11-12 |
CA2433910A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
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