WO2002077380B1

WO2002077380B1 - Displaced structures for tall buildings and pouring method

Info

Publication number: WO2002077380B1
Application number: PCT/RO2001/000021
Authority: WO
Inventors: Petru Lata
Original assignee: Petru Lata
Priority date: 2001-03-22
Filing date: 2001-11-15
Publication date: 2003-03-06
Also published as: AU2002218582A1; WO2002077380A1

Abstract

The present invention uses then kinds of structures with small displaced wings, out of which five right displaced structures and five left displaced ones. These structures, realized in heavy, average of light concrete, are poured in two kinds of cross moulds, a general and a special mould, which are split three times each, through the large and small wings. With help of these moulds, ordinary structures are realized for 25-30 story dwellings and industrial structures for industrial and social-cultural buildings with 8-10 or more stories. These structures realize honeycomb and cellular diaphragms as well as lamellate frames, on one or both directions of the buildings, but also mixed structures in precast and monolith concrete, which can top 30 floors, because they are the most resistant and antiseismic bluidings, highly advantageous.

Claims

23 AMENDED CLAIMS

[received by the International Bureau on 25 September 2002 (25.09.02); original claims 1-10 replaced by amended claims 1-10 (8 pages)]

^ the known prefabricated structure_. method, with which they realize, on the one hand, small buildings and villa type buildings, 4-8 floors and garages on the ground floor or on the underground floor, and the rest of the floors duplex apartments, up to ten rooms, or triplex apartments, up to fifteen very large rooms, which outrun 30 square meters per room and meanwhile realize a very varied outline, with straight fronts and polygonal curving fronts, or with parasolar fronts, successively retreated in vertical steps and with inlets and outlets that form loggias and balconies, or very large loggia-balconies and double, treble or continuous terraces on the fronts or pediments, and on the other hand, they realize tall buildings, 10 floors and more, up to 25-30 floors, entirely prefabricated, or with monolith cores which allow an intense realization of social 1-6 room apartments, as large as above and f ® with loggia-balconies or very large terrace networks, thus using five S type structures, with ttytiJ zA small left displaced wings and five Z type structures, with right displaced small wings, each h , t _I θ*PJ O structure having a uneven point, a plane base, two crossing joints and two small wings, displaced at a modulate distance, out of which a left wing of maximum or minimum width (al or a2) and a right wing of maximum or minimum width (bl or b2), as well as one, two or three large wings, coplanar and perpendicular on the small wings, the large wings being formed of an interior wing, of maximum or minimum width (cl or c2), a central wing, of maximum or minimum width (dl or d2), also called maximum or minimum displacement, and an exterior wing, usually of maximum width (el), which can be turned to a beam (fl), of

( constant section, or to a beam (f2) of variable section, all the displaced structures being poured in heavy, medium or light concrete, or in other resistant and thermo-insulated materials and having wings of different thickness (gl, g2 and g3), according to the height and the loading of the building, which up to 8-10 floors can be of the same thickness, similar to the thickness of the present interior panels, with which they usually combine and monolithize when fitting, the small wings having the height of a floor, to get direct contact in fitting, in which case the floor surrounds the tip of the large wings and stops the torsion deformation of the building, or having the unsupported height of a floor (h) also called reference height, to get indirect contact when fitting, which allows the rest of the floor on the entire outline of the rooms, as well as a known subconcreting under all the walls, the large wings being higher than the small wings and forming a normal change of level (i), to rest some known beams on the front, which form buildings in honeycomb diaphragms and in ^) cellular diaphragms, as well as interior be ms/tα form lamellar frames on both directions of the building, or if needed, lamellar frames αnTy on the transversal direction, combined with

(5^) known longitudinal diaphragms, all the displaced structures being poured with the help of two kinds of cross-shaped mould, out of which a general mould (TG) and .a_special mould (TS), which can be used either separately or by combining some semi-moulds A, B, C and^'D, two at a time and which rest on a mould support, displaced on the left or on the right. §£) 2. Displaced structures for tall buildings, according to the claim 1, characterized by

(f^> the fact that, with the view of realizing all the displaced structures in the same pattern, the ζξ) g> fø displaced structures on the left, called S type structures, use a five wings structure (1), also

( ) @ called maximum structure, a four wings structure (2), which misses the exterior wing, a four

Q^ & wings structure (3) which misses the interior wing, a three wings structure (4) which misses

<2) both the exterior and the interior wing by avoiding to pour them, the structures (3) and (4) having the large wings thicker to support the known transversal beams and to form lamellar

6 > frames on the transversal direction of the building, and a structure (5) supplied with a

6- cantilever (k), which is also a five wings S structure, but with a horizontal cantilever on the large interior wing, necessary to support the two flight transversal stair, the cantilever

(§ structure may lack at most the exterior wing because it is not always necessary, the _βΛ 6?₎ structure (5) being combined in fitting with the structure" (5'), supplied with a cantilever (k') on the other side, which has a Z type mirror symmetrical section, and which form together an outlet in the span of the stairs, to fit very deep intermediate landings (6) and to realize one or two flight transversal stairs, which provide larger access to the apartments on every

® floor, more steps for one floor and realize buildings with higher floors, the five structures with S shape section, noted (1,

2,

3,

4 and 5), which can also be noted (SI, S2, S3, S4 and S5), ) thus also having five mirror symmetrical structure_s (1* 2' 3' 4' and 5'), that is Z shape,

(g) which can be noted (Zl, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5), all these ten structures being combined with the

® <8) £-$ known cross structures, called cross (7), Ttfoot (8), T-heart (9) and (angle) (10), which are fitted only at the intersection of resistance walls, with the small wings Ion the longitudinal direction and the large wings on the transversal, direction and whose fiitirig rules are fully

& observed by these displaced structures. & TU ζjtTx&t

< ?⁾ 3. Displaced structures for tall buildings, according to the claim 1, characterized by the fact that, with the view to realizing diaphragm dwelling buildings, which may represent

(< ) ® 80% of the buildings in prefabricated structures, in the wings of these structures there can be left openings and uneven spots, as well as thickened edges, either when pouring them or subsequently, thus when pouring an opening for a door (11) can be left in the central wing with the help of a recoverable frame, to form an exterior door with or without a threshold, to allow the direct lateral access between the rooms and the loggia-balconies, or between the rooms and the terraces and to realize a more intense circulation in the area of the fronts, a rectangular unevenness (12), left in the central wing, to support higher transversal beams and to form cellular diaphragm dwelling buildings, and subsequently a . partial superconcreting (13), realized by concreting on the spot a single small wing at the top, until it reaches the top of the large wings, to form a support on the same level, necessary to support the loggia-balcony panels on the front of the buildings, pouring of the additional concrete with the help of an inventory timber, plywood or aluminum formwork, as well as a total superconcreting (14), made on a random height, also at the top of the small wings, with the help of the same inventory shutterings, with the view to obtaining superconcreted

® (3 structures, also called industrial structures, which turn the diaphragms into lamellar frames and which are necessary in industrial 8-10 floor buildings and in social-cultural 8-10 or more floor buildings, the superconcreting of the small wings is variable on the height and 25 can be taken above the large wings, to support known longitudinal front beams (15), which are of ordinary height and interior longitudinal beams, also of ordinary height, the latter being joined by higher transversal beams (16), which rest on the large wings of the

(Sd structures and therefore form lamellate frames on both directions of the building, all the

(ζ? structures having shearing cells (17) on two or three sides of the large wings, similar to the cells in the present interior panels, with which they monolithize in fitting and known trapezoidal packets (18) and (19) left at the bottom of the structures to tighten by welding

^ξ) the vertical resistance reinforcing, and if needed, at some structures with exterior wing and

C ) at some 180° horizontally rotated structures, there can be left some vertical thickened edges, which are poured on the edge of the large wings, such as bulbs, (20), columns (21) or pilasters (22), of different size for architectural and mostly resistance purpose, to take over the strain peak at the edge of transversal diaphragms, especially strained on the front, all these can be replaced in small buildings, with some applied margins, realized in small prefabs or in ceramics, with the same shape of bulbs (20'), columns (21') or pilasters (22') of different thickness, but small length, easy to handle, which can be glazed or colored and can be fitted on the edge of the exterior wings, either in the storage or subsequently on the fronts of the buildings, with the help of binders or monolith concrete.

*§) 4. Displaced structures for tall buildings, according to the claim 1, characterized by

(^ the fact that, in order to form a spatial reinforcing, necessary to reinforce these structures, with known steel bars, up to 8-10 floors, ordinary bars mark 38 steel can be used, which weld well and a simple reinforcing can be made, on a single row, according to figures 1 and ζξ) 2, thus all the displaced structures use three thin nets each, assembled on a mould support, which operates as a fastening pattern for the reinforcement and where the vertical and horizontal bars are tied in between with soft wire, thus a large net is used for the large wings, formed of at least two U type vertical anchors (23) with the branches opening downwards, assembled together with horizontal stirrups (24), made of simple steel bars, supplied with a single nozzle, which forms horizontal wires (25) on the edge of the interior wing and which can be welded with adequate wires in the interior panels (26), with which they form entirely prefabricated buildings, or found in the monolith concrete (27), poured especially on the transversal direction, with which they form monolith core diaphragms, but also in the weakly reinforced brick walls (28), realized as filling walls between the displaced

(g> structures, between the structures and the interior panels, which are the most used, forming little straight monolith known pillars (29) placed in the current field of the transversal diaphragms at about 1.80 meters from the front, which operate as very earthquake and high wing ductile kerfs and which must be strongly reinforced, with known helicoid shrink ring and with inclined anchors described in the following and in the same time used two small nets, which are assembled on the same mould support and are formed of at least two vertical bars (30) and some simple stirrups (31), and in buildings higher than ten floors, the vertical reinforcing made by anchors and bars must be thicker and may be accompanied by prestressing cables introduced in some vertical sheaths (32) made of PVC with widened heads and left when pouring in the central wing of the structures, in the middle of the concrete thickness, as well as the increasing of the horizontal reinforcing, by multiplying them and by substituting the simple stirrups in the small wings with double stirrups, that is closed stirrups, and in the large wings with closed or semi-closed stirrups, shaped in U, with 26 nozzles and the monolith loop oriented to the right (29) in the same monolithization, two thicker anchors should be used, set on the edge of the interior wing 75-85° bend as to the horizontal, out of which one anchor (33), inclined with the loop upwards and set at the top of ® the structures and the panels an anchor (33'), inclined with the loop downwards and set at C5?) the middle of the height of the structures and panels, with which an X shaped reinforcement can be made, called knot reinforcement and known, which in earthquakes and high winds stops the proper rotation of the prefabs in the transversal diaphragms and ductile the resistance structures of the buildings and dissipates the energy of the big earthquakes, all Q the structures having on the edge at least a small horizontal anchor (34), coming out of the small wings, by prolonging the nozzle of a stirrup, to tie labour protection bars in the area of the window parapets, and to tie the scaffolds used in rectifying the front finishing, or having two or more horizontal anchors of the same kind, to tie and reinforce certain window parapets (35) with two or more thin bars, when these are nor made as prefabricated parapets, but in weakly reinforced cell concrete masonry or other replacements, the window parapets can be also not reinforced, thus becoming mobile parapets when the full protection of the resistance structures is aimed at, to interior gas or blaugas explosions and exterior explosions caused by bombs or other factors. ®

5. Displaced structures for tall buildings, according to the claim 1, characterized by ζg the fact that all the displaced structures can be poured in a single layer, called mono-layer ( & structures, if thermo-insulated concrete, granulite, furnace slag with polystyrene beads to make them warmer or other thermo-insulated and resistant materials are used, the mono- (2) layer structures do not need other thermo-insulation and all the technological operations are (g) much simplified, or they can be poured in two layers, called two-layer structures, if average (^) and highly resistance concrete is used, the two-layer structures use rigid or semi-rigid thermo-insulation plated on the outside of the small wings and the central wing, either by monolithization with the concrete when pouring, or by subsequent walling up of these thermo-insulations , thus at the exterior of the small wings it is always used a small thermo- insulation (36), monolithized with the concrete when pouring and preferable in small cell concrete blocks, 30x25x20cm, easy to handle, or in small granulite and furnace slag blocks mixed with polystyrene beads or other ingredients when pouring, as well as in stiffened mineral wool blocks, which, before pouring the concrete are walled up in the small wing of each semi-mould with the help of a stiff mortar (37) at the middle of every row in a narrower and thicker layer, to form joints or niches (38) as large as possible, in which there will be put the poured concrete on one side and the plastering mortar on the other side, which harden the thermo-insulation and plastering layers preventing them from falling , the cell concrete layer will be wedged at the top with a wooden wedge (39) or some other soft material and it may be tied at the middle with a soft wire before pouring to prevent it from deforming and falling when handling the semi-moulds with the crane, and on the width of the common wing there can be used either a prefabricated thermo-insulation (40) like a wide strip, one floor high made of reinforced cell concrete stripes or stiffened mineral wool and supplied with anchors to help lifting with the crane or in complex materials such as polystyrene combined with stiff polyurethane, etc. or, as a variant, any masonry in any kind of bricks, cell concrete or other realized on site or subsequently on the outside of the central wine, preferably on the ground, that is in the storage of the factory or in the storage of the 27

s> site and, if needed] upstairs, in the loggia -balconies, after fitting the displaced structures in the resistance structure)of the buildings, which is only applied in special cases, when the thermo-insulation could not be executed on the ground.

6. Displaced structures for tall buildings and pouring method, according to the claim 1, characterized by the fact that, to be used in pouring structures, one or at most two kinds of moulds realized preferably in thick steel sheet mark 45, or in epoxyd resin sheet, as much as possible self-carried and well stiffened at the bottom, the top and on the sides, but which can be dismantled and folded to be struck, cleaned and oiled by the known technical means, uses two spatial open moulds, each having the section in the shape of a Latin cross, with the wings of maximum width, out of which two large wings and two small wings, displaced and perpendicular on the large ones, thus uses a general mould (TG), which is vertically fragmented in three, once through the large wings and twice through each small wing and which may be used by itself, since by proper combinations it forms four displaced moulds, as well as a special mould (TS) of the same size, also three times fragmented in the same spots, but supplied with two horizontal cantilevers, but which cannot be used by itself, unless the cantilevers are clogged with plaster or with lime mortar, to pour the ordinary displaced structures and which, combined with the general mould, forms other two moulds, called cantilever moulds that realize cantilever structures, required for transversal stairs, the general mould (TG), being formed of two ordinary semi-moulds (A) and (B), mirror symmetrical, and the special mould (TS) being formed of two special semi-moulds (C) and (D), also mirror symmetrical and supplied with a cantilever on the large interior wing,

«g) ⁽g>

<

Θ

28

which stiffens the bottom of the mould and ensures the dimensional accuracy of the ζ prefabricated structures.

(5?) 7. Displaced structures for tall buildings and pouring method, according to the claims

1 and 6, characterized by the fact that each mould is equipped with some known U shaped ( ) vertical limitators, made of U type metal structures or in welded thick metal sheet, out of which a marginal limitator (49), with negative cells which limit the interior wing at different widths, preferably modulated every 30cm, according to the dimensional modulation in construction and a marginal limitator (50) without cells, which limits the exterior wing at different widths modulated as above, all the marginal limitators being supplied with openings for fitting the horizontal stirrups in the large wings, as well as some interior limitators (51), also U shaped, but of larger section, required for limiting the small wings at different widths, all the limitators being tightened with long screws (52), lathe processed and equipped with round U shaped steel handles, welded on the head of the screw and possibly with nuts with handles (53), which are used to assemble the semi-moulds, by tightening without wrench and when loosening the screws of the mould, before striking, the horizontal tube having a calibrated lid (54), with three or at least two steps of openings where the vertical bars in the small wings are fixed, according to the modulation of the small wings, in three or in two width steps, this calibrated lid, being fixed in the rectangular bottom opening of the horizontal tube, with the help of a piece of wood (55) or other device, the mould being used as accessories and some rectangular edges (56) or curve edges (57), formed of two small pieces of metal sheet, mounted on the sides of the semi-moulds, with the help of the same screws to pour the bulbs, columns or pilasters, presented above, as well as top fixing devices (58), made of wood or plastic, shaped as distance-pieces, to fix the top of the anchors of the large wings, in the fitting position, with the help of the same handle screws which are inserted in the adequate openings of the gutters, all the openings in the semi-moulds being stiffened with square metal plates, welded in the exterior, or with metal strip (59), welded both on the outline of the angle bars and in their corner, to spatially stiffen the semi-moulds, these openings being marked only with thin metal sheet patterns, at exact distance, and the semi -moulds being numbered with metal figures, welded on plates, shaped as [ j, J_2], for the first mould, etc. to fit easily. ζ) 8. Displaced structures for tall buildings and pouring method, according to the claims

® 1 and 6, characterized by the fact that, for an easy pouring of the displaced structures, each displaced structure is formed of two semi-moulds of the same kind, (A) with (A), also called left semi-moulds, or (B) with (B), called right semi-moulds, out of which, when fixing on the support, the second semi-mould is always horizontally rotated at 180°, so that the general mould (TG) forms, by repeating some type (A) semi-moulds, four displaced structures for §) pouring the four left displaced structures (1, 2, 3 and 4), and by repeating some type (B) ϋg) semi-moulds, it forms other four displaced structures, for pouring the left displaced (g) structures, which being mirror symmetrical can be noted (1', 2', 3' and 4'), and the special mould (TS) forms right cantilever (k) structures (5) and left cantilever (k') structures (5'), the cantilever structures being realized by combining these special semi-moulds with the ordinary semi-moulds of the general mould, in the form (A) with (C), for the right cantilever and (B) with (D), for the left cantilever, which in the last case uses semi-moulds mounted by 180° rotation and a longitudinal sliding , also called maximum longitudinal displacement, 29

and which allows the realization of the largest displacement and the realization of the largest door openings in the central wing, all the moulds can form some small displacements, if needed, by direct sliding between the semi-moulds without rotation, to form architectural

® structures_^ with small and very small displacements, which do not allow door openings, each cantilever semi-mould being in fact a spare part, which is formed of a large angle bar supplied with a horizontal metal cantilever (60) and a stiffening (61) at the exterior end of the cantilever and of a small ordinary angle bar, thus forming the independent cantilever semi-moulds which can replace the special mould. ^) 9. Displaced structures for tall buildings and pouring method, according to the claims

1 and 6, characterized by the fact that any mould uses a fixed left displaced mould support (62), which can also be displaced to the right, having mirror symmetry and which is made

@ only of U type laminated structures, the fixed support having in its turn a body of the large wings and two small wings, displaced and welded perpendicularly on the large wing body, or it may have one of the small wings mobile, which in this way can be tightened with screws at longer or shorter distances, to form different displacements, the fixed support determining therefore the size of the displacements, which according to the above can be realized by direct displacement, required by the small and very small displacements and by indirect displacement, required by large and very large displacements, that is by rotation, with or without longitudinal sliding between the semi-moulds, the fixed support having negative shearing cells (63) and several openings, required for fitting trapezoidal boxes (64) on the small wings and some trapezoidal boxes (65) on the large wings, this fixed support being accompanied by three mobile supports in the form of straight bar, with the same U section, but much larger and which can be made of welded thick metal sheet, out of which a longer mobile support (66), required by the central wing, which can be or not used, according to the method chosen for thermo-insulating this wing and two shorter mobile supports (67), which are always mounted in the small wings of the semi-moulds, with the help of thick enough handle bars (68), inserted in the openings at the bottom of these wings and which support the thermo-insulation of the small wings to prevent it from falling during lifting and handling the semi-moulds with the crane, the fixed support can be stiffened either with gussets (69) welded beneath in the intersections and on the heads, or with a metal sheet strip (70) welded underneath on the entire outline, which closes the TJ type section like a caisson, these caisson support being necessary only when the hooks of the crane are directly connected with the anchors of the support and when the mould full of fresh concrete is taken to another place of hardening, striking and finishing, or a simple support can be used

@ without any stiffening and with one of the small wings mobile, when the structures are poured on a very straight concrete platform, according to the pouring technology on stand and are struck and finished on the same spot, the mould filled with harden concrete can be

(5?) also lifted with the help of the anchors in the large wings of the prefabricated structures, which are tied to the hooks of the cranes for all technological operations, and the setting of the moulds on a pouting platform can be done on fixed supports arranged in straight rows, or on free supports arranged cither in straight or oblique rows, or other shapes, with short distances among them, by interpenetration of the wings, this variant being possible when the platform is situated on both sides of a crane rail and is in reinforced concrete, with very straight surfaces, with mosaic, which prevent the mould supports or the Jjase of the 30

^) displaced structures from deforming, these concrete platforms can be formed of a pouring platform (PT) on the right of the crane rail and a storage platform (PD) on the left of the crane rail, which uses in the same time several tower cranes with an action ray of maximum 20m, and which can be used both on prefabricate workshops or prefabricate manufactures, or in house manufactures, where the moulds and the pouring can be entirely mechanized or automatized, but in the other known technologies in the prefabricate industry. (< 10. Displaced structures for tall buildings and pouring method, according to the ?) claims 1 and 6, characterized by the fact that before pouring the displaced structures, the small wings of the semi-moulds are filled with cell concrete blocks or with other thermo- insulating materials, which can be filled in any free space on the pouring platform (PT), then the spatial reinforcing is mounted on the fixed support by introducing the vertical bars in the two trapezoidal boxes (64) supplied with an opening and the vertical anchors in the two trapezoidal boxes (65) with two openings, after which a semi-mould and the marginal limitators (49) and (50) are mounted on the support, in which the wires of the horizontal stirrups of the large wings are introduced and everything is closed with the second semi- mould by tightening the same long screws (52) as above, and in the case of mounting the thermo-insulation of the central wing in the support, additional U shaped parts (71) of wood, metal are mounted, and finally the concrete is poured in at least two stages, with depth pervibration, all known, and if needed, the thermal treatment of the concrete is realized using at most 95/70° C hot water, prepared in an ordinary thermal plant similar to those in the blocks of flats or at least in an open boiler heated with any inferior fuel and equipped with a pump, or even simpler, the concrete is let to harden naturally and the anticipated striking of the moulds in maximum 3-4 hours in summer, which represents a rapid natural hardening and striking, based both on the screw loosening shortly after pouring, and on the ® high rigidity of the structures which are crossing knots with highly resistant open spatial <$ sections, but especially on the proper stability of all structures, moulds and semi-moulds, (g) which speed up all technological operations, after which the structures can be finished, either of the support at the pouring place, or on the ground in the storage of the manufacture, in an intermediate storage or on the site, where on the straight and ballasted (^ ground there can be stored very many structures by interpenetrating their wings and where in the same time, quality finishing can be executed because these finishing operations are realized at man height, in large spaces, without props and racks, which simplifies the operations.