WO2002059559A2 - Hydrocarbon sensor - Google Patents

Hydrocarbon sensor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002059559A2
WO2002059559A2 PCT/US2002/001366 US0201366W WO02059559A2 WO 2002059559 A2 WO2002059559 A2 WO 2002059559A2 US 0201366 W US0201366 W US 0201366W WO 02059559 A2 WO02059559 A2 WO 02059559A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrolyte
metal
sensor
oxide electrode
electrode body
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/001366
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French (fr)
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WO2002059559A3 (en
Inventor
Mukundan Rangachary
Eric L. Brosha
Fernando Garzon
Original Assignee
The Regents Of The University Of California
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Regents Of The University Of California filed Critical The Regents Of The University Of California
Priority to AU2002239951A priority Critical patent/AU2002239951A1/en
Publication of WO2002059559A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002059559A2/en
Publication of WO2002059559A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002059559A3/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
    • G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
    • G01N27/4073—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte
    • G01N27/4074—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte for detection of gases other than oxygen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
    • G01N33/0047—Organic compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to hydrocarbon sensors, and, more particularly, to solid state hydrocarbon sensors having metal and metal oxide electrodes.
  • the first generation of mixed potential sensors used Gold (Au) and Pt electrodes on a stabilized zirconia electrolyte.
  • the Au electrode in these devices was painted onto the electrolyte.
  • the morphology of this electrode was not easy to reproduce from sensor to sensor, and also the morphology changes with time as the sensor was being operated at elevated temperatures.
  • two other approaches have been tried.
  • the Au electrode is replaced with a conductive oxide electrode.
  • the refractory nature of the oxide electrode ensures its morphological stability and the sensor is capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 850°C.
  • the use of a sintered ceramic pellet (instead of a thin film of oxide) provides excellent control of the electrode area and 3-phase region thus improving the sensor-to-sensor reproducibility.
  • the present invention includes a hydrocarbon sensor with an electrolyte body having a first electrolyte surface with a reference electrode depending therefrom and a metal oxide electrode body contained within the electrolyte body and having a first electrode surface coplanar with the first electrolyte surface.
  • the sensor is formed by forming a sintered metal-oxide electrode body and placing the metal-oxide electrode body within an electrolyte powder.
  • the electrolyte powder with the metal-oxide electrode body is pressed to form a pressed electrolyte body containing the metal-oxide electrode body.
  • the electrolyte is removed from an electrolyte surface above the metal-oxide electrode body to expose a metal-oxide electrode surface that is coplanar with the electrolyte surface.
  • the electrolyte body and the metal-oxide electrode body are then sintered to form the hydrocarbon sensor.
  • FIGURES 1A and 1 B are top and cross-section views, respectively of a sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 4 graphically depicts the response of two different sensors to propylene concentration in 1 % O 2 .
  • This invention is a mixed-potential sensor for the detection of non- methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs).
  • the sensor utilizes a stabilized-zirconia electrolyte, and platinum (Pt) and perovskite-type oxide electrodes.
  • the Pt electrode acts as a pseudo-reference electrode while the oxide electrode gives the mixed potential in the presence of reducing-gases.
  • the selectivity of the device is achieved by the proper selection of the oxide electrode, while the stability of the device is achieved by the precise control of the surface area (SA) of the electrode and the 3-phase interface region (3PA) (gas-electrolyte- electrode) of the sensor.
  • SA surface area
  • 3PA 3-phase interface region
  • the oxide electrode is La ⁇ - x A x CrO 3 , where A is Sr, Ca, or Mg, O ⁇ x ⁇ O.5.
  • A is Sr, Ca, or Mg, O ⁇ x ⁇ O.5.
  • the specific approach involves the following steps: 1 ) Sintering the metal-oxide electrode to form a dense ceramic.
  • Lao. ⁇ Sro. 2 CrO 3 powder was obtained from Praixair® and was pressed into a pellet and sintered at 1550-1650°C for 10 hours in order to form a dense ( «60- 70% of theoretical density) ceramic.
  • the ceramic pellet was cut into smaller pellets with dimensions 0.2 cm x 0.3 cm x 0.2 cm.
  • the pellet was buried in YSZ powder and pressed uniaxially at 1500 lbs in a 3 ⁇ " diameter die for 5 minutes. The excess YSZ was removed from the surface of the oxide electrode pellet using a razor blade. Once a clear electrode/electrolyte interface was exposed, the pellet was sintered at 1000-1100°C for 10-24 hours. The resulting pellet was about 60% of theoretical density.
  • a 0.004" diameter Pt wire was fixed onto the surface of the oxide electrode using a small drop of Pt paint.
  • the other electrode was a Pt (0.01" diameter) wire buried into the YSZ-electrolyte.
  • the sensor was fixed to Pt (0.01" diameter) leads and was heated to 400- 600°C in various gas atmospheres in order to test the sensor response.
  • the first sensor was annealed at 800°C for 30 minutes in order to stabilize the Pt electrodes and was then cooled to 500°C, where the sensor was tested.
  • the sensor response was very reproducible and was stable with time for at least 10 days (maximum deviation was ⁇ 10%).
  • the operating temperature of the sensor was raised to 550°C.
  • the response to 500 ppm propylene was about 15 mV with a response time of about 25 sec.
  • the sensor response time could be further improved by using a testing system with a lower volume (t ⁇ 10sec) and/or higher space velocities of the test gas.
  • the mixed-potential sensor can be used to sense the amount of NMHC in the tailpipe emissions of an automobile. This would help the auto- manufacturers test the efficiency of the catalytic converter.
  • the current technology utilizes a two oxygen sensor approach where one oxygen sensor is placed in the exhaust upstream of the catalytic converter and the other downstream. The difference in the signal between the two sensors when the engine is cycled through stoichiometry is a measure of the oxygen capacity in the catalytic converter.
  • the above method to determine the health of the converter is indirect (does not measure the actual conversion efficiency) and moreover will work only when the engine is cycled through stoichiometry.
  • the sensor according to the present invention can provide a direct measure of the catalyst efficiency because the sensor can be placed downstream of the converter and the sensor provides a measure of the actual amount of NMHC coming out of the tailpipe. Moreover the sensor works in high oxygen concentrations ( « 1 %) which makes it ideal for operation in the exhaust of a lean-bum engine.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Measuring Oxygen Concentration In Cells (AREA)

Abstract

A hydrocarbon sensor is formed with an electrolyte body (10) having a first electrolyte surface with a reference electrode (16) depending therefrom and a metal oxide electrode body (12) contained within the electrolyte body and having a first electrode surface coplanar with the first electrolyte surface. The sensor was formed by forming a sintered metal-oxide electrode body and placing the metal-oxide electrode body within an electrolyte powder. The electrolyte powder with the metal-oxide electrode body was pressed to form a pressed electrolyte body containing the metal-oxide electrode body. The electrolyte was removed from an electrolyte surface above the metal-oxide electrode body to expose a metal-oxide electrode surface that is coplanar with the electrolyte surface. The electrolyte body and the metal-oxide electrode body were then sintered to form the hydrocarbon sensor.

Description

MIXED POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON SENSOR WITH LOW SENSITIVITY TO METHANE AND CO
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERAL RIGHTS This invention was made with government support under Contract No.
W-7405-ENG-36 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to hydrocarbon sensors, and, more particularly, to solid state hydrocarbon sensors having metal and metal oxide electrodes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Mixed-potential sensors based on oxygen-ion conducting electrolytes have been studied since D. E. Willams et. al. demonstrated the working of a "Pt/YSZ/Au" CO-sensor operating at T < 400°C. Since that time several metal and metal-oxide electrodes have been used to design various mixed-potential sensors for the detection of CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons. Although all these sensors do give a response in the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons and/or CO, their lack of stability, reproducibility and selectivity have hindered the commercial development of sensors based on this technology.
The first generation of mixed potential sensors (D. E. Willams et. al.) used Gold (Au) and Pt electrodes on a stabilized zirconia electrolyte. The Au electrode in these devices was painted onto the electrolyte. The morphology of this electrode was not easy to reproduce from sensor to sensor, and also the morphology changes with time as the sensor was being operated at elevated temperatures. In order to solve this problem, two other approaches have been tried. The first involved the use of various alloys of Au and other metals with higher melting point than that of Au. The second involved the use of various oxides mixed in with the Au in order to create a cermet electrode. In the present invention, the Au electrode is replaced with a conductive oxide electrode. The refractory nature of the oxide electrode ensures its morphological stability and the sensor is capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 850°C. Moreover, the use of a sintered ceramic pellet (instead of a thin film of oxide) provides excellent control of the electrode area and 3-phase region thus improving the sensor-to-sensor reproducibility.
Various objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention includes a hydrocarbon sensor with an electrolyte body having a first electrolyte surface with a reference electrode depending therefrom and a metal oxide electrode body contained within the electrolyte body and having a first electrode surface coplanar with the first electrolyte surface. The sensor is formed by forming a sintered metal-oxide electrode body and placing the metal-oxide electrode body within an electrolyte powder. The electrolyte powder with the metal-oxide electrode body is pressed to form a pressed electrolyte body containing the metal-oxide electrode body. The electrolyte is removed from an electrolyte surface above the metal-oxide electrode body to expose a metal-oxide electrode surface that is coplanar with the electrolyte surface. The electrolyte body and the metal-oxide electrode body are then sintered to form the hydrocarbon sensor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIGURES 1A and 1 B are top and cross-section views, respectively of a sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGURE 2 graphically depicts sensor response to propylene concentration in 1 % O2 at T=500°C. FIGURE 3 graphically depicts sensor response to propylene concentration in 1 % O2 at T=550°C over several days.
FIGURE 4 graphically depicts the response of two different sensors to propylene concentration in 1 % O2.
FIGURE 5 graphically depicts the sensor reponse to propylene and to CO in 1 % O2 at T=550°C.
FIGURE 6 graphically depicts the sensor reponse to various gases in 1 % O2 at T=550°C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION This invention is a mixed-potential sensor for the detection of non- methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). The sensor utilizes a stabilized-zirconia electrolyte, and platinum (Pt) and perovskite-type oxide electrodes. The Pt electrode acts as a pseudo-reference electrode while the oxide electrode gives the mixed potential in the presence of reducing-gases. The selectivity of the device is achieved by the proper selection of the oxide electrode, while the stability of the device is achieved by the precise control of the surface area (SA) of the electrode and the 3-phase interface region (3PA) (gas-electrolyte- electrode) of the sensor. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the oxide electrode is Laι-xAxCrO3, where A is Sr, Ca, or Mg, O≤x≤O.5. By controlling the ratio of the SA to the 3PA, the rates of the heterogenous catalysis and electrochemical catalysis are controlled for any particular electrode used. Thus, by proper selection of the electrode material and electrode dimensions, the magnitude of sensor response to any particular gas species can be amplified (selectivity). Moreover the design of the sensor assures that the SA and 3PA are stable over time and can be easily reproduced from sensor to sensor which ensures the stable and reproducible nature of the sensor response.
The specific approach involves the following steps: 1 ) Sintering the metal-oxide electrode to form a dense ceramic.
2) Cutting the ceramic to size (area of one of the sides = SA).
3) Co-pressing the ceramic pellet along with the electrolyte powder.
4) Polishing off the excess electrolyte powder in order to expose the oxide electrode. 5) Sintering or partial-sintering of the resultant electrode/electrolyte structure in order to give mechanical strength and sufficient ionic-conductivity to the electrolyte. 6) Applying a current collector electrode on the ceramic electrode surface. The stated approach produces one of the electrodes. The other electrode can either be made in a similar manner with another oxide of different composition or with a metal wire.
As shown in Figures 1A and 1B, specific test cells were fabricated in accordance with the above procedure using La0.8Sro.2CrO3 as the oxide electrode 12, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the electrolyte 10, and Pt as the reference electrode 16. A lead wire 14 was attached to oxide electrode 12. A
Lao.δSro.2CrO3 powder was obtained from Praixair® and was pressed into a pellet and sintered at 1550-1650°C for 10 hours in order to form a dense («60- 70% of theoretical density) ceramic. The ceramic pellet was cut into smaller pellets with dimensions 0.2 cm x 0.3 cm x 0.2 cm. The pellet was buried in YSZ powder and pressed uniaxially at 1500 lbs in a 3λ" diameter die for 5 minutes. The excess YSZ was removed from the surface of the oxide electrode pellet using a razor blade. Once a clear electrode/electrolyte interface was exposed, the pellet was sintered at 1000-1100°C for 10-24 hours. The resulting pellet was about 60% of theoretical density. A 0.004" diameter Pt wire was fixed onto the surface of the oxide electrode using a small drop of Pt paint. The other electrode was a Pt (0.01" diameter) wire buried into the YSZ-electrolyte. The sensor was fixed to Pt (0.01" diameter) leads and was heated to 400- 600°C in various gas atmospheres in order to test the sensor response. The first sensor was annealed at 800°C for 30 minutes in order to stabilize the Pt electrodes and was then cooled to 500°C, where the sensor was tested. The sensor response to propylene concentration in a 1 % O2 test gas (as used herein, all % numbers are volume %) at T = 500°C is shown in Figure 2. The sensor response was very reproducible and was stable with time for at least 10 days (maximum deviation was <10%). The sensor response to 500 ppm propylene was about 40mV at T = 500°C and had a response time of about 50 sec. In order to improve the response time, the operating temperature of the sensor was raised to 550°C. The sensor response to propylene concentration in a 1 % 02 test gas at T = 550°C is shown in Figure 3. The response to 500 ppm propylene was about 15 mV with a response time of about 25 sec. The sensor response at T = 550°C was also found to be stable for a period of at least 3 days. The sensor response time could be further improved by using a testing system with a lower volume (t < 10sec) and/or higher space velocities of the test gas.
In order to test the sensor-sensor reproducibility, another identical sensor was made and tested at 500°C. The sensor response of this sensor (sample 2) was in good agreement with that of the first sensor (sample 1 ) as shown in Fig 4. For example, the variation in response between the 2 sensors for 500 ppm propylene was about 1 %.
In order to test for interference from other gases, the sensor was exposed to varying concentration of CO (primary interference gas) in a 1 % O2 background. The response to propylene and CO in 1 % 02 at T = 550°C is compared in Figure 5. This sensor not only shows a linear response to varying concentration of the analyzed gas but also has very good selectivity to propylene relative to CO (14 times more sensitive to propylene). The sensor response to other gases commonly present in the exhaust (propane, H2, and methane) was also tested. However the oxygen concentration was not kept constant during these tests and was allowed to vary from 1 % 02 (for 0 ppm of test gas) to 0.5% 02 (for 1250 ppm of test gas). The results (Figure 6) indicate that the sensor responds primarily to NMHCs (propylene and propane) and shows little interference from other gases.
Another design was also tested in order to improve the current collection from the chromate electrode. A Pt wire (0.01" diameter) wire was buried in the chromate powder before it was pressed into a pellet and was sintered along with the pellet in order to make a Pt wire current collector that was both stable and robust. This sensor had a very similar response to those described above indicating that the various methods of current collection could be employed and that the sensor response is primarily controlled by the perovskite-type oxide. Moreover this sensor also had a response time (to 90% of level) of « 10sec. There are two significant improvements of the present sensor over existing technology: the sensor response is stable over time and is reproducible from sensor to sensor, and the sensor response is highly selective to non- methane hydrocarbons.
The mixed-potential sensor can be used to sense the amount of NMHC in the tailpipe emissions of an automobile. This would help the auto- manufacturers test the efficiency of the catalytic converter. The current technology utilizes a two oxygen sensor approach where one oxygen sensor is placed in the exhaust upstream of the catalytic converter and the other downstream. The difference in the signal between the two sensors when the engine is cycled through stoichiometry is a measure of the oxygen capacity in the catalytic converter. The above method to determine the health of the converter is indirect (does not measure the actual conversion efficiency) and moreover will work only when the engine is cycled through stoichiometry. The sensor according to the present invention can provide a direct measure of the catalyst efficiency because the sensor can be placed downstream of the converter and the sensor provides a measure of the actual amount of NMHC coming out of the tailpipe. Moreover the sensor works in high oxygen concentrations (« 1 %) which makes it ideal for operation in the exhaust of a lean-bum engine.
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A hydrocarbon sensor comprising: an electrolyte body having a first electrolyte surface with a reference electrode depending therefrom; a metal oxide electrode body contained within the electrolyte body and having a first electrode surface coplanar with the first electrolyte surface.
2. The hydrocarbon sensor according to Claim 1 , where the metal oxide electrode body is formed from Laι-xAxCrO3, where A is selected from the group consisting of Sr, Ca, and Mg, and O≤x≤O.5.
3. The hydrocarbon sensor according to Claim 2, where A is Sr and x=0.2.
4. A method for forming a hydrocarbon sensor comprising: forming a sintered metal-oxide electrode body; placing the metal-oxide electrode body within an electrolyte powder; pressing the electrolyte powder with the metal-oxide electrode body to form a pressed electrolyte body containing the metal-oxide electrode body; removing electrolyte from an electrolyte surface above the metal-oxide electrode body to expose a metal-oxide electrode surface that is coplanar with the electrolyte surface; and sintering the electrolyte body and the metal-oxide electrode body to form the hydrocarbon sensor.
5. The method of Claim 4, where the metal oxide electrode body is formed from Laι_xAxCrO3, where A is selected from the group consisting of Sr, Ca, and Mg, and O≤x≤O.5.
6. The method of Claim 5, where the A is Sr and x=0.2.
7. The method of Claim 4 where the electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia.
8. The method of Claim 7, where the metal oxide electrode body is formed from Laι.xAxCrO3, where A is selected from the group consisting of Sr, Ca, and Mg, and O≤x≤O.5.
9. The method of Claim 8, where A is Sr and x=0.2.
PCT/US2002/001366 2001-01-25 2002-01-18 Hydrocarbon sensor WO2002059559A2 (en)

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US09/770,928 2001-01-25

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007036454A1 (en) * 2005-09-30 2007-04-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Gas sensor

Citations (12)

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US3074143A (en) * 1960-02-01 1963-01-22 Baynard R Smith Method of making metalized ceramic bodies
US3723589A (en) * 1969-08-25 1973-03-27 Bissett Berman Corp Solid electrolyte electrolytic cell
US4277323A (en) * 1979-03-09 1981-07-07 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electrochemical oxygen sensor, particularly for use in the exhaust system of automotive-type internal combustion engines
US4304652A (en) * 1979-06-12 1981-12-08 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Device for detection of air/fuel ratio from oxygen partial pressure in exhaust gas
US4478590A (en) * 1981-12-28 1984-10-23 North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp. Depression cathode structure for cathode ray tubes having surface smoothness and method for producing same
US4502939A (en) * 1980-05-10 1985-03-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electrochemical oxygen sensor, particularly for analysis of combustion cases from internal combustion engines
US4614628A (en) * 1982-05-26 1986-09-30 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Solid electrolyte structure and method for forming
US4735666A (en) * 1983-08-09 1988-04-05 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Method of producing ceramics
US4820663A (en) * 1987-09-02 1989-04-11 Kennametal Inc. Whisker reinforced ceramic and a method of clad/hot isostatic pressing same
US5215643A (en) * 1988-02-24 1993-06-01 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Electrochemical gas sensor
US6019881A (en) * 1995-03-10 2000-02-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Riken NOx sensor
US6103080A (en) * 1998-02-11 2000-08-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Hydrocarbon sensors and materials therefor

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3074143A (en) * 1960-02-01 1963-01-22 Baynard R Smith Method of making metalized ceramic bodies
US3723589A (en) * 1969-08-25 1973-03-27 Bissett Berman Corp Solid electrolyte electrolytic cell
US4277323A (en) * 1979-03-09 1981-07-07 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electrochemical oxygen sensor, particularly for use in the exhaust system of automotive-type internal combustion engines
US4304652A (en) * 1979-06-12 1981-12-08 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Device for detection of air/fuel ratio from oxygen partial pressure in exhaust gas
US4502939A (en) * 1980-05-10 1985-03-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electrochemical oxygen sensor, particularly for analysis of combustion cases from internal combustion engines
US4478590A (en) * 1981-12-28 1984-10-23 North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp. Depression cathode structure for cathode ray tubes having surface smoothness and method for producing same
US4614628A (en) * 1982-05-26 1986-09-30 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Solid electrolyte structure and method for forming
US4735666A (en) * 1983-08-09 1988-04-05 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Method of producing ceramics
US4820663A (en) * 1987-09-02 1989-04-11 Kennametal Inc. Whisker reinforced ceramic and a method of clad/hot isostatic pressing same
US5215643A (en) * 1988-02-24 1993-06-01 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Electrochemical gas sensor
US6019881A (en) * 1995-03-10 2000-02-01 Kabushiki Kaisha Riken NOx sensor
US6103080A (en) * 1998-02-11 2000-08-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Hydrocarbon sensors and materials therefor

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007036454A1 (en) * 2005-09-30 2007-04-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Gas sensor
US8133370B2 (en) 2005-09-30 2012-03-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Gas sensor

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WO2002059559A3 (en) 2002-10-03

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