WO2002053804A1 - Subsea pipeline power transmission - Google Patents

Subsea pipeline power transmission Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002053804A1
WO2002053804A1 PCT/GB2001/005689 GB0105689W WO02053804A1 WO 2002053804 A1 WO2002053804 A1 WO 2002053804A1 GB 0105689 W GB0105689 W GB 0105689W WO 02053804 A1 WO02053804 A1 WO 02053804A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pipeline
power transmission
anode
impedance
impedance means
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2001/005689
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Steven Martin Hudson
Original Assignee
Flight Refuelling Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Flight Refuelling Limited filed Critical Flight Refuelling Limited
Priority to JP2002554299A priority Critical patent/JP2004517592A/en
Priority to CA2433736A priority patent/CA2433736C/en
Priority to KR10-2003-7008992A priority patent/KR20030069201A/en
Priority to EA200300611A priority patent/EA200300611A1/en
Priority to BR0116708-1A priority patent/BR0116708A/en
Priority to EP01272502A priority patent/EP1368510B1/en
Priority to APAP/P/2003/002777A priority patent/AP2003002777A0/en
Priority to MXPA03005788A priority patent/MXPA03005788A/en
Publication of WO2002053804A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002053804A1/en
Priority to NO20033025A priority patent/NO336079B1/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C23F13/20—Conducting electric current to electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
    • C23F2213/31—Immersed structures, e.g. submarine structures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
    • C23F2213/32—Pipes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to subsea pipeline power transmission systems, methods
  • Such pieces of equipment might, for example, be sensors which monitor the integrity or operation of the pipeline system.
  • pipeline power transmission system comprising a pipeline, an electrical power supply connected to the pipeline at a first location, and connection means
  • the pipeline has a plurality of cathodic protection anodes, each of which is electrically connected via respective impedance means to the pipeline.
  • a method of subsea pipeline power transmission along a pipeline having a plurality of cathodic protection anodes comprising the steps of: applying electrical power to the pipeline at a first location; and electrically connecting a load to be supplied to the pipeline at a second location; wherein each anode is electrically connected via respective impedance means to the pipeline.
  • apparatus for use in a subsea pipeline power transmission system or method comprising: an anode arrangement comprising, a sacrificial anode arranged for
  • impedance means having one terminal connected to the anode and another terminal arranged for connection to said pipeline;
  • an electrical power supply arranged for electrical connection to a pipeline.
  • anode arrangement for use in a subsea pipeline power transmission system
  • a sacrificial anode arranged for mounting on a pipeline and impedance means having one terminal connected to the anode and another terminal arranged for connection to said pipeline.
  • the anode arrangement may include further terminals allowing the connection of a load across the impedance means.
  • the impedance means may comprise inductance means.
  • the impedance means comprises filter means.
  • the impedance means, especially when comprising filter means, may be arranged to give a high impedance to time varying signals within one or more selected ranges of frequencies and a low impedance to signals outside the selected range or ranges.
  • the means can be arranged so that the real part of the impedance is substantially zero. This means that there is little or no attenuation of the dc components of signals passing through the impedance means.
  • the metallic structure is used to carry power currents because these means can be chosen to offer high impedance to the time varying signals used for power supply thereby reducing losses, whilst offering low impedance to the currents used for cathodic protection. Minimising losses is particularly important when
  • the drawing shows a subsea pipeline system which comprises a pipeline 1 provided with a plurality of anodes 2 which are electrically connected to the pipeline 1 via respective filter means 3.
  • a power supply 4 is electrically connected to the pipeline 1 towards one end.
  • This location will typically be at a main facility or some other place provided with good infrastructure such that the provision of a power supply 4 is not problematic.
  • the pipeline system is provided with a cathodic protection system of which the anodes 2 form an essential part.
  • Cathodic protection currents flowing in the pipeline 1 to improve corrosion resistance will be dc currents.
  • each anode is arranged to have substantially zero impedance to dc
  • the filter means 3 are arranged to have a very high impedance to the power supply currents delivered by the power supply means
  • the power supply means applies a current typically having a frequency in the order of 30 to 100 Hz.
  • the filter means 3 are arranged to have a high impedance to signals having the appropriate frequencies in this range.
  • the filter means 3 may be designed so that at the transmission frequency it gives an impedance of at least two orders of magnitude greater than the
  • the frequency of current used to transmit power is chosen with regard to two
  • the frequency at which skin effect begins to compromise performance may be determined empirically on a test length of pipe but can be expected to be in the range of 50 to 100 Hz for most typical pipes.
  • loads 5 i.e., pieces of equipment which need electrical power
  • a load 5 may, for example, be connected directly to the pipeline 1 and provided with a separate earth terminal E, or may be connected directly across one of the filter means 3 associated with a particular anode 2 where the equipment to be driven is located at or near an anode 2.
  • suitable impedance means preferably as in this embodiment filter means 3, between the pipeline 1 and the anode 2 makes a power supply system of this type feasible.
  • impedance means 3 preferably as in this embodiment filter means 3
  • power supply in this manner might be possible in a subsea pipeline over a distance of say only 300 to 400 metres.
  • filter means included, it can be possible to transmit power over a distance of say 10
  • this signal may be locally converted into a dc signal using known techniques if this is required.

Abstract

A subsea pipeline power transmission system comprasing a pipeline (1), an electoral power supply (4) connected to the pipeline at a first location, and connection means provided on the pipeline at a second location for connection of a load (5) to the pipeline. Once connected the load 5 can receive electoral power from the power supply (4) via the pipeline (1). The pipeline has a plurality of cathodic protection anodes (2), each of which is electrically connected via respective impedance means to the pipeline.

Description

Subsea pipeline power transmission
This invention relates to subsea pipeline power transmission systems, methods
and apparatus.
The term subsea is used in this application as this is conventional terminology,
however, it will be understood that this covers any underwater situation.
In many circumstances where subsea pipeline systems are used, there is a desire to operate equipment at locations which, in the general sense, are remote. That is to say, although the equipment is situated adjacent to the
pipeline itself it is not near any other facility or infrastructure. Such pieces of equipment might, for example, be sensors which monitor the integrity or operation of the pipeline system.
One of the problems with such remote pieces of equipment is providing a suitable power source. Whilst batteries can be used these are unattractive for various reasons including their limited life, their expense and environmental concerns.
It is an object of the present invention to provide methods, systems and apparatus which allow the supply of power to remote equipment in subsea pipeline systems.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a subsea
pipeline power transmission system comprising a pipeline, an electrical power supply connected to the pipeline at a first location, and connection means
provided on the pipeline at a second location for connection of a load to the pipeline to allow the load to receive electrical power from the power supply via the pipeline wherein the pipeline has a plurality of cathodic protection anodes, each of which is electrically connected via respective impedance means to the pipeline.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of subsea pipeline power transmission along a pipeline having a plurality of cathodic protection anodes comprising the steps of: applying electrical power to the pipeline at a first location; and electrically connecting a load to be supplied to the pipeline at a second location; wherein each anode is electrically connected via respective impedance means to the pipeline. According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for use in a subsea pipeline power transmission system or method comprising: an anode arrangement comprising, a sacrificial anode arranged for
mounting on a pipeline and impedance means having one terminal connected to the anode and another terminal arranged for connection to said pipeline; and
an electrical power supply arranged for electrical connection to a pipeline.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided an anode arrangement for use in a subsea pipeline power transmission system, the
arrangement comprising, a sacrificial anode arranged for mounting on a pipeline and impedance means having one terminal connected to the anode and another terminal arranged for connection to said pipeline.
The anode arrangement may include further terminals allowing the connection of a load across the impedance means.
The impedance means may comprise inductance means. Preferably the impedance means comprises filter means. The impedance means, especially when comprising filter means, may be arranged to give a high impedance to time varying signals within one or more selected ranges of frequencies and a low impedance to signals outside the selected range or ranges. The impedance
means can be arranged so that the real part of the impedance is substantially zero. This means that there is little or no attenuation of the dc components of signals passing through the impedance means.
The use of inductance means and particularly filter means has advantages when
the metallic structure is used to carry power currents because these means can be chosen to offer high impedance to the time varying signals used for power supply thereby reducing losses, whilst offering low impedance to the currents used for cathodic protection. Minimising losses is particularly important when
transmitting power rather than merely trying to detect a signal. Limiting loss to a realistic level is necessary to give a practical system.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawing which schematically shows a pipeline system embodying the invention.
The drawing shows a subsea pipeline system which comprises a pipeline 1 provided with a plurality of anodes 2 which are electrically connected to the pipeline 1 via respective filter means 3. A power supply 4 is electrically connected to the pipeline 1 towards one end.
This location will typically be at a main facility or some other place provided with good infrastructure such that the provision of a power supply 4 is not problematic.
Although not shown in detail, as is common practice in this field, the pipeline system is provided with a cathodic protection system of which the anodes 2 form an essential part. Cathodic protection currents flowing in the pipeline 1 to improve corrosion resistance will be dc currents. Thus, the filter means 3
provided at each anode are arranged to have substantially zero impedance to dc
currents.
On the other hand, the filter means 3 are arranged to have a very high impedance to the power supply currents delivered by the power supply means
4. In this system the power supply means applies a current typically having a frequency in the order of 30 to 100 Hz. The filter means 3 are arranged to have a high impedance to signals having the appropriate frequencies in this range. The filter means 3 may be designed so that at the transmission frequency it gives an impedance of at least two orders of magnitude greater than the
characteristic impedance of the pipeline (with anodes removed) when acting as a transmission system. This means that whilst the cathodic protection currents can flow to the anode substantially unimpeded, the losses from the pipeline 1 as far as the power supply current is concerned are greatly reduced.
The frequency of current used to transmit power is chosen with regard to two
main factors. Lower frequencies call for more bulky and expensive components
in the filter means whereas as frequency is increased, skin effect in the pipeline becomes problematic. The frequency at which skin effect begins to compromise performance may be determined empirically on a test length of pipe but can be expected to be in the range of 50 to 100 Hz for most typical pipes.
The above arrangement means that loads 5, i.e., pieces of equipment which need electrical power, can be connected to the pipeline 1 at locations which are remote from the power supply 4. As shown in the drawing, a load 5 may, for example, be connected directly to the pipeline 1 and provided with a separate earth terminal E, or may be connected directly across one of the filter means 3 associated with a particular anode 2 where the equipment to be driven is located at or near an anode 2.
The provision of suitable impedance means, preferably as in this embodiment filter means 3, between the pipeline 1 and the anode 2 makes a power supply system of this type feasible. For example, if no impedance means 3 are provided, then power supply in this manner might be possible in a subsea pipeline over a distance of say only 300 to 400 metres. However, with the filter means included, it can be possible to transmit power over a distance of say 10
kilometres. In the present system the loss of power might typically be in the
order of 0.5 to IdB per kilometre and as such, if the power supply 4 applies 150 watts to the pipeline 1 then a load at a 10 kilometre distance from the power supply 4 should be able to draw a power in the order of 50 to 15watts.
It has been determined that effectively stopping leakage from the anodes gives a 104 improvement in power transmission capabilities over 10 kilometre subsea pipelines.
It will be appreciated that although an ac current is applied to the pipeline 1 for transmission, this signal may be locally converted into a dc signal using known techniques if this is required.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A subsea pipeline power transmission system comprising a pipeline, an
electrical power supply connected to the pipeline at a first location, and connection means provided on the pipeline at a second location for connection of a
load to the pipeline to allow the load to receive electrical power from the power supply via the pipeline wherein the pipeline has a plurality of cathodic protection
anodes, each of which is electrically connected via respective impedance means to the pipeline.
2. A power transmission system according to claim 1 in which the impedance means is arranged to give a high impedance to time varying signals within at least one selected range of frequencies and a low impedance to signals outside the selected range.
3. A power transmission system according to claim 2 in which the impedance means is arranged so that the real part of the impedance is substantially zero, such that there is little or no attenuation of dc components of signals passing through the impedance means.
4. A power transmission system according to claim 2 or claim 3 in which the impedance means comprises inductance means.
5. A power transmission system according to claim 2 or claim 3 in which the
impedance means comprises filter means.
6. A method of subsea pipeline power transmission along a pipeline having a plurality of cathodic protection anodes comprising the steps of:
applying electrical power to the pipeline at a first location; and electrically connecting a load to be supplied to the pipeline at a second
location; wherein each anode is electrically connected via respective impedance means
to the pipeline.
7. Apparatus for use in a subsea pipeline power transmission system or method comprising: an anode arrangement comprising, a cathode protection anode arranged for mounting on a pipeline and impedance means having one terminal connected to the anode and another terminal arranged for connection to said pipeline; and an electrical power supply arranged for electrical connection to a pipeline.
8. An anode arrangement for use in a subsea pipeline power transmission system, the arrangement comprising, a cathode protection anode arranged for mounting on a pipeline and impedance means having one terminal connected to the anode and another terminal arranged for connection to said pipeline.
9. An anode arrangement according to claim 8 including terminals allowing the connection of a load across the impedance means.
PCT/GB2001/005689 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission WO2002053804A1 (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002554299A JP2004517592A (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Underwater pipeline transmission
CA2433736A CA2433736C (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission
KR10-2003-7008992A KR20030069201A (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission
EA200300611A EA200300611A1 (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 TRANSFER OF ELECTRIC ENERGY IN UNDERWATER PIPES
BR0116708-1A BR0116708A (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Underwater Pipeline Power Transmission
EP01272502A EP1368510B1 (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission
APAP/P/2003/002777A AP2003002777A0 (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission
MXPA03005788A MXPA03005788A (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission.
NO20033025A NO336079B1 (en) 2001-01-03 2003-07-01 System and method for power transmission in submarine pipelines

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0100104.9 2001-01-03
GBGB0100104.9A GB0100104D0 (en) 2001-01-03 2001-01-03 Subsea pipeline power transmission

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002053804A1 true WO2002053804A1 (en) 2002-07-11

Family

ID=9906187

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2001/005689 WO2002053804A1 (en) 2001-01-03 2001-12-20 Subsea pipeline power transmission

Country Status (12)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1368510B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2004517592A (en)
KR (1) KR20030069201A (en)
AP (1) AP2003002777A0 (en)
BR (1) BR0116708A (en)
CA (1) CA2433736C (en)
EA (1) EA200300611A1 (en)
GB (1) GB0100104D0 (en)
MX (1) MXPA03005788A (en)
NO (1) NO336079B1 (en)
OA (1) OA12489A (en)
WO (1) WO2002053804A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2486687A (en) * 2010-12-20 2012-06-27 Expro North Sea Ltd Impressed current cathodic protection systems and monitoring

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3340431A1 (en) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-27 Koninklijke Philips N.V. System for impressed current cathodic protection

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0241440A2 (en) * 1986-02-19 1987-10-14 BAC Bergsöe Anti Corrosion AB Control system for electrochemical protection on submersible metal structures
EP0479519A1 (en) * 1990-10-02 1992-04-08 Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras Coupling device for pipeline heating system
US5176807A (en) * 1989-02-28 1993-01-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Expandable coil cathodic protection anode
US5627414A (en) * 1995-02-14 1997-05-06 Fordyce M. Brown Automatic marine cathodic protection system using galvanic anodes
WO2001004381A1 (en) * 1999-07-13 2001-01-18 Flight Refuelling Limited Anode monitoring systems and methods

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0241440A2 (en) * 1986-02-19 1987-10-14 BAC Bergsöe Anti Corrosion AB Control system for electrochemical protection on submersible metal structures
US5176807A (en) * 1989-02-28 1993-01-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Expandable coil cathodic protection anode
EP0479519A1 (en) * 1990-10-02 1992-04-08 Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras Coupling device for pipeline heating system
US5627414A (en) * 1995-02-14 1997-05-06 Fordyce M. Brown Automatic marine cathodic protection system using galvanic anodes
WO2001004381A1 (en) * 1999-07-13 2001-01-18 Flight Refuelling Limited Anode monitoring systems and methods

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2486687A (en) * 2010-12-20 2012-06-27 Expro North Sea Ltd Impressed current cathodic protection systems and monitoring

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0100104D0 (en) 2001-02-14
EA200300611A1 (en) 2003-12-25
AP2003002777A0 (en) 2003-06-30
KR20030069201A (en) 2003-08-25
CA2433736C (en) 2010-04-06
OA12489A (en) 2006-05-24
MXPA03005788A (en) 2003-09-10
NO20033025L (en) 2003-09-03
JP2004517592A (en) 2004-06-10
EP1368510B1 (en) 2012-07-25
BR0116708A (en) 2003-12-23
NO336079B1 (en) 2015-05-04
EP1368510A1 (en) 2003-12-10
CA2433736A1 (en) 2002-07-11
NO20033025D0 (en) 2003-07-01

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