WO2002045190A1 - Resilient mandrel for battery electrode assembly - Google Patents

Resilient mandrel for battery electrode assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002045190A1
WO2002045190A1 PCT/US2001/051050 US0151050W WO0245190A1 WO 2002045190 A1 WO2002045190 A1 WO 2002045190A1 US 0151050 W US0151050 W US 0151050W WO 0245190 A1 WO0245190 A1 WO 0245190A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mandrel
leaves
web
electrode assembly
central section
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/051050
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Andrew J. Szyszkowski
Original Assignee
Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research filed Critical Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research
Priority to EP01986560A priority Critical patent/EP1348237B1/en
Priority to AU2002237744A priority patent/AU2002237744A1/en
Publication of WO2002045190A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002045190A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H75/00—Storing webs, tapes, or filamentary material, e.g. on reels
    • B65H75/02—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks
    • B65H75/04—Kinds or types
    • B65H75/06—Flat cores, e.g. cards
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H01M10/0431—Cells with wound or folded electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H01M10/049—Processes for forming or storing electrodes in the battery container
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • H01M4/78—Shapes other than plane or cylindrical, e.g. helical
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/06—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid
    • H01M6/10—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid with wound or folded electrodes
    • H01M2006/106—Elliptic wound cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
    • H01M50/103—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure prismatic or rectangular
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to electrode assemblies for use in batteries and the like. More specifically, the invention relates to an electrode assembly comprised of a multilayer web rolled around a mandrel where the web is comprised of a positive electrode layer, a. negative electrode layer, and separation layers separating the positive and negative electrode layers.
  • the electrode assembly housed within a battery case.
  • the electrode assembly generally comprises a so called “jelly-roll” including a positive electrode strip, a negative electrode strip, and separator strips rolled around a central mandrel. Frequently, the central mandrel is removed after the roll is formed to reduce weight.
  • the electrode assembly is preferably shaped to essentially fully occupy the interior volume within the battery case which, most typically, is either cylindrical or prismatic. A suitable electrolyte fills the interior volume around the electrode assembly.
  • a leaf spring is provided between a free end of the electrode structure and an interior wall of the housing for ensuring that the electrode structure remains tightly wound.
  • the present invention is directed to an improved electrode assembly for batteries and the like including a central mandrel configured to exert a resilient outward force on a multilayer web wound around the mandrel.
  • the multilayer web includes a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and a separator layer separating the positive and negative layers.
  • the resilient outward force acts to maintain the tightness of the web roll, thus lowering electrical resistance and enhancing battery cycle life.
  • a preferred mandrel in accordance with the invention is formed of sjieet. metal configured, to define a central section having first and second resilient leaves extending therefrom.
  • the mandrel is preferably configured in the form of an S such that the leaves fold back from the central section.
  • the leaves preferably define substantially planar areas for bearing against an inner turn of the web roll to exert a resilient outward thereagainst.
  • FIGURES Figure 1 A diagrammatically depicts a battery case containing a web wound around a resilient mandrel in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 1 B is a fragmentary sectional view depicting the multiple web layers
  • Figure 2A illustrates a resilient mandrel formed of sheet metal in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2B is a schematic side view of the mandrel of Figure 2A; and Figure 3 diagramatically illustrates a preferred manner of winding positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator layers around the resilient mandrel.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION Attention is initially directed to Figure 1A which diagramatically depicts a battery case 12 defining an interior volume 14.
  • the interior volume 14 is essentially fully occupied by an electrode assembly 16 comprised of a multilayer web 18 wound around a mandrel 20 to form a multitum web roll 22.
  • the volume 14 is generally filled with an electrolyte which fully saturates the roll 22.
  • Figure 1 B depicts an enlarged cross-section of a portion of the multilayer web 18 showing that it is comprised of four layers 24, 26, 28, and 30.
  • Layers 24 and 28 are formed of electrically conductive strip material suitable to function respectively as positive and negative electrodes.
  • Layers 26 and 30 are formed of dielectric strip material functioning to separate the conductive layers 24 and 28.
  • the pressure between the web layers is typically relatively high along the short sides of the prism, attributable to the tight radius turn of the web roll, but lower along the straight portions of the roll, i.e., along the long sides of the prism.
  • the mandrel 20 is configured to exert an outward force against the web roll proximate to the prism long sides to maintain pressure between the web layers.
  • Tight winding minimizes electrical resistance and increases battery cycle life.
  • the mandrel 20 in order to maintain the tightness of the web roll, is designed to exert a resilient outward force against the inner turns of the web roll as represented by force vectors F1 and F2 shown in Figure 1A. More specifically, the mandrel 20 includes first and second leaves 40, 42 which, after preloading, exert a resilient outward force against, the web roll inner turns.
  • Figure 2A comprises an isometric view of a mandrel 20 formed of sheet metal 46 iri accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The sheet metal is bent to define a central section 48 comprised of offset planar portions 50 and 52. Planar portion 50 includes an end portion bent or folded back around edge 54 to define aforementioned leaf 40.
  • planar portion 52 has an end portion bent or folded back around edge 56 to define the ' aforementioned leaf 42.
  • leaf 40 defines an inner surface 5 57 and a substantially planar outer surface 58.
  • leaf 42 defines an inner surface 59 and a substantially planar outer surface 60.
  • Figure 3 depicts a preferred arrangement for initially tightly winding the multilayer web 18 around the mandrel 20. Note initially that the mandrel 20 is slid onto two arbor pins 64, 66 of a winding machine (not shown). Preferably
  • the arbor pins 64, 66 continue through the mandrel 20 to allow the arbor pins to be rotated from both sides of the mandrel.
  • the separator strip 70 is threaded between arbor pin 64 and central section portion 52. The separator strip 70 extends around the arbor pin 64 in both directions to respective supply spools (not shown) for forming the two aforementioned separator layers 26 and
  • the negative electrode strip 28 extends between the arbor pin 66 and the inner surface 57 of leaf 40 and is preferably terminally electrically connected to the conductive mandrel material, as by welding.
  • the positive electrode strip 24 extends between the two separator layers 26, 30 as depicted in Figure 3 and is ultimately welded to the battery case.
  • the conductive strips 28 and 24 extend
  • a tab 72 on the mandrel ( Figure 2A) is preferably used to weld a jumper wire (not shown) to the negative terminal of the battery.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

An improved electrode assembly (16) for batteries and the like including a central mandrel (20) configured to exert a resilient outward force on a multilayer web (18) wound around the mandrel. The multilayer web includes a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and a separator layer separating the positive and negative layers. The resilient outward force acts to maintain the tightness of the web roll, thus lowering electrical resistance and enhancing battery cycle life. The mandrel is preferably formed of sheet metal configured to define an S-shape having a central section and first and second resilient leaves (40, 42) extending therefrom. The leaves preferably define substantially planar areas for bearing against an inner turn of the web roll to exert a resilient outward thereagainst.

Description

TITLE: RESILIENT MANDREL FOR BATTERY ELECTRODE
ASSEMBLY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to electrode assemblies for use in batteries and the like. More specifically, the invention relates to an electrode assembly comprised of a multilayer web rolled around a mandrel where the web is comprised of a positive electrode layer, a. negative electrode layer, and separation layers separating the positive and negative electrode layers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many different battery designs' are described in issued U.S. patents. A list of exemplary battery design patents is offered in Table 1 of U.S. Patent 6,040,082. Other recent battery designs are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,958,088 and 6,037,077.
Essentially all of the aforementioned battery designs are characterized by an electrode assembly housed within a battery case. The electrode assembly generally comprises a so called "jelly-roll" including a positive electrode strip, a negative electrode strip, and separator strips rolled around a central mandrel. Frequently, the central mandrel is removed after the roll is formed to reduce weight. The electrode assembly is preferably shaped to essentially fully occupy the interior volume within the battery case which, most typically, is either cylindrical or prismatic. A suitable electrolyte fills the interior volume around the electrode assembly.
The prior art recognizes the desirability of initially tightly winding the multilayer web and later maintaining- it tightly wound. For example, U.S. Patent
No. 5,603,737 describes: "A leaf spring is provided between a free end of the electrode structure and an interior wall of the housing for ensuring that the electrode structure remains tightly wound". SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to an improved electrode assembly for batteries and the like including a central mandrel configured to exert a resilient outward force on a multilayer web wound around the mandrel. The multilayer web includes a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and a separator layer separating the positive and negative layers. The resilient outward force acts to maintain the tightness of the web roll, thus lowering electrical resistance and enhancing battery cycle life.
A preferred mandrel in accordance with the invention is formed of sjieet. metal configured, to define a central section having first and second resilient leaves extending therefrom. The mandrel is preferably configured in the form of an S such that the leaves fold back from the central section. The leaves preferably define substantially planar areas for bearing against an inner turn of the web roll to exert a resilient outward thereagainst.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 A diagrammatically depicts a battery case containing a web wound around a resilient mandrel in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 1 B is a fragmentary sectional view depicting the multiple web layers;
Figure 2A illustrates a resilient mandrel formed of sheet metal in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention;
Figure 2B is a schematic side view of the mandrel of Figure 2A; and Figure 3 diagramatically illustrates a preferred manner of winding positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator layers around the resilient mandrel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Attention is initially directed to Figure 1A which diagramatically depicts a battery case 12 defining an interior volume 14. The interior volume 14 is essentially fully occupied by an electrode assembly 16 comprised of a multilayer web 18 wound around a mandrel 20 to form a multitum web roll 22. The volume 14 is generally filled with an electrolyte which fully saturates the roll 22.
Figure 1 B depicts an enlarged cross-section of a portion of the multilayer web 18 showing that it is comprised of four layers 24, 26, 28, and 30. Layers 24 and 28 are formed of electrically conductive strip material suitable to function respectively as positive and negative electrodes. Layers 26 and 30 are formed of dielectric strip material functioning to separate the conductive layers 24 and 28.
In a prismatic shaped battery, as represented in Figure 1A, the pressure between the web layers is typically relatively high along the short sides of the prism, attributable to the tight radius turn of the web roll, but lower along the straight portions of the roll, i.e., along the long sides of the prism. In accordance with the present invention, the mandrel 20 is configured to exert an outward force against the web roll proximate to the prism long sides to maintain pressure between the web layers. By maintaining outward pressure against the web layers, the web roll can be maintained tightly wound despite a tendency of the roll to somewhat shrink and swell during normal charging and discharging.
Tight winding minimizes electrical resistance and increases battery cycle life.
More particularly, in accordance with the invention, in order to maintain the tightness of the web roll, the mandrel 20 is designed to exert a resilient outward force against the inner turns of the web roll as represented by force vectors F1 and F2 shown in Figure 1A. More specifically, the mandrel 20 includes first and second leaves 40, 42 which, after preloading, exert a resilient outward force against, the web roll inner turns. Figure 2A comprises an isometric view of a mandrel 20 formed of sheet metal 46 iri accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The sheet metal is bent to define a central section 48 comprised of offset planar portions 50 and 52. Planar portion 50 includes an end portion bent or folded back around edge 54 to define aforementioned leaf 40. Similarly, planar portion 52 has an end portion bent or folded back around edge 56 to define the' aforementioned leaf 42. As shown in Figure 2B, leaf 40 defines an inner surface 5 57 and a substantially planar outer surface 58. Similarly, leaf 42 defines an inner surface 59 and a substantially planar outer surface 60.
It is intended that when the web 18 is initially wound around the mandrel 20, engaging the planar outer surfaces 58, 60, the leaves will be pressed into substantially parallel planes as shown in Figure 1A. Each leaf will
10 in turn produce, a reactive outward force against the web roll inner turns, as . represented by the force vectors F1 and F2.
Figure 3 depicts a preferred arrangement for initially tightly winding the multilayer web 18 around the mandrel 20. Note initially that the mandrel 20 is slid onto two arbor pins 64, 66 of a winding machine (not shown). Preferably
15 the arbor pins 64, 66 continue through the mandrel 20 to allow the arbor pins to be rotated from both sides of the mandrel. Note also that the separator strip 70 is threaded between arbor pin 64 and central section portion 52. The separator strip 70 extends around the arbor pin 64 in both directions to respective supply spools (not shown) for forming the two aforementioned separator layers 26 and
20 30. The negative electrode strip 28 extends between the arbor pin 66 and the inner surface 57 of leaf 40 and is preferably terminally electrically connected to the conductive mandrel material, as by welding. The positive electrode strip 24 extends between the two separator layers 26, 30 as depicted in Figure 3 and is ultimately welded to the battery case. The conductive strips 28 and 24 extend
25 to supply spools (not shown). A tab 72 on the mandrel (Figure 2A) is preferably used to weld a jumper wire (not shown) to the negative terminal of the battery.
It should be apparent from Figure 3 that as the winding machine rotates the arbor pins 64, 66 to rotate the mandrel 20, positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator strip material will be pulled from the respective
30 supply spools (not shown) to form the web roll 22 as depicted in Figure 1 A. With sufficient tension in the strip material, the strips will engage and compress the mandrel leaves as previously described. Once the web roll 22 has been fully wound, the roll and mandrel are slid off the arbor pins 64, 66. The compressed leaves will continue to exert an outward force to maintain the web roll tightly wound.
From the foregoing, it should now be apparent that an improved electrode assembly has been described herein characterized by a mandrel which provides a resilient outward force bearing against the inner turns of a web roll. Although a specific preferred embodiment has been described, it is recognized that variations and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. . . . . . . - .

Claims

CLAIMS We claim:
1. An electrode assembly comprising: a mandrel; said mandrel including a central section having first and second leaves extending therefrom in opposite directions, said leaves being supported for limited resilient movement; and a web wound around said mandrel for compressing said leaves to cause said leaves to exert an outward force against said web. _ . • . . . .
2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said web is comprised of multiple layers including a positive electrode strip, a negative electrode strip, and a separator strip separating said positive and negative electrode strips.
3. The electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein said mandrel comprises an integral sheet forming an S-shape including said central section; and wherein end portions of said sheet are folded back from said central section to form said first and second leaves.
4. The electrode assembly of claim 3 wherein said web is comprised of multiple layers including. a positive electrode strip, a negative electrode strip, and a separator strip separating said positive and negative electrode strips: and wherein said outward force presses exerted by said leaves one of said electrodes strips toward the other of said electrode strips against said separator strip therebetween.
5. The electrode assembly of claim 3 wherein said integral sheet comprises electrically conductive material; and wherein one of said electrode strips electrically contacts said sheet of electrically conductive material.
6. A mandrel for supporting a web wound therearound, said mandrel comprising: a first substantially planar leaf; a second substantially planar leaf, said first and second leaves being oriented to respectively define first and second substantially parallel planes; and wherein said mandrel supports said leaves to exhibit resilient movement substantially perpendicular to said parallel planes for bearing outwardly against a web wound therearound.
7. The mandrel of claim 6 formed of sheet material bent to form an S-shape having a central section and end portions folded back therefrom to form said first and second leaves.
8. A battery comprising: a case defining a fixed interior volume; and an electrode assembly mounted in said case substantially filling said interior volume; said electrode assembly comprising: a mandrel; said mandrel including first and second leaves respectively defining first and second substantially planar surfaces, said leaves being supported for limited resilient movement substantially perpendicular to said planar surfaces; and a web wound around said mandrel bearing against said planar surfaces to compress said leaves and cause said leaves to exert an outward force against said web.
9. The battery of claim 8 wherein said mandrel is comprised of a central section; and wherein said first and second leaves resilientfy extend from said central section.
10. The battery of claim 8 wherein said mandrel comprises an integral sheet forming an S-shape having a central section and end portions folded back therefrom to form said first and second leaves.
11. The battery of claim 10 wherein said web is comprised of multiple layers including a positive electrode strip, a negative electrode strip, and a separator strip separating said positive and negative electrode strips; and wherein said outward force presses exerted by said leaves one of said electrodes strips toward the other of said electrode strips against said separator strip therebetween.
12. The battery of claim 11 wherein said integral sheet comprises electrically conductive material; and wherein one of said electrode strips electrically contacts said sheet of electrically conductive material.
PCT/US2001/051050 2000-11-21 2001-10-26 Resilient mandrel for battery electrode assembly WO2002045190A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP01986560A EP1348237B1 (en) 2000-11-21 2001-10-26 Resilient mandrel for battery electrode assembly
AU2002237744A AU2002237744A1 (en) 2000-11-21 2001-10-26 Resilient mandrel for battery electrode assembly

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/721,824 US6485859B1 (en) 2000-11-21 2000-11-21 Resilient mandrel for battery electrode assembly
US09/721,824 2000-11-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002045190A1 true WO2002045190A1 (en) 2002-06-06

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Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US6485859B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1348237B1 (en)
AU (1) AU2002237744A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2002045190A1 (en)

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US11309575B2 (en) 2017-03-17 2022-04-19 Dyson Technology Limited Energy storage device
US11469461B2 (en) 2017-03-17 2022-10-11 Dyson Technology Limited Energy storage device
US11469441B2 (en) 2017-03-17 2022-10-11 Dyson Technology Limited Energy storage device
US11469442B2 (en) 2017-03-17 2022-10-11 Dyson Technology Limited Energy storage device

Also Published As

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EP1348237B1 (en) 2011-08-03
EP1348237A4 (en) 2004-04-21
AU2002237744A1 (en) 2002-06-11
EP1348237A1 (en) 2003-10-01
US6485859B1 (en) 2002-11-26

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