WO2002044201A2 - Haplotypes du gene sah - Google Patents

Haplotypes du gene sah Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002044201A2
WO2002044201A2 PCT/US2001/047011 US0147011W WO0244201A2 WO 2002044201 A2 WO2002044201 A2 WO 2002044201A2 US 0147011 W US0147011 W US 0147011W WO 0244201 A2 WO0244201 A2 WO 0244201A2
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sah
haplotype
ofthe
seq
gene
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PCT/US2001/047011
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English (en)
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WO2002044201A3 (fr
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Karyn M. Bieglecki
Anne Chew
David P. Russo
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Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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Priority to AU2002230657A priority Critical patent/AU2002230657A1/en
Publication of WO2002044201A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002044201A2/fr
Publication of WO2002044201A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002044201A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/172—Haplotypes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to variation in genes that encode pha ⁇ naceutically-important proteins.
  • this invention provides genetic variants of the human SA (rat hypertension-associated) homolog (SAH) gene and methods for identifying which variant(s) of this gene is/are possessed by an individual.
  • SA rat hypertension-associated homolog
  • haplotype is the ordered combination of polymorphisms in the sequence of each form of a gene that exists in the population. Because haplotypes represent the variation across each form of a gene, they provide a more accurate and reliable measurement of genetic variation than individual polymorphisms. For example, while specific variations in gene sequences have been associated with a particular phenotype such as disease susceptibility (Roses AD supra; Ulbrecht M et al. 2000 Am JRespir Crit Care Med 161: 469-74) and drug response (Wolfe CR et al.
  • SA rat hypertension-associated homolog
  • SAH rat hypertension-associated homolog
  • SA is the human homolog of the rat SA gene, which was identified as a potential locus involved in hypertension based on its differential expression in hypertensive versus normotensive mice.
  • SA is expressed at 10-fold greater levels in the kidney of the spontaneously hypertensive rat compared with the normotensive Wistar- Kyoto rat (Nabika et al., Hypertension 1995 Jan;25(l):6-13).
  • the gene In rats, the gene is linked to blood pressure levels in a number of crosses involving the spontaneously hypertensive rat and other strains of genetically hypertensive rats, providing strong evidence of a genetic cause for hypertension.
  • the SAH gene is expressed in the kidneys (Harrap et al., Clin Sci (Colch) 1995; 88(6):665-70). Predisposition to hypertension is associated with renal haemodynamic abnormalities and increased renal SAH gene expression.
  • the SA (rat hypertension-associated) homolog gene is located on chromosome 16pl3.11 and contains 9 exons that encode a 430 amino acid protein.
  • a reference sequence for the SAH gene is shown in the contiguous lines of Figure 1 (Genaissance Reference No. 6268907; SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • Reference sequences for the coding sequence (GenBank Accession No. NM_005622.1) and protein are shown in Figures 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and 3 (SEQ ID NO: 3), respectively.
  • PS1 a guanine or thymine at nucleotide 1343, herein referred to as PS1 (NCBI SNP ID: rs5709); a thymine or cytosine at nucleotide 1434, herein referred to as PS2 (NCBI SNP ID: rs5710); a thymine or cytosine at nucleotide 13371, herein referred to as PS4 (NCBI SNP ID: rs5713); a cytosine or adenine at nucleotide 13643, herein referred to as PS7 (NCBI SNP ID: rsl80032); a polymorphism of thymine or cytosine at nucleotide 14983, herein referred to as PS10 (NCBI SNP ID: rs5714
  • polymorphic sites correspond to the following nucleotide positions in Figure 1: 1493 (PS3), 13374 (PS5), 13598 (PS6), 14720 (PS8), 14941 (PS9), 15076 (PS11), 18400 (PS13), 18452 (PS14), 19045 (PS15), 19090 (PS16), 19260 (PS17) and 22639 (PS18).
  • the polymorphisms at these sites are guanine or adenine at PS3, guanine or thymine at PS5, guanine or adenine at PS6, cytosine or adenine at PS8, cytosine or thymine at PS9, adenine or guanine at PS 11, cytosine or thymine at PS13, guanine or cytosine at PS14, adenine or cytosine at PS15, guanine or adenine at PS 16, adenine or thymine at PS 17 and thymine or cytosine at PS 18.
  • the inventors have determined the identity of the alleles at these sites, as well as at the previously identified sites at nucleotide positions 1343 (PS1), 1434 (PS2), 13371 (PS4), 13643 (PS7), 14983 (PS10) and 18319 (PS 12), in a human reference population of 79 unrelated individuals self-identified as belonging to one of four major population groups: African descent, Asian, Caucasian and Hispanic/Latino. From this information, the inventors deduced a set of haplotypes and haplotype pairs for PS1-PS18 in the SAH gene, which are shown below in Tables 5 and 4, respectively.
  • each of these SAH haplotypes constitutes a code that defines the variant nucleotides that exist in the human population at this set of polymorphic sites in the SAH gene.
  • each SAH haplotype also represents a naturally-occurring isoform (also referred to herein as an "isogene") of the SAH gene.
  • the frequency of each haplotype and haplotype pair within the total reference population and within each of the four major population groups included in the reference population was also determined.
  • the invention provides a method, composition and kit for genotyping the SAH gene in an individual.
  • the genotyping method comprises identifying the nucleotide pair that is present at one or more polymorphic sites selected from the group consisting of PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PS11, PS13, PS14, PS15, PS16, PS17 and PS18 in both copies of the SAH gene from the individual.
  • a genotyping composition of the invention comprises an oligonucleotide probe or primer which is designed to specifically hybridize to a target region containing, or adjacent to, one of these novel SAH polymorphic sites.
  • a genotyping kit of the invention comprises a set of oligonucleotides designed to genotype each of these novel SAH polymorphic sites.
  • the genotyping kit comprises a set of oligonucleotides designed to genotype each of PS 1 -PS 18.
  • the genotyping method, composition, and kit are useful in determining whether an individual has one of the haplotypes in Table 5 below or has one of the haplotype pairs in Table 4 ' below.
  • the invention also provides a method for haplotyping the SAH gene in an individual.
  • the haplotyping method comprises determining, for one copy of the SAH gene, the identity of the nucleotide at one or more polymorphic sites selected from the group consisting of PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PS11, PS13, PS14, PS15, PS16, PS17 and PS18.
  • the haplotyping method comprises determining whether one copy of the individual's SAH gene is defined by one of the SAH haplotypes shown in Table 5, below, or a sub-haplotype thereof.
  • the haplotyping method comprises determining whether both copies of the individual's SAH gene are defined by one of the SAH haplotype pairs shown in Table 4 below, or a sub-haplotype pair thereof. Establishing the SAH haplotype or haplotype pair of an individual is useful for improving the efficiency and reliability of several steps in the discovery and development of drugs for treating diseases associated with SAH activity, e.g., hypertension.
  • the haplotyping method can be used by the pharmaceutical research scientist to validate SAH as a candidate target for treatmg a specific condition or disease predicted to be associated with SAH activity. Determining for a particular population the frequency of one or more of the individual SAH haplotypes or haplotype pairs described herein will facilitate a decision on whether to pursue SAH as a target for treating the specific disease of interest. In particular, if variable SAH activity is associated with the disease, then one or more SAH haplotypes or haplotype pairs will be found at a higher frequency in disease cohorts than in appropriately genetically matched controls.
  • variable SAH activity has little, if any, involvement with that disease.
  • the pharmaceutical research scientist can, without a priori knowledge as to the phenotypic effect of any SAH haplotype or haplotype pair, apply the information derived from detecting SAH haplotypes in an individual to decide whether modulating SAH activity would be useful in treating the disease.
  • the claimed invention is also useful in screening for compounds targeting SAH to treat a specific condition or disease predicted to be associated with SAH activity. For example, detecting which of the SAH haplotypes or haplotype pairs disclosed herein are present in individual members of a population with the specific disease of interest enables the pharmaceutical scientist to screen for a compound(s) that displays the highest desired agonist or antagonist activity for each of the SAH isoforms present in the disease population, or for only the most frequent SAH isoforms present in the disease population.
  • the claimed haplotyping method provides the scientist with a tool to identify lead compounds that are more likely to show efficacy in clinical trials.
  • Haplotyping the SAH gene in an individual is also useful in the design of clinical trials of candidate drugs for treating a specific condition or disease predicted to be associated with SAH activity. For example, instead of randomly assigning patients with the disease of interest to the treatment or control group as is typically done now, determining which of the SAH haplotype(s) disclosed herein are present in individual patients enables the pharmaceutical scientist to distribute SAH haplotypes and/or haplotype pairs evenly to treatment and control groups, thereby reducing the potential for bias in the results that could be introduced by a larger frequency of a SAH haplotype or haplotype pair that is associated with response to the drug being studied in the trial, even if this association was previously unknown. Thus, by practicing the claimed invention, the scientist can more confidently rely on the information learned from the trial, without first determining the phenotypic effect of any SAH haplotype or haplotype pair.
  • the invention provides a method for identifying an association between a trait and a SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair for one or more of the novel polymorphic sites described herein.
  • the method comprises comparing the frequency of the SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair in a population exhibiting the trait with the frequency of the
  • SAH genotype or haplotype in a reference population.
  • a higher frequency of the SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair in the trait population than in the reference population indicates the trait is associated with the SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair.
  • the trait is susceptibility to a disease, severity of a disease, the staging of a disease or response to a drug.
  • the SAH haplotype is selected from the haplotypes shown in Table 5, or a sub-haplotype thereof. Such methods have applicability in developing diagnostic tests and therapeutic treatments for hypertension.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence which is a polymorphic variant of a reference sequence for the SAH gene or a fragment thereof.
  • the reference sequence comprises the contiguous sequences shown in Figure 1 and the polymo ⁇ hic variant comprises at least one polymorphism selected from the group consisting of adenine at PS3, thymine at PS5, ademne at PS6, adenine at PS8, thymine at PS9, guanine at PSl 1, thymine at PS 13, cytosine at PS 14, cytosine at PS 15, adenine at PS 16, thymine at PS 17 and cytosine at PS 18.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic variant comprises one or more additional polymo ⁇ hisms selected from the group consisting of thymine at PSl, cytosine at PS2, cytosine at PS4, adenine at PS7, cytosine at PS 10 and cytosine at PS 12.
  • a particularly preferred polymo ⁇ hic variant is an isogene of the SAH gene.
  • a SAH isogene of the invention comprises guamne or thymine at PSl, thymine or cytosine at PS2, guanine or adenine at PS3, thymine or cytosine at PS4, guanine or thymine at PS5, guamne or adenine at PS6, cytosine or adenine at PS7, cytosine or adenine at PS8, cytosine or thymine at PS9, thymine or cytosine at PS10, adenine or guanine at PSl 1, thymine or cytosine at PS12, cytosine or thymine at PS13, guanine or cytosine at PS 14, adenine or cytosine at PS 15, guani ⁇ e or adenine at PSl 6, adenine or thymine at PS17 and thymine or
  • the invention provides a polynucleotide comprising a polymo ⁇ hic variant of a reference sequence for a SAH cDNA or a fragment thereof.
  • the reference sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:2 (Fig.2) and the polymo ⁇ hic cDNA comprises at least one polymo ⁇ hism selected from the group consisting of thymine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 278, thymine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 522 and cytosine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 784.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic variant comprises one or more additional polymo ⁇ hisms selected from the group consisting of cytosine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 275 and cytosine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 564.
  • a particularly preferred polymo ⁇ hic cDNA variant comprises the coding sequence of a SAH isogene defined by haplotypes 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 18 and 19.
  • polymo ⁇ hic variants of the SAH gene will be useful in studying the expression and function of SAH, and in expressing SAH protein for use in screening for candidate drugs to treat diseases related to SAH activity.
  • the invention provides a recombinant expression vector comprising one of the polymo ⁇ hic genomic and cDNA variants operably linked to expression regulatory elements as well as a recombinant host cell transformed or transfected with the expression vector.
  • the recombinant vector and host cell may be used to express SAH for protein structure analysis and drug binding studies.
  • the invention provides a polypeptide comprising a polymo ⁇ hic variant of a reference amino acid sequence for the SAH protein.
  • the reference amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:3 (Fig.3) and the polymo ⁇ hic variant comprises at least one variant amino acid selected from the group consisting of valine at a position corresponding to amino acid position 93 and histidine at a position corresponding to amino acid position 262.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic variant also comprises proline at a position corresponding to amino acid position 92.
  • a polymo ⁇ hic variant of SAH is useful in studying the effect of the variation on the biological activity of SAH as well as on the binding affinity of candidate drugs targeting SAH for the treatment of hypertension.
  • the present invention also provides antibodies that recognize and bind to the above polymo ⁇ hic SAH protein variant. Such antibodies can be utilized in a variety of diagnostic and prognostic formats and therapeutic methods.
  • the present invention also provides nonhuman transgenic animals comprising one or more of the SAH polymo ⁇ hic genomic variants described herein and methods for producing such animals.
  • the transgenic animals are useful for studying expression of the SAH isogenes in vivo, for in vivo screening and testing of drugs targeted against SAH protein, and for testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents and compounds for hypertension in a biological system.
  • the present invention also provides a computer system for storing and displaying polymo ⁇ hism data determined for the SAH gene.
  • the computer system comprises a computer processing unit; a display; and a database containing the polymo ⁇ hism data.
  • the polymo ⁇ hism data includes one or more of the following: the polymo ⁇ hisms, the genotypes, the haplotypes, and the haplotype pairs identified for the SAH gene in a reference population.
  • the computer system is capable of producing a display showing SAH haplotypes organized according to their evolutionary relationships.
  • Figure i illustrates a reference sequence for the SAH gene (Genaissance Reference No. 6268907; contiguous lines), with the start and stop positions of each region of coding sequence indicated with a bracket ([ or ]) and the numerical position below the sequence and the polymo ⁇ hic site(s) and polymo ⁇ hism(s) identified by AppUcants in a reference population indicated by the variant nucleotide positioned below the polymo ⁇ hic site in the sequence.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 is equivalent to
  • SEQ ID NO:66 is a modified version of SEQ ID NO: 1 that shows the context sequence of each polymo ⁇ hic site, PS1-PS18, in a uniform format to facilitate electronic searching.
  • SEQ ID NO:66 contains a block of 60 bases of the nucleotide sequence encompassing the centrally-located polymo ⁇ hic site at the 30 th position, followed by 60 bases of unspecified sequence to represent that each PS is separated by genomic sequence whose composition is defined elsewhere herein.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a reference sequence for the SAH coding sequence (contiguous lines; SEQ ID NO:2), with the polymo ⁇ hic site(s) and polymo ⁇ hism(s) identified by Applicants in a reference population indicated by the variant nucleotide positioned below the polymo ⁇ hic site in the sequence.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a reference sequence for the SAH protein (contiguous lines; SEQ ID NO:3), with the variant amino acid(s) caused by the polymo ⁇ hism(s) of Figure 2 positioned below the polymo ⁇ hic site in the sequence.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery of novel variants of the SAH gene.
  • the inventors herein discovered 20 isogenes of the SAH gene by characterizing the SAH gene found in genomic DNAs isolated from an Index Repository that contains immortalized cell lines from one chimpanzee and 93 human individuals.
  • the human individuals included a reference population of 79 unrelated individuals self-identified as belonging to one of four major population groups: Caucasian (21 individuals), African descent (20 individuals), Asian (20 individuals), or Hispanic/Latino (18 individuals). To the extent possible, the members of this reference population were organized into population subgroups by their self-identified ethnogeographic origin as shown in Table 1 below.
  • the Index Repository contains three unrelated indigenous American Indians (one from each of North, Central and South America), one three-generation Caucasian family (from the CEPH Utah cohort) and one two-generation African- American family.
  • the SAH isogenes present in the human reference population are defined by haplotypes for 18 polymo ⁇ hic sites in the SAH gene, 12 of which are believed to be novel.
  • the SAH polymo ⁇ hic sites identified by the inventors are referred to as PS1-PS18 to designate the order in which they are located in the gene (see Table 3 below), with the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites referred to as PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PSl 1, PS13, PS14, PS15, PS16, PS17 and PS18.
  • the inventors herein also determined the pair of haplotypes for the SAH gene present in individual human members of this repository.
  • the human genotypes and haplotypes found in the repository for the SAH gene include those shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
  • the polymo ⁇ hism and haplotype data disclosed herein are useful for validating whether SAH is a suitable target for drugs to treat hypertension, screening for such drugs and reducing bias in clinical trials of such drugs.
  • the following terms shall be defined as follows unless otherwise indicated:
  • Allele - A particular form of a genetic locus, distinguished from other forms by its particular nucleotide sequence.
  • Candidate Gene - A gene which is hypothesized to be responsible for a disease, condition, or the response to a treatment, or to be correlated with one of these.
  • Gene - A segment of DNA that contains all the information for the regulated biosynthesis of an RNA product, including promoters, exons, introns, and other untranslated regions that control expression.
  • Genotype An unphased 5 ' to 3 ' sequence of nucleotide pair(s) found at one or more polymo ⁇ hic sites in a locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes in an individual.
  • genotype includes a full-genotype and/or a sub-genotype as described below.
  • Full-genotype The unphased 5' to 3' sequence of nucleotide pairs found at all polymo ⁇ hic sites examined herein in a locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes in a single individual.
  • Sub-genotype The unphased 5 ' to 3 ' sequence of nucleotides seen at a subset of the . polymo ⁇ hic sites examined herein in a locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes in a single individual.
  • Genotyping A process for determining a genotype of an individual.
  • Haplotype A 5 ' to 3 ' sequence of nucleotides found at one or more polymo ⁇ hic sites in a locus on a single chromosome from a single individual.
  • haplotype includes a full- haplotype and/or a sub-haplotype as described below.
  • Full-haplotype The 5' to 3' sequence of nucleotides found at all polymo ⁇ hic sites examined herein in a locus on a single chromosome from a single individual.
  • Sub-haplotype The 5' to 3' sequence of nucleotides seen at a subset of the polymo ⁇ hic sites examined herein in a locus on a single chromosome from a single individual.
  • Haplotype pair The two haplotypes found for a locus in a single individual.
  • Haplotyping A process for determining one or more haplotypes in an individual and includes use of family pedigrees, molecular techniques and/or statistical inference.
  • Haplotype data Information concerning one or more of the following for a specific gene: a listing of the haplotype pairs in each individual in a population; a listing of the different haplotypes in a population; frequency of each haplotype in that or other populations, and any known associations between one or more haplotypes and a trait.
  • Isoform - A particular form of a gene, mRNA, cDNA, coding sequence or the protein encoded thereby, distinguished from other forms by its particular sequence and/or structure.
  • Isogene - One of the isoforms (e.g., alleles) of a gene found in a population.
  • An isogene (or allele) contains all of the polymorphisms present in the particular isoform of the gene.
  • Isolated - As applied to a biological molecule such as RNA, DNA, oligonucleotide, or protein, isolated means the molecule is substantially free of other biological molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or other material such as cellular debris and growth media.
  • isolated is not intended to refer to a complete absence of such material or to absence of water, buffers, or salts, unless they are present in amounts that substantially interfere with the methods of the present invention.
  • Locus - A location on a chromosome or DNA molecule corresponding to a gene or a physical or phenotypic feature, where physical features include polymo ⁇ hic sites.
  • Naturally-occurring A term used to designate that the object it is applied to, e.g., naturally- occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide, can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by man.
  • Nucleotide pair The nucleotides found at a polymo ⁇ hic site on the two copies of a chromosome from an individual.
  • Phased As applied to a sequence of nucleotide pairs for two or more polymo ⁇ hic sites in a locus, phased means the combination of nucleotides present at those polymo ⁇ hic sites on a single copy of the locus is known.
  • Polymorphic site (PS) A position on a chromosome or DNA molecule at which at least two alternative sequences are found in a population.
  • Polymorphic variant (variant)- A gene, mRNA, cDNA, polypeptide, protein or peptide whose nucleotide or amino acid sequence varies from a reference sequence due to the presence of a polymo ⁇ hism in the gene.
  • Polymorphism The sequence variation observed in an individual at a polymo ⁇ hic site.
  • Polymo ⁇ hisms include nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions and microsatellites and may, but need not, result in detectable differences in gene expression or protein function.
  • Polymorphism data Information concerning one or more of the following for a specific gene: location of polymo ⁇ hic sites; sequence variation at those sites; frequency of polymo ⁇ hisms in one or more populations; the different genotypes and/or haplotypes determined for the gene; frequency of one or more of these genotypes and/or haplotypes in one or more populations; any known association(s) between a trait and a genotype or a haplotype for the gene.
  • Polymorphism Database A collection of polymo ⁇ fyism data arranged in a systematic or methodical way and capable of being individually accessed by electronic or other means.
  • Polynucleotide A nucleic acid molecule comprised of single-stranded RNA or DNA or comprised of complementary, double-stranded DNA.
  • Reference Population A group of subjects or individuals who are predicted to be representative of the genetic variation found in the general population.
  • the reference population represents the genetic variation in the population at a certainty level of at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% and even more preferably at least 99%.
  • SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
  • Subject A human individual whose genotypes or haplotypes or response to treatment or disease state are to be determined.
  • Treatment A stimulus administered internally or externally to a subject.
  • Unphased - As applied to a sequence of nucleotide pairs for two or more polymo ⁇ hic sites in a locus, unphased means the combination of nucleotides present at those polymo ⁇ ic sites on a single copy of the locus is not known.
  • the invention also provides compositions and methods for detecting the novel SAH polymo ⁇ hisms, haplotypes and haplotype pairs identified herein.
  • compositions comprise at least one oligonucleotide for detecting the variant nucleotide or nucleotide pair located at a novel SAH polymo ⁇ hic site in one copy or two copies of the SAH gene.
  • oligonucleotides are referred to herein as SAH haplotyping oligonucleotides or genotyping oligonucleotides, respectively, and collectively as SAH oligonucleotides.
  • a SAH haplotyping or genotyping oligonucleotide is a probe or primer capable of hybridizing to a target region that contains, or that is located close to, one of the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein.
  • oligonucleotide refers to a polynucleotide molecule having less than about 100 nucleotides.
  • a preferred oligonucleotide of the invention is 10 to 35 nucleotides long. More preferably, the oligonucleotide is between 15 and 30, and most preferably, between 20 and 25 nucleotides in length. The exact length of the oligonucleotide will depend on many factors that are routinely considered and practiced by the skilled artisan.
  • oligonucleotide may be comprised of any phosphorylation state of ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, and acyclic nucleotide derivatives, and other functionally equivalent derivatives.
  • oligonucleotides may have a phosphate-free backbone, which may be comprised of linkages such as carboxymethyl, acetamidate, carbamate, polyamide (peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) and the like (Varma, R. in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A Comprehensive Desk Reference, Ed. R. Meyers, VCH Publishers, Inc. (1995), pages 617-620).
  • Oligonucleotides of the invention may be prepared by chemical synthesis using any suitable methodology known in the art, or may be derived from a biological sample, for example, by restriction digestion.
  • the oligonucleotides may be labeled, according to any technique known in the art, including use of radiolabels, fluorescent labels, enzymatic labels, proteins, haptens, antibodies, sequence tags and the like.
  • Haplotyping or genotyping oligonucleotides of the invention must be capable of specifically hybridizing to a target region of a SAH polynucleotide.
  • the target region is located in a SAH isogene.
  • specific hybridization means the oligonucleotide forms an anti-parallel double-stranded structure with the target region under certain hybridizing conditions, while failing to form such a structure when incubated with another region in the SAH polynucleotide or with a non- SAH polynucleotide under the same hybridizing conditions.
  • the oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the target region under conventional high stringency conditions.
  • a nucleic acid molecule such as an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide is said to be a "perfect” or “complete” complement of another nucleic acid molecule if every nucleotide of one of the molecules is complementary to the nucleotide at the corresponding position of the other molecule.
  • a nucleic acid molecule is "substantially complementary” to another molecule if it hybridizes to that molecule with sufficient stability to remain in a duplex form under conventional low-stringency conditions. Conventional hybridization conditions are described, for example, by Sambrook J. et al., in Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1989) and by Haymes, B.D.
  • an oligonucleotide primer may have a non-complementary fragment at its 5 ' end, with the remainder of the primer being complementary to the target region.
  • non-complementary nucleotides may be interspersed into the probe or primer as long as the resulting probe or primer is still capable of specifically hybridizing to the target region.
  • ASO allele-specific oligonucleotide
  • allele-specificity will depend upon a variety of readily optimized stringency conditions, including salt and formamide concentrations, as well as temperatures for both the hybridization and washing steps. Examples of hybridization and washing conditions typically used for ASO probes are found in Kogan et al., "Genetic Prediction of Hemophilia A" in PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications,
  • an ASO will be perfectly complementary to one allele while containing a single mismatch for another allele.
  • Allele-specific oligonucleotides of the invention include ASO probes and ASO primers.
  • ASO probes which usually provide good discrimination between different alleles are those in which a central position of the oligonucleotide probe aligns with the polymo ⁇ hic site in the target region (e.g., approximately the 7 th or 8 th position in a 15mer, the 8 th or 9 th position in a 16mer, and the 10 th or 11 th position in a 20mer).
  • An ASO primer of the invention has a 3' terminal nucleotide, or preferably a 3' penultimate nucleotide, that is complementary to only one nucleotide of a particular SNP, thereby acting as a primer for polymerase-mediated extension only if the allele containing that nucleotide is present.
  • ASO probes and primers hybridizing to either the coding or noncoding strand are contemplated by the invention.
  • a preferred ASO probe for detecting SAH gene polymo ⁇ hisms comprises a nucleotide sequence, listed 5' to 3', selected from the group consisting of:
  • AAACTGAMTAACTCA (SEQ ID NO 7) and its complement
  • AAAGGAARGGCAACA (SEQ ID NO 9) and its complement
  • AAAAGGTMAGAATGT (SEQ ID NO 12) and its complement
  • a preferred ASO primer for detecting SAH gene polymo ⁇ hisms comprises a nucleotide sequence, listed 5 ' to 3', selected from the group consisting of:
  • TTTGAGGAACTGGKA SEQ ID NO 18 • TCTGGACAGAGATMC (SEQ ID NO 19); TTTATTTTGTTGTRG (SEQ ID NO 20) TTGACAATAAGCCYA (SEQ ID NO 21);
  • TTCCCAAAAGGAARG SEQ ID NO 26
  • TTTTATTGTTGCCYT SEQ ID NO 27
  • ATTTTCCTATGTAYA (SEQ ID NO 28) , GAGTAGCCCTGATRT (SEQ ID NO 29); TTTGACACCCTCASA (SEQ ID NO 30) TTCCACATCACATST (SEQ ID NO 31);
  • TACAAGAAAAGGTMA (SEQ ID NO 32) • GTAAATACATTCTKA (SEQ ID NO 33);
  • AATGTTAGTAAATWG (SEQ ID NO 36) CCCACTAGATGCCWA (SEQ ID NO 37);
  • TCCACAGTCTCCTYA SEQ ID NO 38
  • CTCAAATAATCATRA SEQ ID NO:39
  • oligonucleotides of the invention hybridize to a target region located one to several nucleotides downstream of one of the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites identified herein. Such oligonucleotides are useful in polymerase-mediated primer extension methods for detecting one of the novel polymo ⁇ hisms described herein and therefore such oligonucleotides are referred to herein as "primer-extension oligonucleotides".
  • the 3 '-terminus of a primer- extension oligonucleotide is a deoxynucleotide complementary to the nucleotide located immediately adjacent to the polymo ⁇ hic site.
  • a particularly preferred oligonucleotide primer for detecting SAH gene polymo ⁇ hisms by primer extension terminates in a nucleotide sequence, listed 5' to 3', selected from the group consisting of: CGAGGAAAAA (SEQ ID NO:40) , CTCCCTCTTC(SEQ ID NO 41);
  • GAGGAACTGG (SEQ ID NO: 42) , GGACAGAGAT(SEQ ID NO 43);
  • ATTTTGTTGT SEQ ID NO:44
  • ACAATAAGCC SEQ ID NO 45
  • GGTAAACTGA SEQ ID NO:46
  • GAGTGAGTTA SEQ ID NO 47
  • CAGCAGTAGA (SEQ ID NO:48) ⁇ ATGCAACAGC(SEQ ID NO 49) ;
  • TTCCTATGTA (SEQ ID NO: 52) TAGCCCTGAT(SEQ ID NO 53) ;
  • GACACCCTCA (SEQ ID NO: 54) • CACATCACAT(SEQ ID NO 55) ;
  • AAGAAAAGGT SEQ ID NO:56
  • AATACATTCT SEQ ID NO 57
  • ATTGTGCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 58) CTTTGGTTGA(SEQ ID NO 59) ;
  • GTTAGTAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 60) • ACTAGATGCC ( SEQ ID NO 61) ;
  • a composition contains two or more differently labeled SAH oligonucleotides for simultaneously probing the identity of nucleotides or nucleotide pairs at two or more polymo ⁇ hic sites. It is also contemplated that primer compositions may contain two or more sets of allele-specific primer pairs to allow simultaneous targeting and amplification of two or more regions containing a polymo ⁇ hic site.
  • SAH oligonucleotides of the invention may also be immobilized on or synthesized on a solid surface such as a microchip, bead, or glass slide (see, e.g., WO 98/20020 and WO 98/20019). Such immobilized oligonucleotides may be used in a variety of polymo ⁇ hism detection assays, including but not limited to probe hybridization and polymerase extension assays.
  • Immobilized SAH oligonucleotides of the invention may comprise an ordered array of oligonucleotides designed to rapidly screen a DNA sample for polymo ⁇ hisms in multiple genes at the same time.
  • the invention provides a kit comprising at least two SAH oligonucleotides packaged in separate containers.
  • the kit may also contain other components such as hybridization buffer (where the oligonucleotides are to be used as a probe) packaged in a separate container.
  • the kit may contain, packaged in separate containers, a polymerase and a reaction buffer optimized for primer extension mediated by the polymerase, such as PCR.
  • the above described oligonucleotide compositions and kits are useful in methods for genotyping and/or haplotyping the SAH gene in an individual.
  • SAH genotype and “SAH haplotype” mean the genotype or haplotype contains the nucleotide pair or nucleotide, respectively, that is present at one or more of the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein and may optionally also include the nucleotide pair or nucleotide present at one or more additional polymo ⁇ hic sites in the SAH gene.
  • the additional polymo ⁇ hic sites may be currently known polymo ⁇ hic sites or sites that are subsequently discovered.
  • One embodiment of a genotyping method of the invention involves isolating from the individual a nucleic acid sample comprising the two copies of the SAH gene, mRNA transcripts thereof or cDNA copies thereof, or a fragment of any of the foregoing, that are present in the individual, and determining the identity of the nucleotide pair at one or more polymo ⁇ hic sites selected from the group consisting of PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PSl 1, PS13, PS14, PS15, PS16, PS17 and PS 18 in the two copies to assign a SAH genotype to the individual.
  • the two “copies" of a gene, mRNA or cDNA (or fragment of such SAH molecules) in an individual may be the same allele or may be different alleles.
  • the identity of the nucleotide pair at one or more of the polymo ⁇ hic sites selected from the group consisting of PSl, PS2, PS4, PS7, PS 10 and PS 12 is also determined.
  • a genotyping method of the invention comprises determining the identity of the nucleotide pair at each of PS1-PS18.
  • the nucleic acid sample is isolated from a biological sample taken from the individual, such as a blood sample or tissue sample.
  • Suitable tissue samples include whole blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine, fecal material, sweat, buccal, skin and hair.
  • the nucleic acid sample may be comprised of genomic DNA, mRNA, or cDNA and, in the latter two cases, the biological sample must be obtained from a tissue in which the SAH gene is expressed.
  • mRNA or cDNA preparations would not be used to detect polymo ⁇ hisms located in introns or in 5 ' and 3 ' untranslated regions if not present in the mRNA or cDNA. If a SAH gene fragment is isolated, it must contain the polymo ⁇ hic site(s) to be genotyped.
  • One embodiment of a haplotyping method of the invention comprises isolating from the individual a nucleic acid sample containing only one of the two copies of the SAH gene, mRNA or cDNA, or a fragment of such SAH molecules, that is present in the individual and determining in that copy the identity of the nucleotide at one or more polymo ⁇ hic sites selected from the group consisting of PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PS11, PS13, PS14, PS15, PS16, PS17 and PS18 in that copy to assign a SAH haplotype to the individual.
  • the nucleic acid used in the above haplotyping methods of the invention may be isolated using any method capable of separating the two copies of the SAH gene or fragment such as one of the methods described above for preparing SAH isogenes, with targeted in vivo cloning being the preferred approach.
  • any individual clone will typically only provide haplotype information on one of the two SAH gene copies present in an individual. If haplotype information is desired for the individual's other copy, additional SAH clones will usually need to be examined. Typically, at least five clones should be examined to have more than a 90% probability of haplotyping both copies of the SAH gene in an individual.
  • the haplotype for the other allele may be inferred if the individual has a known genotype for the polymo ⁇ hic sites of interest or if the haplotype frequency or haplotype pair frequency for the individual's population group is known.
  • the SAH haplotype is assigned to the individual by also identifying the nucleotide at one or more polymo ⁇ hic sites selected from the group consisting of PSl, PS2, PS4, PS 7,
  • the nucleotide at each of PS1-PS18 is identified.
  • the haplotyping method comprises determining whether an individual has one or more of the SAH haplotypes shown in Table 5. This can be accomplished by identifying, for one or both copies of the individual's SAH gene, the phased sequence of nucleotides present at each of PS1-PS18. This identifying step does not necessarily require that each of PS1-PS18 be directly examined. Typically only a subset of PS1-PS18 will need to be directly examined to assign to an individual one or more of the haplotypes shown in Table 5. This is because at least one polymo ⁇ hic site in a gene is frequently in strong linkage disequilibrium with one or more other polymo ⁇ hic sites in that gene (Drysdale, CM et al.
  • a SAH haplotype pair is determined for an individual by identifying the phased sequence of nucleotides at one or more polymo ⁇ hic sites selected from the group consisting of PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PS11, PS13, PS14, PS 15, PS 16, PS 17 and PS 18 in each copy of the SAH gene that is present in the individual.
  • the haplotyping method comprises identifying the phased sequence of nucleotides at each of PS 1 -PS 18 in each copy of the SAH gene.
  • the identifying step is preferably performed with each copy of the gene being placed in separate containers.
  • the two copies are labeled with different tags, or are otherwise separately distinguishable or identifiable, it could be possible in some cases to perform the method in the same container.
  • first and second copies of the gene are labeled with different first and second fluorescent dyes, respectively, and an allele-specific oligonucleotide labeled with yet a third different fluorescent dye is used to assay the polymo ⁇ hic site(s), then detecting a combination of the first and third dyes would identify the polymo ⁇ hism in the first gene copy while detecting a combination of the second and third dyes would identify the polymo ⁇ hism in the second gene copy.
  • the identity of a nucleotide (or nucleotide pair) at a polymo ⁇ hic site(s) may be determined by amplifying a target region(s) containing the polymo ⁇ hic site(s) directly from one or both copies of the SAH gene, or a fragment thereof, and the sequence of the amplified region(s) determined by conventional methods. It will be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan that oniy one nucleotide will be detected at a polymo ⁇ bic site in individuals who are homozygous at that site, while two different nucleotides will be detected if the individual is heterozygous for that site.
  • the polymo ⁇ hism may be identified directly, known as positive-type identification, or by inference, referred to as negative-type identification.
  • a site may be positively determined to be either guamne or cytosine for an individual homozygous at that site, or both guanine and cytosine, if the individual is heterozygous at that site.
  • the site may be negatively determined to be not guanine (and thus cytosine/cytosine) or not cytosine (and thus guanine/guanine).
  • the target region(s) may be amplified using any oligonucleotide-directed amplification method, including but not limited to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (U.S. Patent No. 4,965,188), ligase chain reaction (LCR) (Barany et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 189-193, 1991; WO90/01069), and oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) (Landegren et al., Science 241:1077-1080, 1988).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • OLA oligonucleotide ligation assay
  • Other known nucleic acid amplification procedures may be used to amplify the target region including transcription-based amplification systems (U.S. Patent No.
  • a polymo ⁇ hism in the target region may also be assayed before or after amplification using one of several hybridization-based methods known in the art.
  • allele-specific oligonucleotides are utilized in performing such methods.
  • the allele-specific ohgonucleotides may be used as differently labeled probe pairs, with one member of the pair showing a perfect match to one variant of a target sequence and the other member showing a perfect match to a different variant.
  • more than one polymo ⁇ hic site may be detected at once using a set of allele- specific oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide pairs.
  • the members of the set have melting temperatures within 5°C, and more preferably within 2°C, of each other when hybridizing to each of the polymo ⁇ hic sites being detected.
  • Hybridization of an allele-specific oligonucleotide to a target polynucleotide may be performed with both entities in solution, or such hybridization may be performed when either the oligonucleotide or the target polynucleotide is covalently or noncovalently affixed to a solid support. Attachment may be mediated, for example, by antibody-antigen interactions, poly-L-Lys, streptavidin or avidin-biotin, salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions, chemical linkages, UV cross-linking baking, etc. Allele-specific oligonucleotides may be synthesized directly on the solid support or attached to the solid support subsequent to synthesis.
  • Solid-supports suitable for use in detection methods of the invention include substrates made of silicon, glass, plastic, paper and the like, which may be formed, for example, into wells (as in 96-well plates), slides, sheets, membranes, fibers, chips, dishes, and beads.
  • the solid support may be treated, coated or derivatized to facilitate the immobilization of the allele-specific oligonucleotide or target nucleic acid.
  • the genotype or haplotype for the SAH gene of an individual may also be determined by hybridization of a nucleic acid sample containing one or both copies of the gene; mRNA, cDNA or fragment(s) thereof, to nucleic acid arrays and subarrays such as described in WO 95/11995.
  • the arrays would contain a battery of allele-specific oligonucleotides representing each of the polymo ⁇ hic sites to be included in the genotype or haplotype.
  • the identity of polymo ⁇ hisms may also be determined using a mismatch detection technique, including, but not limited to, the RNase protection method using riboprobes (Winter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • variant alleles can be identified by single strand conformation polymo ⁇ hism (SSCP) analysis (Orita et al., Genomics 5:874-879, 1989; Humphries et al., in Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases, R. Elles, ed., pp. 321-340, 1996) or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Wartell et al, Nucl. Acids Res.
  • SSCP single strand conformation polymo ⁇ hism
  • DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
  • a polymerase-mediated primer extension method may also be used to identify the polymo ⁇ hism(s).
  • Several such methods have been described in the patent and scientific literature and include the "Genetic Bit Analysis” method (W092/15712) and the ligase/polymerase mediated genetic bit analysis (U.S. Patent 5,679,524.
  • Related methods are disclosed in WO91/02087, WO90/09455, W095/17676, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,302,509, and 5,945,283.
  • Extended primers containing a polymo ⁇ hism may be detected by mass spectrometry as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,605,798.
  • Another primer extension method is allele-specific PCR (Ruano et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 17:8392, 1989; Ruano et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 6877-6882, 1991; WO 93/22456; Turki et al., J. Clin. Invest. 95:1635-1641, 1995).
  • multiple polymo ⁇ hic sites maybe investigated by simultaneously amplifying multiple regions of the nucleic acid using sets of allele-specific primers as described in Wallace et al. (WO89/10414).
  • the identity of the allele(s) present at any of the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein may be indirectly determined by haplotyping or genotyping another polymo ⁇ hic site that is in linkage disequilibrium with the polymo ⁇ hic site that is of interest.
  • Polymo ⁇ hic sites in linkage disequilibrium with the presently disclosed polymo ⁇ hic sites may be located in regions of the gene or in other genomic regions not examined herein.
  • Detection of the allele(s) present at a polymo ⁇ hic site in linkage disequilibrium with the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein may be performed by, but is not limited to, any of the above-mentioned methods for detecting the identity of the allele at a polymo ⁇ hic site.
  • an individual's SAH haplotype pair is predicted from its SAH genotype using information on haplotype pairs known to exist in a reference population.
  • the haplotyping prediction method comprises identifying a SAH genotype for the individual at two or more SAH polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein, accessing data containing SAH haplotype pairs identified in a reference population, and assigning a haplotype pair to the individual that is consistent with the genotype data.
  • the reference haplotype pairs include the SAH haplotype pairs shown in Table 4.
  • the SAH haplotype pair can be assigned by comparing the individual's genotype with the genotypes corresponding to the haplotype pairs known to exist in the general population or in a specific population group, and determining which haplotype pair is consistent with the genotype ofthe individual.
  • the comparing step may be performed by visual inspection (for example, by consulting Table 4).
  • frequency data (such as that presented in Table 7) may be used to determine which of these haplotype pairs is most likely to be present in the individual. This determination may also be performed in some embodiments by visual inspection, for example by consulting Table 7.
  • the comparison may be made by a computer-implemented algorithm with the genotype ofthe individual and the reference haplotype data stored in computer-readable formats.
  • one computer-implemented algorithm to perform this comparison entails enumerating all possible haplotype pairs which are consistent with the genotype, accessing data containing SAH haplotype pairs frequency data determined in a reference population to determine a probability that the individual has a possible haplotype pair, and analyzing the determined probabilities to assign a haplotype pair to the individual.
  • the reference population should be composed of randomly-selected individuals representing the major ethnogeographic groups ofthe world.
  • a preferred reference population for use in the methods ofthe present invention comprises an approximately equal number of individuals from
  • a preferred reference population allows the detection of any haplotype whose frequency is at least 10% with about 99% certainty and comprises about 20 unrelated individuals from each ofthe four population groups named above.
  • a particularly preferred reference population includes a 3-generation family representing one or more ofthe four population groups to serve as controls for checking quality of haplotyping procedures.
  • the haplotype frequency data for each ethnogeographic group is examined to determine whether it is consistent with Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium.
  • a statistically significant difference between the observed and expected haplotype frequencies could be due to one or more factors including significant inbreeding in the population group, strong selective pressure on the gene; sampling bias, and/or errors in the genotyping process. If large deviations from Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium are observed in an ethnogeographic group, the number of individuals in that group can be increased to see if the deviation is due to a sampling bias. If a larger sample size does not reduce the difference between observed and expected haplotype pair frequencies, then one may wish to consider haplotyping the individual using a direct haplotyping method such as, for example, CLASPER System TM technology (U.S. Patent No. 5,866,404), single molecule dilution, or allele-specific long-range PCR (Michalotos-Beloin et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:4841-4843, 1996).
  • CLASPER System TM technology U.S. Patent No. 5,866,404
  • single molecule dilution single molecule dil
  • the assigning step involves performing the following analysis. First, each ofthe possible haplotype pairs is compared to the haplotype pairs in the reference population. Generally, only one ofthe haplotype pairs in the reference population matches a possible haplotype pair and that pair is assigned to the individual. Occasionally, only one haplotype represented in the reference haplotype pairs is consistent with a possible haplotype pair for an individual, and in such cases the individual is assigned a haplotype pair containing this known haplotype and a new haplotype derived by subtracting the known haplotype from the possible haplotype pair.
  • the haplotype pair in an individual may be predicted from the individual's genotype for that gene using reported methods (e.g., Clark et al. 1990 Mol Bio Evol 7:111-22; copending PCT/USO 1/12831 filed April 18, 2001 ) or through a commercial haplotyping service such as offered by Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New Haven, CT).
  • a commercial haplotyping service such as offered by Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New Haven, CT).
  • the individual is preferably haplotyped using a direct molecular haplotyping method such as, for example, CLASPER System TM technology (U.S. Patent No. 5,866,404), SMD, or allele-specific long-range PCR (Michalotos-Beloin et al., supra).
  • the invention also provides a method for determining the frequency of a SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair in a population.
  • the method comprises, for each member ofthe population, determining the genotype or the haplotype pair for the novel SAH polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein, and calculating the frequency any particular genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair is found in the population.
  • the population may be e.g., a reference population, a family population, a same gender population, a population group, or a trait population (e.g., a group of individuals exhibiting a trait of interest such as a medical condition or response to a therapeutic treatment).
  • frequency data for SAH genotypes, haplotypes, and/or haplotype pairs are determined in a reference population and used in a method for identifying an association between a trait and a SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair.
  • the trait may be any detectable phenotype, including but not limited to susceptibility to a disease or response to a treatment.
  • the method involves obtaining data on the frequency ofthe genotype(s), haplotype(s), or haplotype pair(s) of interest in a reference population as well as in a population exhibiting the trait.
  • Frequency data for one or both ofthe reference and trait populations may be obtained by genotyping or haplotyping each individual in the populations using one or more ofthe methods described above.
  • the haplotypes for the trait population may be determined directly or, alternatively, by a predictive genotype to haplotype approach as described above.
  • the frequency data for the reference and/or trait populations is obtained by accessing previously determined frequency data, which may be in written or electronic form.
  • the frequency data may be present in a database that is accessible by a computer. Once the frequency data is obtained, the frequencies ofthe genotype(s), haplotype(s), or haplotype pair(s) of interest in the reference and trait populations are compared. In a preferred embodiment, the frequencies of all genotypes, haplotypes, and/or haplotype pairs observed in the populations are compared.
  • the trait is predicted to be associated with that SAH genotype, haplotype or haplotype pair.
  • the SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair being compared in the trait and reference populations is selected from the full- genotypes and full-haplotypes shown in Tables 4 and 5, or from sub-genotypes and sub-haplotypes derived from these genotypes and haplotypes.
  • Sub-genotypes useful in the invention preferably do not include sub-genotypes solely for any one of PSl, PS2, PS4, PS7, PS10 and PS12 or for any combination thereof.
  • the trait of interest is a clinical response exhibited by a patient to some therapeutic treatment, for example, response to a drug targeting SAH or response to a therapeutic treatment for a medical condition.
  • medical condition includes but is not limited to any condition or disease manifested as one. or more physical and/or psychological symptoms for which treatment is desirable, and includes previously and newly identified diseases and other disorders.
  • clinical response means any or all ofthe following: a quantitative measure ofthe response, no response, and/or adverse response (i.e., side effects).
  • clinical population In order to deduce a correlation between clinical response to a treatment and a SAH genotype, haplotype, or haplotype pair, it is necessary to obtain data on the clinical responses exhibited by a population of individuals who received the treatment, hereinafter the "clinical population".
  • This clinical data may be obtained by analyzing the results of a clinical trial that has already been run and/or the clinical data may be obtained by designing and carrying out one or more new clinical trials.
  • the term "clinical trial” means any research study designed to collect clinical data on responses to a particular treatment, and includes but is not limited to phase I, phase II and phase III clinical trials. Standard methods are used to define the patient population and to enroll subjects.
  • the individuals included in the clinical population have been graded for the existence ofthe medical condition of interest. This is important in cases where the symptom(s) being presented by the patients can be caused by more than one underlying condition, and where treatment ofthe underlying conditions are not the same. An example of this would be where patients experience breathing difficulties that are due to either asthma or respiratory infections. If both sets were treated with an asthma medication, there would be a spurious group of apparent non-responders that did not actually have asthma. These people would affect the ability to detect any correlation between haplotype and treatment outcome.- This grading of potential patients could employ a standard physical exam or one or more lab tests.
  • grading of patients could use haplotyping for situations where there is a strong correlation between haplotype pair and disease susceptibility or severity.
  • the therapeutic treatment of interest is administered to each individual in the trial population and each individual's response to the treatment is measured using one or more predetermined criteria. It is contemplated that in many cases, the trial population will exhibit a range of responses and that the investigator will choose the number of responder groups (e.g., low, medium, high) made up by the various responses.
  • the SAH gene for each individual in the trial population is genotyped and/or haplotyped, which may be done before or after administering the treatment.
  • correlations between individual response and SAH genotype or haplotype content are created. Correlations may be produced in several ways. In one method, individuals are grouped by their SAH genotype or haplotype (or haplotype pair) (also referred to as a polymo ⁇ hism group), and then the averages and standard deviations of clinical responses exhibited by the members of each polymo ⁇ hism group are calculated.
  • a second method for finding correlations between SAH haplotype content and clinical responses uses predictive models based on error-minimizing optimization algorithms.
  • One of many possible optimization algorithms is a genetic algorithm (R. Judson, "Genetic Algorithms and Their Uses in Chemistry” in Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Vol. 10, pp. 1-73, K. B. Lipkowitz and D. B. Boyd, eds. (VCH Publishers, New York, 1997). Simulated annealing (Press et al., "Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing", Cambridge University Press (Cambridge) 1992, Ch. 10), neural networks (E. Rich and K.
  • Correlations may also be analyzed using analysis of variation (ANOVA) techniques to determine how much ofthe variation in the clinical data is explained by different subsets ofthe polymo ⁇ hic sites inthe SAH gene.
  • ANOVA analysis of variation
  • ANOVA is used to test hypotheses about whether a response variable is caused by or correlated with one or more traits or variables that can be measured (Fisher and vanBelle, supra, Ch. 10).
  • a mathematical model may be readily constructed by the skilled artisan that predicts clinical response as a function of SAH genotype or haplotype content.
  • the model is validated in one or more follow-up clinical trials designed to test the model. The identification of an association between a clinical response and a genotype or haplotype
  • the diagnostic method may be the basis for designing a diagnostic method to determine those individuals who will or will not respond to the treatment, or alternatively, will respond at a lower level and thus may require more treatment, i.e., a greater dose of a drug.
  • the diagnostic method may take one of several forms: for example, a direct DNA test (i.e., genotyping or haplotyping one or more ofthe polymo ⁇ hic sites in the SAH gene), a serological test, or a physical exam measurement. The only requirement is that there be a good correlation between the diagnostic test results and the underlying SAH genotype or haplotype that is in turn correlated with the clinical response. In a preferred embodiment, this diagnostic method uses the predictive haplotyping method described above.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polymo ⁇ hic variant ofthe SAH gene or a fragment ofthe gene which contains at least one ofthe novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein.
  • the nucleotide sequence of a variant SAH gene is identical to the reference genomic sequence for those portions ofthe gene examined, as described in the Examples below, except that it comprises a different nucleotide at one or more ofthe novel polymo ⁇ hic sites PS3, PS5, PS6, PS8, PS9, PSll, PS13, PS14, PS15, PS16, PS17 and PS18, and may also comprise one or more additional polymo ⁇ hisms selected from the group consisting of thymine at PSl, cytosine at PS2, cytosine at PS4, ademne at PS7, cytosine at PS10 and cytosine at PS12.
  • nucleotide sequence of a variant fragment ofthe SAH gene is identical to the corresponding portion ofthe reference sequence except for having a different nucleotide at one or more ofthe novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein.
  • the invention specifically does not include polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence identical to the reference sequence ofthe SAH gene, whic is defined by haplotype 16, (or other reported SAH sequences) or to portions ofthe reference sequence (or other reported SAH sequences), except for the haplotyping and genotyping oligonucleotides described above.
  • the location of a polymo ⁇ hism in a variant SAH gene or fragment is preferably identified by aligning its sequence against SEQ ID NO:l.
  • the polymo ⁇ hism is selected from the group consisting of adenine at PS3, thymine at PS5, adenine at PS6, adenine at PS8, thymine at PS9, guanine at PSl 1, thymine at PS13, cytosine at PS14, cytosine at PS15, adenine at PS16, thymine at PS17 and cytosine at PS 18.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic variant comprises a naturally-occurring isogene ofthe SAH gene which is defined by any one of haplotypes 1- 15 and 17 - 20 shown in Table 5 below.
  • Polymo ⁇ hic variants ofthe invention may be prepared by isolating a clone containing the
  • SAH gene from a human genomic library.
  • the clone may be sequenced to determine the identity of the nucleotides at the novel polymo ⁇ hic sites described herein.
  • Any particular variant or fragment thereof, that is claimed herein could be prepared from this clone by performing in vitro mutagenesis using procedures well-known in the art.
  • Any particular SAH variant or fragment thereof may also be prepared using synthetic or semi-synthetic methods known in the art.
  • SAH isogenes, or fragments thereof may be isolated using any method that allows separation ofthe two "copies" ofthe SAH gene present in an individual, which, as readily understood by the skilled artisan, may be the same allele or different alleles.
  • Separation methods include targeted in vivo cloning (TIVC) in yeast as described in WO 98/01573, U.S. Patent No. 5,866,404, and U.S. Patent No. 5,972,614.
  • Another method which is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,972,614, uses an allele specific oligonucleotide in combination with primer extension and exonuclease degradation to generate hemizygous DNA targets.
  • Yet other methods are single molecule dilution (SMD) as described in Ruano et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:6296-6300, 1990; and allele specific PCR (Ruano et al., 1989, supra; Ruano et al., 1991, supra; Michalatos-Beloin et al., supra).
  • the invention also provides SAH genome anthologies, which are collections of at least two SAH isogenes found in a given population.
  • the population may be any group of at least two individuals, including but not limited to a reference population, a population group, a family population, a clinical population, and a same gender population.
  • a SAH genome anthology may comprise individual SAH isogenes stored in separate containers such as microtest tubes, separate wells of a microtitre plate and the like. Alternatively, two or more groups ofthe SAH isogenes in the anthology may be stored in separate containers.
  • a preferred SAH genome anthology ofthe invention comprises a set of isogenes defined by the haplotypes shown in Table 5 below.
  • An isolated polynucleotide containing a polymo ⁇ hic variant nucleotide sequence ofthe invention may be operably linked to one or more expression regulatory elements in a recombinant expression vector capable of being propagated and expressing the encoded SAH protein in a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic host cell.
  • expression regulatory elements which may be used include, but are not limited to, the lac system, operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, yeast promoters, and promoters derived from vaccinia virus, adenovirus, retroviruses, or SV40.
  • Other regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, appropriate leader sequences, termination codons, polyadenylation signals, and other sequences required for the appropriate transcription and subsequent translation ofthe nucleic acid sequence in a given host cell.
  • the expression vector contains any additional elements necessary for its transfer to and subsequent replication in the host cell. Examples of such elements include, but are not limited to, origins of replication and selectable markers.
  • Such expression vectors are commercially available or are readily constructed using methods known to those in the art (e.g., F. AusUbel et al., 1987, in "Current
  • Host cells which may be used to express the variant SAH sequences ofthe invention include, but are not limited to, eukaryotic and mammalian cells, such as animal, plant, insect and yeast cells, and prokaryotic cells, such as E. coli, or algal cells as known in the art.
  • the recombinant expression vector may be introduced into the host cell using any method known to those in the art including, but not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, particle bombardment, transduction, and transfection using DEAE- dextran, lipofection, or calcium phosphate (see e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) in "Molecular Cloning.
  • eukaryotic expression vectors that function in eukaryotic cells, and preferably mammalian cells, are used.
  • Non-limiting examples of such vectors include vaccinia virus vectors, adenovirus vectors, he ⁇ es virus vectors, and baculovirus transfer vectors.
  • Preferred eukaryotic cell lines include COS cells, CHO cells, HeLa cells, NIH/3T3 cells, and embryonic stem cells (Thomson, J. A. et al., 1998 Science 282: 1145-1147).
  • Particularly preferred host cells are mammalian cells.
  • SAH gene will produce SAH mRNAs varying from each other at any polymo ⁇ hic site retained in the spliced and processed mRNA molecules.
  • These mRNAs can be used for the preparation of a SAH cDNA comprising a nucleotide sequence which is a polymo ⁇ hic variant ofthe SAH reference coding sequence shown in Figure 2.
  • the invention also provides SAH mRNAs and corresponding cDNAs which comprise a nucleotide sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO:2 (Fig.
  • a particularly preferred polymo ⁇ hic cDNA variant comprises the coding sequence of a SAH isogene defined by any one of haplotypes 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 18 and 19. Fragments of these variant mRNAs and cDNAs are included in the scope ofthe invention, provided they contain one or more ofthe novel polymo ⁇ hisms described herein.
  • the invention specifically excludes polynucleotides identical to previously identified SAH mRNAs or cDNAs, and previously described fragments thereof.
  • Polynucleotides comprising a variant SAH RNA or DNA sequence may be isolated from a biological sample using well-known molecular biological procedures or may be chemically synthesized.
  • a polymo ⁇ hic variant of a SAH gene, mRNA or cDNA fragment comprises at least one novel polymo ⁇ hism identified herein and has a length of at least 10 nucleotides and may range up to the full length ofthe gene.
  • such fragments are between 100 and 3000 nucleotides in length, and more preferably between 200 and 2000 nucleotides in length, and most preferably between 500 and 1000 nucleotides in length.
  • nucleic acid molecules containing the SAH gene or cDNA may be complementary double stranded molecules and thus reference to a particular site on the sense strand refers as well to the corresponding site on the complementary antisense strand.
  • reference may be made to the same polymo ⁇ hic site on either strand and an oligonucleotide may be designed to hybridize specifically to either strand at a target region containing the polymo ⁇ hic site.
  • the invention also includes single-stranded polynucleotides which are complementary to the sense strand ofthe SAH genomic, mRNA and cDNA variants described herein.
  • Polynucleotides comprising a polymo ⁇ hic gene variant or fragment ofthe invention may be useful for therapeutic p poses.
  • an expression vector encoding the isoform may be administered to the patient.
  • the patient may be one who lacks the SAH isogene encoding that isoform or may already have at least one copy of that isogene.
  • SAH isogene expression of a particular SAH isogene may be turned off by transforming a targeted organ, tissue or cell population with an expression vector that expresses high levels of untranslatable mRNA or antisense RNA for the isogene or fragment thereof.
  • oligonucleotides directed against the regulatory regions (e.g., promoter, introns, enhancers, 3 ' untranslated region) ofthe isogene may block transcription. Oligonucleotides targeting the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions -10 and +10 from the start site are preferred.
  • antisense oligonucleotides may also be designed to block translation of SAH mRNA transcribed from a particular isogene. It is also contemplated that ribozymes may be designed that can catalyze the specific cleavage of SAH mRNA transcribed from a particular isogene.
  • the untranslated mRNA, antisense RNA or antisense oligonucleotides may be delivered to a target cell or tissue by expression from a vector introduced into the cell or tissue in vivo or ex vivo.
  • Such molecules may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition for administration to the patient.
  • Oligoribonucleotides and or oligodeoxynucleotides intended for use as antisense oligonucleotides may be modified to increase stability and half-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to phosphorothioate or 2' O-methyl linkages, and the inclusion of nontraditional bases such as inosine and queosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio-, and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil which are not as easily recognized by endogenous nucleases.
  • the invention also provides an isolated polypeptide comprising a polymo ⁇ hic variant of (a) the reference SAH amino acid sequence shown in Figure 3 or (b) a fragment of this reference sequence.
  • the location of a variant amino acid in a SAH polypeptide or fragment ofthe invention is preferably identified by aligning its sequence against SEQ ID NO:3 (Fig. 3).
  • a SAH protein variant ofthe invention comprises an amino acid sequence identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 for those regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 that are encoded by examined portions ofthe SAH gene (as described in the Examples below), except for having one or more variant amino acids selected from the group consisting of valine at a position corresponding to amino acid position 93 and histidine at a position corresponding to amino acid position 262, and may also comprise an additional variant amino acid of proline at a position corresponding to amino acid position 92.
  • a SAH fragment ofthe invention also referred to herein as a SAH peptide variant, is any fragment of a SAH protein variant that contains one or more ofthe amino acid variations shown in Table 2.
  • SAH protein variants included within the invention comprise all amino acid sequences based on SEQ ID NO: 3 and having the combination of amino acid variations described in Table 2 below.
  • a SAH protein variant ofthe invention is encoded by an isogene defined by one ofthe observed haplotypes, 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 18 and 19, shown in Table 5.
  • a ' SAH peptide variant ofthe invention is at least 6 amino acids in length and is preferably any number between 6 and 30 amino acids long, more preferably between 10 and 25, and most preferably between 15 and 20 amino acids long.
  • Such SAH peptide variants may be useful as antigens to generate antibodies specific for one ofthe above SAH isoforms.
  • the SAH peptide variants may be useful in drug screening assays.
  • a SAH variant protein or peptide ofthe invention may be prepared by chemical synthesis or by expressing an appropriate variant SAH genomic or cDNA sequence described above.
  • the SAH protein variant may be isolated from a biological sample of an individual having a SAH isogene which encodes the variant protein. Where the sample contains two different SAH isoforms (i.e., me individual has ditterent SAH isogenes), a particular SAH isoform o the invention can be isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using an antibody which specifically binds to that particular SAH isoform but does not bind to the other SAH isoform.
  • the expressed or isolated SAH protein or peptide may be detected by methods known in the art, including Coomassie blue staining, silver staining, and Western blot analysis using antibodies specific for the isoform ofthe SAH protein or peptide as discussed further below.
  • SAH variant proteins and peptides can be purified by standard protein purification procedures known in the art, including differential precipitation, molecular sieve chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis, affinity and immunoaffinity chromatography and the like. (Ausubel et. al., 1987, In Current Protocols in Molecular Biology John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York). In the case of immunoaffinity chromatography, antibodies specific for a particular polymo ⁇ hic variant may be used.
  • a polymo ⁇ hic variant SAH gene ofthe invention may also be fused in frame with a heterologous sequence to encode a chimeric SAH protein.
  • the non-SAH portion ofthe chimeric protein may be recognized by a commercially available antibody.
  • the chimeric protein may also be engineered to contain a cleavage site located between the SAH and non-SAH portions so that the SAH protein may be cleaved and purified away from the non-SAH portion.
  • An additional embodiment ofthe invention relates to using a novel SAH protein isoform, or a fragment thereof, in any of a variety of drug screening assays.
  • Screen assays may be performed to identify agents that bind specifically to all known SAH protein isoforms or to only a subset of one or more of these isoforms.
  • the agents may be from chemical compound libraries, peptide libraries and the like.
  • the SAH protein or peptide variant may be free in solution or affixed to a solid support.
  • high throughput screening of compounds for binding to a SAH variant may be accomplished using the method described in PCT application WO84/03565, in which large numbers of test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface, contacted with the SAH protein(s) of interest and then washed. Bound SAH protein(s) are then detected using methods well-known in the art.
  • a novel SAH protein isoform may be used in assays to measure the binding affinities of one or more candidate drugs targeting the SAH protein.
  • a particular SAH haplotype or group of SAH haplotypes encodes a SAH protein variant with an amino acid sequence distinct from that of SAH protein isoforms encoded by other SAH haplotypes
  • detection of that particular SAH haplotype or group of SAH haplotypes may be accomplished by detecting expression ofthe encoded SAH protein variant using any ofthe methods described herein or otherwise commonly known to the skilled artisan.
  • the invention provides antibodies specific for and immunoreactive with one or more ofthe novel SAH protein or peptide variants described herein.
  • the antibodies may be either monoclonal or polyclonal in origin.
  • the SAH protein or peptide variant used to generate the antibodies may be irom natural or recombinant sources (in vitro or in vivo) or produced by chemical synthesis or semi-synthetic synthesis using synthesis techniques known in the art. If the SAH protein or peptide variant is of insufficient size to be antigenic, it may be concatenated or conjugated, complexed, or otherwise covalently linked to a carrier molecule to enhance the antigenicity ofthe peptide.
  • carrier molecules include, but are not limited to, albumins (e.g., human, bovine, fish, ovine), and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (Basic and Clinical Immunology, 1991, Eds. D.P. Stites, and A.I. Terr, Appleton and Lange, Norwalk Connecticut, San Mateo, California).
  • an antibody specifically immunoreactive with one ofthe novel protein or peptide variants described herein is administered to an individual to neutralize activity ofthe SAH isoform expressed by that individual.
  • the antibody may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition which includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Antibodies specific for and immunoreactive with one ofthe novel protein isoforms described herein may be used to immunoprecipitate the SAH protein variant from solution as well as react with SAH protein isoforms on Western or immunoblots of polyacrylamide gels on membrane supports or substrates.
  • the antibodies will detect SAH protein isoforms in paraffin or frozen tissue sections, or in cells which have been fixed or unfixed and prepared on slides, coverslips, or the like, for use in immunocytochemical, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence techniques.
  • an antibody specifically immunoreactive with one ofthe novel SAH protein variants described herein is used in immunoassays to detect this variant in biological samples.
  • an antibody ofthe present invention is contacted with a biological sample and the formation of a complex between the SAH protein variant and the antibody is detected.
  • suitable immunoassays include radioimmunoassay, Western blot assay, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA), chemiluminescent assay, immunohistochemical assay, immunocytochemical assay, and the like (see, e.g., Principles and Practice of Immunoassay, 1991, Eds. Christopher P. Price and David J.
  • Neoman Stockton Press, New York, New York; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1987, Eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York).
  • Standard techniques known in the art for ELISA are described in Methods in Immunodiagnosis, 2nd Ed., Eds. Rose and Bigazzi, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1980; and Campbell et al., 1984, Methods in Immunology, W.A. Benjamin, Inc.).
  • Such assays may be direct, indirect, competitive, or noncompetitive as described in the art (see, e.g., Principles and Practice of Immunoassay, 1991, Eds. Christopher P. Price and David J.
  • Proteins may be isolated from test specimens and biological samples by conventional methods, as described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra.
  • Exemplary antibody molecules for use in the detection and therapy methods ofthe present invention are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules, or those portions of immunoglobulin molecules that contain the antigen binding site.
  • Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be produced by methods conventionally known in the art (e.g., Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature, 256:495-497; Campbell Monoclonal Antibody Technology, the Production and Characterization of Rodent and Human Hybridomas, 1985, In: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eds. Burdon et al., Volume 13, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam).
  • the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof may also be produced by genetic engineering. The technology for expression of both heavy and light chain genes in E.
  • coli is the subject of PCT patent applications, publication number WO 901443 and WO 9014424 and in Huse et. al., 1989, Science, 246:1275-1281.
  • the antibodies may also be humanized (e.g., Queen, C. et al. 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. SciUSA 86;10029). ,
  • Effect(s) ofthe polymo ⁇ hisms identified herein on expression of SAH may be investigated by various means known in the art, such as by in. vitro translation of mRNA transcripts ofthe SAH gene, cDNA or fragment thereof, or by preparing recombinant cells and/or nonhuman recombinant organisms, preferably recombinant animals, containing a polymo ⁇ hic variant of .the SAH gene.
  • expression includes but is not limited to one or more of he following: transcription of the gene into precursor mRNA; splicing and other processing ofthe precursor mRNA to produce mature mRNA; mRNA stability; translation ofthe mature mRNA(s) into SAH protein(s) (including effects of polymo ⁇ hisms on codon usage and tRNA availability); and glycosylation and/or other modifications ofthe translation product, if required for proper expression and function.
  • the desired SAH isogene, cDNA or coding sequence may be introduced into the cell in a vector such that the isogene, cDNA or coding sequence remains extrachromosomal.
  • the gene will be expressed by the cell from the extrachromosomal location.
  • the SAH isogene, cDNA or coding sequence is introduced into a cell in such a way that it recombines with the endogenous SAH gene present in the cell. Such recombination requires the occurrence of a double recombination event, thereby resulting in the desired SAH gene polymo ⁇ hism.
  • Vectors for the introduction of genes both for recombination and for extrachromosomal maintenance are known in the art, and any suitable vector or vector construct may be used in the invention.
  • cells into which the SAH isogene, cDNA or coding sequence may be introduced include, but are not limited to, continuous culture cells, such as COS, CHO, NIH/3T3, and primary or culture cells ofthe relevant tissue type, i.e., they express the SAH isogene, cDNA or coding sequence.
  • continuous culture cells such as COS, CHO, NIH/3T3, and primary or culture cells ofthe relevant tissue type, i.e., they express the SAH isogene, cDNA or coding sequence.
  • Such recombinant cells can be used to compare the biological activities ofthe different protein variants .
  • Recombinant nonhuman organisms i.e., transgenic animals, expressing a variant SAH gene, cDNA or coding sequence are prepared using standard procedures known in the art.
  • a construct comprising the variant gene, cDNA or coding sequence is introduced into a nonhuman animal or an ancestor ofthe animal at an embryonic stage, i.e., the one-cell stage, or generally not later than about the eight-cell stage.
  • Transgenic animals carrying the constructs ofthe invention can be made by several methods known to those having skill in the art.
  • One method involves transfecting into the embryo a retrovirus constructed to contain one or more insulator elements, a gene or genes (or cDNA or coding sequence) of interest, and other components known to those skilled in the art to provide a complete shuttle vector harboring the insulated gene(s) as a transgene, see e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,610,053.
  • Another method involves directly injecting a transgene into the embryo.
  • a third method involves the use of embryonic stem cells.
  • mice examples include, but are not limited to, mice, rats, other rodents, and nonhuman primates (see "The Introduction of Foreign Genes into Mice” and the cited references therein, In: Recombinant DNA, Eds. J.D. Watson, M. Gilman, J. Witkowski, and M. Zoller; W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, pages 254-272).
  • Transgenic animals stably expressing a human SAH isogene, cDNA or coding sequence and producing the encoded human SAH protein can be used as biological models for studying diseases related to abnormal SAH expression and/or activity, and for screening and assaying various candidate drugs, compounds, and treatment regimens to reduce the symptoms or effects of these diseases.
  • An additional embodiment ofthe invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for treating disorders affected by expression or function of a novel SAH isogene described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise any ofthe following active ingredients: a polynucleotide comprising one of these novel SAH isogenes (or cDNAs or coding sequences); an antisense oligonucleotide directed against one ofthe novel SAH isogenes, a polynucleotide encoding such an antisense oligonucleotide, or another compound which inhibits expression of a novel SAH isogene described herein.
  • the composition contains the active ingredient in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • composition also comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, examples of which include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier examples of which include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
  • Those skilled in the art may employ a formulation most suitable for the active ingredient, whether it is a polynucleotide, oligonucleotide, protein, peptide or small molecule antagonist.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound.
  • Administration ofthe pharmaceutical composition may be by any number of routes including, but not limited to oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, intradermal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, or rectal. Further details on techniques for formulation and administration may be found in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Maack Publishing Co., Easton, PA).
  • the dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models.
  • the animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
  • the exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors relating to the patient requiring treatment, including but not limited to severity ofthe disease state, general health, age, weight and gender ofthe patient, diet, time and frequency of administration, other drugs being taken by the patient, and tolerance/response to the treatment.
  • any or all analytical and mathematical operations involved in practicing the methods ofthe present invention may be implemented by a computer.
  • the computer may execute a program that generates views (or screens) displayed on a display device and with which the user can interact to view and analyze large amounts of information relating to the SAH gene and its genomic variation, including chromosome location, gene structure, and gene family, gene expression data, polymo ⁇ hism data, genetic sequence data, and clinical data population data (e.g., data on ethnogeographic origin, clinical responses, genotypes, and haplotypes for one or more populations).
  • the SAH polymo ⁇ hism data described herein may be stored as part of a relational database (e.g., an instance of an Oracle database or a set of ASCII flat files).
  • polymo ⁇ hism data may be stored on the computer's hard drive or may, for example, be stored on a CD-ROM or on one or more other storage devices accessible by the computer.
  • the data may be stored on one or more databases in communication with the computer via a network.
  • This example illustrates examination of various regions ofthe SAH gene for polymo ⁇ hic sites.
  • the following target regions ofthe SAH gene were amplified using 'tailed' PCR primers, each of which includes a universal sequence forming a noncomplementary 'tail' attached to the 5' end of - each unique sequence in the PCR primer pairs.
  • the universal 'tail' sequence for the forward PCR primers comprises the sequence 5 '-TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT-3 ' (SEQ ID NO:64) and the universal 'tail' sequence for the reverse PCR primers comprises the sequence 5'- AGGAAACAGCTATGACCAT-3 ' (SEQ ID NO:65).
  • the nucleotide positions ofthe first and last nucleotide ofthe forward and reverse primers for each region amplified are presented below and correspond to positions in SEQ ID NO: 1 ( Figure 1).
  • Amplification profile 97°C - 2 min. 1 cycle
  • the PCR products were purified using a Whatman Polyfiltronics 100 ⁇ l 384 well unifilter plate essentially according to the manufacturers protocol.
  • the purified DNA was eluted in 50 ⁇ l of distilled water.
  • Sequencing reactions were set up using Applied Biosystems Big Dye Terminator chemistry essentially according to the manufacturers protocol.
  • the purified PCR products were sequenced in both directions using the appropriate universal 'tail' sequence as a primer. Reaction products were purified by isopropanol precipitation, and run on an Applied Biosystems 3700 DNA Analyzer. ⁇
  • Polyld is a unique identifier assigned to each PS by Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (R) Reported previously.
  • EXAMPLE 2 This example illustrates analysis ofthe SAH polymo ⁇ hisms identified in the Index Repository for human genotypes and haplotypes.
  • the different genotypes containing these polymo ⁇ hisms that were observed in unrelated members ofthe reference population are shown in Table 4 below, with the haplotype pair indicating the combination of haplotypes determined for the individual using the haplotype derivation protocol described below.
  • Table 4 homozygous positions are indicated by one nucleotide and heterozygous positions are indicated by two nucleotides. Missing nucleotides in any given genotype in Table 4 were inferred based on linkage disequilibrium and/or Mendelian inheritance.
  • Genotype Polymo ⁇ hic Sites Genotype Polymo ⁇ hic Sites .
  • haplotype pairs shown in Table 4 were estimated from the unphased genotypes using a computer-implemented extension of Clark's algorithm (Clark, A.G. 1990 Mol Bio Evol 7, 111-122) for assigning haplotypes to unrelated individuals in a population sample, as described in PCT/US01/12831, filed April 18, 2001.
  • haplotypes are assigned directly from individuals who are homozygous at all sites or heterozygous at no more than one ofthe variable sites.
  • This list of haplotypes is then used to deconvolute the unphased genotypes in the remaining (multiply heterozygous) individuals.
  • the list of haplotypes was augmented with haplotypes obtained from two families (one three-generation Caucasian family and one two-generation African- American family).
  • a SAH isogene defined by a full-haplotype shown in Table 5 below comprises the regions of the SEQ ID NOS indicated in Table 5, with their corresponding set of polymo ⁇ hic locations and identities, which are also set forth in Table 5.
  • Region examined represents the nucleotide positions defining the start and stop positions within SEQ ID NO: 1 ofthe regions sequenced;
  • SEQ ID NO:l refers to Figure 1, with the two alternative allelic variants of each polymo ⁇ hic site indicated by the appropriate nucleotide symbol.
  • SEQ ID NO:66 is a modified version of SEQ ID NO:l that shows the context sequence of each of PS1-PS18 in a uniform format to facilitate electronic searching ofthe SAH haplotypes.
  • SEQ ID NO:66 contains a block of 60 bases ofthe nucleotide sequence encompassing the centrally-located polymo ⁇ hic site at the 30 th position, followed by 60 bases of unspecified sequence to represent that each polymo ⁇ hic site is separated by genomic sequence whose composition is defined elsewhere herein.
  • HAP No. HAP ID Total CA AF AS HL AM
  • HAP1 HAP2 Total CA AF AS HL AM
  • HAP1 HAP2 Total CA AF AS HL AM
  • the size and composition ofthe Index Repository were chosen to represent the genetic diversity across and within four major population groups comprising the general United States population.
  • this repository contains approximately equal sample sizes of African-descent, Asian- American, European- American, and Hispanic-Latino population groups. Almost all individuals representing each group had all four grandparents with the same ethnogeographic background.
  • the number of unrelated individuals in the Index Repository provides a sample size that is sufficient to detect SNPs and haplotypes that occur in the general population with high statistical certainty. For instance, a haplotype that occurs with a frequency of 5% in the general population has a probability higher than 99.9% of being observed in a sample of 80 individuals from the general population.
  • a haplotype that occurs with a frequency of 10% in a specific population group has a 99% probability of being observed in a sample of 20 individuals from that population group.
  • the size and composition ofthe Index Repository means that the relative frequencies determined therein for the haplotypes and haplotype pairs ofthe SAH gene are likely to be similar to the relative frequencies of these SAH haplotypes and haplotype pairs in the general U.S. population and in the four population groups represented in the Index Repository. The genetic diversity observed for the three Native Americans is presented because it is of scientific interest, but due to the small sample size it lacks statistical significance.

Abstract

L'invention concerne de nouvelles variantes génétiques du gène homologue de SA (associé à l'hypertension murin) (SAH) ; divers génotypes, haplotypes, et paires d'haplotypes du gène SAH qui existent dans la population générale des Etats-Unis ; des compositions et des procédés d'haplotypage et/ou de génotypage du gène SAH chez un sujet ; des polynucléotides définis par les haplotypes décrits.
PCT/US2001/047011 2000-12-01 2001-12-03 Haplotypes du gene sah WO2002044201A2 (fr)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2854639A1 (fr) * 2003-05-07 2004-11-12 Galderma Res & Dev Genes du psoriasis.

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE GENBANK [Online] THE INSTITUTE FOR GENOMIC RESEARCH 14 July 1998 ADAMS M.D.: 'Human chromosome 16p13 BAC clone CIT987SK44M2', XP002961902 Retrieved from NCBI Database accession no. (AC004381) *
LOFTUS ET AL.: 'Genome duplication and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q' GENOMICS vol. 60, 1999, pages 295 - 308, XP002931311 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2854639A1 (fr) * 2003-05-07 2004-11-12 Galderma Res & Dev Genes du psoriasis.
WO2004101820A2 (fr) * 2003-05-07 2004-11-25 Galderma Research & Development, S.N.C. Gene sah comme marqueur du psoriasis
WO2004101820A3 (fr) * 2003-05-07 2005-01-20 Galderma Res & Dev Gene sah comme marqueur du psoriasis

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