WO2002032618A1 - Machine spindle bearing - Google Patents
Machine spindle bearing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002032618A1 WO2002032618A1 PCT/DE2000/003663 DE0003663W WO0232618A1 WO 2002032618 A1 WO2002032618 A1 WO 2002032618A1 DE 0003663 W DE0003663 W DE 0003663W WO 0232618 A1 WO0232618 A1 WO 0232618A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- spindle
- machine
- centering
- housing
- machine spindle
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
- F16C32/04—Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
- F16C32/0406—Magnetic bearings
- F16C32/044—Active magnetic bearings
- F16C32/0474—Active magnetic bearings for rotary movement
- F16C32/048—Active magnetic bearings for rotary movement with active support of two degrees of freedom, e.g. radial magnetic bearings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
- B23Q1/25—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports
- B23Q1/26—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports characterised by constructional features relating to the co-operation of relatively movable members; Means for preventing relative movement of such members
- B23Q1/38—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports characterised by constructional features relating to the co-operation of relatively movable members; Means for preventing relative movement of such members using fluid bearings or fluid cushion supports
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
- B23Q1/70—Stationary or movable members for carrying working-spindles for attachment of tools or work
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/18—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine for positioning only
- B23Q3/183—Centering devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C39/00—Relieving load on bearings
- F16C39/06—Relieving load on bearings using magnetic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2322/00—Apparatus used in shaping articles
- F16C2322/39—General build up of machine tools, e.g. spindles, slides, actuators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a machine spindle according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such bearings are very expensive to manufacture and also have the disadvantage that they are mechanically passive and no exact concentricity can be guaranteed.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to develop a bearing for machine spindles with which the disadvantages of the solutions of the known prior art are avoided.
- a bearing for machine spindles which is designed so that the machine spindles are stored in magnetic bearings and by means of centering magnets be positioned, the bearing being designed in such a way that the centricity, thus the central concentricity of the machine spindle, is monitored by means of a sensor system provided and, if necessary, a regulating action is taken on the bearing, which takes place via the centering magnets provided.
- a vertically arranged machine spindle 3 is shown here, which is mounted in a spindle housing 1 in a vertically adjustable manner.
- the bearing is carried out by means of sliding, rolling, air, liquid bearings 2 or magnetic bearings 4.
- An additional bearing is carried out by centering magnets 6, which are integrated in a centering magnet housing 5.
- the preferably four centering magnets 6 are arranged circumferentially around the machine spindle 3 at a very short distance.
- the entire machine spindle bearing includes a sensor system 10 which is positioned directly in relation to the machine spindle 3 in such a way that the Position or the concentricity of the machine spindle 3 can be detected in any working position.
- the proposed mounting of the machine spindle 3 via the magnetic bearing 4 can also be designed such that directly in the area of the magnetic bearing 4 within the
- a second sensor system 10 ' is arranged in the area of the bearing.
- the storage system presented can also be used for horizontally mounted machine spindles 3.
- centering magnets 6; 6 '; 4 C positioned circumferentially to the machine spindle 3 or to the shank 8 of the tool holder.
- sensor systems 10; 10 ' provided.
- the centering magnets 6; 6 '; 4 ' arranged circumferentially, preferably also in a number of four pieces.
- a magnetic bearing 4 can also be used.
- the direction of movement 9 is then understandably to be viewed horizontally.
Abstract
The invention relates to a bearing of a machine spindle (3) in machine tools and other processing machines that is supported in a telescoping/non-telescoping manner in spindle housings. The machine spindles (3) are supported in the spindle housing by means of a slide, antifriction, pneumatic, hydraulic (2) or magnetic bearing (4) with an associated sensor system (10). Outside the spindle housing (1) the spindle is supported by a plurality of centering magnets (6) that are disposed in a centering magnet housing (5) which also houses a sensor system that is associated with the centering magnets.
Description
Lagerung einer MaschinenspindelStorage of a machine spindle
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Maschinenspindel nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a machine spindle according to the preamble of claim 1.
Es ist allgemein bekannt, Maschinenspindeln, je nach ihrem Verwendungszweck in horizontaler oder vertikaler Lage in entsprechenden Werkzeugmaschinen zu integrieren und auch zu lagern.It is generally known to integrate machine spindles, depending on their intended use, in a horizontal or vertical position in corresponding machine tools and also to store them.
Dabei bedarf es bei der vertikalen Anordnung einer Maschinenspindel einer besonderen Lagerung, damit die auftretenden Kräfte während des Arbeitsprozesses aufgenommen und abgeleitet werden können, um möglichst einen harmonischen Arbeitsprozess ablaufen zu lassen.In the vertical arrangement of a machine spindle, special storage is required so that the forces that occur can be absorbed and derived during the work process in order to allow the work process to run as harmoniously as possible.
Dies ist insbesondere bei Werkzeugmaschinen für die mechanische Bearbeitung von Bedeutung, da durch die Bearbeitung selbst Vibrationen entstehen, die, wenn diese nicht ausgeschlossen werden, sich negativ auf die zu bearbeitenden Oberflächen und Bearbeitungstoleranzen der Werkstücke auswirken.This is particularly important in the case of machine tools for mechanical processing, since the processing itself generates vibrations which, if not excluded, have a negative effect on the surfaces to be machined and the machining tolerances of the workpieces.
So wurden bereits Lagerungen geschaffen, die teleskopartig ausgebildet sind, um auch beim ausgefahrenen Zustand einer Maschinenspindel eine stabilere Lagerung und Positionierung derselben zu erreichen.Bearings have already been created which are telescopic in order to achieve a more stable mounting and positioning of the machine spindle even when the machine spindle is extended.
Derartige Lagerungen sind sehr kostenaufwendig herzustellen und ferner mit dem Nachteil behaftet, dass diese mechanisch passiv sind und kein exakter Rundlauf gewährleistet werden kann.Such bearings are very expensive to manufacture and also have the disadvantage that they are mechanically passive and no exact concentricity can be guaranteed.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Lagerung für Maschinenspindeln zu entwickeln, mit denen die Nachteile der Lösungen des bekannten Standes der Technik vermieden werden.The object of the present invention is therefore to develop a bearing for machine spindles with which the disadvantages of the solutions of the known prior art are avoided.
So wurde eine Lagerung für Maschinenspindeln geschaffen, die so ausgebildet ist, dass die Maschinenspindeln in Magnetlagern gelagert und mittels Zentriermagneten
positioniert werden, wobei die Lagerung so ausgebildet ist, dass die Zentrizität, somit der zentrische Rundlauf der Maschinenspindel mittels eines vorgesehenen Sensorsystems überwacht und erforderlichenfalls regelnd auf die Lagerung eingewirkt wird, was über die vorgesehenen Zentriermagnete erfolgt.Thus, a bearing for machine spindles was created, which is designed so that the machine spindles are stored in magnetic bearings and by means of centering magnets be positioned, the bearing being designed in such a way that the centricity, thus the central concentricity of the machine spindle, is monitored by means of a sensor system provided and, if necessary, a regulating action is taken on the bearing, which takes place via the centering magnets provided.
Es gehört auch zur Erfindung, dass eine Kombination aus herkömmlicher Lagerung und Magnetlagerung zur Anwendung kommen kann, wobei dann die Magnetlagerungen vorrangig zur Positionierung, also für den exakten Rundlauf der Maschinenspindeln genutzt werden.It is also part of the invention that a combination of conventional bearings and magnetic bearings can be used, in which case the magnetic bearings are primarily used for positioning, ie for the exact concentricity of the machine spindles.
Insbesondere bei z. B. vertikal gelagerten Maschinenspindeln bei Werkzeugmaschinen ist es erforderlich, diese exakt mittig zu positionieren, da derartige Maschinenspindeln über eine nicht erhebliche Länge aus ihrer Lagerung herausgefahren werden müssen, um die Werkstücke mechanisch zu bearbeiten. Dadurch treten erhebliche Belastungen auf, die ein Ausbrechen der Maschinenspindel aus ihrer exakten Mittenlagerung hervorrufen. Dies wird über die vorgesehenen Zentriermagnete erfasst, und es wird über das entsprechende Steuersystem so auf diese Zentriermagnete eingewirkt, dass der zentrische Rundlauf der Maschinenspindel gewährleistet ist.Especially with z. B. vertically mounted machine spindles in machine tools, it is necessary to position them exactly in the center, since such machine spindles have to be moved out of their storage over a not significant length in order to machine the workpieces mechanically. This results in considerable loads, which cause the machine spindle to break out of its exact central bearing. This is recorded via the centering magnets provided, and these centering magnets are acted upon via the corresponding control system in such a way that the concentric concentricity of the machine spindle is ensured.
Mit nachfolgendem Ausführungsbeispiel soll die Erfindung näher erläutert werden, in der dazugehörigen Zeichnung ist beispielhaft die Lagerung einer Maschinenspindel dargestellt.With the following embodiment, the invention will be explained in more detail, the mounting of a machine spindle is shown as an example in the accompanying drawing.
Wie aus der beigefügten Zeichnung ersichtlich, ist hier eine vertikal angeordnete Maschinenspindel 3 wiedergegeben, die in einem Spindelgehäuse 1 vertikal verstellbar gelagert ist. Die Lagerung erfolgt mittels Gleit-, Wälz-, Luft-, Flüssigkeitslager 2 oder Magnetlager 4. Eine zusätzliche Lagerung erfolgt durch Zentriermagnete 6, die in einem Zentriermagnetgehäuse 5 eingebunden sind. Die vorzugsweise vier Zentriermagnete 6 sind dabei in sehr geringem Abstand umfänglich um die Maschinenspindel 3 angeordnet. Ferner gehört zur gesamten Maschinenspindellagerung ein Sensorsystem 10, welches unmittelbar so zur Maschinenspindel 3 positioniert wird, dass die
Lage bzw. der Rundlauf der Maschinenspindel 3 in jeder Arbeitsposition erfasst werden kann.As can be seen from the accompanying drawing, a vertically arranged machine spindle 3 is shown here, which is mounted in a spindle housing 1 in a vertically adjustable manner. The bearing is carried out by means of sliding, rolling, air, liquid bearings 2 or magnetic bearings 4. An additional bearing is carried out by centering magnets 6, which are integrated in a centering magnet housing 5. The preferably four centering magnets 6 are arranged circumferentially around the machine spindle 3 at a very short distance. Furthermore, the entire machine spindle bearing includes a sensor system 10 which is positioned directly in relation to the machine spindle 3 in such a way that the Position or the concentricity of the machine spindle 3 can be detected in any working position.
Die vorgestellte Lagerung der Maschinenspindel 3 über die Magnetlager 4 kann ferner so ausgebildet sein, dass unmittelbar im Bereich der Magnetlager 4 innerhalb desThe proposed mounting of the machine spindle 3 via the magnetic bearing 4 can also be designed such that directly in the area of the magnetic bearing 4 within the
Spindelgehäuses 1 Zentriermagnete 4' eingelagert sind und unmittelbar in diesemSpindle housing 1 centering magnets 4 'are stored and directly in this
Bereich der Lagerung ein zweites Sensorsystem 10' angeordnet ist.A second sensor system 10 'is arranged in the area of the bearing.
Neben der vertikalen Anordnung einer Maschinenspindel 3, wie in der Zeichnung dargestellt und oben beschrieben, kann das vorgestellte Lagersystem auch für horizontal gelagerte Maschinenspindeln 3 zum Einsatz kommen.In addition to the vertical arrangement of a machine spindle 3, as shown in the drawing and described above, the storage system presented can also be used for horizontally mounted machine spindles 3.
Auch bei dieser Ausführungsform sind die Zentriermagnete 6; 6'; 4C umfänglich zur Maschinenspindel 3 oder zum Schaft 8 der Werkzeugaufhahme positioniert. Gleichfalls sind auch bei einer horizontalen Lagerung die Sensorsysteme 10; 10' vorgesehen.In this embodiment, the centering magnets 6; 6 '; 4 C positioned circumferentially to the machine spindle 3 or to the shank 8 of the tool holder. Likewise, the sensor systems 10; 10 'provided.
Auch bei dieser Ausführungsvariante sind die Zentriermagnete 6; 6'; 4' umfänglich angeordnet, vorzugsweise auch in einer Anzahl von vier Stück. Ferner kann neben den Lagern 2 auch ein Magnetlager 4 eingesetzt werden. Die Bewegungsrichtung 9 ist dann verständlicherweise horizontal zu betrachten.
The centering magnets 6; 6 '; 4 'arranged circumferentially, preferably also in a number of four pieces. In addition to the bearings 2, a magnetic bearing 4 can also be used. The direction of movement 9 is then understandably to be viewed horizontally.
Claims
1. Lagerung einer Maschinenspindel in Werkzeugmaschinen und anderen Maschinen, die teleskopierend/nicht teleskopierend in Spindelgehäusen gelagert sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass1. Storage of a machine spindle in machine tools and other machines that are telescopically / non-telescopically mounted in spindle housings, characterized in that
die Lagerung der Maschinenspindel (3) innerhalb des Spindelgehäuses (1) mittels Gleit-, Wälz-, Luft-, Flüssigkeits- (2) oder Magnetlager (4) mit zugeordnetem Sensorsystem (10') erfolgt, außerhalb des Spindelgehäuses (1) erfolgt diese Lagerung durch mehrere Zentriermagnete (6), die einem Zentriermagnetgehäuse (5) angeordnet sind, in dem sich auch ein Sensorsystem (10) befindet, das den Zentriermagneten (6) zugeordnet ist.the machine spindle (3) is mounted within the spindle housing (1) by means of sliding, rolling, air, liquid (2) or magnetic bearings (4) with an associated sensor system (10 '), outside the spindle housing (1) Storage by several centering magnets (6), which are arranged in a centering magnet housing (5) in which there is also a sensor system (10) which is assigned to the centering magnets (6).
2. Lagerung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass2. Storage according to claim 1, characterized in that
die Magnetlagerung (4) im Spindelgehäuse (1) ebenso aus Zentier- magneten (4') und diesen zugeordneten Sensoreinheiten (10') besteht und die axiale Verschiebung der Maschinenspindel (3) in einer geeigneten, nicht näher beschriebenen Art, fünktionell ausgeführt bzw. ausgeschlossen wird.the magnetic bearing (4) in the spindle housing (1) also consists of centering magnets (4 ') and sensor units (10') assigned to them, and the axial displacement of the machine spindle (3) in a suitable, unspecified manner, functionally carried out or is excluded.
3. Lagerung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass3. Storage according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that
die Lagerung der Maschinenspindel (3) im Spindelgehäuse (1) als Kombination aus Gleit-, Wälz-, Luft- oder Flüssigkeitslagern (2) und Magnetlagern (4) mit zugeordnetem Sensorsystem (4') ausgeführt ist.the bearing of the machine spindle (3) in the spindle housing (1) is designed as a combination of sliding, rolling, air or liquid bearings (2) and magnetic bearings (4) with an associated sensor system (4 ').
4. Lagerung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass4. Storage according to one of claims 1 and 3, characterized in that
die Zentriermagnetgehäuse (5) im Bereich des ausfahrbaren/ nicht ausfahrbaren Schaftes (8) der Maschinenspindel (3) axial verstellbarffest vorgesehen ist. the centering magnet housing (5) in the region of the extendable / non-extendable shaft (8) of the machine spindle (3) is provided so as to be axially adjustable.
5. Lagerung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass5. Storage according to one of claims 1 and 4, characterized in that
vorzugsweise je vier Zentriermagnete (6; 4') mit den dazu angeordneten Sensorsystemen (10; 10') im Spindelgehäuse (1) und im Zentriermagnetgehäuse (5) angeordnet sind.Preferably four centering magnets (6; 4 ') with the sensor systems (10; 10') arranged for this purpose are arranged in the spindle housing (1) and in the centering magnet housing (5).
6. Lagerung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass6. Storage according to claim 1, characterized in that
die gesamte Lagerung der Maschinenspindel (3) sowohl in vertikaler wie auch in horizontaler Bauart ausführbar ist. the entire mounting of the machine spindle (3) can be carried out in both vertical and horizontal designs.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2000/003663 WO2002032618A1 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2000-10-17 | Machine spindle bearing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2000/003663 WO2002032618A1 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2000-10-17 | Machine spindle bearing |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2002032618A1 true WO2002032618A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
Family
ID=5647986
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2000/003663 WO2002032618A1 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2000-10-17 | Machine spindle bearing |
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WO (1) | WO2002032618A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006134180A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-21 | Loxin 2002, S.L. | Toolholder comprising a suction system |
DE102006036051A1 (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2008-02-07 | Schaeffler Kg | Rotary table storage and drive device |
CN112140243A (en) * | 2020-09-25 | 2020-12-29 | 李爱晓 | Magnetic attraction principle positioning plate punching equipment for office furniture |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04125312A (en) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-04-24 | Seiko Seiki Co Ltd | Magnetic bearing device |
DE4436827A1 (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1995-04-20 | Koyo Seiko Co | Machine tool |
DE19534871A1 (en) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-27 | Bauerrichter Hans Dieter | Automatic edge grinding equipment for wood and plastic |
EP0875685A2 (en) * | 1997-04-28 | 1998-11-04 | Ntn Corporation | Combined externally pressurized gas-magnetic bearing assembly and spindle device utilizing the same |
-
2000
- 2000-10-17 WO PCT/DE2000/003663 patent/WO2002032618A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04125312A (en) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-04-24 | Seiko Seiki Co Ltd | Magnetic bearing device |
DE4436827A1 (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1995-04-20 | Koyo Seiko Co | Machine tool |
DE19534871A1 (en) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-27 | Bauerrichter Hans Dieter | Automatic edge grinding equipment for wood and plastic |
EP0875685A2 (en) * | 1997-04-28 | 1998-11-04 | Ntn Corporation | Combined externally pressurized gas-magnetic bearing assembly and spindle device utilizing the same |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 384 (M - 1296) 17 August 1992 (1992-08-17) * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006134180A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-21 | Loxin 2002, S.L. | Toolholder comprising a suction system |
ES2293775A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2008-03-16 | Loxin 2002, S.L. | Toolholder comprising a suction system |
DE102006036051A1 (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2008-02-07 | Schaeffler Kg | Rotary table storage and drive device |
CN112140243A (en) * | 2020-09-25 | 2020-12-29 | 李爱晓 | Magnetic attraction principle positioning plate punching equipment for office furniture |
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