WO2002026996A2 - Regulation d'enzyme humaine de type phospholipase c specifique du phosphatidylinositol - Google Patents
Regulation d'enzyme humaine de type phospholipase c specifique du phosphatidylinositol Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002026996A2 WO2002026996A2 PCT/EP2001/011012 EP0111012W WO0226996A2 WO 2002026996 A2 WO2002026996 A2 WO 2002026996A2 EP 0111012 W EP0111012 W EP 0111012W WO 0226996 A2 WO0226996 A2 WO 0226996A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plc
- enzyme
- polypeptide
- seq
- polynucleotide
- Prior art date
Links
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 347
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 title claims abstract description 338
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 108010064785 Phospholipases Proteins 0.000 title abstract description 15
- ZIIUUSVHCHPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzenesulfonamide Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ZIIUUSVHCHPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 102000015439 Phospholipases Human genes 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 150000003905 phosphatidylinositols Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 title description 7
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 208000006673 asthma Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 208000015114 central nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 208000006545 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000004064 dysfunction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims description 250
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 claims description 247
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 claims description 246
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 170
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 134
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 claims description 134
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 claims description 134
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 134
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 123
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 116
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 79
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 72
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 102000053642 Catalytic RNA Human genes 0.000 claims description 28
- 108090000994 Catalytic RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 28
- 108091092562 ribozyme Proteins 0.000 claims description 28
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 22
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 108091034117 Oligonucleotide Proteins 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000074 antisense oligonucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000012230 antisense oligonucleotides Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r)-6-amino-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC(N)(CC1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims description 12
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940124606 potential therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012472 biological sample Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 210000004671 cell-free system Anatomy 0.000 claims 2
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009007 Diagnostic Kit Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001668 ameliorated effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 293
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 100
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 48
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 45
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 41
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 36
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 33
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 30
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 28
- 102000014384 Type C Phospholipases Human genes 0.000 description 25
- 108010079194 Type C Phospholipases Proteins 0.000 description 25
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- 108020004635 Complementary DNA Proteins 0.000 description 24
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 23
- 238000010804 cDNA synthesis Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 14
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000013615 primer Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 11
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 108010037362 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102000010834 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 10
- 210000002744 extracellular matrix Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 108020000948 Antisense Oligonucleotides Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 9
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate Polymers Cc1cn(C2CC(OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)C(COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3CO)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 8
- -1 antibiotic Substances 0.000 description 8
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 238000010195 expression analysis Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 8
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 8
- 108010070675 Glutathione transferase Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 102000005720 Glutathione transferase Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000004568 DNA-binding Effects 0.000 description 6
- 108700039887 Essential Genes Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 239000013566 allergen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 6
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 206010012289 Dementia Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 108010013369 Enteropeptidase Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102100029727 Enteropeptidase Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 5
- 108010029485 Protein Isoforms Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000001708 Protein Isoforms Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108091081024 Start codon Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 238000001042 affinity chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000000984 immunochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003127 radioimmunoassay Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011725 BALB/c mouse Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 4
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 238000001712 DNA sequencing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 101710139422 Eotaxin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102100023688 Eotaxin Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 4
- NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Histamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CN=CN1 NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 4
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000006486 Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010044302 Phosphoinositide phospholipase C Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 208000006011 Stroke Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 4
- 208000026935 allergic disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003719 b-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000001982 diacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000007783 downstream signaling Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000008298 dragée Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 210000003979 eosinophil Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001502 gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 4
- UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanine Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2 UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000013537 high throughput screening Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000003630 histaminocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000000688 human artificial chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 230000028709 inflammatory response Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003757 reverse transcription PCR Methods 0.000 description 4
- QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N serotonin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(CCN)=CNC2=C1 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002103 transcriptional effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 4
- MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,5-IP3 Natural products OC1C(O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1OP(O)(O)=O MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 208000000884 Airway Obstruction Diseases 0.000 description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-XJTPDSDZSA-N D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-XJTPDSDZSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010014561 Emphysema Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 201000011240 Frontotemporal dementia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102000003688 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000045 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010024636 Glutathione Proteins 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010001336 Horseradish Peroxidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102100034343 Integrase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010044467 Isoenzymes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108060001084 Luciferase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000005089 Luciferase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 101710182846 Polyhedrin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000013614 RNA sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010092799 RNA-directed DNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000006382 Ribonucleases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010083644 Ribonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000700584 Simplexvirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 102100036407 Thioredoxin Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000723873 Tobacco mosaic virus Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol group Chemical group [C@@H]1(CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 210000000349 chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 3
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 3
- 239000012636 effector Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001952 enzyme assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960003180 glutathione Drugs 0.000 description 3
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 210000004408 hybridoma Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N methamphetamine Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 3
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003753 real-time PCR Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007423 screening assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002027 skeletal muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 210000001550 testis Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 108060008226 thioredoxin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 3
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108050004163 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108050004626 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108050004186 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108050004161 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100026201 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase eta-1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108050004167 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase eta-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108050004168 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase eta-2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108050004159 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase zeta-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010002091 Anaesthesia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010002198 Anaphylactic reaction Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000006096 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100026189 Beta-galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 206010006458 Bronchitis chronic Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010006482 Bronchospasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100024167 C-C chemokine receptor type 3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710149862 C-C chemokine receptor type 3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- COXVTLYNGOIATD-HVMBLDELSA-N CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C1=CC(C)=C(C=C1)\N=N\C1=C(O)C2=C(N)C(=CC(=C2C=C1)S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O)\N=N\C1=CC=C2C(=CC(=C(N)C2=C1O)S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O Chemical compound CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C1=CC(C)=C(C=C1)\N=N\C1=C(O)C2=C(N)C(=CC(=C2C=C1)S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O)\N=N\C1=CC=C2C(=CC(=C(N)C2=C1O)S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O COXVTLYNGOIATD-HVMBLDELSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000014914 Carrier Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010035563 Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108020004705 Codon Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000011990 Corticobasal Degeneration Diseases 0.000 description 2
- PMATZTZNYRCHOR-CGLBZJNRSA-N Cyclosporin A Chemical compound CC[C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](C)C\C=C\C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)CN(C)C1=O PMATZTZNYRCHOR-CGLBZJNRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930105110 Cyclosporin A Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 108010036949 Cyclosporine Proteins 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000004163 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000626 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010035533 Drosophila Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000008157 ELISA kit Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108010074860 Factor Xa Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091006027 G proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000030782 GTP binding Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091000058 GTP-Binding Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100039556 Galectin-4 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010060309 Glucuronidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000053187 Glucuronidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010043121 Green Fluorescent Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004144 Green Fluorescent Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710154606 Hemagglutinin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexa-Ac-myo-Inositol Natural products CC(=O)OC1C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C1OC(C)=O SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010056651 Hydroxymethylbilane synthase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000000588 Interleukin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000978 Interleukin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010002616 Interleukin-5 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000235058 Komagataella pastoris Species 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000019693 Lung disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 101710175625 Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 101710093908 Outer capsid protein VP4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710135467 Outer capsid protein sigma-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000012408 PCR amplification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102100034391 Porphobilinogen deaminase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710176177 Protein A56 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000003923 Protein Kinase C Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000315 Protein Kinase C Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000002123 RNA extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000700157 Rattus norvegicus Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010039085 Rhinitis allergic Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108091028664 Ribonucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 2
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N Ribose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010003581 Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000714474 Rous sarcoma virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000256251 Spodoptera frugiperda Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 108010090804 Streptavidin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 210000004241 Th2 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000030886 Traumatic Brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000255985 Trichoplusia Species 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-HOZKJCLWSA-N [(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,6-diphosphonooxycyclohexyl] dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1OP(O)(O)=O MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-HOZKJCLWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 2
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000005600 alkyl phosphonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 201000010105 allergic rhinitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-D-Furanose-Ribose Natural products OCC1OC(O)C(O)C1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000037005 anaesthesia Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036783 anaphylactic response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000003455 anaphylaxis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000004102 animal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003651 basophil Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108010005774 beta-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091005948 blue fluorescent proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010006451 bronchitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000007885 bronchoconstriction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007975 buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005251 capillar electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000423 cell based assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000026106 cerebrovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005482 chemotactic factor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000007451 chronic bronchitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229960001265 ciclosporin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012875 competitive assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000139 costimulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930182912 cyclosporin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108010067755 dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002616 endonucleolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- DEFVIWRASFVYLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCOCCOCCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O DEFVIWRASFVYLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960003699 evans blue Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 210000000416 exudates and transudate Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000010685 fatty oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001605 fetal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000013595 glycosylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006206 glycosylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005090 green fluorescent protein Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000185 hemagglutinin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001340 histamine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000000487 histidyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(C(=O)O*)C([H])([H])C1=C([H])N([H])C([H])=N1 0.000 description 2
- FDGQSTZJBFJUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypoxanthine Chemical compound O=C1NC=NC2=C1NC=N2 FDGQSTZJBFJUBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960000367 inositol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108010045069 keyhole-limpet hemocyanin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000012933 kinetic analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 102000003835 leukotriene receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000146 leukotriene receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 206010027175 memory impairment Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000037230 mobility Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001823 molecular biology technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010369 molecular cloning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000007310 pathophysiology Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001323 posttranslational effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000002987 primer (paints) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002464 receptor antagonist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940044551 receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002336 ribonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002652 ribonucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940076279 serotonin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002741 site-directed mutagenesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002460 smooth muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003431 steroids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002198 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940094937 thioredoxin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008728 vascular permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- YMXHPSHLTSZXKH-RVBZMBCESA-N (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 5-[(3as,4s,6ar)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]2CS1)CCCC(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O YMXHPSHLTSZXKH-RVBZMBCESA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASWBNKHCZGQVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-hexadecanoyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C ASWBNKHCZGQVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HKWJHKSHEWVOSS-OMDJCSNQSA-N 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol-3,4-bisphosphate) Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H]1O HKWJHKSHEWVOSS-OMDJCSNQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXFBZOLANLWPMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16-Epiaffinine Natural products C1C(C2=CC=CC=C2N2)=C2C(=O)CC2C(=CC)CN(C)C1C2CO PXFBZOLANLWPMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020004463 18S ribosomal RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dinitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011640 AKR mouse Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000007469 Actins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010085238 Actins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229930024421 Adenine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2 GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010067484 Adverse reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010025188 Alcohol oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000002260 Alkaline Phosphatase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004774 Alkaline Phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000035285 Allergic Seasonal Rhinitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024827 Alzheimer disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010003645 Atopy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000972773 Aulopiformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000201370 Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091008875 B cell receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000003844 B-cell-activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010065687 Bone loss Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000800130 Bos taurus Thyroglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100021935 C-C motif chemokine 26 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000002110 C2 domains Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050009459 C2 domains Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000017420 CD3 protein, epsilon/gamma/delta subunit Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050005493 CD3 protein, epsilon/gamma/delta subunit Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004631 Calcineurin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010042955 Calcineurin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000312 Calcium Channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003922 Calcium Channels Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710132601 Capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000003846 Carbonic anhydrases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000209 Carbonic anhydrases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010078791 Carrier Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701489 Cauliflower mosaic virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700199 Cavia porcellus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000000844 Cell Surface Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010001857 Cell Surface Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010012236 Chemokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000019034 Chemokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000005496 Chlorsulfuron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101710094648 Coat protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700010070 Codon Usage Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010047041 Complementarity Determining Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010026206 Conalbumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000186216 Corynebacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000699800 Cricetinae Species 0.000 description 1
- IGXWBGJHJZYPQS-SSDOTTSWSA-N D-Luciferin Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H]1CSC(C=2SC3=CC=C(O)C=C3N=2)=N1 IGXWBGJHJZYPQS-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N D-ribofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150074155 DHFR gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000004544 DNA amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003155 DNA primer Substances 0.000 description 1
- CYCGRDQQIOGCKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dehydro-luciferin Natural products OC(=O)C1=CSC(C=2SC3=CC(O)=CC=C3N=2)=N1 CYCGRDQQIOGCKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010067889 Dementia with Lewy bodies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010012438 Dermatitis atopic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010059866 Drug resistance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000059 Dyspnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002965 ELISA Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012286 ELISA Assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000944251 Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC 38163 / CBS 112.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cmkA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010014950 Eosinophilia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091060211 Expressed sequence tag Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010087819 Fc receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000009109 Fc receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000724791 Filamentous phage Species 0.000 description 1
- BJGNCJDXODQBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fivefly Luciferin Natural products OC(=O)C1CSC(C=2SC3=CC(O)=CC=C3N=2)=N1 BJGNCJDXODQBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010001515 Galectin 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150112014 Gapdh gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXDDRFCJKNROTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol 1,2-diacetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(CO)OC(C)=O UXDDRFCJKNROTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000028180 Glycophorins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091005250 Glycophorins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100021181 Golgi phosphoprotein 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HTTJABKRGRZYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heparin Chemical compound OC1C(NC(=O)C)C(O)OC(COS(O)(=O)=O)C1OC1C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(O3)C(O)=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)C(CO)O2)NS(O)(=O)=O)C(C(O)=O)O1 HTTJABKRGRZYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000897493 Homo sapiens C-C motif chemokine 26 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000608765 Homo sapiens Galectin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000692455 Homo sapiens Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000946860 Homo sapiens T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000023105 Huntington disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hypoxanthine nucleoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(NC=NC2=O)=C2N=C1 UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010062016 Immunosuppression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020005350 Initiator Codon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090001007 Interleukin-8 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004890 Interleukin-8 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091092195 Intron Proteins 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N L-methotrexate Chemical compound C=1N=C2N=C(N)N=C(N)C2=NC=1CN(C)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091026898 Leader sequence (mRNA) Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000002832 Lewy body dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000239218 Limulus Species 0.000 description 1
- DDWFXDSYGUXRAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Luciferin Natural products CCc1c(C)c(CC2NC(=O)C(=C2C=C)C)[nH]c1Cc3[nH]c4C(=C5/NC(CC(=O)O)C(C)C5CC(=O)O)CC(=O)c4c3C DDWFXDSYGUXRAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101710125418 Major capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100261636 Methanothermobacter marburgensis (strain ATCC BAA-927 / DSM 2133 / JCM 14651 / NBRC 100331 / OCM 82 / Marburg) trpB2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000026072 Motor neurone disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101000583440 Mus musculus E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000978390 Mus musculus Eotaxin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100366881 Mus musculus Stat3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NQTADLQHYWFPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Hydroxysuccinimide Chemical compound ON1C(=O)CCC1=O NQTADLQHYWFPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930193140 Neomycin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000636 Northern blotting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101710163270 Nuclease Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091005461 Nucleic proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700020497 Nucleopolyhedrovirus polyhedrin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710141454 Nucleoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700020796 Oncogene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010053159 Organ failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010033799 Paralysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000018737 Parkinson disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027089 Parkinsonian disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010034010 Parkinsonism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010067902 Peptide Library Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004861 Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001050 Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100124346 Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii (strain DSM 15139 / CIP 105565 / TT01) hisCD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000000609 Pick Disease of the Brain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100026547 Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000276498 Pollachius virens Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010021757 Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000008422 Polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101710083689 Probable capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010036790 Productive cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010076504 Protein Sorting Signals Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000028017 Psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020004518 RNA Probes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000003391 RNA probe Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010240 RT-PCR analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002200 Respiratory Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010057190 Respiratory tract infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000220010 Rhode Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 1
- CGNLCCVKSWNSDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N SYBR Green I Chemical compound CN(C)CCCN(CCC)C1=CC(C=C2N(C3=CC=CC=C3S2)C)=C2C=CC=CC2=[N+]1C1=CC=CC=C1 CGNLCCVKSWNSDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002684 Sepharose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002105 Southern blotting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000006044 T cell activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091008874 T cell receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000016266 T-Cell Antigen Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100035794 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020005038 Terminator Codon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=O RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091036066 Three prime untranslated region Proteins 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108090000190 Thrombin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006601 Thymidine Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004440 Thymidine kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000009843 Thyroglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108700009124 Transcription Initiation Site Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700029229 Transcriptional Regulatory Elements Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004357 Transferases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000992 Transferases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000004810 Vascular dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IXKSXJFAGXLQOQ-XISFHERQSA-N WHWLQLKPGQPMY Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C1=CNC=N1 IXKSXJFAGXLQOQ-XISFHERQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010047924 Wheezing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000021736 acetylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006640 acetylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108020002494 acetyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005421 acetyltransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000643 adenine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006838 adverse reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001261 affinity purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011543 agarose gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007000 age related cognitive decline Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010085 airway hyperresponsiveness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000037883 airway inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000172 allergic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000030961 allergic reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940126575 aminoglycoside Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010002026 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002052 anaphylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033115 angiogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004410 anthocyanin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930002877 anthocyanin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000010208 anthocyanin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004636 anthocyanins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001093 anti-cancer Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124650 anti-cancer therapies Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002590 anti-leukotriene effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000340 anti-metabolite Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011319 anticancer therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000030741 antigen processing and presentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000612 antigen-presenting cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940100197 antimetabolite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002256 antimetabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940041181 antineoplastic drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N arabinose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000001106 artificial yeast chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940009098 aspartate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000008937 atopic dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010668 atopic eczema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000000211 autoradiogram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000015736 beta 2-Microglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010081355 beta 2-Microglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940125388 beta agonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091008324 binding proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001574 biopsy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007413 biotinylation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006287 biotinylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036770 blood supply Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001045 blue dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000029028 brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000021523 carboxylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006473 carboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020411 cell activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033077 cellular process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005754 cellular signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000001638 cerebellum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- VJYIFXVZLXQVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorsulfuron Chemical compound COC1=NC(C)=NC(NC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)Cl)=N1 VJYIFXVZLXQVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000037976 chronic inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006020 chronic inflammation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000010877 cognitive disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001149 cognitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000001072 colon Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002648 combination therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009137 competitive binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011443 conventional therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000016396 cytokine production Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010057085 cytokine receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003675 cytokine receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000003436 cytoskeletal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001086 cytosolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002716 delivery method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940009976 deoxycholate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N deoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005547 deoxyribonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002637 deoxyribonucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010511 deprotection reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004427 diamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007120 differential activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000676 disease causative agent Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 235000021186 dishes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=S NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000890 drug combination Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000003908 endometrial adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029382 endometrium adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001976 enzyme digestion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000052116 epidermal growth factor receptor activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700015053 epidermal growth factor receptor activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001667 episodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010052305 exodeoxyribonuclease III Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012458 free base Substances 0.000 description 1
- ICLWTJIMXVISSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC1=CC=CC(OCCN(CC)CC)=C1OCCN(CC)CC ICLWTJIMXVISSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003054 gallamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001476 gene delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004190 glucose uptake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002327 glycerophospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011544 gradient gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960002897 heparin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000669 heparin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150113423 hisD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036737 immune function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002055 immunohistochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012133 immunoprecipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001114 immunoprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001506 immunosuppresive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010249 in-situ analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000000509 infertility Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000036512 infertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000535 infertility Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000004969 inflammatory cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000027866 inflammatory disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940125369 inhaled corticosteroids Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012482 interaction analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XKTZWUACRZHVAN-VADRZIEHSA-N interleukin-8 Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(C)=O)CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N1[C@H](CCC1)C(=O)N1[C@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)C(=O)N1[C@H](CCC1)C(N)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XKTZWUACRZHVAN-VADRZIEHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940096397 interleukin-8 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001361 intraarterial administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007913 intrathecal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007914 intraventricular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007852 inverse PCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Natural products CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZWBNHMXJMCXLU-BLAUPYHCSA-N isomaltotriose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O)O1 FZWBNHMXJMCXLU-BLAUPYHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011813 knockout mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150066555 lacZ gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000003723 learning disability Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000518 lethal Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001665 lethal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000265 leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000029226 lipidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008176 lyophilized powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002752 melanocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000485 methotrexate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000027061 mild cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZAHQPTJLOCWVPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N mitoxantrone dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.O=C1C2=C(O)C=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1C(NCCNCCO)=CC=C2NCCNCCO ZAHQPTJLOCWVPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004899 motility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000005264 motor neuron disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004877 mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003843 mucus production Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000000585 muscular atrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YOHYSYJDKVYCJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[3-[[6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(NC=2N=CN=C(NC=3C=C(NC(=O)C4CC4)C=CC=3)C=2)=C1 YOHYSYJDKVYCJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007372 neural signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002858 neurotransmitter agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000001821 nucleic acid purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002777 nucleoside Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004940 nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000031787 nutrient reservoir activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000414 obstructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000590 oncogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002246 oncogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011275 oncology therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003791 organic solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008212 organismal development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000021090 palsy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010647 peptide synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002823 phage display Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002831 pharmacologic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011458 pharmacological treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003908 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004713 phosphodiesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003906 phosphoinositides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008298 phosphoramidates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008300 phosphoramidites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004962 physiological condition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035479 physiological effects, processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035790 physiological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004694 pigment cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002826 placenta Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002953 preparative HPLC Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001236 prokaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004952 protein activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001742 protein purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001243 protein synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000012743 protein tagging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004850 protein–protein interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017854 proteolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940024999 proteolytic enzymes for treatment of wounds and ulcers Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001938 protoplast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003456 pulmonary alveoli Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009325 pulmonary function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003642 reactive oxygen metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010188 recombinant method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000023504 respiratory system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003705 ribosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000000548 ribosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019515 salmon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000000980 schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003345 scintillation counting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006152 selective media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000021317 sensory perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000405 serological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000013220 shortness of breath Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016160 smooth muscle contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000329 smooth muscle myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000002415 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007901 soft capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012439 solid excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009870 specific binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010473 stable expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000542 thalamic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001274 therapeutic index Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000003161 three-hybrid assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004072 thrombin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960002175 thyroglobulin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001685 thyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012090 tissue culture technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000025366 tissue development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001256 tonic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002110 toxicologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000027 toxicology Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000003437 trachea Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005945 translocation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009529 traumatic brain injury Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011269 treatment regimen Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 101150081616 trpB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150111232 trpB-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006433 tumor necrosis factor production Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003160 two-hybrid assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010396 two-hybrid screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001515965 unidentified phage Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000037820 vascular cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007998 vessel formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001086 yeast two-hybrid system Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
- A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
Definitions
- the invention relates to the area of enzyme regulation. More particularly, the invention relates to the regulation of human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme and its regulation.
- PLC Phospholipase C
- PI-PLC phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C
- PI-PLC-like enzyme phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme
- amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and
- Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation.
- a test compound is contacted with a PI- PLC-like enzyme polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and
- Binding between the test compound and the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is detected.
- a test compound which binds to the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
- the agent can work by decreasing the activity of the PI-PLC-like enzyme.
- Another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation.
- a test compound is contacted with a polynucleotide encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, wherein the poly- nucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and,
- a test compound which binds to the polynucleotide is identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
- the agent can work by decreasing the amount of the PI-PLC-like enzyme through interacting with the PI-PLC-like enzyme mRNA.
- Another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which regulate extracellular matrix degradation.
- a test compound is contacted with a PI- PLC-like enzyme polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and,
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme activity of the polypeptide is detected.
- a test compound which increases PI-PLC-like enzyme activity of the polypeptide relative to PI-PLC- like enzyme activity in the absence of the test compound is thereby identified as a potential agent for increasing extracellular matrix degradation.
- a test compound which decreases PI-PLC-like enzyme activity of the polypeptide relative to PI-PLC- like enzyme activity in the absence of the test compound is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
- Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation.
- a test compound is contacted with a PI- PLC-like enzyme product of a polynucleotide which comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and,
- Binding of the test compound to the PI-PLC-like enzyme product is detected.
- test compound which binds to the PI-PLC-like enzyme product is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.
- Still another embodiment of the invention is a method of reducing extracellular matrix degradation.
- a cell is contacted with a reagent which specifically binds to a polynucleotide encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or the product encoded by the polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and,
- PI-PLC-like enzyme activity in the cell is thereby decreased.
- the invention thus provides a human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C- like enzyme which can be used to identify test compounds which may act, for example, as agonists or antagonists at the enzyme's active site.
- Human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme and fragments thereof also are useful in raising specific antibodies which can block the enzyme and effectively reduce its activity.
- Fig. 1 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA-sequence of Fig.1 (SEQ ID NO:2).
- Fig. 3 shows the amino acid sequence of Drosophila melanogaster protein identified with Swissprot Accession No. P25455 (SEQ ID NO:3).
- Fig. 4 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig. 5 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig. 6 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 6).
- Fig. 7 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 7).
- Fig. 8 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig. 9 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 9).
- Fig. 10 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 10).
- Fig. 11 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 11).
- Fig. 12 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 12).
- Fig. 13 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig. 14 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig.15 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig. 16 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 16).
- Fig. 17 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 17).
- Fig. 18 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide
- Fig. 19 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 19).
- Fig. 20 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:20).
- Fig. 21 shows the BLASTP alignment of SEQ ID NO:2 with SEQ ID NO:3.
- Fig. 22 shows the HMMPFAM - alignment of SEQ ID NO:2 against pfam
- Fig. 23 shows the HMMPFAM - alignment of SEQ ID NO:2 against pfam
- Fig. 24 shows the HMMPFAM - alignment of SEQ ED NO:2 against pfam
- Fig. 25 shows the expression profiling of PI-PLC-like enzyme mRNA, whole- body screen
- Fig. 26 shows the expression profiling of PI-PLC-like enzyme mRNA, in cancer tissues (normalized to 18S RNA)
- Fig. 27 shows the expression profiling of PI-PLC-like enzyme mRNA, in cancer tissues (copy number)
- the invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide and being selected from the group consisting of:
- a polynucleotide encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: amino acid sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and, the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
- PI-PLC-like enzyme phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme is 31% identical over 672 amino acids to the Drosophila melanogaster protein identified with SwissProt Accession No. P25455 and annotated as ' -PHOSPHAT_DYLINOSITOI_-4 5 5-BISPHOSPHATE PHOSPHODIESTERASE
- a coding sequence for human PI-PLC-like enzyme is shown in SEQ ID NO:l and located on chromosome 3.
- Related ESTs (SEQ ID NOS:4-20) are expressed in colon, pooled endometrial adenocarcinoma, pooled tumors, pooled fetal lung, testis, B cells, multiple sclerosis lesions, and the infant brain of a muscular atrophy patient.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme of the invention is expected to be useful for the same purposes as previously identified phospholipase C enzymes.
- human PI-PLC- like enzyme can be used in therapeutic methods to treat disorders such as asthma, cancer, CNS disorders, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Human PI-PLC- like enzyme also can be used to screen for human PI-PLC-like enzyme agonists and antagonists.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides comprise at least 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, or 785 contiguous amino acids selected from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or a biologically active variant thereof, as defined below.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide of the invention therefore can be a portion of a PI-PLC-like enzyme protein, a full-length PI-PLC-like enzyme protein, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a PI-PLC-like enzyme protein.
- naturally or non-naturally occurring PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide variants have amino acid sequences which are at least about 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70, preferably about 75, 80, 85, 90, 96, 96, or 98% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or a fragment thereof.
- Percent identity between a putative PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide variant and an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 is deteraiined using the Blast2 alignment program (Blosum62, Expect 10, standard genetic codes).
- Variations in percent identity can be due, for example, to amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions.
- Amino acid substitutions are defined as one for one amino acid replacements. They are conservative in nature when the substituted amino acid has similar structural and/or chemical properties. Examples of conservative replacements are substitution of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.
- Amino acid insertions or deletions are changes to or within an amino acid sequence. They typically fall in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues can be substituted, inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunological activity of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be found using computer programs well known in the art, such as DNASTAR software.
- Whether an amino acid change results in a biologically active PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can readily be determined by assaying for phospholipase C activity, as described for example, in the specific Examples, below.
- Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide amino acid sequences and for use in various assay systems. For example, fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins which interact with portions of a PI- PLC-like enzyme polypeptide. Protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein-protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide fusion protein comprises two polypeptide segments fused together by means of a peptide bond.
- the first polypeptide segment comprises at least 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, or 785 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2 or of a biologically active variant, such as those described above.
- the first polypeptide segment also can comprise full-length PI-PLC-like enzyme protein.
- the second polypeptide segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment.
- Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include ⁇ -galactosidase, ⁇ - glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT).
- epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
- fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions.
- MBP maltose binding protein
- S-tag S-tag
- GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions
- HSV herpes simplex virus
- a fusion protein also can be engineered to contain a cleavage site located between the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide-encoding sequence and the heterologous protein sequence, so that the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be cleaved and purified away from the heterologous moiety.
- a fusion protein can be synthesized chemically, as is known in the art.
- a fusion protein is produced by covalently linking two polypeptide segments or by standard procedures in the art of molecular biology.
- Recombinant DNA methods can be used to prepare fusion proteins, for example, by making a DNA construct which comprises coding sequences selected from SEQ ID NO:l in proper reading frame with nucleotides encoding the second polypeptide segment and expressing the DNA construct in a host cell, as is known in the art.
- kits for constructing fusion proteins are available from companies such as Promega Corporation (Madison, WI), Stratagene (La Jolla, CA), CLONTECH (Mountain View, CA), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), MBL International Corporation (MIC; Watertown, MA), and Quantum Biotechnologies (Montreal, Canada; 1-888-DNA-KITS).
- Species homologs of human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be obtained using PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide polynucleotides (described below) to make suitable probes or primers for screening cDNA expression libraries from other species, such as mice, monkeys, or yeast, identifying cDNAs which encode homologs of PI-PLC- like enzyme polypeptide, and expressing the cDNAs as is known in the art.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be single- or double-stranded and comprises a coding sequence or the complement of a coding sequence for a PI-PLC- like enzyme polypeptide.
- a partial coding sequence for human PI-PLC-like enzyme is shown in SEQ ID NO:l.
- nucleotide sequences encoding human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides, as well as homologous nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50, 55, 60, 65,
- PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides 70, preferably about 75, 90, 96, or 98% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:l or its complement also are PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides. Percent sequence identity between the sequences of two polynucleotides is determined using computer programs such as ALIGN which employ the FASTA algorithm, using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of -12 and a gap extension penalty of -2.
- cDNA Complementary DNA
- species homologs, and variants of PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides which encode biologically active PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides also are PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides. Identification of Polynucleotide Variants and Homologs
- Variants and homologs of the PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides described above also are PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides.
- homologous PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide sequences can be identified by hybridization of candidate polynucleotides to known PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides under stringent conditions, as is known in the art.
- Species homologs of the PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides disclosed herein also can be identified by making suitable probes or primers and screening cDNA expression libraries from other species, such as mice, monkeys, or yeast.
- Human variants of PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides can be identified, for example, by screening human cDNA expression libraries. It is well known that the T m of a double-stranded DNA decreases by 1-1.5°C with every 1% decrease in homology (Bonner et al, J. Mol. Biol. 81, 123 (1973).
- Variants of human PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides or PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides of other species can therefore be identified by hybridizing a putative homologous PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide with a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l or the complement thereof to form a test hybrid.
- the melting temperature of the test hybrid is compared with the melting temperature of a hybrid comprising polynucleotides having perfectly complementary nucleotide sequences, and the number or percent of basepair mismatches within the test hybrid is calculated.
- Nucleotide sequences which hybridize to PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides or their complements following stringent hybridization and/or wash conditions also are PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides.
- Stringent wash conditions are well known and understood in the art and are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2d ed., 1989, at pages 9.50-9.51.
- T m of a hybrid between a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:l or the complement thereof and a polynucleotide sequence which is at least about 50, preferably about 75, 90, 96, or 98% identical to one of those nucleotide sequences can be calculated, for example, using the equation of Bolton and McCarthy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 48, 1390 (1962):
- Stringent wash conditions include, for example, 4X SSC at 65°C, or 50% formamide, 4X SSC at 42°C, or 0.5X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65°C.
- Highly stringent wash conditions include, for example, 0.2X SSC at 65°C.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids.
- Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, or synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer. Methods for isolating polynucleotides are routine and are known in the art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides.
- restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which comprises PI-PLC-like nucleotide sequences.
- Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70, 80, or 90% free of other molecules.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using PI-PLC-like enzyme mRNA as a template. Human PI- PLC-like enzyme cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques known in the art and disclosed in manuals such as Sambrook et al. (1989). An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template.
- PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides can be synthesized using synthetic chemistry techniques to synthesize PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides.
- the degeneracy of the genetic code allows alternate nucleotide sequences to be synthesized which will encode a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide having, for example, an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or a biologically active variant thereof.
- the partial sequences disclosed herein can be used to identify the corresponding full length gene from which they were derived.
- the partial sequences can be nick-translated or end-labeled with 32 P using polynucleotide kinase using labeling methods known to those with skill in the art (BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR
- a lambda library prepared from human tissue can be directly screened with the labeled sequences of interest or the library can be converted en masse to pBluescript (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif. 92037) to facilitate bacterial colony screening (see Sambrook et al, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Positive cDNA clones are analyzed to determine the amount of additional sequence they contain using PCR with one primer from the partial sequence and the other primer from the vector.
- Clones with a larger vector-insert PCR product than the original partial sequence are analyzed by restriction digestion and DNA sequencing to determine whether they contain an insert o
- the complete sequence of the clones can be determined , for example after exonuclease III digestion (McCom- bie et al., Methods 3, 33-40, 1991).
- a series of deletion clones are generated, each of which is sequenced.
- the resulting overlapping sequences are assembled into a single contiguous sequence of high redundancy (usually three to five overlapping sequences at each nucleotide position), resulting in a highly accurate final sequence.
- PCR-based methods can be used to extend the nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein to detect upstream sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements.
- restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus (Sarkar, PCR Methods Applic. 2,
- Genomic DNA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.
- Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region (Triglia et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 8186, 1988).
- Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Madison, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68-72 °C.
- the method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.
- capture PCR involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom et al, PCR Methods Applic. 1, 111-119, 1991).
- multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations also can be used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.
- Randomly-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.
- capillary electrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products.
- capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera.
- Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate software (e.g. GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display can be computer controlled.
- Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for the sequencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be purified from any cell which expresses the enzyme, including host cells which have been transfected with PI-PLC- like enzyme expression constructs.
- a purified PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is separated from other compounds which normally associate with the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis.
- a preparation of purified PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides is at least 80% pure; preferably, the preparations are 90%, 95%, or 99% pure. Purity of the preparations can be assessed by any means known in the art, such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ,
- the polynucleotide can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence.
- Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Such techniques are described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989) and in Ausubel et al, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1989.
- a variety of expression vector/host systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.
- microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors
- yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic
- control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector - enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions - which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies) and the like can be used. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells.
- Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes
- plant viruses e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences
- promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, vectors based on SN40 or EBN can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.
- a number of expression vectors can be selected depending upon the use intended for the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide. For example, when a large quantity of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is needed for the induction of antibodies, vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene).
- a sequence encoding the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of ⁇ -galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced.
- pI ⁇ vectors Na Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chem. 264,
- GST glutathione S-transferase
- fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione.
- Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.
- yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH can be used.
- PI-PLC- like enzyme polypeptides can be driven by any of a number of promoters.
- viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu, EMBO J. 6, 307-311, 1987).
- plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used (Coruzzi et al, EMBO J. 3, 1671-1680, 1984; Broglie et al, Science 224, 838-843, 1984; Winter et al, Results Probl. Cell Differ. 17, 85-105, 1991).
- These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection. Such techniques are described in a number of generally available reviews (e.g., Hobbs or
- An insect system also can be used to express a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide for example, in one such system Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides are used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae. Sequences encoding PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be cloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter. Successful insertion of PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein. The recombinant viruses can then be used to infect S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be expressed (Engelhard et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91, 3224-3227, 1994).
- a number of viral-based expression systems can be used to express PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides in mammalian host cells.
- sequences encoding PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex comprising the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome can be used to obtain a viable virus which is capable of expressing a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide in infected host cells (Logan & Shenk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 3655-3659, 1984).
- transcription enhancers such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.
- RSV Rous sarcoma virus
- HACs Human artificial chromosomes
- 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles).
- Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequences encoding a
- PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed.
- exogenous translational control signals including the ATG initiation codon
- the initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert.
- Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression can be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancers which are appropriate for the particular cell system which is used (see Schaif et al, Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20, 125-162, 1994).
- a host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide in the desired fashion.
- modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.
- Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function, different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and
- WI38 are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.
- Stable expression is preferred for long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins.
- cell lines which stably express PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium.
- the purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced PI-PLC-like enzyme sequences.
- Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type. See, for example, ANIMAL CELL CULTURE, R.I. Freshney, ed., 1986. Any number of selection systems can be used to recover transformed cell lines.
- herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al, Cell 11, 223-32, 1977) and adenine phosphoribosylrransferase (Lowy et al, Cell 22, 817-23, 1980) genes which can be employed in tk ⁇ or aprf cells, respectively.
- antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection.
- dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 (Colbere-Garapin et al, J. Mol. Biol. 150, 1-14, 1981), and als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively (Murray, 1992, supra). Additional selectable genes have been described. For example, trpB allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine (Hartman & Mulligan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85, 8047-51, 1988).
- Visible markers such as anthocyanins, ⁇ -glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system (Rhodes et al, Methods Mol. Biol. 55, 121-131, 1995).
- marker gene expression suggests that the PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed.
- a sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be identified by the absence of marker gene function.
- a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide.
- host cells which contain a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide and which express a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
- the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide to detect transformants which contain a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide.
- a variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked irnmuno- sorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
- ELISA enzyme-linked irnmuno- sorbent assay
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
- a two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.
- Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.
- sequences encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe.
- RNA probes are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US. Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
- Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture.
- the polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used.
- expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encode PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein
- a domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.). Inclusion of cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) between the purification domain and the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide also can be used to facilitate purification.
- One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site.
- the histidine residues facilitate purification by IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, as described in Porath et al, Prot. Exp. Purif. 3, 263-281, 1992), while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide from the fusion protein.
- Vectors which contain fusion proteins are disclosed in Kroll et al, DNA Cell Biol. 72, 441-453, 1993.
- Sequences encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art (see Caruthers et al, Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215-223, 1980; Horn et al. Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 225-232, 1980).
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques (Merrifield, J Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149-2154, 1963; Roberge et al, Science 269, 202-204, 1995).
- Protein synthesis can be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431 A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Optionally, fragments of PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full- length molecule.
- the newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton, PROTEINS: STRUCTURES AND
- composition of a synthetic PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edman degradation procedure; see Creighton, supra). Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of the PI- PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.
- codons preferred by a particular pro- karyotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence.
- nucleotide sequences disclosed herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide-encoding sequences for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product.
- DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences.
- site-directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.
- Antibody as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- Fab fragment antigen binding protein
- F(ab') 2 fragment antigen binding protein
- Fv fragment antigen binding protein
- epitopes which involve non-contiguous amino acids may require more, e.g., at least 15, 25, or 50 amino acids.
- An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, such as Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
- immunochemical assays such as Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
- Various immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the immunogen.
- an antibody which specifically binds to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immunochemical assay.
- antibodies which specifically bind to PI-PLC-like polypeptides do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide from solution.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
- a carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
- various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
- adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g.
- BCG Bacilli Calmette-Gueri ⁇
- Corynebacterium parvum are especially useful.
- Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Kohler et al, Nature 256, 495-497, 1985; Kozbor et al, J. Immunol. Methods 81, 31-42, 1985; Cote et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80, 2026-2030, 1983; Cole et al, Mol. Cell Biol. 62, 109-120, 1984).
- Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be "humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically.
- Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions.
- humanized antibodies can be produced using recombinant methods, as described in GB2188638B.
- Antibodies which specifically bind to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. 5,565,332.
- Single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides.
- Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries (Burton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88, 11120-23, 1991).
- Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template (Thirion et al, 1996, Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 5, 507-11).
- Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught, for example, in Coloma & Morrison, 1997, Nat. Biotechnol. 15,
- a nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below.
- single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology (Verhaar et al, 1995, Int. J. Cancer 61, 497-501; Nicholls et al, 1993, J Immunol. Meth. 165, 81-91).
- Antibodies which specifically bind to PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature (Orlandi et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 3833-3837, 1989; Winter et al, Nature 349, 293-299, 1991).
- chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151.
- Binding proteins which are derived from immunoglobulins and which are multivalent and multispecific, such as the "diabodies" described in WO
- Antibodies according to the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
- Antisense Oligonucleotides can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
- Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either transcription or translation. Preferably, an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used. Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of PI-PLC-like enzyme gene products in the cell.
- Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5' end of one nucleotide with the 3' end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages such alkylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkylphosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetamidate, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters. See Brown, Meth. Mol.
- Modifications of PI-PLC-like enzyme gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5', or regulatory regions of the PI-PLC-like enzyme gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions -10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or chaperons.
- An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.
- Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent PI-PLC-like enzyme nucleotides, can provide sufficient targeting specificity for PI-PLC-like enzyme mRNA.
- each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length.
- Non-complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length.
- One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particular PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide sequence.
- Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends of the antisense molecule. For example, inter- nucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose.
- Modified bases and/or sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3', 5'-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3' hydroxyl group or the 5' phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide.
- modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Agrawal et al, Trends Biotechnol. 10, 152-158, 1992; Uhlmann et al, Chem. Rev. 90, 543-584, 1990; Uhlmann et al, Tetrahedron. Lett. 215, 3539-3542, 1987.
- Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity. See, e.g., Cech, Science 236, 1532-1539; 1987; Cech, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 59, 543-568; 1990, Cech, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2, 605-609; 1992, Couture & Stinchcomb, Trends Genet. 12, 510-515, 1996. Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art (e.g., Haseloff et al, U.S. Patent 5,641,673).
- ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage.
- Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences.
- the coding sequence of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA transcribed from the PI- PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide.
- Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art (see Haseloff et al Nature 334, 585-591, 1988).
- the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete "hybridization" region into the ribozyme.
- the hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target (see, for example, Gerlach et al, EP
- Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a PI-PLC-like enzyme RNA target can be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. Suitability of candidate PI-PLC-like enzyme RNA targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays. Longer complementary sequences can be used to increase the affinity of the hybridization sequence for the target. The hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related such that upon hybridizing to the target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region of the ribozyme can cleave the target.
- Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, electroporation, or calcium phosphate precipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease PI-PLC-like enzyme expression. Alternatively, if it is desired that the cells stably retain the DNA construct, the construct can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art.
- a ribozyme-encoding DNA construct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for controlling transcription of ribozymes in the cells.
- ribozymes can be engineered so that ribozyme expression will occur in response to factors which induce expression of a target gene. Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells.
- genes whose products interact with human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme may represent genes which are differentially expressed in disorders including, but not limited to, asthma, cancer, CNS disorders, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Further, such genes may represent genes which are differentially regulated in response to manipulations relevant to the progression or treatment of such diseases. Additionally, such genes may have a temporally modulated expression, increased or decreased at different stages of tissue or organism development. A differentially expressed gene may also have its expression modulated under control versus experimental conditions. In addition, the human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme gene or gene product may itself be tested for differential expression.
- the degree to which expression differs in a normal versus a diseased state need only be large enough to be visualized via standard characterization techniques such as differential display techniques.
- standard characterization techniques such as differential display techniques.
- Other such standard characterization techniques by which expression differences may be visualized include but are not limited to, quantitative RT (reverse transcriptase), PCR, and Northern analysis.
- RNA samples are obtained from tissues of experimental subjects and from corresponding tissues of control subjects. Any RNA isolation technique which does not select against the isolation of mRNA may be utilized for the purification of such RNA samples. See, for example, Ausubel et al, ed. dislike CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1987-1993. Large numbers of tissue samples may readily be processed using techniques well known to those of skill in the art, such as, for example, the single-step RNA isolation process of Chomczynski, U.S. Patent 4,843,155.
- Transcripts within the collected RNA samples which represent RNA produced by differentially expressed genes are identified by methods well known to those of skill in the art. They include, for example, differential screening (Tedder et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 208-12, 1988), subtractive hybridization (Hedrick et al, Nature 308, 149-53; Lee et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 2825, 1984), and, preferably, differential display (Liang & Pardee, Science 257, 967-71, 1992; U.S. Patent 5,262,311).
- the differential expression information may itself suggest relevant methods for the treatment of disorders involving the human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme.
- treatment may include a modulation of expression of the differentially expressed genes and/or the gene encoding the human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like enzyme.
- the differential expression information may indicate whether the expression or activity of the differentially expressed gene or gene product or the human phosphatidylinositol- specific phospholipase C-like enzyme gene or gene product are up-regulated or down-regulated.
- the invention provides assays for screening test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide.
- a test compound preferably binds to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or polynucleotide. More preferably, a test compound decreases or increases PI-PLC-like by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the test compound.
- Test compounds can be pharmacologic agents already known in the art or can be compounds previously unknown to have any pharmacological activity.
- the compounds can be naturally occurring or designed in the laboratory. They can be isolated from microorganisms, animals, or plants, and can be produced recombinantly, or synthesized by chemical methods known in the art. If desired, test compounds can be obtained using any of the numerous combinatorial library methods known in the art, including but not limited to, biological libraries, spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries, synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution, the "one-bead one-compound” library method, and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
- the biological library approach is limited to polypeptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to polypeptide, non-peptide oligomer, or small molecule libraries of compounds. See Lam, Anticancer Drug Des. 12, 145, 1997.
- Test compounds can be screened for the ability to bind to PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides or polynucleotides or to affect PI-PLC-like enzyme activity or PI-PLC- like enzyme gene expression using high throughput screening.
- high throughput screening many discrete compounds can be tested in parallel so that large numbers of test compounds can be quickly screened.
- the most widely established techniques utilize 96-well microtiter plates. The wells of the microtiter plates typically require assay volumes that range from 50 to 500 ⁇ l.
- many instruments, materials, pipettors, robotics, plate washers, and plate readers are commercially available to fit the 96-well format.
- free format assays or assays that have no physical barrier between samples, can be used.
- an assay using pigment cells (melanocytes) in a simple homogeneous assay for combinatorial peptide libraries is described by Jayawickreme et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 19, 1614-18 (1994).
- the cells are placed under agarose in petri dishes, then beads that carry combinatorial compounds are placed on the surface of the agarose.
- the combinatorial compounds are partially released the compounds from the beads. Active compounds can be visualized as dark pigment areas because, as the compounds diffuse locally into the gel matrix, the active compounds cause the cells to change colors.
- Chelsky placed a simple homogenous enzyme assay for carbonic anhydrase inside an agarose gel such that the enzyme in the gel would cause a color change throughout the gel. Thereafter, beads carrying combinatorial compounds via a photolinker were placed inside the gel and the compounds were partially released by UN-light. Compounds that inhibited the enzyme were observed as local zones of inhibition having less color change.
- test samples are placed in a porous matrix.
- One or more assay components are then placed within, on top of, or at the bottom of a matrix such as a gel, a plastic sheet, a filter, or other form of easily manipulated solid support.
- a matrix such as a gel, a plastic sheet, a filter, or other form of easily manipulated solid support.
- the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies, for example, the active site of the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, such that normal biological activity is prevented.
- small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules.
- either the test compound or the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemilumines- cent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
- a detectable label such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemilumines- cent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
- Detection of a test compound which is bound to the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can then be accomplished, for example, by direct counting of radio- emmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product.
- binding of a test compound to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants.
- a micro- physiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- a microphysiometer e.g., CytosensorTM
- a microphysiometer is an analytical instrument that measures the rate at which a cell acidifies its environment using a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Changes in this acidification rate can be used as an indicator of the interaction between a test compound and a PI-PLC- like enzyme polypeptide (McConnell et al, Science 257, 1906-1912, 1992).
- Determining the ability of a test compound to bind to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide also can be accomplished using a technology such as real-time Bimolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) (Sjolander & Urbaniczky, Anal. Chem. 63,
- BIA is a technology for studying biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants (e.g., BIAcoreTM). Changes in the optical phenomenon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules.
- SPR surface plasmon resonance
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be used as a "bait protein" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,283,317; Zervos et al, Cell 72, 223-232, 1993; Madura et al, J. Biol. Chem.
- the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
- the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs.
- polynucleotide encoding a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4).
- a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey" or "sample” can be fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
- the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor.
- a reporter gene e.g., LacZ
- Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- either the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support.
- Suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads).
- Any method known in the art can be used to attach the enzyme polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive absorption, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound and the solid support.
- Test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to a v enzyme polypeptide (or polynucleotide) can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.
- the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide to be bound to a solid support.
- glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non-adsorbed PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH).
- Binding of the interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.
- PI-PLC- like enzyme polypeptide or polynucleotide
- test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
- Biotinylated PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides (or polynucleotides) or test compounds can be prepared from biotin-NHS(N-hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical).
- biotinylation kit Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.
- antibodies which specifically bind to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, polynucleotide, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site of the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be derivatized to the wells of the plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
- GST-immobilized complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an activity of the PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, and SDS gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions.
- Screening for test compounds which bind to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or polynucleotide also can be carried out in an intact cell.
- Any cell which comprises a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Binding of the test compound to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide or polynucleotide is determined as described above.
- Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease the phospholipase C activity of a human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- Phospholipase C activity can be measured, for example, as described in the specific examples, below.
- Enzyme assays can be carried out after contacting either a purified PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, a cell membrane preparation, or an intact cell with a test compound.
- a test compound which decreases a phospholipase C activity of a PI- PLC-like enzyme polypeptide by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential therapeutic agent for decreasing PI-PLC-like enzyme activity.
- a test compound which increases a phospholipase C activity of a human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential therapeutic agent for increasing human PI-PLC-like enzyme activity.
- test compounds which increase or decrease PI-PLC-like enzyme gene expression are identified.
- a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of the v enzyme polynucleotide is determined.
- the level of expression of appropriate mRNA or polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is compared to the level of expression of mRNA or polypeptide in the absence of the test compound.
- the test compound can then be identified as a modulator of expression based on this comparison. For example, when expression of mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
- test compound when expression of the mRNA or polypeptide is less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
- the level of v enzyme mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well known in the art for detecting mRNA or polypeptide. Either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used.
- the presence of polypeptide products of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immunochemical methods such as radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.
- polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting incorporation of labeled amino acids into a PI- PLC-like enzyme polypeptide.
- Such screening can be carried out either in a cell-free assay system or in an intact cell.
- Any cell which expresses a PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
- the PI-PLC-like enzyme polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above.
- Either a primary culture or an established cell line, such as CHO or human embryonic kidney 293 cells, can be used.
- compositions of the invention can comprise, for example, a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, PI-PLC- like enzyme polynucleotide, ribozymes or antisense oligonucleotides, antibodies which specifically bind to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, or mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide activity.
- compositions can be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as stabilizing compound, which can be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
- agent such as stabilizing compound
- the compositions can be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
- compositions of the invention can be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, infranasal, parenteral, topical, sublingual, or rectal means.
- Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art in dosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for ingestion by the patient.
- compositions for oral use can be obtained through combination of active compounds with solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
- Suitable excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose, such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; gums including arabic and tragacanth; and proteins such as gelatin and collagen.
- disintegrating or solubilizing agents can be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.
- Dragee cores can be used in conjunction with suitable coatings, such as concentrated sugar solutions, which also can contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
- suitable coatings such as concentrated sugar solutions, which also can contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
- Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for product identification or to characterize the quantity of active compound, i.e., dosage.
- Push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
- Push-fit capsules can contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders, such as lactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally, stabilizers.
- the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.
- compositions suitable for parenteral administration can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks' solution, Ringer's solution, or physiologically buffered saline.
- Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
- suspensions of the active compounds can be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
- Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
- Non-lipid polycationic amino polymers also can be used for delivery.
- the suspension also can contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
- penetrants appropriate to the particular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
- compositions of the present invention can be manufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.
- the pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a salt and can be formed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other pro tonic solvents than are the coreesponding free base forms.
- the preferred preparation can be a lyophilized powder which can contain any or all of the following: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.
- compositions After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition. Such labeling would include amount, frequency, and method of administration.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme can be regulated to treat asthma, cancer, CNS disorders, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Cancer is a disease fundamentally caused by oncogenic cellular transformation. There are several hallmarks of transformed cells that distinguish them from their normal covinterparts and underlie the pathophysiology of cancer. These include uncontrolled cellular proliferation, unresponsiveness to normal death-inducing signals (immortalization), increased cellular motility and invasiveness, increased ability to recruit blood supply through induction of new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), genetic instability, and dysregulated gene expression.
- Various combinations of these abereant physiologies, along with the acquisition of drug-resistance frequently lead to an intractable disease state in which organ failure and patient death ultimately ensue.
- genomics-driven molecular target identification has opened up the possibility of identifying new cancer-specific targets for therapeutic intervention that will provide safer, more effective treatments for cancer patients.
- tumor-associated genes and their products can be tested for their role(s) in disease and used as tools to discover and develop innovative therapies.
- Genes playing important roles in any of the physiological processes outlined above can be characterized as cancer targets.
- Genes or gene fragments identified through genomics can readily be expressed in one or more heterologous expression systems to produce functional recombinant proteins. These proteins are characterized in vitro for their biochemical properties and then used as tools in high-throughput molecular screening programs to identify chemical modulators of their biochemical activities.
- Agonists and/or antagonists of target protein activity can be identified in this manner and subsequently tested in cellular and in vivo disease models for anti-cancer activity. Optimization of lead compounds with iterative testing in biological models and detailed pharmacokinetic and toxicological analyses form the basis for drug development and subsequent testing in humans.
- Allergies including asthma can be treated: Allergy is a complex process in which environmental antigens induce clinically adverse reactions.
- the inducing antigens, called allergens typically elicit a specific IgE response and, although in most cases the allergens themselves have little or no intrinsic toxicity, they induce pathology when the IgE response in turn elicits an IgE-dependent or T cell-dependent hypersensitivity reaction.
- Hypersensitivity reactions can be local or systemic and typically occur within minutes of allergen exposure in individuals who have previously been sensitized to an allergen.
- the hypersensitivity reaction of allergy develops when the allergen is recognized by IgE antibodies bound to specific receptors on the surface of effector cells, such as mast cells, basophils, or eosinophils, which causes the activation of the effector cells and the release of mediators that produce the acute signs and symptoms of the reactions.
- Allergic diseases include asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis, and anaphylaxis.
- Asthma is though to arise as a result of interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors and is characterized by three major features: 1) intermittent and reversible airway obstruction caused by bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and thickening of the walls of the airways that leads to a narrowing of the airways, 2) airway hyperresponsiveness caused by a decreased control of airway caliber, and 3) airway inflammation.
- Certain cells are critical to the inflammatory reaction of asthma and they include T cells and antigen presenting cells, B cells that produce IgE, and mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and other cells that bind IgE.
- effector cells accumulate at the site of allergic reaction in the airways and release toxic products that contribute to the acute pathology and eventually to the tissue destruction related to the disorder.
- Other resident cells such as smooth muscle cells, lung epithelial cells, mucus-producing cells, and nerve cells may also be abnormal in individuals with asthma and may contribute to the pathology. While the airway obstruction of asthma, presenting clinically as an intermittent wheeze and shortness of breath, is generally the most pressing symptom of the disease requiring immediate treatment, the inflammation and tissue destruction associated with the disease can lead to irreversible changes that eventually make asthma a chronic disabling disorder requiring long-term management.
- agents that can reduce the underlying inflammation can have major drawbacks that range from immunosuppression to bone loss (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, Seventh Edition, MacMillan Publishing Company, NY, USA, 1985).
- many of the present therapies such as inhaled corticosteroids, are short-lasting, inconvenient to use, and must be used often on a regular basis, in some cases for life, making failure of patients to comply with the treatment a major problem and thereby reducing their effectiveness as a treatment.
- Glycophorin A Cho and Sharom, Cell Immunol 145:223-239, 1992
- cyclosporin Alexander et al., Lancet 1992, 339:324-328
- a nonapeptide fragment of IL-2 Zav'yalov et al. Immunol Lett 1992, 31:285-288
- cyclosporin is used as a irnmuno- suppressant after organ transplantation.
- CNS disorders which can be treated include brain injuries, cerebrovascular diseases and their consequences, Parkinson's disease, corticobasal degeneration, motor neuron disease, dementia, including ALS, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury, and small-vessel cerebrovascular disease.
- Dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, fronto temporal dementias, including Pick's disease, progressive nuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Huntington's disease, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld- Jakob dementia, HIV dementia, schizophrenia with dementia, and Korsakoff s psychosis also can be treated.
- cognitive-related disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, age-associated memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and memory disturbances in children with learning disabilities, by regulating the activity of human PI-PLC-like enzyme.
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
- Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls leading to abnormal enlargement of the air spaces of the lung.
- Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in each of two successive years.
- airflow obstruction is usually progressive and is only partially reversible. By far the most important risk factor for development of COPD is cigarette smoking, although the disease does occur in non-smokers.
- the inflammatory cell population comprises increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8 + lymphocytes.
- Inhaled irritants such as cigarette smoke, activate macrophages which are resident in the respiratory tract, as well as epithelial cells leading to release of chemokines (e.g., interleukin-8) and other chemotactic factors.
- chemokines e.g., interleukin-8
- chemotactic factors act to increase the neutrophil/- monocyte trafficking from the blood into the lung tissue and airways.
- Neutrophils and monocytes recruited into the airways can release a variety of potentially damaging mediators such as proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species.
- Matrix degradation and emphysema along with airway wall thickening, surfactant dysfunction, and mucus hypersecretion, all are potential sequelae of this inflammatory response that lead to impaired airflow and gas exchange.
- PI-PLC isozymes are critical components of the transduction machinery responsible for cell activation in response to occupancy of G-protein coupled receptors. Jiang et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 7971-75, 1997; Stern Stamm 8c Smrcka, Ciba Found. Symp. 176, 96-11, 1993. Hydrolysis of membrane inositol containing phospholipids by specific PLC isozymes produces inositol phosphates that can act as calcium releasing second messengers (e.g., inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate), and the protein kinase C activator, diacylglycerol.
- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate e.g., inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
- PLCs currently are classified into b, g and d families. Subtypes within these families have been identified. For example, the b family consists of 4 subtypes. There is clear evidence of differential tissue distribution of these isoforms and, importantly, differential activation by G-protein subunits. Studies on the inflammatory response in knock-out mice lacking the gene for PLC b-2 have shown selective abrogation of certain features of the inflammatory response. PI-PLC subtypes are therefore attractive therapeutic targets for the inhibition of the inflammatory response in
- This invention further pertains to the use of novel agents identified by the screening assays described above. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to use a test compound identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model.
- an agent identified as described herein e.g., a modulating agent, an antisense nucleic acid molecule, a specific antibody, ribozyme, or a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide binding. molecule
- an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.
- an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.
- this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays for treatments as described herein.
- a reagent which affects PI-PLC-like enzyme activity can be administered to a human cell, either in vitro or in vivo, to reduce PI-PLC-like enzyme activity.
- the reagent preferably binds to an expression product of a human PI-PLC-like enzyme gene. If the expression product is a protein, the reagent is preferably an antibody.
- an antibody can be added to a preparation of stem cells which have been removed from the body. The cells can then be replaced in the same or another human body, with or without clonal propagation, as is known in the art.
- the reagent is delivered using a liposome.
- the liposome is stable in the animal into which it has been administered for at least about 30 minutes, more preferably for at least about 1 hour, and even more preferably for at least about 24 hours.
- a liposome comprises a lipid composition that is capable of targeting a reagent, particularly a polynucleotide, to a particular site in an animal, such as a human.
- the lipid composition of the liposome is capable of targeting to a specific organ of an animal, such as the lung, liver, spleen, heart brain, lymph nodes, and skin.
- a liposome useful in the present invention comprises a lipid composition that is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane of the targeted cell to deliver its contents to the cell.
- the transfection efficiency of a liposome is about 0.5 ⁇ g of DNA per 16 nmole of liposome delivered to about 10 6 cells, more preferably about 1.0 ⁇ g of DNA per 16 nmole of liposome delivered to about 10 6 cells, and even more preferably about 2.0 ⁇ g of DNA per 16 nmol of liposome delivered to about 10 cells.
- a liposome is between about 100 and 500 nm, more preferably between about 150 and 450 nm, and even more preferably between about 200 and 400 nm in diameter.
- Suitable liposomes for use in the present invention include those liposomes standardly used in, for example, gene delivery methods known to those of skill in the art. More preferred liposomes include liposomes having a polycationic lipid composition and/or liposomes having a cholesterol backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol.
- a liposome comprises a compound capable of targeting the liposome to a particular cell type, such as a cell-specific ligand exposed on the outer surface of the liposome.
- a liposome with a reagent such as an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme can be achieved using methods which are standard in the art (see, for example, U.S. Patent 5,705,151).
- a reagent such as an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme
- from about 0.1 ⁇ g to about 10 ⁇ g of polynucleotide is combined with about 8 nmol of liposomes, more preferably from about 0.5 ⁇ g to about 5 ⁇ g of polynucleotides are combined with about 8 nmol liposomes, and even more preferably about 1.0 ⁇ g of polynucleotides is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes.
- antibodies can be delivered to specific tissues in vivo using receptor-mediated targeted delivery.
- Receptor-mediated DNA delivery techniques are taught in, for example, Findeis et al. Trends in Biotechnol. 11, 202-05 (1993); Chiou et al, GENE THERAPEUTICS: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF DIRECT GENE
- a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient which increases or decreases PI-PLC-like enzyme activity relative to the PI-PLC-like enzyme activity which occurs in the absence of the therapeutically effective dose.
- the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
- Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity e.g., ED 5 o (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population), can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals.
- the dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LDso/ED . n.
- compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
- the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use.
- the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
- the dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.
- the exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation. Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
- polynucleotides encoding the antibody can be constructed and introduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well- established techniques including, but not limited to, transferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome- mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, electroporation, "gene gun,” and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
- Effective in vivo dosages of an antibody are in the range of about 5 ⁇ g to about 50 ⁇ g/kg, about 50 ⁇ g to about 5 mg/kg, about 100 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g/kg of patient body weight, and about 200 to about 250 ⁇ g/kg of patient body weight.
- effective in vivo dosages are in the range of about 100 ng to about 200 ng, 500 ng to about 50 mg, about 1 ⁇ g to about 2 mg, about 5 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g, and about 20 ⁇ g to about 100 ⁇ g of DNA.
- the reagent is preferably an antisense oligonucleotide or a ribozyme.
- Polynucleotides which express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be introduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above.
- a reagent reduces expression of a PI-PLC-like enzyme gene or the activity of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the reagent.
- the effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of a PI- PLC-like enzyme gene or the activity of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to PI-PLC-like enzyme-specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide, or measurement of PI-PLC-like enzyme activity.
- any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents.
- Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles.
- the combination of therapeutic agents can act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.
- any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme also can be used in diagnostic assays for detecting diseases and abnormalities or susceptibility to diseases and abnormalities related to the presence of mutations in the nucleic acid sequences which encode the enzyme. For example, differences can be determined between the cDNA or genomic sequence encoding PI-PLC-like enzyme in individuals afflicted with a disease and in normal individuals. If a mutation is observed in some or all of the afflicted individuals but not in normal individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent of the disease. Sequence differences between a reference gene and a gene having mutations can be revealed by the direct DNA sequencing method. In addition, cloned DNA segments can be employed as probes to detect specific DNA segments.
- a sequencing primer can be used with a double-stranded PCR product or a single-stranded template molecule generated by a modified PCR.
- the sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures using radiolabeled nucleotides or by automatic sequencing procedures using fluorescent tags.
- DNA sequence differences can be carried out by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized, for example, by high resolution gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments of different sequences can be distinguished on denaturing formamide gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions according to their specific melting or partial melting temperatures (see, e.g., Myers et al, Science 230, 1242, 1985). Sequence changes at specific locations can also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and S 1 protection or the chemical cleavage method (e.g., Cotton et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85,
- the detection of a specific DNA sequence can be performed by methods such as hybridization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencing or the use of restriction enzymes and Southern blotting of genomic DNA.
- direct methods such as gel-electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, mutations can also be detected by in situ analysis.
- Altered levels of a PI-PLC-like enzyme also can be detected in various tissues.
- Assays used to detect levels of the receptor polypeptides in a body sample, such as blood or a tissue biopsy, derived from a host are well known to those of skill in the art and include radioimmunoassays, competitive binding assays, Western blot analysis, and ELISA assays. All patents and patent applications cited in this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are provided for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
- the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 is inserted into the expression vector pCEV4 and the expression vector pCEV4-PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide obtained is transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. From these cells extracts are obtained and phosphatidylinositol hydrolyzing activity is measured by incubation for
- Pichia pastoris expression vector pPICZB (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) is used to produce large quantities of recombinant human PI-PLC-like polypeptides in yeast.
- the PI-PLC-like enzyme-encoding DNA sequence is derived from SEQ ID NO:l.
- the DNA sequence is modified by well known methods in such a way that it contains at its 5 '-end an initiation codon and at its 3'-end an enterokinase cleavage site, a His6 reporter tag and a termination codon.
- the modified DNA sequence is ligated into pPICZB.
- This expression vector is designed for inducible expression in Pichia pastoris, driven by a yeast promoter. The resulting pPICZ/md-His6 vector is used to transform the yeast.
- the yeast is cultivated under usual conditions in 5 liter shake flasks and the recombmantly produced protein isolated from the culture by affinity chromatography (Ni-NTA-Resin) in the presence of 8 M urea.
- the bound polypeptide is eluted with buffer, pH 3.5, and neutralized. Separation of the polypeptide from the His6 reporter tag is accomplished by site-specific proteolysis using enterokinase (Invitrogen, San
- Purified human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is obtained.
- Purified PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides comprising a glutathione-S-transferase protein and absorbed onto glutathione-derivatized wells of 96-well microtiter plates are contacted with test compounds from a small molecule library at pH 7.0 in a physiological buffer solution.
- Human PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
- the test compounds comprise a fluorescent tag.
- the samples are incubated for 5 minutes to one hour. Control samples are incubated in the absence of a test compound.
- the buffer solution containing the test compounds is washed from the wells.
- Binding of a test compound to a PI-PLC-like enzyme polypeptide is detected by fluorescence measurements of the contents of the wells.
- a test compound which increases the fluorescence in a well by at least 15% relative to fluorescence of a well in which a test compound is not incubated is identified as a compound which binds to a PI-PLC- like enzyme polypeptide.
- test compound is administered to a culture of human cells transfected with a PI- PLC-like enzyme expression construct and incubated at 37°C for 10 to 45 minutes.
- a culture of the same type of cells which have not been transfected is incubated for the same time without the test compound to provide a negative control.
- RNA is isolated from the two cultures as described in Chirgwin et al, Biochem. 18, 5294-99, 1979).
- Northern blots are prepared using 20 to 30 ⁇ g total RNA and hybridized with a 32 P-labeled PI-PLC-like enzyme-specific probe at 65°C in Express- hyb (CLONTECH).
- the probe comprises at least 11 contiguous nucleotides selected from SEQ ID NO:l.
- a test compound which decreases the PI-PLC-like enzyme- specific signal relative to the signal obtained in the absence of the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of PI-PLC-like enzyme gene expression.
- test compound is administered to a culture of human cells transfected with a PI-
- PLC-like enzyme expression construct and incubated at 37 °C for 10 to 45 minutes.
- a culture of the same type of cells which have not been transfected is incubated for the same time without the test compound to provide a negative control.
- Phospholipase C activity can be measured using assays known in the art (e.g., Mullinax et al, J. Biomol. Screen. 4, 151-55, 1999;Litosch, Biochemistry 39, 1136-
- test compound which decreases the phospholipase C activity of the PI- PLC-like enzyme relative to the phospholipase C activity in the absence of the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of PI-PLC-like enzyme activity.
- oligonucleotides comprising at least 11 contiguous nucleotides selected from SEQ ID NO:l is performed on a Pharmacia Gene Assembler series synthesizer using the phosphoramidite procedure (Uhlmann et al, Chem. Rev. 90, 534-83, 1990). Following assembly and deprotection, oligonucleotides are ethanol-precipitated twice, dried, and suspended in phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) at the desired concentration. Purity of these oligonucleotides is tested by capillary gel electrophoreses and ion exchange HPLC. Endotoxin levels in the oligonucleotide preparation are determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Assay (Bang, Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole, Mass.) 105, 361-362, 1953).
- the antisense oligonucleotides are administered directly to a tumor of a patient with cancer.
- the size of the patient's tumor is decreased.
- Quantitative Expression profiling is based on a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, also called kinetic analysis, first described in Higuchi et al., 1992 and Higuchi et al., 1993. The principle is that at any given cycle within the exponential phase of PCR, the amount of product is proportional to the initial number of template copies.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- mRNA messenger RNA
- quantitative RT-PCR quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- RNA from different human tissues was used as a template to synthsize first-strand cDNA using the SUPERSCRIPTTM First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Life Technologies,
- First-strand cDNA synthesis was carried out according to the manufacturer's protocol using oligo (dT) to hybridize to the 3' poly A tails of mRNA and prime the synthesis reaction. 10 ng of the first-strand cDNA was then used as template in a polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction was performed in a LightCycler (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN, USA), in the presence of the DNA-binding fluorescent dye S YBR Green I which binds to the minor groove of the DNA double helix, produced only when double-stranded DNA is successfully synthesized in the reaction (Morrison et al., 1998).
- SYBR Green I Upon binding to double-stranded DNA, SYBR Green I emits light that can be quantitatively measured by the LightCycler machine.
- the polymerase chain reaction was carried out using oligonucleotide primers 126_DNA-L3 (CCGAGCTGCAACATCCTTTTCT) and 126_DNA-R3 (GGACAATGGCCTGACATCACAC) and measurements of the intensity of emitted light were taken following each cycle of the reaction when the reaction had reached a temperature of 81 degrees C. Intensities of emitted light were converted into copy numbers of the gene transcript per nanogram of template cDNA by comparison with simultaneously reacted standards of known concentration.
- G3PDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase
- HPRT hypoxanthine guanine phophoribosyl transferase
- beta-actin beta-actin
- PBGD porphobilinogen deaminase
- the level of housekeeping gene expression is considered to be relatively constant for all tissues (Adams et al., 1993, Adams et al., 1995, Liew et al., 1994) and therefore can be used as a gauge to approximate relative numbers of cells per .mu.g of total RNA used in the cDNA synthesis step. Except for the use of a slightly different set of housekeeping genes and the use of the LightCycler system to measure expression levels, the normalization procedure was similar to that described in the RNA Master Blot User Manual, Apendix C (1997, Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA). In brief, expression levels of the five housekeeping genes in all tissue samples were measured in three independent reactions per gene using the
- Phospholipase C family enzymes are cytoplasmic molecules that can be activated by a variety of different signaling molecules including G proteins following their activation by G protein-coupled receptors, the T cell receptor complex, and other cell surface receptors such as EGFR, PDGFR, and Fc receptors. Once activated, phospholipase C breaks down phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate to form inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG).
- IP3 inositol trisphosphate
- DG diacylglycerol
- IP3 acts on specific receptors to release intracellular stores of Ca 2+ , which in turn activates several calcium-dependent enzymes such as CaMK and calcineurin and is involved in many cellular processes including fertilization, cell growth, transformation, secretion, smooth muscle contraction, sensory perception, and neuronal signaling.
- Enzymes activated by Ca 2+ can induce the translocation of transcription factors such as NFAT into the nucleus and initiate the transcription of inflammation mediating genes.
- Activated DG acts via protein kinase C family enzymes to open calcium channels in the plasma membrane and activate transcription factors such as AP-1.
- PI-PLC-like enzyme is most highly expressed in testis, central nervous system tissue, and skeletal muscle, and is moderately expressed in lung, thymus, and thyroid.
- Testis expression of several phospholipase C isoforms has been reported in the past, and the targeted disruption of one phospholipase gene, PLC delta 4, has been shown to have a severe impact on fertility (Fukami et al., 2001). Accordingly, PI-PLC-like enzyme regulation may have applicability in the treatment of infertility and in contraception.
- the high expression of PI-PLC-like enzyme in central nervous system tissues such as cerebellum and adult and fetal brain, indicate that PI-PLC-like enzyme may play an important role in cell signaling by neurotransmitters.
- PI-PLC-like enzyme in skeletal muscle suggests that this phospholipase C isoform may be involved in contraction and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, in a way analogous to other known isoforms of phospholipase C that play such a role in smooth muscle.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- BALB/c mice are injected with a single intravenous injection of 10 ⁇ g of 145-2C11 (purified hamster anti-mouse CD3 ⁇ monoclonal antibodies, PHARMTNGEN). Compound is administered intraperitoneally 60 min prior to the anti-CD3 mAb injection. Blood is collected 90 min after the antibody injection. Serum is obtained by centrifugation at 3000 r.p.m. for 10 min. IL-2 and IL-4 levels in the serum is determined by an ELIS A. Proteins which regulate the CD3 downstream signaling can be evaluated in this model.
- B cell receptor signalling molecules, any molecule involved in B cell activation/Ig class switching
- mice are injected intravenously with 0.8 mg of purified goat anti-mouse IgD antibody or PBS (defined as day 0). Compound is administered intraperitoneally from day 0 to day 6. On day 7 blood is collected and serum is obtained by centrifugation at 3000 r.p.m. for 10 min. Serum total levels of IgE are determined by YAMASA's ELIS A kit and their Ig subtypes are done by an Ig ELIS A KIT (Rougier Bio-tech's, Montreal, Canada). Proteins which regulate the IgD downstream signaling and Ig class switching can be evaluated.
- mice are injected intraperitoneally with LPS (200 g/mouse). Compound is administered intraperitoneally 1 hr before the LPS injection. Blood is collected at 90 min post-LPS injection and plasma is obtained. TNF- concentration in the sample is determined using an ELISA kit. Proteins (RDPIs) which regulate the LPS downstream signaling, such as NF- B activation, can be evaluated.
- LPS 200 g/mouse
- RDPIs Proteins which regulate the LPS downstream signaling, such as NF- B activation
- GPCR Eotaxin-eotaxin receptor
- BALB/c mice are injected intradermally with a 2.5 ml of air on days -6 and -3 to prepare airpouch.
- compound On day 0 compound is administered intraperitoneally 60 min before eotaxin injection (3 ⁇ g/mouse, i.d.).
- IL-5 300 ng/mouse
- leukocytes in exudate is collected and the number of total cells is counted.
- the differential cell counts in the exudate are performed by staining with May-Grunwald Gimsa solution. Proteins which regulate the eotaxin/CCR3 binding and CCR3 downstream signaling can be evaluated. Alternatively, proteins which modulates eosinophil function can be also evaluated.
- D10.G4.1 cells (1 x 10 7 cells/mouse) containing 2 mg of conalbumin in saline is administered i.v. to AKR mice. After 6 hr blood is collected and serum is obtained by centifugation at 3000 r.p.m. for lOmin. IL-4 and IL-5 level in serum are determined by ELISA kits. Compound is admimintered intraperitoneally at -4 and +1 hr after these cells injection. Proteins which regulate the Th2 activation can be evaluated.
- Proteins which inhibit adhesion of Th2 cells can be also evaluated.
- control rats with sensitization, challenge and vehicle treatment are used to determine a value without inhibition. Thirty min after the challenge, the rats are killed, and the skin of the back is removed. Evans blue dye in the skin is extracted in formamide overnight at 63°C. Then an absorbance at 620 nm is measured to obtain the optical density of the leaked dye.
- Percent inhibition of PCA with a compound is calculated as follows:
- % inhibition ⁇ (mean vehicle value - sample value)/(mean vehicle value — mean control value) ⁇ x 100
- Proteins which regulate mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability or receptor antagonists against histamine/serotonin/systeinyl leukotriene receptors can be evaluated.
- Proteins which regulate mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability or receptor antagonists against histamine/serotonin/systeinyl leukotriene receptors can be evaluated. Proteins which regulate the contraction of smooth muscle can be also evaluated.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002210514A AU2002210514A1 (en) | 2000-09-27 | 2001-09-24 | Regulation of human phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c-like enzyme |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US23555200P | 2000-09-27 | 2000-09-27 | |
US60/235,552 | 2000-09-27 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002026996A2 true WO2002026996A2 (fr) | 2002-04-04 |
WO2002026996A3 WO2002026996A3 (fr) | 2002-09-26 |
Family
ID=22885960
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2001/011012 WO2002026996A2 (fr) | 2000-09-27 | 2001-09-24 | Regulation d'enzyme humaine de type phospholipase c specifique du phosphatidylinositol |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU2002210514A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002026996A2 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003041737A1 (fr) * | 2001-11-13 | 2003-05-22 | The University Of Liverpool | Traitement des etats inflammatoires |
WO2004003189A2 (fr) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-08 | Bayer Healthcare Ag | Regulation de phospholipase c humaine |
WO2008067019A2 (fr) * | 2006-10-02 | 2008-06-05 | Regents Of University Of Colorado | Phospholipase c et procédé d'utilisation |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001075067A2 (fr) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-11 | Hyseq, Inc. | Nouveaux acides nucleiques et polypeptides |
-
2001
- 2001-09-24 WO PCT/EP2001/011012 patent/WO2002026996A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2001-09-24 AU AU2002210514A patent/AU2002210514A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001075067A2 (fr) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-11 | Hyseq, Inc. | Nouveaux acides nucleiques et polypeptides |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
DATABASE SWISSPROT [Online] 1 July 1989 (1989-07-01) SUH ET AL.: "1-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-4,5-BISPHOSPHATE PHOSPHODIESTERASE DELTA 1 (EC 3.1.4.11) (PLC-DELTA-1) (PHOSPHOLIPASE C-DELTA-1) (PLC-III)." Database accession no. P10688 XP002199648 * |
DATABASE SWISSPROT [Online] 1 May 2000 (2000-05-01) KIKUNO ET AL.: "KIAA1069 Protein (Fragment)" Database accession no. Q9UPT3 XP002199647 -& KIKUNO ET AL.: "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro." DNA RESEARCH, vol. 6, 1999, pages 197-205, XP000852618 * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003041737A1 (fr) * | 2001-11-13 | 2003-05-22 | The University Of Liverpool | Traitement des etats inflammatoires |
WO2004003189A2 (fr) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-08 | Bayer Healthcare Ag | Regulation de phospholipase c humaine |
WO2004003189A3 (fr) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-06-10 | Bayer Healthcare Ag | Regulation de phospholipase c humaine |
WO2008067019A2 (fr) * | 2006-10-02 | 2008-06-05 | Regents Of University Of Colorado | Phospholipase c et procédé d'utilisation |
WO2008067019A3 (fr) * | 2006-10-02 | 2008-10-23 | Univ Colorado | Phospholipase c et procédé d'utilisation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2002026996A3 (fr) | 2002-09-26 |
AU2002210514A1 (en) | 2002-04-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2002028906A2 (fr) | Regulation d'une proteine humaine de type sphingosine kinase | |
US20040043470A1 (en) | Regulation of human histone deacetylase | |
US20020146407A1 (en) | Regulation of human eosinophil serine protease 1- like enzyme | |
US20060141552A1 (en) | Regulation of human caspase-1-like protease | |
US6821745B2 (en) | Regulation of human pyroglutamyl peptidase-like enzyme | |
WO2002026996A2 (fr) | Regulation d'enzyme humaine de type phospholipase c specifique du phosphatidylinositol | |
US20050170486A1 (en) | Nucleic acids encoding human inositolpolyphosphate 5-phosphatase | |
JP2004522429A (ja) | ヒトケモカイン様レセプターの調節 | |
WO2003016345A1 (fr) | Regulation du regulateur humain de la signalisation des proteines g | |
WO2002048397A2 (fr) | Regulation d'adenylate cyclase humaine de type vii | |
US20030186919A1 (en) | Regulation of human sodium-dependent monoamine transporter | |
WO2004031377A1 (fr) | Regulation de la proteine phosphatase humaine de type pp2c | |
WO2002040684A2 (fr) | Regulation de phosphatase acide pourpre d'origine humaine | |
US20040101529A1 (en) | Regulation of human serine-threonine protein kinase | |
US20030175941A1 (en) | Regulation of human serine racemase enzyme | |
WO2002053714A2 (fr) | Regulation de la phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase humaine | |
WO2001072833A2 (fr) | Regulation de recepteur humain de type ephrine | |
WO2002031126A2 (fr) | Regulation d'une peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase de type cyclophiline humaine | |
WO2002033056A2 (fr) | Regulation de serine-threonine kinase humaine | |
US20040115670A1 (en) | Regulation of human carboxypeptidase a | |
WO2002040651A2 (fr) | Regulation de l'adenosine desaminase humaine specifique a arnt | |
WO2002033097A2 (fr) | Regulation de la sulfotransferase humaine | |
WO2002029049A2 (fr) | Regulation du transporteur de monoamine humain dependant du sodium | |
WO2001072955A2 (fr) | Regulation de la proteine humaine apparentee a nedd1 | |
WO2001073077A2 (fr) | Regulation de serine racemase humaine |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase | ||
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP |