WO2002025672A2 - Cable supraconducteur - Google Patents

Cable supraconducteur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002025672A2
WO2002025672A2 PCT/US2001/028630 US0128630W WO0225672A2 WO 2002025672 A2 WO2002025672 A2 WO 2002025672A2 US 0128630 W US0128630 W US 0128630W WO 0225672 A2 WO0225672 A2 WO 0225672A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cable
tape
superconducting
superconducting cable
shaped
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/028630
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2002025672A3 (fr
Inventor
Uday K. Sinha
R. L. Hughey
Jerry Tolbert
Michael J. Gouge
J. W. Lue
Original Assignee
Southwire Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Southwire Company filed Critical Southwire Company
Priority to EP01970914A priority Critical patent/EP1323172A4/fr
Priority to AU2001290862A priority patent/AU2001290862A1/en
Priority to JP2002529788A priority patent/JP2004510290A/ja
Publication of WO2002025672A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002025672A2/fr
Publication of WO2002025672A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002025672A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
    • H01B12/06—Films or wires on bases or cores
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a superconducting cable employing a flexible oxide superconductor, and more particularly, it relates to forming a superconducting cable.
  • Superconducting materials are those where the electric resistance approaches zero (luv/cm) below a critical temperature, its value depending on the material.
  • Superconductivity is defined within a critical surface, i.e. a graph or figure with its axes being temperature, electrical current and magnetic field. Thus, for a given working temperature there is a defined curve of critical current which is a function of the magnetic field generated and/or applied to the superconductor.
  • the best known superconductor materials are NbTi and Nb Sn, however their working temperature is only 4.2K, the boiling temperature of liquid helium. This is the main limitation to large scale application of these superconducting materials. Such superconductors are therefore used almost exclusively for winding of magnets. Manufactured from wires (NbTi and Nb 3 Sn) or tapes (Nb 3 Sn) with high critical current densities (3500 A/mm 5 Tesla for NbTi), such winding of compact magnets provide the production of high fields (up to 18 Tesla) in large volumes.
  • These superconductor magnets are used for the formation of medical images by nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) and for materials analysis by the same principle (NMR), the magnets for ore separation and research magnets for high fields, such as those used in large particle accelerators (SSC, HERA, KEK, etc.).
  • Oxide superconductors of higher critical temperatures were discovered in 1986. These are intermetallic compounds involving metal oxides and rare earths, with perovskite (mica) crystal structure. Their critical temperatures vary from 3 OK to approaching room temperature and their critical fields are above 60 Tesla. Therefore these materials are considered promising and may replace Nb Sn and NbTi in the manufacture of magnets and find other applications not feasible with liquid helium, such as transmission of electricity. Such materials have not previously been available as wires, cables, films, tapes or sheets.
  • An oxide superconductor which enters the superconducting state at the temperature of liquid nitrogen would be advantageous for application in a superconducting cable having a cooling medium of liquid nitrogen. With such an application, it would be possible to simultaneously attain simplification of the thermal protection system and reduction of the cooling cost in relation to a superconducting cable which requires liquid helium.
  • a superconducting cable must be capable of transmitting high current with low energy loss in a compact conductor.
  • Power transmission is generally made through an alternating current, and a superconductor employed under an alternating current would inevitably be accompanied by energy loss, generically called AC loss.
  • AC losses such as hysteresis loss, coupling loss, or eddy current loss depends on the critical current density of the superconductor, size of filaments, the structure of the conductor, and the like.
  • an oxide superconductor i.e., a ceramic superconductor
  • An oxide superconductor i.e., a ceramic superconductor
  • the prior art discloses a technique of spirally
  • the cable conductor must be flexible to some extent to facilitate handling. It is also difficult to manufacture a flexible cable conductor from a hard, fragile oxide superconductor.
  • a superconducting cable can replace existing copper cables and increase the cost
  • the existing predominant cable design is a high- pressure oil-filled pipe-type cable consisting of a steel pipe 10.1 to 20.3 cm (4" to 8") in diameter housing three copper cables and oil. These old copper cables and oil can be removed and replaced with superconducting cables with a significantly higher current capability saving the installation costs of a new cable system.
  • the superconducting cable offers a new application of cables to metropolitan areas. With existing technology, high-voltage copper cables transmit power from the outskirts of cities to the downtown area, where transmission substations lower the voltage and distribution circuits deliver power to customers.
  • the present invention has successfully shown the utility application of superconducting cables at distribution voltages and high currents.
  • Potential utility applications include: 1) substation to customer, 2) substation to substation, 3) extended substation bus, 4) substation express feeder, 5) generating unit to step-up transformer.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a superconducting cable having flexibility and exhibiting excellent superconductivity, particularly high critical current and high critical current density, having an oxide superconductor.
  • a superconducting cable employing an oxide superconductor, which comprises a flexible core member, and a plurality of tape-shaped oxide superconducting wires which are wound on the core member, without an electric insulating layer between the superconducting wires or between the core member and the superconducting wires.
  • each of the oxide superconducting wires consists essentially of an oxide superconductor and a stabilizing metal covering the same.
  • the plurality of tape-shaped superconducting wires laid on the core member form a plurality of layers, each of which is formed by laying a plurality of tape-shaped superconducting wires in a side-by-side manner. The plurality of layers are successively stacked on the core member.
  • This core member provides the inventive superconducting cable with flexibility.
  • the superconducting cable according to the present invention maintains a superconducting state at the temperature of liquid nitrogen.
  • the conductor according to the present invention further provides an AC conductor which is reduced in AC loss.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the multilayer structure of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional side view showing one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional side view showing another embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a depiction of the embossing pattern used in the present invention.
  • the limitation in this cable design is that the dielectric remains at the cryogenic temperature and a material which can withstand the cryogenic temperature without any physical and mechanical degradation has to be used.
  • the polymeric dielectric material of one embodiment of the present invention has good physical and mechanical properties at liquid nitrogen and lower temperatures. It has high dielectric strength and high breakdown voltage.
  • the cable of the present invention includes the use of a flexible stainless steel corrugated pipe, which is optionally covered with a wire braid or mesh.
  • the corrugated pipe is drilled with holes of a size and pattern to allow the liquid nitrogen to flow into the butt gaps of the high temperature superconductor tapes and flood the dielectric material.
  • the high temperature superconductor tapes are laid in a special manner to simulate two layer construction allowing maximum current to flow through the cable.
  • the dielectric material advantageously consists of semi-conductive tape, aluminized shield tape, and polymeric dielectric tapes.
  • a typical construction of a shielded cable is shown in Fig. 3.
  • An unshielded cable can be constructed by omitting the outer layers of high temperature superconductor tapes. This cable construction is shown in Fig. 2.
  • the present invention includes both shielded and unshielded high temperature superconductor cable. The design differs from other known cables in the case of an unshielded cable where an extrusion of dielectric material is performed over the thermal insulation cryostat. The prior art does not disclose any method of construction for shielded high temperature superconductor cable.
  • superconductor cable 10 is shown having flexible, evacuated double walled, outer pipe 11, through which liquid nitrogen, 12, flows to a chiller.
  • Ground-potential superconductive shield material 17 encircles dielectric and shield layer 16, which in turn surrounds current carrying superconductive material 15.
  • the flexible, porous-walled inner pipe, 13, is encircled by superconducting material 15 and provides a central, tube-like portion for transport of liquid nitrogen from the chiller.
  • pipe 13 further has a braided surface that contacts superconductive material 15.
  • the present invention relates to a cable employing an oxide superconductor comprising a flexible core member, a plurality of tape-shaped oxide superconducting wires laid on said core member with tension of not more than about 2 kgf/mm 2 and a bending strain of not more than about 0.2% on the superconductor, wherein each tape-shaped superconducting wire consists essentially of an oxide superconductor and a stabilizing metal covering the same, said plurality of tape-shaped superconducting wires forming a plurality of layers each being formed by laying said tape-shaped superconducting wires in a side-by-side manner, said plurality of layers being successively stacked on said core member without an insulating layer between the plurality of layers and the core member, said core member providing said superconducting cable with flexibility, said superconducting cable capable of maintaining a superconducting state at the temperature of liquid nitrogen, said wires having substantially homogeneous superconducting phases along the longitudinal direction of said wire, the c-axes of said
  • the tape-shaped wires are laid on said core member with the tape-shaped plurality of layers being laid on the surfaces formed by said immediately prior layer of tape-shaped wires.
  • the wires are twisted within said tape-shaped stabilizing metal covering.
  • said tape-shaped wires are laid at a lay angle of up to about 90 degrees, advantageously from about 10 to about 60 degrees, and preferably from about 20 to about 40 degrees.
  • One embodiment of the present invention includes a superconducting cable having at least two distinct groups of tape-shaped wire layers.
  • the lay angle of each successive layer of tape-shaped wires alternate in lay direction or pitch; and each said successive layer consists of at least two tape- shaped wires.
  • a layer of dielectric material separates each of the at least two distinct groups of tape-shaped wire layers.
  • a layer of dielectric material separates the core member from the layer of tape-shaped wires closest thereto.
  • the dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polybutylene.
  • the at least two distinct groups of tape-shaped wire layers carries approximately equal amounts of the current flowing through the cable.
  • the group of tape-shaped wire layers furthest from the core member provides shielding of the current flowing through the other layers and reduces magnetic fields or eddy currents in the cable.
  • the stabilizing metal used in the present invention is selected from the group consisting of silver, silver alloys, and nickel and nickel alloys, which may require a buffer layer.
  • each of said plurality of layers contains at least 2 tape-shaped silver contained wires per layer.
  • each of said plurality of layers contains at least 4 tape-shaped wires per layer.
  • One embodiment of the present invention includes an insulating layer between the second and third layer of said plurality of layers. Where there are more than 4 layers, advantageously, an insulating layer is present between each second and third layer of said plurality of layers.
  • a pipe having a spiral groove hereinafter referred to as a spiral tube
  • a bellows tube having a bellows may also be employed as a former.
  • the former can also be prepared from a spirally wound material such as a spiral steel strip. Each of these shapes is adapted to provide the former with sufficient flexibility.
  • the flexible former provides the inventive conductor with flexibility.
  • the flexible conductor of the present invention can be taken up on a drum.
  • the tape wires may be laid in two or more layers while directing a surface thereof to the former. Each layer may be formed by an arbitrary number of the tape wires.
  • additional tape wires are further wound thereon.
  • a sufficient number of tape wires are wound on the first layer of the tape wires as a second layer, a third layer of tape wires are then wound thereon. No insulating layer is provided between each adjacent pair of layers.
  • each tape-shaped multifilamentary oxide superconducting wire is laid or wound on a former having a prescribed diameter at a bending strain or a curvature of a prescribed range and a pitch of a prescribed range.
  • a relatively loose bending is applied to the tape wire along its longitudinal direction.
  • the present invention it is possible to employ tape-shaped multifilamentary wires each having twisted filaments.
  • the filaments forming a superconducting multifilamentary tape are twisted at a prescribed pitch. Due to such twisting of the filaments, an induction current flowing between a stabilizing metal and the filaments is parted every twisting pitch into small loops, and hence the value of the current is limited. Thus, generation of Joule heat is suppressed in the stabilizing metal and AC loss is reduced as compared with a superconducting wire having untwisted filaments.
  • the superconducting cable conductor according to the present invention has such flexibility that its superconductivity is substantially not deteriorated also when the same is bent up to 50 times the diameter of the cable.
  • This conductor can be wound on a drum, to be stored and/or transported.
  • the present invention also makes it is possible to provide a long oxide superconducting cable conductor having flexibility as well as excellent superconductivity.
  • an eddy current or a coupling current transferred between and flowing across the superconducting tapes is suppressed by the second or subsequent layer of tube-shaped superconductive wires which is provided according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a practical AC superconducting cable conductor.
  • the present invention also relates to a novel process or method which produces polymeric tapes suitable for use in a cryogenically operated superconducting power cable and the tapes so produced.
  • the processing includes biaxially orienting either a polyethylene, polypropylene, or polybutylene film which has a maximum dielectric constant of about 3.0 and embossing said film with a random pattern.
  • the combination of low dielectric constant, biaxially oriented, embossed film yields a polymeric material which overcomes the problems of brittleness, crazing, and excessive shrinkage which renders polymeric materials produced by known processes unusable in cryogenically operated power cable systems.
  • the embossing of the film permits the relatively free flow of dielectric fluid within the cable.
  • the polyolefin sheet stock is biaxially oriented before use in the cable of the present invention. This involves stretching the sheet to a draw ratio of between about 5 to 1 and about 10 to 1 in the length direction and also orienting the sheet across their width.
  • the sheet, and tapes obtained therefrom which results from processing polyolefin stock to appropriate draw ratios has numerous qualities which make it superior for cable manufacture.
  • This processing involves a biaxial orientation in the direction across the sheet. This orients the sheet to a ratio of up to about 50% in the cross-sheet direction, and produces tape which is sufficiently biaxially oriented to satisfactorily limit the tendency to fibrillate.
  • the cable itself is constructed of multiple layers of polyolefin tape, either polyethylene, polybutylene or polypropylene. To facilitate cable bending, different widths of polyolefin tape may be used in the layers. The sizes may progress to larger widths with increased distance from the conductor of the cable.
  • Polymeric tapes which have not undergone the novel processing steps described above have several inherent problems which make them unusable in cryogenically operated superconducting power cable systems. For example, in a liquid nitrogen environment at 77°K, most polymeric tapes become glass hard. This will lead to either tensile failure due to thermal contraction exceeding the inherent elongation or to simple disintegration of the tape. Another problem is crazing in liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen, with a boiling point of 77°K, is known to be a powerful crazing agent for polymers. Crazing usually leads to stress cracking and ultimately fracture of the tape. The biaxial orientation process described above overcomes these problems of brittleness, excessive shrinkage, and crazing.
  • Crazing can be induced by stress or by combined stress and solvent action. It shows generally similar features in all polymers in which it has been observed. Crazing appears to the eye to be a fine, microscopic network of cracks almost always advancing in a direction at right angles to the maximum principal stress. Crazing generally originates on the surface at points of local stress concentration. In a static type of test, it appears that for crazing to occur the stress or strain must reach some critical value. However, crazing can occur at relatively low stress levels under long-time loading.
  • Polyolefin tapes such as polyethylene, polybutylene and polypropylene, when highly oriented as required for the present invention, are transparent. This clarity becomes a disadvantage when the butt gaps of many layers show through to the surface of, the cable very clearly. The operator then has difficulty distinguishing the butt gap of the immediate previous layer, from which each new butt gap must be offset, from other butt gaps deeper within the cable.
  • the tape of the present invention therefore has a color component added to it so that the deeper a layer is within the cable, the darker it appears.
  • Organic dyes may be used to produce this color because these organic compounds, unlike inorganic metal salts, have less detrimental effect on the loss tangent and permittivity of the tape. Since a balance between the needed color and effects on the electrical characteristics must be struck, organic dyes are added in the proportions ranging between 100 to 1000 parts per million.
  • Orientation is accomplished in the machine direction by stretching or tentering of the sheet to produce a thickness reduction ratio of between 5 to 1 and 10 to 1.
  • Polyolefin tapes resulting from the processing specified above have a tensile modulus of at least 250,000 psi in the length (machine) direction, and meet all the criteria required for cable manufacture.
  • the tensile strength attained by the tapes through the processing is not only an indication of the resistance to deterioration, but also a necessity for the use on cable taping machines. Tapes processed as described above can therefore be used on conventional cable making machines with tensions great enough to construct a satisfactory tightly wound cable.
  • the polyolefin tape is embossed to furnish spacing between the tape layers which will facilitate relatively free flow of impregnants within the cable to enhance heat transfer.
  • the tape is embossed advantageously by rollers.
  • a typical pattern of embossing is shown in FIG. 4 which is a top view of a small section of tape 60 with valleys 61 in the pattern shown as dark lines.
  • the embossing pattern is characterized as irregular and preferentially permitting cross-tape flow of impregnant as opposed to flow along the length of the tape.
  • the pattern of irregular valleys running essentially across the tape width as seen in FIG. 4 meets these criteria and, unlike a pattern of regular grooves or channels, it can not interlock adjacent tape layers. Non-uniform and irregular patterns therefore assure that the various tape layers can move small distances relative to each other and yield the degree of flexibility required to manufacture and install the cable.
  • the embossed pattern is such that it can increase the effective tape thickness, that is, the peak to peak thickness may be twice the distance of the original tape thickness.
  • the tape is then compressed during winding. Embossing is accomplished by rollers which cause a depression in one surface of the tape and a protrusion in the other surface. Once wound into a cable, these surface irregularities separate the tape layers; but since the pattern favors across-the-tape flow, impregnants need only flow, at the most, one-half the width of the tape to or from a butt gap where it can then progress to the next space between the tapes. This results in a relatively short path from the outside of the cable to the conductor.
  • Two typical patterns of embossing are: a coarse pattern with a typical 0.1mm mid-height width of the valleys and a typical 0.2mm spacing between adjacent peaks; and a fine pattern with typical 0.025mm mid-height valley widths and typical 0.05mm spacing between peaks.
  • embossing patterns ranging from coarse to fine allows the cable designer to strike a compromise between heat transfer and operating stress.
  • the coarse pattern provides the best heat transfer with some reduction in operating voltage stress compared to the fine pattern and vice versa.
  • the system cycle is an open one where the exhaust from the shell side of the subcooler is ultimately vented to the atmosphere.
  • the process cooling fluid nitrogen at ⁇ 10 bar
  • Nitrogen leaving the cable/terminations flows to the inlet of the LN circulation pump, which provides the pressure head for the closed loop flow of the pressurized nitrogen.
  • Each vacuum termination had two sets of feed- throughs, one set for the phase conductor and the other set for the HTS neutral conductor. Each set had a warm ceramic bushing making the transition from ambient (295 K, 1 atm) to vacuum (295 K) and the second ceramic bushing making the transition from vacuum to (-72-81 K) liquid nitrogen at ⁇ 10 bar. These bushings are rated for full cable current and voltage.
  • the two terminations are pumped through a common vacuum header by a mechanical/turbomolecular pumping station; typical vacuum is in the 10-5 to 10 ⁇ 4 torr range, which provides sufficient thermal insulation when combined with multi-layer superinsulation.
  • typical vacuum is in the 10-5 to 10 ⁇ 4 torr range, which provides sufficient thermal insulation when combined with multi-layer superinsulation.
  • This termination design is more operationally efficient in that vacuum leak testing and pumpdown are eliminated.
  • the single-phase, 5-m cables tested had inner cable conductor consisting of four layers of helically wound, Bi-2223/Ag tapes. Four layers were chosen to provide enough capability for the design current of 1250 A. The tapes were machine wound at a 30° angle on a stainless steel former with an outer diameter of 38 mm. CryoflexTM dielectric tape was wrapped between the inner and outer HTS conductors.
  • the outer HTS cable conductor is similar to the inner conductor and provides shielding of the currents flowing on the inner conductor and thus eliminates magnetic fields or eddy currents in the external structure.
  • the outer HTS cable conductor is at ground potential.
  • the 5-m cable test results included a successful overcurrent test up to 12.8 kA for a 2- s pulse length (see Fig. 8). This is over ten times the design current and simulates a short circuit on the load side.
  • the cable was also tested for basic impulse loading (BIL) to simulate surges such as lightning strikes.
  • BIL basic impulse loading
  • the requirement for 15 kV class distribution cables is 110 kV BIL, with the pulse rising to this maximum in 1.2 ⁇ s.
  • the test voltage was lowered to below 90 kV, the system again withstood the test pulse.
  • a 5-m cable was removed from the test facility and bent in a wooden fixture of the same diameter (2.44 m) as a cable shipping spool. It was bent in one direction and the reverse direction over four cycles. Cable testing before and after bending indicated no damage to the dielectric system as ac withstand and impulse loading were unchanged from previous tests. The cable critical current was reduced by about 15 % after bending (see Fig. 10).
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a superconducting cable that is more compact, requires less material, and whose cooling mechanism is smaller than known superconducting cables.
  • the present inventive superconducting cable is constructed so that only a single neutral conductor is required for the three phase conductors (R, S, T). Additionally, the phase conductors, the neutral conductor, and the cooling channels are concentrically arranged around one another resulting in a very compact construction.
  • the cooling of the cable takes place with liquid nitrogen.
  • An electrical insulation manufactured of polyethylene or polypropylene is placed between the phase conductors (R, S, T) as well as the neutral conductor.
  • the cable restricts outward temperature loss through vacuum and/or insulation.
  • the coolant circulates out in the core of the cable and back in an annular channel that is directly connected to the vacuum/insulation.
  • Figure 27 illustrates the superconducting cable (1) of the present invention in cross- section.
  • the core of the cable is formed around a channel (2) with a diameter of from about 50 to about 200 mm through which the coolant is conducted. Other diameters can likewise be selected.
  • Channel (2) defines the boundary of first phase conductor
  • the sheath of channel (2) is manufactured of a superconducting material.
  • the phase conductor (R) is manufactured of superconducting tapes.
  • the superconducting tapes are sleeves of silver filled with a high temperature superconductor ceramic material. Subsequently the sleeves are rolled into surfaced tapes. These tapes are then wrapped on a mandrel whereupon the conductor (R) is built.
  • the thickness of conductor (R) preferably is from about 0.1 to about 10 mm.
  • An electrical insulation (3) is placed on the first phase conductor.
  • This is advantageously made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • the phase conductor (R) tapes are wound with these materials until the insulation (3) reached the desired thickness.
  • the thickness of the insulation is preferably from about 10 to about 50 mm.
  • the second phase conductor (S) is applied over insulation (3). This is again manufactured with tapes of superconducting material which are in turn wound about the insulation (3).
  • the phase conductor (S) achieves the same capacity as the phase conductor (R).
  • Applied to the phase conductor (S) is a subsequent insulation (4). This is manufactured in the same manner and capacity as insulation (3).
  • the thickness of the insulation (5) may be less than the thickness of the insulations (3) and (4).
  • the boundary of the neutral conductor (6) is outwards of the insulation (5).
  • This neutral conductor (6) has, under symmetric load, only a small current to carry, and can therefore be manufactured of customary conducting material, preferably copper. The thickness may only be a few mm.
  • the return conductor serves simultaneously as a border for the closed-ring cooling channel (7) through which the circulating liquid nitrogen is conducted.
  • the cable of the present invention was cooled down to about 81 K with liquid nitrogen at about 4.7-atm pressure and a flow rate of about 0.19 //s (3 gpm).
  • Short current pulses much larger than the critical current, I c (about 910 A) of the cable were applied to the cable to simulate fault currents in case of an in-service short circuit.
  • the voltages across the phase conductor and the joint, the current and voltage of the shield conductor, and the temperature and pressure of the coolant during the pulse and for a period after the pulse were monitored. Shots were made first with a 1-s pulse at increasingly higher current from 4.8 to 12.8 kA.
  • the pulse length was then increased to 2 s and again up to 12.8-kA current pulses were applied.
  • the pulse length was shortened to 0.5 s and a current of 15.3 kA was applied.
  • the pulse length was lengthened to 5 s and a current of 6.8-kA was applied.
  • Fig. 12 shows the current and voltage traces of the cable on a typical shot.
  • a fault- current pulse of about 12.8 kA was programmed to apply to the cable for 2 s.
  • a voltage (V-cable) of about 3.2 V was developed across the cable.
  • V-cable the voltage drops along the terminations and external power supply cables had apparently exceeded the power supply limit (12 V) and caused the current to drop.
  • the current was lowered to about 6.9 kA.
  • the cable voltage continued to rise to over 5 V, indicating heating in the conductor.
  • the cable-to- connector joint voltage (V-joint) was lowered from about 0.3 to 0.17 V - in the same proportion as the current drop.
  • the cable voltage rise indicated a temperature rise had occurred.
  • the measured voltage was divided by the corresponding current to get the resistance response of the cable.
  • the result is shown in Fig. 13. It is seen that at the beginning of the 12.8-kA pulse, the cable resistance went to 0.25 m ⁇ (as compared to 0.54 ⁇ at critical current) and increased to 0.72 m ⁇ by the end of the 2-s pulse. (The discontinuity at the beginning and end of the current pulse was due to dividing the cable voltages by the near zero currents.) Based on the silver resistivity change as a function of temperature, the above resistance change of the cable indicated that the HTS conductor had heated to about 170 K by the end of the pulse. Although the cable voltage nearly disappeared after the current pulse in Fig. 12, its resistance in Fig. 13 showed a relatively slow cool down to about 0.1 m ⁇ seven seconds later.
  • the dc V-I curve shows that above I c the voltage of the present superconductor increases in proportion to I to the 3.8 11 power (the ⁇ -value).
  • I the resistance of the superconductor at an over-current
  • I can be scaled from its value of 0.54 ⁇ at I c by a factor of (I/I c ) .
  • the present HTS tape contains 70% of silver in the composite.
  • the resistance of the silver matrix in the cable is estimated to be about 0.25 m ⁇ at liquid nitrogen temperature.
  • the cable resistance in the over-current regime was then calculated by paralleling the scaled HTS resistance with the silver resistance. The result is shown as the calculated curve in Fig. 14. It is seen that the measured data follows the calculated curve very well — proving the power-law scaling of the HTS resistance above I c is appropriate.
  • the HTS in the present cable shared the fault current equally with the silver matrix at 8.1 kA — about 9 times the critical current. Below this value the current flows mostly in the superconductor, above this value more and more current flows in the silver matrix. At 15 kA, the HTS can carry only 15 % of the fault current. Above 10 kA the measured data lays above the calculated curve, indicating tape heating before the fault current reached its peak value.
  • Fig. 16 shows the corresponding pressure changes in the same shot. Contrary to the temperature response, it is seen that both the inlet and outlet pressure start to rise 1 s into the pulse and reached a peak value of about 0.34 atm (5 psi) at 1 s after the pulse. Both pressure taps were meters away from coolant inlet and outlet of the cable. The pressure wave reached them in a fraction of a second (with the speed of sound in liquid nitrogen). Since no temperature rise in the coolant was observed, the pressure rises resulted from transient heating in the terminations. Over the one-hour span of the 15 simulated fault-current shots, the accumulated temperature rise of the cable outlet coolant was about 1 K, and there were no significant system pressure changes. Repeated fault-currents that are separated minutes apart would not upset the present HTS cable nor the cryogenic system.
  • Fig. 17A shows the induced current in the shield loop for the 12.8-kA, 2-s fault-current shot. Only about 350 A and 120 A of transient currents were induced in the shield at the rise and fall of the phase conductor over- current. Part of the reason for these low values is due to the relatively long rise and fall time (of about 300 ms) of the over-current provided by the present power supply. If a fault current would rise faster, the induced transient in the shield would be higher. During the 2 s of slow decrease of over-current, there was no measurable induced current in the shield.
  • Fig. 17B shows that the maximum voltage developed over the shield conductor was less than 0.35 mV. Since this voltage is lower than the critical-current voltage of 0.5 mV for this cable and the induced transient current was lower than the critical current, therefore the shield conductor stayed superconducting during the fault-current pulses.
  • HTS cables are being proposed for retrofitting existing underground cables.
  • the three separate phases are installed in separate ducts. It is assumed there is a refrigeration unit supplying subcooled liquid nitrogen, at only one end of the cable.
  • the HTS cable configuration shown in Fig. 19, illustrates a single cryostat counterflow cooling arrangement for the HTS cable.
  • the HTS cable former and cryostat walls are typically taken to be flexible, corrugated stainless steel tubing.
  • the HTS cable of the present invention is a cold dielectric configuration and requires a superconducting shield layer, 'separated by a dielectric material from the main conductor. The shield carries the same current as the main conductor.
  • liquid nitrogen flows through the HTS cable former providing cooling to the terminations as well as the cable and returns in the annulus between the outside of the cable and the inner cryostat wall.
  • liquid nitrogen flows in the same direction through the cable former and the annulus.
  • the liquid nitrogen is returned either through a separate vacuum jacketed duct.
  • the single cryostat for the return flow is taken to be the same as the cable cryostat. The dimensions used in this study for these two cases are given in Table 5.
  • the HTS cable energy balance includes a convection heat transfer terms Q' COnv , ⁇ , include convection to the liquid nitrogen flow in the former and also in the annular region between the cable and the cryostat inner pipe.
  • Q' COnv , ⁇ convection to the liquid nitrogen flow in the former and also in the annular region between the cable and the cryostat inner pipe.
  • i each liquid nitrogen stream (former flow, annulus flow, and return flow as applicable).
  • the convection heat transfer to the inner flow is solely with the inside of the HTS cable former.
  • the outer nitrogen flow exchanges heat convectively with the outside of the HTS cable and with the inside of the double walled flexible cryostat.
  • the convective heat transfer coefficients are calculated using:
  • NN U is the nusselt number
  • kim is the thermal conductivity of the liquid nitrogen
  • N /?e is the Reynolds number
  • Np r is the Prandtl number.
  • the HTS cable cryostat is taken to be a flexible double wall construction with the dimensions listed in Table 5.
  • the sink temperature, T ⁇ 300 K.
  • the local heat transfer per unit length can be calculated and depends on the local liquid nitrogen temperature T v ⁇ (x), and the cryostat inner and outer tube diameters D c ⁇ and D co .
  • the temperature difference driving this heat transfer term is typically over 220 K for the outer cryostat.
  • the critical current was scaled from earlier measurements on the 5-meter system. Using the measured linear fit in temperature, the critical current can be scaled with temperature using a reference value of 3000 A at 77K by the following:
  • the ac loss, PA C in watts per meter, is computed using the monoblock model.
  • the dielectric loss depends on the design voltage of the cable. A nominal value of 0.05 Watts per meter was assumed and is consistent with earlier work.
  • the model was compared to measurements on a 5-meter HTS cable system. A comparison of the measured temperatures for operation are given in Fig. 20.
  • the 5-meter HTS cable was cooled with a flow of 210 grams per second of liquid nitrogen supplied at a temperature and pressure of 79.2 K and 5.4 bar.
  • the applied current to the cable was 1250 A rms .
  • the measurements qualitatively agree with the calculation.
  • the discrepancies in temperatures are primarily due to the use of a simplified thermal model for the terminations, which for short cables, is the dominant system heat load.
  • the terminations had vacuum thermal and electrical insulation.
  • Each termination contained two optimized current leads to carry in excess of the rated current of 1250 A rms .
  • the termination heat load is about 300 Watts for each end. While there is some variation in the termination heat load due to the level of operating current, the difference is considered to be small, particularly for long cables, and is neglected.
  • Constant liquid nitrogen conditions a pressure of 10 Bar and a temperature of 67 K, were used.
  • the properties of liquid nitrogen were obtained using GASPAK. This pressure is well within the capabilities of commercially available flexible cryostats, and the temperature is typical for a subcooler refrigeration unit.
  • the triple point of nitrogen is about 63.2 K, so lower temperatures, say 65 K, could be achieved using closed cycle refrigeration systems.
  • the HTS cable configuration shown in Fig. 19, illustrates a single cryostat, counterflow-cooling arrangement for the HTS cable.
  • the HTS cable former is a flexible, corrugated stainless steel tube.
  • the HTS cable is a cold dielectric configuration and requires a superconducting shield layer, separated by a dielectric material from the main conductor. The shield is designed to carry the same current as the main conductor.
  • the features of the coaxial design are 1) image current in shield layer reduced external magnetic field and eddy currents in cryostat and ducts, 2) both the HTS conductor and dielectric are wrapped from tapes, 3) cryogenic dielectric reduces size and increases current-carrying capacity and 4) flexible cable to allow reeling.
  • the critical current of the phase 1 main conductor was more than 3000 A (the limit of the power supply).
  • the critical current of one of the 5-m cables is also shown in Fig. 28 and is 1090 A with an n- value of 3.
  • the design current of the 5-m and 30-m cables was 1250 A and the same number of layers and superconducting tapes were used in both the 5-m and 30-m cables.
  • the tape performance improved dramatically.
  • the 30-m cables while designed for a 1250 A rating were actually -3000 A conductors. With this extra margin, the superconductors contribute no resistance when operating at currents below about 1500 A, as shown in Fig. 28.
  • the voltage drop is 0.25 ⁇ V/cm and the dc resistance is 0.01 ⁇ /m.
  • the temporary voltage taps were removed.
  • the transmission substation has a total capacity of 40 MVA with two 20 MVA matched, non-regulating, step-down transformers, 115 kV high side and 12.4 kV low side.
  • the HTS cable is cooled by circulating subcooled liquid nitrogen through the three cable phases.
  • the requirements for the 30- m cable cryogenic system were determined to be 3000 W heat load, 70-80 K operating temperature range, 1.3 1/s (21 gpm) flow rate and a maximum operating pressure of 10 bar.
  • Two cryogenic refrigeration system designs were reviewed as options — an open-loop boiling bath subcooler and a closed-cycle refrigerator. The open-loop system was selected because of the lower capital equipment costs. The operating costs of both approaches are comparable due to the higher efficiency obtained with large scale liquid nitrogen production plants over the smaller refrigeration unit that would have been used for the 30-m HTS cable system.
  • a closed-loop refrigerator system that included an open-loop nitrogen back-up system which would be used during maintenance on the main system, would be a better choice because it would not require frequent refilling of a bulk storage dewar.
  • the cryogenic skid contains a cold box which houses a subcooler, a phase separator, and two buffer volumes, under a common insulating vacuum.
  • the cold box components and associated piping are all wrapped with multi-layer thermal insulation to minimize the background thermal load.
  • the cryogenic skid also contains three vacuum pumps used to lower the pressure on the subcooler bath and lower the operating temperature of the system.
  • the phase separator is used during system start-up to prevent vapor from reaching the circulation pump.
  • the subcooler is filled from the bulk storage tank. The subcooler boil off is vented to the atmosphere through the vacuum pumps, when operating below 80 K.
  • the buffer tanks alternate in use, one is providing system pressurization while the other is filled and waiting.
  • the liquid nitrogen storage tank has a 40,000 liter capacity.
  • the tank was mounted horizontally on concrete footings for a low profile.
  • the tank level is monitored remotely using a telephone line and is filled by the liquid nitrogen supplier as needed.
  • Vacuum-jacketed piping connects the skid to the cable.
  • The are three pipes - inlet, return and cooldown, connecting each of the three phases of the cable. With this arrangement, any combination of the three phases of the cable can be either in service, out of service or in a cooldown sequence.
  • a programmable logic controller system is used to operate the cryogenic system during normal operation. System cool down and restart are done manually due to the infrequent number of times these operations are performed, and the expense of programming.
  • the first off-line test to be performed placed voltage on the cable using a variable ac voltage power supply. Using the power supply, voltage was applied one phase at a time to 11-12 kV and held for 30 minutes to test the cable dielectric system. Phases 1 and 2 were maintained at 166% of rated voltage without breakdown. Phase 3, which has a slightly different geometry, was maintained at 230%> of rated voltage without breakdown.
  • V-I curve To measure the dc voltage vs. current relationship (V-I curve) of the cable, a 3000 A dc power supply was provided. Voltage taps were temporarily installed external to the main and shield bushings. The V-I curve was measured two phases at a time by connecting the dc power supply on two phases at one end and a short jumper between the phases at the other end. Phase 2 and 3 were measured, then phase 1 and 2, so phase 2 was measured twice. The V-I curves of the main conductors were measured, and then the shield conductor, as the cable is the cold dielectric design with coaxial conductors. The dc critical currents were as expected based on HTS tape performance and cable design. The V-I curve for phases 2 and 3 is shown in Fig. 30; the linear behavior over most of the current range is due to the position of the external voltage taps that includes extensive copper buswork and connectors beyond each end of the superconducting cable.
  • DC load current tests were conducted to simulate average, rated, and emergency loading on the superconducting cables. As shown in Fig. 31, the extended load current tests were run at -800, 1200 and 1400 A each for 8 hours on the two of the main conductors at a time using the dc power supply. No changes in cable cooling system temperatures were observed during these initial loading tests.
  • the next test was an extended, open-circuit, rated-voltage test using the substation supply.
  • the cable breaker at one end was closed and the other end remained opened, so no current was flowing through the cable.
  • Phase voltage was maintained on each phase in several sequences up to 12 hours.
  • the cable dielectric performance was as designed.
  • the liquid nitrogen return leg temperature variation for phase 1 is shown in Fig. 32 (note, the y-axis value is not shown).
  • the variation in the cable temperature is about I K.
  • the return leg liquid nitrogen pressure for phase 1 is shown in Fig. 33 (note, the y- axis value is not shown).
  • the variation in the cable pressure is about 0.28 bar (4 psi).

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  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

En vue de produire un câble supraconducteur d'oxyde souple dont la perte en courant alternatif est réduite, on enroule des fils supraconducteurs ayant la forme de rubans recouverts d'un métal stabilisateur sur un gabarit flexible. Les fils supraconducteurs sont de préférence déposés sur le gabarit à une contrainte de flexion ne dépassant pas 0.2 %. Lors de la pose sur le gabarit, on dépose des fils supraconducteurs en forme de ruban sur un élément central de manière juxtaposée afin de former une première nappe. On dépose un nombre spécifique de fils supraconducteurs au-dessus de la première nappe de manière juxtaposée, afin de constituer une deuxième nappe. Le gabarit peut être réalisé en métal, en matière plastique, en polymère, ou un composite et procure de la flexibilité aux fils supraconducteurs et au câble constitué par ceux-ci.
PCT/US2001/028630 2000-09-15 2001-09-14 Cable supraconducteur WO2002025672A2 (fr)

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EP01970914A EP1323172A4 (fr) 2000-09-15 2001-09-14 Cable supraconducteur
AU2001290862A AU2001290862A1 (en) 2000-09-15 2001-09-14 Superconducting cable
JP2002529788A JP2004510290A (ja) 2000-09-15 2001-09-14 超電導ケーブル

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US23273900P 2000-09-15 2000-09-15
US60/232,739 2000-09-15

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO2003065383A2 (fr) 2002-01-30 2003-08-07 Southwire Company Cable supraconducteur a carcasse flexible
WO2004013868A2 (fr) 2002-08-01 2004-02-12 Southwire Company Câble triaxial supraconducteur et terminaison adaptée
EP1412952A2 (fr) * 2001-08-01 2004-04-28 Southwire Company Cable hts triaxial
EP2200048A1 (fr) * 2008-12-17 2010-06-23 Nexans Dispositif comprenant au moins un câble supraconducteur
US8442605B2 (en) 2007-06-04 2013-05-14 Nkt Cables Ultera A/S Power cable comprising HTS tape(s)
WO2016076450A1 (fr) * 2014-11-11 2016-05-19 엘에스전선 주식회사 Appareil de refroidissement cryogénique et structure de liaison pour dispositif supraconducteur
RU2649087C1 (ru) * 2014-03-12 2018-03-29 Лювата Вотербери, Инк. Способы и системы для изготовления сверхпроводящих материалов
EP3339085A1 (fr) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-27 Nexans Système d'alimentation en courant d'un véhicule automobile équipé d'un moteur électrique
WO2018191041A1 (fr) * 2017-04-11 2018-10-18 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Gestion thermique pour interconnexions supraconductrices
US10453592B1 (en) 2018-05-07 2019-10-22 Microsoft Technology Licensing Llc Reducing losses in superconducting cables
EP4199009A1 (fr) * 2021-12-14 2023-06-21 Supernode Limited Système de câble supraconducteur avec refroidissement par évaporation

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US7608785B2 (en) * 2004-04-27 2009-10-27 Superpower, Inc. System for transmitting current including magnetically decoupled superconducting conductors
DK1717821T3 (da) * 2005-04-27 2011-10-24 Nexans Supralederkabel
US20080191561A1 (en) * 2007-02-09 2008-08-14 Folts Douglas C Parallel connected hts utility device and method of using same
KR101386133B1 (ko) 2012-10-23 2014-04-17 한국전기연구원 직류 고온초전도 케이블의 운전전류 결정방법
CN108444660B (zh) * 2018-06-22 2020-01-07 国家电网公司 氮气泄漏故障诊断方法、装置及系统
CN110600190B (zh) * 2019-09-24 2021-03-30 深圳供电局有限公司 三相高温超导通电导体
CN113130130A (zh) * 2021-04-15 2021-07-16 华北电力大学 一种高传输电流低损耗三相同轴高温的超导电缆

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Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1412952A2 (fr) * 2001-08-01 2004-04-28 Southwire Company Cable hts triaxial
EP1412952A4 (fr) * 2001-08-01 2007-01-03 Southwire Co Cable hts triaxial
EP1470556A2 (fr) * 2002-01-30 2004-10-27 Southwire Company Cable supraconducteur a carcasse flexible
EP1470556A4 (fr) * 2002-01-30 2006-12-27 Southwire Co Cable supraconducteur a carcasse flexible
WO2003065383A2 (fr) 2002-01-30 2003-08-07 Southwire Company Cable supraconducteur a carcasse flexible
WO2004013868A2 (fr) 2002-08-01 2004-02-12 Southwire Company Câble triaxial supraconducteur et terminaison adaptée
EP1552536A2 (fr) * 2002-08-01 2005-07-13 Southwire Company Cable triaxial supraconducteur et terminaison adaptee
EP1552536A4 (fr) * 2002-08-01 2006-07-05 Southwire Co Cable triaxial supraconducteur et terminaison adaptee
US8442605B2 (en) 2007-06-04 2013-05-14 Nkt Cables Ultera A/S Power cable comprising HTS tape(s)
EP2200048A1 (fr) * 2008-12-17 2010-06-23 Nexans Dispositif comprenant au moins un câble supraconducteur
RU2649087C1 (ru) * 2014-03-12 2018-03-29 Лювата Вотербери, Инк. Способы и системы для изготовления сверхпроводящих материалов
WO2016076450A1 (fr) * 2014-11-11 2016-05-19 엘에스전선 주식회사 Appareil de refroidissement cryogénique et structure de liaison pour dispositif supraconducteur
US10692631B2 (en) 2014-11-11 2020-06-23 Ls Cable & System Ltd. Cryogenic cooling apparatus and connecting structure for superconducting device
EP3339085A1 (fr) * 2016-12-20 2018-06-27 Nexans Système d'alimentation en courant d'un véhicule automobile équipé d'un moteur électrique
US10531595B2 (en) 2016-12-20 2020-01-07 Nexans Arrangement for supplying power to a motor vehicle equipped with an electric motor
WO2018191041A1 (fr) * 2017-04-11 2018-10-18 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Gestion thermique pour interconnexions supraconductrices
US10141493B2 (en) 2017-04-11 2018-11-27 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Thermal management for superconducting interconnects
CN110494998A (zh) * 2017-04-11 2019-11-22 微软技术许可有限责任公司 用于超导互连件的热管理
CN110494998B (zh) * 2017-04-11 2023-06-30 微软技术许可有限责任公司 用于超导互连件的热管理
US10453592B1 (en) 2018-05-07 2019-10-22 Microsoft Technology Licensing Llc Reducing losses in superconducting cables
WO2019217102A1 (fr) * 2018-05-07 2019-11-14 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Réduction de pertes dans des câbles supraconducteurs
EP4199009A1 (fr) * 2021-12-14 2023-06-21 Supernode Limited Système de câble supraconducteur avec refroidissement par évaporation
WO2023111016A1 (fr) * 2021-12-14 2023-06-22 Supernode Ltd Système de câble supraconducteur à refroidissement par évaporation

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EP1323172A4 (fr) 2006-10-11
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EP1323172A2 (fr) 2003-07-02
WO2002025672A3 (fr) 2002-09-06
CN1483206A (zh) 2004-03-17

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