WO2002018952A2

WO2002018952A2 - Biosensor assay device and method

Info

Publication number: WO2002018952A2
Application number: PCT/CA2001/001246
Authority: WO
Inventors: Wah Y. Wong; Heman Chao; Jerry Mcelroy; Donald Segal
Original assignee: Helix Biopharma Corporation
Priority date: 2000-09-01
Filing date: 2001-08-30
Publication date: 2002-03-07
Also published as: WO2002018952A3; CA2420743A1; EP1314036A2; AU2001287451A1

Abstract

A diagnostic method and device for use in detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample. The method includes reacting an analyte-containing sample with reagents capable of generating a first coil-forming peptide in solution form. This peptide is then contacted with a biosensor whose detection surface has surface-bound molecules of a second, oppositely charged coil-forming peptide, under conditions effective to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer on the detection surface. The formation of the coiled-coil heterodimer produces a measurable change in biosensor signal, when is measured to detect the presence of or quantitate the amount of analyte in a sample.

Description

BIOSENSOR ASSAY DEVICE AND METHOD

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods for detecting or quantitating an analyte, and to devices for carrying out the method.

Background of the Invention

Many tools used for detecting or quantitating biological analytes are based on analyte-specific binding between an analyte and an analyte-binding receptor or agent. Analyte/analyte binding pairs encountered commonly in diagnostics include antigen-antibody, hormone-receptor, drug-receptor, cell surface antigen-lectin, biotin-avidin, and complementary nucleic acid strands.

A variety of methods for detecting analyte-binding agent interactions have been developed. The simplest of these is a solid-phase format employing a reporter labeled analyte-binding agent whose binding to or release from a ^' solid surface is dependent on the presence of analyte. In a typical solid-phase sandwich type assay, for example, the analyte to be measured is an analyte with two or more binding sites, allowing analyte binding both to a receptor, e.g., antibody, carried on a solid surface, and to a reporter-labeled second receptor. The presence of analyte is detected (or quantitated) by the presence (or amount) of reporter bound to solid surface. In a typical solid-phase competitive binding analyte analog for binding to a receptor (analyte-binding agent) carried on a solid support. The amount of reporter signal associated .with the solid support is inversely proportional to the amount of sample analyte to be detected or determined.

The reporter label used in both solid-phase formats is typically a visibly detectable particle or an enzyme capable of converting a substrate to an easily detectable product. Simple spectrophoto etric devices allow for the quantitation of the amount of reporter label, for quantifying amount of analyte .

Detecting or quantitating analyte-specific binding events is also important in high-throughput methods being developed for combinatorial library screening. In a typical method, a large library of possible effector molecules (analytes) is synthesized. The library members are then screened for effector activity by their ability to bind to a selected receptor. The approach has the potential to identify, for example, new oligopeptide antigens capable of high-specificity binding to disease related antibodies, or small-molecule compounds capable of interacting with a selected pharmacological tar-get, such as a membrane bound receptor or cellular enzyme.

High-throughput screening methods typically employ simple analyte displacement assays to detect and quantitate analyte binding to a receptor. Displacement assays have the advantage of high sensitivity, e.g., where the displaced analyte is radiolabeled, and also allow for the determination of analyte-receptor binding affinity, based on competitive displacement of a binding agent whose binding affinity to the target receptor is known.

In both diagnostics and high-throughput screening, there is increasing interest in developing biosensors capable of detecting and quantifying analyte-receptor binding events . One general type of biosensor employs an electrode surface in combination with current or impedance measuring elements for detecting a change in current or impedance in 'response to the presence of a ligand-receptor binding event. This type of biosensor is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,567,301.

Gravimetric biosensors employ a piezoelectric crystal to generate a surface acoustic wave whose frequency, wavelength and/or resonance state are sensitive to surface mass on the crystal surface. The shift in acoustic wave properties is therefore indicative of a change in surface mass, e.g., due to a ligand-receptor binding event. U.S. Patents Nos. 5,478,756 and 4,789,804 describe gravimetric biosensors of this type. Biosensors based on surface plas on resonance (SPR) effects have also been proposed, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 5,485,277 and 6,492,840. These devices exploit the shift in SPR surface reflection angle that occurs with perturbations, e.g., binding events, at the SPR interface. Finally, a variety of biosensors that utilize changes in optical properties at a biosensor surface are known, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,268,305.

The interest in biosensors is spurred by a number of potential advantages over strictly biochemical assay formats. First, biosensors may be produced, using conventional microchip technology, in highly reproducible and miniaturized form, with the capability of placing a large number of biosensor elements on a single substrate (e.g., see U.S. Patent Nos. 5,200,051 and 5,212,050). Secondly, because small signals can be readily amplified (and subjected to various types of signal processing if desired) , biosensors have the potential for measuring minute quantities of analyte, and proportionately small changes in analyte levels .

A consequence of the features above is that a large number of different analytes can be detected or quantitated by applying a small sample volume, e.g., 10-50 μl, to a single multi-sensor chip.

Heretofore, electrochemical biosensors have been more successfully applied to detecting analytes that are themselves electrochemical species, or can participate in catalytic reactions that generate electrochemical species, than to detecting analyte-receptor binding events. This is not surprising, given the more difficult challenge of converting a biochemical binding event to an electrochemical signal. One approach to this problem is to provide two separate reaction elements in the biosensor: a first element contains a receptor and bound enzyme-linked analyte, and the second element, components for enzymatically generating and then measuring an electrochemical species. In operation, analyte displaces the analyte-enzyme conjugate from the first element, releasing the enzyme into the second element region, thus generating an electrochemical species which is measured in the second element.

Two-element biosensors of this type are relatively complicated to produce, particularly by conventional silicon-wafer methods, since one or more biological layers and permselective layers must be deposited as part of the manufacturing process. Further, enzymes or receptors in the biosensor can denature on storage, and the device may have variable "wetting" periods after a sample is applied. Biosensors that attempt to couple electrochemical activity directly to an analyte-receptor binding event, by means of gated membrane electrodes, have been proposed. For example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,204,239 and 5,368,712 disclose gated membrane- electrodes formed of a lipid bilayer membrane containing an ion-channel receptor that is either opened or closed by analyte binding to the receptor. Electrodes of this type are difficult to make and store, and are limited at present to a rather small group of receptor proteins.

Alternatively, direct analyte/receptor binding may be measured electrically by embedding the receptor in a thin polymer film, and measuring changes in the film's electrical properties, e.g., impedance, due to analyte binding to the receptors. U.S. Patent No. 5,192,507 is exemplary. Since analyte binding to the receptor will have a rather small effect on film properties, and since no amplification effect is achieved, the approach is expected to have limited sensitivity.

PCT patent application PCT/CA97/00275, published November 6, 1997, publication No. WO 97/41424, discloses a novel electrochemical biosensor having a conductive detection surface, and a hydrocarbon-chain monolayer formed on the surface. Biosensor operation is based on the flow of an ionized redox species across the monolayer, producing a measurable current flow. In one embodiment of the biosensor disclosed, binding of an analyte to its opposite binding member attached to the surface of some of the hydrocarbon chains increases measured current flow by increasing the disorder of the monolayer, making it more permeable to the redox species. In another general embodiment, the opposite binding member is anchored to the monolayer through a coiled-coil heterodimer structure, allowing any selected binding member carried on one α- helical peptide to be readily attached to a "universal" monolayer surface carrying the opposite α-helical peptide. The previously disclosed biosensor is capable of detecting and quantifying analyte-binding events and characterized by: (i) direct electrochemical conversion of the binding event to electrical signal; (ii) a high electron flow "turnover" from each binding event; (iii) adaptable to substantially any analyte, and (iv) good storage characteristics and rapid wetting with sample application.

Given these features, it would be desirable to improve the operational characteristics and suitability of the biosensor to a wide variety of analytes, as well as the adaptability of the biosensor to multianalyte formats, e.g., in a microfabricated form. The present invention is designed to provide these advantages.

Summary of the Invention

The invention includes, in one aspect, a method for detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample. The method includes reacting the liquid sample with an analyte-reaction reagent, thereby generating a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide having a selected charge and being capable of interacting with a second, oppositely charged coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer.

The coil-forming peptide is contacted with a biosensor having 'a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of such second, oppositely charged coil-forming peptide, under conditions effective to form a stable α- helical coiled-coil heterodimer on the detection surface, where the binding of the solution form of the coil-forming peptide to the immobilized coil-forming peptide is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by the biosensor, which is measured to determine whether such coiled-coil heterodimer formation on said detector surface has occurred.

In one embodiment, the analyte is a ligand, and the reacting includes mixing the analyte with a conjugate of the first coil-forming peptide and the analyte or an analyte analog, and reacting the analyte and conjugate with an analyte-binding anti-ligand agent, such that the amount of unbound conjugate generated is directly proportional to the amount of analyte. The analyte-bound agent is preferably immobilized. In another related embodiment, the conjugate is bound to the analyte-binding agent, and displaced from the binding agent in the presence of analyte. In still another embodiment, the analyte is an enzyme and the reacting step is effective to enzymatically release the first coil-forming peptide in soluble form in the presence of analyte.

In one general embodiment, the biosensor is an electrochemical biosensor that includes a conductive detection surface, a monolayer composed of hydrocarbon chains anchored at their proximal ends to the detection surface, and the second charged coil-forming peptide also anchored to said surface, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to measurably alter current flow across the monolayer mediated by a redox ion species in an aqueous solution in contact with the monolayer, relative to electron flow observed in the presence of the second peptide alone.

Where the redox ion species has the same charge as said second coil-forming peptide, the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide is effective to enhance ion- mediated current flow across said monolayer. Where the redox ion species has a charge opposite that of said second coil-forming peptide, the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide is effective to reduce ion- mediated current flow across said monolayer.

In another aspect, the invention includes a diagnostic device for detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample. The device includes a reaction reagent effective to react with analyte to generate a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide having a selected charge and being capable of interacting with a second, oppositely charged coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer.

A biosensor in the device has a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a second charged, coil- forming peptide capable of interacting with the first oppositely charged coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by the biosensor, which is measured by a detector in the device.

The device may further include a substrate having formed therein (i) a sample-introduction region, (ii) the biosensor, and (iii) a sample-flow pathway between said sample-introduction region and the biosensor. The reaction reagent is disposed in the sample-flow pathway and includes a conjugate of the first coil-forming peptide and the analyte or an analyte analog, in a form releasable into the sample liquid, and an analyte-binding agent. The sample-flow pathway may include a mixing zone containing the conjugate in releasable form, and a reaction zone containing the analyte-binding agent in immobilized form. The device also preferably includes a background control biosensor, and a control sample-flow pathway connecting the sample-introduction region to the background control biosensor, for measuring "baseline" current. The control sample-flow pathway lacks the analyte-conjugate .

In one general embodiment, the biosensor includes a conductive detection surface, a monolayer composed of hydrocarbon chains anchored at their proximal ends to the detection surface, and the second charged coil-forming peptide also anchored to the surface, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to measurably alter current flow across the monolayer mediated by a redox ion species in an aqueous solution in contact with the monolayer, relative to electron flow observed in the presence of the second peptide alone .

The redox ion species may have the same charge as the second coil-forming peptide, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide is effective to enhance redox ion-mediated current flow across the monolayer. Examples are the redox ion species is Fe(CN)₆ ^3~ , if the charge of the second coil-forming peptide is negative, and Ru(NH3)₆ ³⁺, if the charge of the second coil- forming peptide is positive.

Alternatively, the redox ion species may have a charge opposite to that of the second coil-forming peptide, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide is effective to reduce ion-mediated current flow across said monolayer. Examples are Fe(CN)₆ ^3-, if the charge of the second coil-forming peptide is positive, and Ru(NH3)₆ ³⁺, if the charge of said second coil-forming peptide is negative. In this general embodiment the electrode may have a gold detection surface and the monolayer may be composed of 8-22 carbon atom chains attached at their proximal ends to the detection surface by a thiol linkage, at a molecular density of about 3 to 5 chains/nm².

The device may be designed for use in detecting or quantitating a plurality of di ferent selected analytes . Here the device includes, for each analyte, (i) a separate biosensor, and (ii) a separate sample-flow pathway connecting the sample-introduction region to each associated biosensor, where each sample-flow pathway includes (i) a conjugate of the first coil-forming peptide and one of the selected analytes or analog thereof, and (ii) an associated selected analyte-binding agent. Preferably each biosensor in this embodiment contains substantially the same second charged, coil-forming peptide, and the sample-introduction region is a single port communicating with each of the sample-flow pathways. The sample introduction region, biosensors, and sample- flow pathways may be microfabricated on the substrate. Several embodiments of the invention, particularly those listed just below, are practiced optionally without the need for charged heterodimer subunits because of the presence of an electro-active group on the end of the first coil-forming peptide as a redox reactive agent. The invention further provides for a method for detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample by reacting said liquid sample with an analyte- reaction reagent, by said reacting, generating a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, contacting said first coil-forming peptide generated by said reaction with a biosensor having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of such second coil-forming peptide, under conditions effective to form a stable α-helical coiled- coil heterodimer on said detection surface, where said binding of said solution form of said coil-forming peptide to said immobilized coil-forming peptide is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by said biosensor, and measuring said signal generated by said biosensor, to determine whether such coiled-coil heterodimer formation on said detector surface has occurred. This method may optionally include said first coil-forming peptide further comprising an electro-active group attached to said first coil-forming peptide where said group is available for redox induction by an electrode adjacent to said detection surface with said second coil-forming peptide attached thereto when said first coil-forming peptide forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with said second coil-forming peptide .

The invention further provides for a diagnostic device for use in detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample, comprising a reaction reagent effective to react with analyte to generate a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, a biosensor having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a second coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with the first coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by the biosensor, and a detector for measuring the change in a signal generated by the biosensor, in response to conjugate binding to the second coil-forming peptide. This device may optionally include said first coil-forming peptide further comprising an electro-active group attached to said first coil-forming peptide where said group is available for redox induction by an electrode adjacent to said detection surface with said second coil- forming peptide attached thereto when said first coil- forming peptide forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with said second coil-forming peptide. In another aspect, the invention provides a method for detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample, comprising the steps of:

(a) reacting the liquid sample with an analyte- reaction reagent, where the reacting generates a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, (b) contacting the first coil-forming peptide generated by the reaction with a biosensor having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of the second coil-forming peptide, under conditions effective to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer on the detection surface, where the binding of the solution form of the coil-forming peptide to the immobilized coil- forming peptide is adapted to be detectable by a detector, and (c) detecting the binding to determine whether such coiled-coil heterodimer formation on the detector surface has occurred. In another aspect, the first coil-forming peptide of the above method further comprises an electro-active group attached to the first coil-forming peptide where the group is available for redox induction by an electrode adjacent to the detection surface with the second coil-forming peptide attached thereto when the first coil-forming peptide forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with the second coil-forming peptide.

In yet another aspect, the first coil-forming peptide of the method above further comprises a detectable feature, the feature being detectable by the detector when the first coil-forming peptide is bound to the second coil-forming peptide.

In another aspect of the invention further provides the detectable feature being indirectly detectable upon binding of a detection moiety to the detectable feature, and where the moiety is detectable by the detector. In another aspect, the detectable feature is directly detectable by the detector. In still another aspect, the detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, radioisotopes, and dyes. In another aspect, the detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of biotin, streptavidin, one component of an antigen-antibody pair, one component of a ligand-receptor pair, one component of a homologous nucleic acid duplex or triplex, wherein the detectable feature is complementary to a complementary detection moiety so that the complementary detection moiety specifically binds the detectable feature, the complementary detectable moiety being adapted to be detectable by the detector.

The invention further provides for the detection surface of the method above to be in electrical communication with an amperometric detector so that when the electro-active group is adjacent the detection surface, the detector detects current flow through the detection surface.

Another aspect of the invention provides the method above where the detector measures graviometric changes .

Another aspect of the invention provides the method above where the detector measures surface plasmon resonance changes.

The invention further provides for a diagnostic device for use in detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample, comprising

(a) a reaction reagent effective to react with analyte to generate a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, and

(b) a biosensor having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a second coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with the first coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to generate a signal, the signal being adapted for detection by a detector for measuring the change in the signal generated by the binding, in response to the first coil-forming peptide binding to the second coil-forming peptide. The invention, in another aspect provides the device above where the first coil-forming peptide further comprises an electro-active group attached to the first coil-forming peptide where the group is available for redox induction by an electrode adjacent to the detection surface with the second coil-forming peptide attached thereto when the first coil-forming peptide forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with the second coil-forming peptide . The invention further provides the device above where the first coil-forming peptide further comprises a detectable feature, the feature being detectable by the detector when the first coil-forming peptide is bound to a second coil-forming peptide. Still further, the invention provides the device above where the detectable feature is indirectly detectable upon binding of a detection moiety to the detectable feature, and where the moiety is detectable by the detector. In another aspect, the detectable feature is directly detectable by the detector. In another aspect, the detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, radioisotopes, and dyes. In yet another aspect, the detectable feature is selected from the. group consisting of biotin, streptavidin,^' one component of an antigen-antibody pair, one component of a ligand-receptor pair, one component of a homologous nucleic acid duplex or triplex.

The invention further provides for a preferred modification of the hydrocarbon chain of the monolayer where such monolayer further includes a hydrophillic portion to reduce the hydrophobic nature of the hydrocarbon thereby reducing the occurrence of nonspecific binding to the monolayer, the hydrophillic portion, for example, being a hydroxyl, carbohydrate, or hydrophillic group. The invention further provides for the device above where the detection surface is in electrical communication with an amperometric detector so that when the electro- active group is adjacent the detection surface, the detector detects current flow through the detection surface .

Another aspect of the invention provides for the device above where the detector measures graviometric changes . Another aspect of the invention provides for the device above where the detector measures surface plasmon resonance changes.

These and other objects and features of the invention will become more fully apparent when the following detailed description of the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1A is a simplified, partly schematic perspective view of a microfabricated substrate used in a single- analyte detection device in accordance with one aspect of the invention;

Fig. IB is an exploded view of an embodiment of a detection device in accordance with the invention.

FIG. IC is a simplified, partly schematic perspective view of another embodiment of a device in accordance with the invention;

FIG. ID is a schematic and enlarged diagram of a side view of a section of the device of FIG. IC taken along the arrows ID;

Fig. 2A is a partly schematic view of the mixing zone in a biosensor device;

Fig. 2B is a partly schematic view of the mixing zone in a biosensor device indicating the migration of test sample as a cross-hatched area;

Fig. 3A is a partly schematic view of the reaction zone in a biosensor device; Fig. 3B is a partly schematic view of the reaction zone in a biosensor device indicating the migration of test sample as a cross-hatched area;

Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken in the direction of arrows 4-4 in Fig. 1A of an amperometric biosensor constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 5A is an enlarged view of a region of the electrode in the biosensor shown in Fig. 4; Fig. 5B is an enlarged view of a region of the electrode in the biosensor shown in Fig. 4, in the presence of first coil-forming peptide-analyte conjugate;

Fig. 6 is a simplified, partly schematic perspective view of a microfabricated substrate used in a Pseudomonas PAK pilin peptide-detection device in accordance with one aspect of the invention;

Fig. 7A is an enlarged view of a region of the electrode in the biosensor shown in Fig. 6 taken in the direction of arrows 7-7; Fig. 7B is an enlarged view of a region of the electrode in the biosensor shown in Fig. 6 taken in the direction of arrows 7-7, in the presence of first coil- forming peptide-PAK peptide conjugate;

Figs. 8A and 8B are idealized linear (8A) and semilog (8B) plots showing change in biosensor signal, measured in nA, as a function of PAK pilin peptide added to the biosensor device, where the second α-helical peptide has the same charge as the redox ion species;

Fig. 9 shows elements of a gravimetric biosensor constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; Fig. 10 shows elements of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 11 shows elements of an optical biosensor constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 12 is a simplified, partly schematic perspective view of a multi-analyte detection device in accordance with one aspect of the invention; Fig. 13 is a view of a region of the device of Fig. 12 taken in the direction of arrows 13-13.

FIG. 14 is a plot showing change in biosensor signal, measured in nA*sec, as a function of PAK pilin peptide level in a competitive antibody binding assay; FIG. 15 illustrates the structure of an electrode monolayer having an embedded K-coil peptide subunit;

FIG. 16 illustrates the structure of an electrode monolayer having an embedded K-cdil peptide subunit, in the presence of E-coil/PAK peptide conjugate. FIGS. 17A - 17B depict the structures of the first coil-forming peptide (17A) and the second coil-forming peptide (17B) .

FIG. 18 depicts an electrochemical reaction of the DNP group that results in a detectable signal. FIG. 19 is a graphical depiction of square-wave voltammograms comparing the effect of the presence of dissolved oxygen with the effect of purging the biosensor system with argon.

FIGS. 20A - 20B depict model coiled-coil heterodimers attached to a surface adjacent electroactive groups.

FIGS. 21A - 21C depict the detection of the electroactive group embodiments of the invention upon their contact with an electrode surface (21A - 21B) , and the resulting signal (21C) .

Detailed Description of the Invention

Fig. 1A is a simplified perspective view of a diagnostic device 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus includes a substrate 12, sample introduction region 14, sample-flow pathway 16, biosensor 20, and a detector for measuring a change in a signal generated by the biosensor 22. The device optionally includes a signal-responsive element for recording the output signal, e.g., a visually readable output 24. Details of each element are further described hereinbelow. The device preferably includes a control sample-flow pathway 26 and background control biosensor 28.

Before proceeding further with the description of the specific embodiments of the present invention, a number of terms will be defined.

"Analyte" is defined as the compound or composition to be measured, which is a member of a specific binding pair (sbp) and may be a ligand, which is mono- or poly- valent, usually antigenic or haptenic, a single or plurality of compounds which share at least one common epitopic or determinant site, or a receptor.

"Analyte-binding agent" is defined as any compound or composition capable of recognizing a particular spatial and polar organization of an analyte molecule, e.g., epitopic or determinant site. The device of the present invention can be used in detecting the presence or amount in a sample of an analyte which forms with an analyte- binding agent, an analyte-analyte-binding agent pair. Non-limiting examples of such pairs include antigen- antibody, hormone-receptor, drug-receptor, cell surface carbohydrate-lectin, biotin-avidin, and complementary nucleic acids. Numerous examples of such pairs are known (e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,716,778 (1998) to Ullman) .

"Analyte analog" is defined as a modified analyte that can compete with the analogous analyte for a receptor, the modification providing means to join an analyte analog to another molecule.

"Bibulous material" is defined as a porous material having pores of at least 0.1 μm, preferably at least 1.0 μm, which is susceptible to traversal by an aqueous medium in response to capillary force. Such materials are generally hydrophilic or are capable of being rendered hydrophilic and include inorganic powders such as silica, magnesium sulfate, and alumina; natural polymeric materials, particularly cellulosic materials and materials derived from cellulose, such as fiber containing papers, e.g., filter paper, chromatographic paper, etc.; synthetic or modified naturally occurring polymers, such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, poly (vinyl chloride) , polyacrylamide, cross linked dextran, agarose, polyacrylate, etc.; either used by themselves or in conjunction with other materials; ceramic materials; and the like. The bibulous material can be attached to a support. The bibulous material may be polyfunctional or be capable of being polyfunctionalized to permit covalent bonding of compounds as described hereinbelow.

Binding of molecules to the bibulous material may be accomplished by well-known techniques, commonly available in the literature. See, for example, "Immobilized Enzymes," Ichiro Chibata, Halsted Press, New York (1978) and Cuatrecasas, et al . , J. Bio. Chem., 245:3059 (1970).

The bibulous material can be a single structure such as a sheet cut into strips or it can be particulate material bound to a support or solid surface. In a preferred embodiment, the material is applied using a screen printing technique, such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,736,188.

The substrate 12 is a generally planar solid support for the device, preferably composed of an electrically insulating, non-porous, rigid, moisture impermeable material. A wide variety of organic and inorganic materials, both natural and synthetic, and combinations thereof, may be employed provided only that the support does not interfere with the capillary action of the bibulous material, or non-specifically bind assay components, or interfere with the signal producing system. Illustrative polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (4-methylbutene) , polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly (ethylene terephthalate), nylon, poly(vinyl butyrate), glass, and ceramics. The device preferably includes a cover 30 which can be transparent.

The sample introduction region 14 provides a site for application of a liquid sample containing analyte 34 (Figs. 2A-2B, 3A-3B) . As used herein, "liquid sample" typically refers to a naturally occurring or artificially formed liquid test medium suspected of containing the analyte of interest. The liquid sample may be derived from a wide variety of sources such as physiologic fluid illustrated by blood, serum, plasma, urine, ocular lens fluid, saliva, amniotic and spinal fluid, etc., food products such as milk or wine, chemical processing streams, or waste water, etc. The volume of sample can vary between 1-200 μL. In a preferred embodiment, the sample introduction region is an inlet port which is in liquid communication with the with sample flow pathway 16. The sample-flow pathway 16 is a channel or conduit between the sample-introduction region 14 and the biosensor 20. In one embodiment, the sample-flow pathway is an essentially unblocked passage of a diameter suitable for conveying the liquid sample from the sample introduction region 14 to the biosensor 20. Such a microfluidic trench can be formed by micromachining substrate material, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,194,133 or by injection molding. Liquid sample migrates in the sample flow pathway by capillary action or can be driven by a micro-pump or by electroosmosis . As described hereinbelow, assay reagents are bound either in a releasable form or immobilized within the pathway 16. For example, the reagents can be. bound to the walls of the pathway 16. In a preferred embodiment, along the length of the sample-flow pathway 16 is an insoluble bibulous material 38 for conveying the sample by capillarity and for binding assay reagents either in a releasable form or an immobilized form.

Downstream of the sample introduction region 14, the sample flow-pathway includes a mixing zone 40 as shown in Fig. 1A and Figs. 2A-2B. The mixing zone contains a conjugate 42 consisting of the analyte (or analyte analog) 34 linked to a charged coil-forming peptide 44. Peptide 44 is selected for forming a heterodimer with an oppositely charged coil-forming peptide which is anchored within the biosensor 20, as described hereinbelow. Conjugate 42 is provided in mixing zone 40 in a form which is releasable, i.e., diffusible, into the sample liquid when sample is drawn, e.g., by capillarity, into the mixing zone. For example, conventional methods are used for releasably binding the conjugate to the bibulous material, such as the spot and dry method as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,580,794 (which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein) or using an applicator such as the Bio Dot dispenser (Bio Dot, Inc. Irvine, CA) .

Downstream of the mixing zone 40 is reaction zone 48 (Fig. 1A and Figs. 3A-3B) in which analyte-binding agent 50 is immobilized within the pathway 16. In one embodiment, the analyte-binding agent is an antibody to the analyte. The immobilization of proteins onto glass and other surfaces, are known (e.g., as discussed in U.S. Patent No. 5,192,507, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein) . Immobilization of molecules to a bibulous material is performed using conventional methods such as a soak and dry immobilization method, or by immobilizing the protein to latex icroparticles of about 5-20 μm and drawing these modified microparticles into the membrane matrix using vacuum pressure. During the passage of liquid sample through the reaction zone 48, analyte 34 and conjugate 42 react with the binding agent 50 under conditions effective to immobilize analyte or conjugate so bound to the binding agent. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the device further includes a control sample-flow pathway 26, in liquid communication with the sample introduction region 14 and a background control biosensor 28. Preferably, the control sample-flow pathway lacks the conjugate in the control mixing zone, but is otherwise similar to the sample-flow pathway 16.

It will be appreciated from the discussion hereinabove that due to competitive binding in reaction zone 48, there will be an inverse relationship between the amount of analyte in a liquid sample and the amount of conjugate 42 bound in zone 48. Sample liquid flowing downstream from zone 48 contains conjugate 42 not bound in zone 48. Thus, there is a positive relationship between the level of conjugate in the liquid sample liquid emerging downstream from zone 48 and the level of analyte in the original liquid sample. The amount of reagents, such as binding agent 50 and conjugate 42, provided within the sample-flow pathway is predetermined by optimization methods well known in the art. For example, in the absence of analyte, the amount of binding agent 50 in zone 48 preferably is just sufficient to bind all of conjugate 42.

In general, the biosensor of the invention has a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a second charged, coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a first oppositely charged coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer. The two oppositely charged peptides spontaneously self-assemble into a heterodimer complex. In one embodiment, the invention employs an electrochemical biosensor which measures current flow across a hydrocarbon-chain monolayer, anchored to the detector surface, mediated by redox species in aqueous solution in contact with monolayer relative to electric flow observed in the absence of analyte-peptide conjugate. Other embodiments employ a gravimetric biosensor, a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, or an optical biosensor, as described hereinbelow. _# In a general embodiment of the invention, a second charged coil-forming peptide 46 is anchored to the biosensor surface. A first charged coil-forming peptide 44 is linked to analyte (or analog) as a conjugate 42. The peptides 44 and 46 form a heterodimer and are two non- identical, preferably oppositely charged polypeptide chains, typically each about 21 to about 70 residues in length, having an amino acid sequence compatible with their formation into stable two-stranded α-helical heterodimeric coiled-coils . They are designated herein as second coil-forming peptide (heterodimer-subunit peptide 1) , and first coil-forming peptide (heterodimer-subunit peptide 2) . In the discussion below, second coil-forming peptide will refer to the peptide attached to the biosensor surface in the biosensor, and first coil-forming peptide, to the peptide having an attached analyte. It will be understood that these designations refer to the functional role played by the subunit peptide, not the actual peptide sequence.

Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. IB. In analogy with device 10, the device 700 includes a , substrate 710, biosensor 712, sample flow path 714 comprising a bibulous material, a conjugate pad 716, a plastic (e.g., polyurethane) spacer 718, and filter element 720. The conjugate pad, comprising a bibulous matrix, contains diffusively bound conjugate. The flow path 714 comprises a bibulous matrix containing non- diffusively bound analyte binding agent. Sample introduced at a sample application area 724 permeates the filter 720 that serves to remove particulate matter, such as cells. Spacer 718 facilitates the distribution of the fluid flowing from filter 720 into pad 716,. The fluid mixes with first coil-forming peptide/analyte conjugate in pad 716 and enters matrix 714 that includes a mixing zone 726. The fluid emerging from the matrix 714 enters biosensor 712 as described hereinabove. The device preferably includes a background control biosensor and a positive control biosensor in analogy with device 250 described herein.

Yet another embodiment of the device 600 is shown in FIGs. IC, ID. The device 600 includes a housing 614, sample application port 610, microchannel 611, biosensor chamber 612, filter element 616, porous support element 618, conjugate pad 620, and matrix element 622. Sample introduced at port 610 enters the top of the device permeates the filter 616 which serves to remove particulate matter, such as cells. The conjugate pad 620 contains diffusively bound conjugate. Matrix 622 comprises a bibulous matrix containing non-diffusively bound analyte binding agent. Support element 618 supports the filter 616 and has openings therethrough for downward transfer, under the influence of gravity and also capillary action, of fluid from filter 616 into conjugate pad 620 . The fluid mixes with first coil-forming peptide/analyte conjugate in pad 620 and enters matrix 622. The fluid emerging from the matrix 622 enters biosensor 612. A plurality of separate biosensors can be arranged, preferably on a planar on a substrate, to receive sample fluid delivered from microchannels emanating from a central sample application area (FIG. IC) . The device preferably includes a background control biosensor and a positive control biosensor in analogy with device 250 described herein.

The devices of the present invention can include filters which can include means for sample pre-treatment, such as filtering red blood cells (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,658,444; 5.837,546; 5,747,274). The filters can comprise separation material such as synthetic membranes, fibrous depth filters such as glass fiber, plastic fiber, metal fiber, cellulose fiber or any combination of filters and membranes. The separation material may be untreated or can be coated with protein, dextran, sugars, or carbohydrates for red cell stabilization, LDL , precipitation reagents such as magnesium chloride and dextran sulfate, antibodies or red cell agglutination agents to facilitate red cell removal. Sample pretreat ent within a filter can also adjust the pH to within a specific range, reference salt concentration, turbidity and or viscosity, and/or reduce or remove interfering substances such as immunochemical cross- reactants, redox substances and the like.

Fig. 4 shows a simplified schematic view of an electrochemical biosensor 60 for detecting an analyte- peptide quantitating conjugate in a liquid medium, in accordance with the invention. The biosensor includes a chamber 61 that is in liquid communication with the sample-flow pathway of the device via opening 62. Although not shown, the chamber may include a second port or vent to facilitate liquid flow through the port. The biosensor 60 includes a working electrode 64 having a conductive detection surface 66, and, in a preferred embodiment, a hydrocarbon-chain monolayer 68 formed on the detection surface. In the embodiment shown, the detection surface is the upper surface of a conductive film 70 deposited on substrate 71. Details of the monolayer formed on the detection surface, and the method of forming the monolayer on the surface, are discussed below.

A cover 73 in the apparatus has an upper wall 74, and side walls, such as wall 76, which are joined to edge regions of the substrate to form a closed chamber 61 therewith. The chamber serves to hold an aqueous solution required for biosensor operation, as will be described. A reference electrode 78 and a counter electrode 80 in the apparatus are provided on the chamber-facing surface of wall 74, as shown, and are thus both in conductive contact with electrode 64 when the chamber is filled with an electrolyte solution. In the device of the invention, the sample liquid enters the chamber through an opening such as shown at 62 downstream from the mixing zone. In a preferred embodiment, electrolyte reagents are provided within the chamber preferably in a dry form that is readily dissolved within the sample fluid. For example, reagents can be lyophilized and deposited, or spotted and dried, in the reaction zone or in the sample flow pathway as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,580,794. The liquid entering the chamber mixes with ionic species capable of undergoing a redox reaction, i.e., losing or gaining an electron, at a suitably charge electrode. Exemplary redox species are Fe (CN) ₆ ^{3_ 4~}, as a negatively charged species, and Ru (NH3) ζ^{2+ 3+} as a positively charged species. Other probes which can be used include Mo(CN)₆ ^3~ (E₀ = +800 mV) , W(CN)₆ ^3" (E₀=+580 mV) , Fe (CN) ^4~ (E₀=+580 mV) , Ce^{4+ 3+}, (E₀=+1.4V), and Fe^{+3 2+} (E₀= +666mV) . Typical redox ion concentrations are between 0.01 and 10 mM. The solution is contained in chamber 60 and is in contact with reference and counter electrodes. The voltage potential placed on the electrode, i.e., between the electrode and reference electrode, is typically at least 90 V above the electrochemical potential (E_o) value of the redox species, for oxidation, and at least 90 mV below the electrochemical potential, for reduction of the species. Consider, for example,

Fe(CN) _s ^{3- 4"}, with an E₀ of 450 mV (vs. NHE) . Above about 550 mV electrode potential, any Fe2+ species is oxidized to Fe³⁺, and at an electrode potential below about 350 mV, and Fe⁺³ is reduced to Fe⁺². Similarly, Ru (NH3) ₆ ^{2+ 3+} has an Eo of +50 V (vs. NHE) , so oxidation is achieved at an electrode potential above about +150 mV, and reduction, below about -50 mV. The reference electrode 78, which is held at ground, serves as the voltage potential reference of the working electrode 64 when a ^'selected potential is placed on the working electrode by a voltage source 82. This potential is measured by a voltage measuring device 84. which can additionally include conventional circuitry for maintaining the potential at a selected voltage, typically between about -500 to +800 mV.

Voltage source 82 is connected to counter electrode 80 through a current measuring device 86 as shown, for measuring current flow between the two electrodes during biosensor operation. The reference and counter electrodes are Pt, Ag, Ag/AgCl, or other suitable electrodes. The reference and working electrodes, the circuitry connecting them to the working electrode, and voltage source, are referred to herein, collectively, as means for measuring ion-mediated electron flow across the working-electrode monolayer, in response to heteroduplex formation between first coil-forming peptide-analyte conjugate and a charged, coil-forming peptide second coil-forming peptide 46 anchored to the surface 66 of the working electrode 64. Figs. 5A-5B are an enlarged view of a portion of the working electrode 64 having a conductive detection surface 66 and a hydrocarbon-chain monolayer 68 formed on the detection surface. The chains forming the monolayer are typically 8-22 carbon, saturated hydrocarbon chains, although longer chains, chains with some unsaturation, chains with non-carbon chain atoms, such as lipid ethers, and/or chains with minor branching, such as by non-chain methyl groups, may be employed, within the constraint that the chains, at a sufficient packing density, form a sufficiently close packed and ordered monolayer to be effective as a barrier to electron flow, under biosensor operating conditions, as discussed below. This density is calculated to be between 3-5 chains/nm².

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 5A-5B, the chains 90 are coupled to the electrode detecting surface through sulfhydryl linkages 92, although other suitable coupling groups may be employed. One method for producing monolayers having suitable hydrocarbon chain densities is passive diffusion of chains onto the surface of an electrode. A preferred method consists of actively driving the chains onto the surface by applying a positive voltage potential to the conductor surface. The latter method achieves rapid monolayer formation and highly reproducible electrode characteristics.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the hydrocarbon-chain mixture which is actively driven onto the conductor surface includes peptide second coil-forming peptide peptide 46 that is capable of forming a stabilized, α-helical peptide heterodimer with an oppositely charged, complementary subunit, first coil- forming peptide. Such heterodimer subunits are described in PCT patent application WO 95/31480 "Heterodimer

Polypeptide Immunogen Carrier Composition and Method", publication date 23 November 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary subunits are referred to herein as K-coils, referring to positively charged subunits whose charge ^'is provided dominantly by lysine residues, and E coils, referring to negatively subunits whose charge is provided dominantly by glutamic acid residues. Preferred examples from the above-mentioned PCT patent Application 95/31480 include the following sequences and their original sequence numbers in brackets as found in said PCT application.

Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys {PCT Sequence No: 19} (SEQ ID NO: 1) Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys {PCT Sequence No: 20} (SEQ ID NO: 2) Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu {PCT Sequence No: 21} (SEQ ID NO: 3) Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu {PCT Sequence No: 22} (SEQ ID NO: 4)

Second coil-forming peptide peptide 46 can be attached to the distal end of a short hydrocarbon chain

(end opposite the chain's thiol group) by suitable lipid- to-peptide conjugation, e.g., by ester linkage to a hydrocarbon fatty acid. Alternatively, the peptide may be linked to the electrode surface through a peptide spacer, e.g., a tripeptide spacer that extends from one end of the subunit and includes cysteine as a terminal residue, for sulfhydryl attachment to the electrode surface. In both cases, the modified peptide is mixed with the hydrocarbon chains, at a selected mole ratio, then driven into a monolayer formation by applying a positive voltage to the electrode, resulting in a densely packed hydrocarbon-chain monolayer 68 which includes charged, coil-forming peptide 46 embedded in the planar chain matrix, while still retaining a low dielectric barrier to ion flow through the monolayer. The second coil-forming peptide peptide 46 is included in the monolayer in a mole ratio peptide/hydrocarbon chains of preferably between 1:100 to 1:5.

In a preferred method for forming the monolayer, a mixture of thiol-containing chains and thiol-terminated second coil-forming peptide peptide, at a selected mole ratio, is actively driven to the surface by applying a positive voltage potential to the. substrate surface, e.g., gold film. In practice, the hydrocarbon chain mixture (about 1 mM hydrocarbon chains) in an ethanolic solution of 100 mM Li perchlorate,. neutral pH, is placed over the electrode, and a selected potential is applied to the electrode. The buildup of the monolayer can be monitored by increase in layer thickness. Alternatively, monolayer formation is monitored by measuring current across the monolayer, as described below. In this case, formation of the monolayer will be characterized by a steady drop in electrode current, until minimum current is reached, at which point maximum chain packing has been achieved.

Active deposition of the C16 and peptide subunit can be carried out sequentially in addition to the "mixed mode", or simultaneous deposition, described hereinabove. The conditions for the sequential deposition are essentially the same except that the peptide subunit is deposited first and the C16 subsequently.

The time required to achieve saturation packing density will vary with applied voltage, and can be as short as 10 seconds—about 4 orders of magnitude faster than monolayer formation by diffusion. Complete or nearly complete monolayer formation (30 A thickness) occurs within 10 minutes at about IV potential and above. At lower positive voltages, additional reaction time is required. Preferably the voltage applied to the electrode is at least between about +250 mV relative to a normal hydrogen electrode (+250 vs. NHE) and 1.2V (vs. NHE) . Not only are rapid monolayer formation times achieved, but the percentages of peptide and hydrocarbon chains present in the reaction mixture are precisely represented in the monolayers, giving highly reproducible electrode characteristics. In aqueous medium, the isolated heterodimer-subunit peptides are typically random coils. When second coil- forming peptide and first coil-forming peptide are mixed together under conditions favoring the formation of α- helical coiled-coil heterodi ers, they interact to form a two-subunit α-helical coiled-coil heterodimeric complex.

Peptides in an α-helical coiled-coil conformation interact with one another in a characteristic manner that is determined by the primary sequence of each peptide. The tertiary structure of an α-helix is such that 7 amino acid residues in the primary sequence correspond to approximately 2 turns of the α-helix. Accordingly, a primary amino acid sequence giving rise to an α-helical conformation may be broken down into units of 7 residues each, termed heptads . The heterodimer-subunit peptides are composed of a series of heptads in tandem. When the sequence of a heptad is repeated in a particular heterodimer-subunit peptide, the heptad may be referred to as a "heptad repeat", or simply "repeat".

The dimerization of second coil-forming peptide and first coil-forming peptide is due to the presence of a repeated heptad motif of conserved amino acid residues in each peptide' s primary amino acid sequence. Repeating heptad motifs having appropriate amino acid sequences direct the second coil-forming peptide and first coil- forming peptide polypeptides to assemble into a heterodimeric α-helical coiled-coil structure under permissible conditions. The individual α-helical peptides contact one another along their respective hydrophobic faces .

Second coil-forming peptide and first coil-forming peptide may assemble into a heterodimer coiled-coil helix (coiled-coil heterodimer) in either parallel or antiparallel configurations. In a parallel configuration, the two heterodimer-subunit peptide helixes are aligned such that they have the same orientation (amino-terminal to carboxyl-terminal) . In an antiparallel configuration, the helixes are arranged such that the amino-terminal end of one helix is aligned with the carboxyl-terminal end of the other helix, and vice versa.

Heterodimer-subunit peptides designed in accord with the guidance presented in the above-referenced PCT application typically show a preference for assembling in a parallel orientation vs. an antiparallel orientation. For example, the exemplary peptides identified by Glu Val Glu Ala Leu Gin Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Cys Glu Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Glu Val Glu Ala Leu Gin Lys (SEQ ID NO: 5) and Lys Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Ala Leu Lys Glu Lys Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys (SEQ ID NO: 6), form parallel-configuration heterodimers as do other peptide sequences (as discussed in the PCT application) . When attaching an analyte to first coil-forming peptide, it is generally desirable to attach the analyte at or near the end of the peptide that will form the distal end of the heterodimer. In particular, where the heterodimer forms a parallel configuration, the second coil-forming peptide peptide is preferably anchored to the biosensor surface at its C terminus, and the analyte conjugated to the first coil- forming peptide peptide at its N terminus.

As just noted, one of the two subunit peptides (second coil-forming peptide) in the heterodimer is anchored to the biosensor surface, and the other peptide (first coil-forming peptide) contains an analyte intended to participate in a binding reaction in the reaction zone of the device. In both cases, the peptide is synthesized, or derivatized after synthesis, to provide the - requisite attachment function and analyte, respectively.

The first coil-forming peptide or second coil-forming peptide may further comprise a detectable feature. The detectable feature may be connected or conjugated to the either coil-forming peptide in a variety of different ways readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Exemplary connecting or conjugating methods are disclosed in the Examples section, below. In general, most conjugating methods do not disrupt the coil-forming activity of the either coil-forming peptide, nor do such conjugations disrupt the activity of conjugated analyte, if present. Considering the modification of second coil-forming peptide, the peptide may be synthesized, at either its N or C terminus, to carry additional terminal peptides that can function as a spacer between the biosensor surface and the helical-forming part of the peptide. Alternatively, the second coil-forming peptide peptide can be attached to the biosensor surface thorough a high-affinity binding reaction, such as between a biotin moiety carried on the peptide and an avidin molecule covalently attached to the surface .

Where second coil-forming peptide is embedded in a hydrocarbon-chain monolayer (Figs. 5A-5B) the spacer anchoring the second coil-forming peptide peptide to the biosensor surface may be a hydrocarbon chain. The chain is preferably a fractional length -of the chains making up the bilayer, such that the distal ends of the heterodimer which forms upon binding of the two peptides in the assembled monolayer are at or near the exposed surface of the monolayer. Thus, for example, if the monolayer is made up of 18-carbon chains, the spacer is preferably 2-10 carbons in length, depending on the length of the heterodimer. The hydrocarbon-chain spacer, in the form of a omega- thio fatty acid, may be coupled to a terminal hydroxyl or amine coupling during solid-phase synthesis, as outlined above. The derivatized peptide, in turn, can be attached to a metal surface by standard thiolate coupling (Dakkouri, et al . , Langmuir (1996) 12:2849-2852).

Where the analyte is a polypeptide, the analyte can be' synthesized by either solid-state or recombinant methods, to include the peptide analyte at the end of the first coil-forming peptide peptide that will orient distally in the assembled heterodimer. Where the analyte is a non-peptide moiety, e.g., a non-peptide hormone, drug, or nucleic acid, the first coil-forming peptide peptide can be synthesized to include one or more residues that can be specifically derivatized with the analyte. In forming the conjugate, such as 42, the analyte is preferably covalently attached to the N-terminal amino acid residue, or to one of the residues facing the exposed face of the heterodimer. Preferred coupling groups are the thiol groups of cysteine residues, which are easily modified by standard methods. Other useful coupling groups include the thioester of ethionine, the i idazolyl group of histidine, the guanidinyl group of arginine, the phenolic group of tyrosine and the indolyl group of tryptophan. These coupling groups can be derivatized using reaction conditions known to those skilled in the art .

To bind the analyte-first coil-forming peptide conjugate 42 to the surface-immobilized second coil- forming peptide peptide 46, the two peptides are contacted under conditions that favor heterodimer formation. A medium favoring coiled-coil heterodimer formation is a physiologically-compatible aqueous solution typically having a pH of between about 6 and about 8 and a salt concentration of between about 50 mM and about 500 mM. Preferably, the salt concentration is between about 100 mM and about 200- mM. Ah exemplary benign medium has the following composition: 50 mM potassium phosphate, 100 mM KC1, pH 7. Equally effective media may be made by substituting, for example, sodium phosphate for potassium phosphate and/or NaCl for KC1. Heterodimers may form under conditions outside the above pH and salt range, medium, but some of the molecular interactions and relative stability of heterodimers vs. homodimers may differ from characteristics detailed above. For example, ionic interactions between the ionic groups that tend to stabilize heterodimers may break down at low or high pH values due to the protonation of, for example, Glu side chains at acidic pH, or the deprotonation of, for example, Lys side chains at basic pH. Such effects of low and high pH values on coiled-coil heterodimer formation may be overcome, however-, by increasing salt concentration. Increasing the salt concentration can neutralize the stabilizing ionic attractions or suppress the destabilizing ionic repulsions. Certain salts have greater efficacy at neutralizing the ionic interactions. For example, in the case of the K-coil peptide 44 in Fig. 5B, a IM or greater concentration of CIO^4- anions is required to induce maximal α-helical structure, whereas a 3M or greater concentration of Cl- ions is required for the same effect. The effects of high salt on coiled-coil formation at low and high pH also show that interhelical ionic attractions are not essential for helix formation, but rather, control whether a coiled-coil tends to form as a heterodimer vs. a homodimer.

Figs. 5A-5B show a biosensor electrode 64 in which the hydrocarbon chain monolayer 68 includes an E-coil peptide subunit, such as subunit 46, as described above. In the embodiment shown, each peptide subunit is coupled to the electrode surface via a tripeptide spacer, such as spacer 94 in subunit 46, which is itself attached to the electrode surface through a sulfhydryl linkage, as shown. The peptide, including the peptide spacer, is formed conventionally, e.g., by solid phase synthesis. The monolayer was formed according to the method described above . Because of the negative charge imparted to the monolayer by the E coil subunits 46, the monolayer shows relatively low conductance to negatively charged redox species, such as Fe(CN)6^3~, as evidenced by a relatively low oxidation or reduction current with the redox species . Fig. 5B shows the same monolayer, but after addition of complementary, positively charged K-coil subunits 44 conjugated to analyte, such as indicated at 42. As shown, oppositely charged subunits pair to form charge-neutral heterodimers in the monolayer.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, in the absence of heteroduplex formation between the two charged coiled peptides, the monolayer retains its net negative charge, forming an effective barrier to electron flow across the monolayer mediated by a redox ion species of the same charge, when a suitable oxidizing or reducing potential is placed across the monolayer. This is reflected by a low measured current across the membrane. With binding of an analyte-first coil-forming peptide conjugate to an anchored second coil-forming peptide in the monolayer, the repulsive negative of the monolayer is reduced sufficiently to allow the movement of redox species through the monolayer, producing electron flow through the electrode. The biosensor records this binding event as an increase in current across the electrode, i.e., between the working and counter electrodes. It will be recognized that the peptide used for second coil-forming peptide can have a negative or positive charge, but that the preferred redox ion has the same charge as second coil-forming peptide. Thus, in an alternative embodiment of this aspect of the invention, second coil-forming peptide can be a K-coil, and a redox species of the same charge can be used, e.g., Ru(NH₃)⁶⁺, with a negatively charged first coil-forming peptide used in the conjugate.

By analogy to a transistor, the redox solution serves as the "source", the monolayer as the "gate", and the underlying electrode as the "drain" . Current flow in a transistor is initiated by applying a threshold voltage to the gate. In the biosensor of the invention, current flow is initiated by a stimulus —in this case, heteroduplex formation— to the monolayer "gate". Figs. 6 and 7A-7B show a diagnostic device 110 for detection and quantitation of Pseudomonas PAK pilin peptide 112 constructed in accordance with the invention. The sample flow pathway 114 of the device contains a polystyrene-divinylbenzene matrix and has a mixing zone 116 containing a conjugate of first coil-forming peptide- ^• PAK peptide bound in a releasable form. Binding zone 118 contains ( 16-thiohydroxy) hexadecanyl-O- (2-acetamido-2- deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosyl- (1,4) -β-D-galactopyranoside immobilized to the bibulous material through the 16 thiol moiety (not shown) . This disaccharide is specifically reactive with PAK peptide, forming a ligand-receptor pair with the^' peptide.

Figs . 7A-7B show a magnified view of the biosensor electrode 119 of device 110 which includes a hydrocarbon monolayer 120 with embedded second coil-forming peptide 122 covalently attached to the electrode surface 124. The biosensor electrode was prepared as described with reference to Fig. 5B, employing a ratio of non-second coil-forming peptide to second coil-forming peptide-chains of about 4 to 1. Figs. 7A and 7B show second coil-forming peptide before and after binding of an first coil-forming peptide-PAK conjugate 126, respectively.

The operating response of the biosensor is illustrated in Figs. 8A-8B. An increase in Pseudomonas PAK protein receptor in the test sample produces an increase in biosensor signal. The signal increases by about 2-fold, from 225 nA to 400 nA, over a concentration range of 0 to 250 (M PAK in the test sample. FIG. 15 shows a biosensor electrode 524 in which the hydrocarbon chain monolayer, indicated at 526 includes K- coil peptide subunits, such as subunit 528, as described above. In the embodiment shown, each peptide subunit is coupled to the electrode surface via a tripeptide spacer, such as spacer 530 in subunit 528, which is itself attached to the electrode surface through a sulfhydryl linkage, as shown. The peptide, including the peptide spacer, is formed conventionally, e.g., by solid phase synthesis. The amount of peptide subunit in the monolayer is about 20 mole percent. The monolayer was formed according to the method described above with respect to FIGs. 5A, 7A. Presumably because of the positive charge imparted to the monolayer by the K-coil subunits, the monolayer shows relatively high conductance to negatively charged redox species, such as Fe (CN) ζ^3~ , as evidenced by a relatively high oxidation or reduction current with the redox species .

FIG. 16 shows the same monolayer, but after addition of complementary, negatively charged E-coil subunits/PAK conjugate, such as indicated at 530. As shown, oppositely charged subunits pair to form charge-neutral heterodimers in the monolayer. This pairing is effective to reduce monolayer conductance substantially, as evidenced by the time-dependent fall in measured oxidation or reduction current in the presence of Fe (CN) ₆ ^3~ ions (FIG. 16). A biosensor for determining PAK levels was constructed as described in Example 1 and demonstrates lower current at increased levels of PAK (FIG. 14) . In Example 1, microtiter plates were coated with antibody to PAK protein receptor (PAK) . Various levels of PAK were incubated in the wells with E-coil/PAK conjugate. At higher PAK concentration, more of the E-coil/PAK conjugate is free in solution due to competitive binding with the antibody. Originally, the surface of the K/C16 chip is positively charged allowing a high flow of negatively charged redox probe. At higher amounts of conjugate, the E-coil binds with the K-coil and "neutralizes" the positive charge by forming charge-neutral heterodimers that led to a decrease in conductance. Fig. 9 shows basic elements of a gravimetric biosensor 150 incorporating the novel biosensor surface of the invention. The biosensor has a piezoelectric crystal 90 whose biosensor surface is indicated at 154. Second coil-forming peptide peptide 158 is anchored to the biosensor surface. A preferred embodiment includes a hydrocarbon monolayer 156 with second coil-forming peptide peptide 158 embedded therein.

Surface acoustic waves (SAW) are generated in the crystal by an oscillator 160. According to known piezoelectric biosensor principles, the change in mass in the biosensor surface resulting from heterodimer formation alters the frequency, resonance frequency, and wavelength of the SAW, and at least one of these wave characteristics is measured by a detector 162. The oscillator and detector collectively form detector means for detecting heterodimer formation. Details of crystal construction and associated detector means in gravimetric biosensors are given, for example, in US Patent Nos. 5,478,756 and 4,789,804, and in PCT application WO 96/02830. Fig. 10 shows basic elements of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor 170 incorporating the novel biosensor surface of the invention. A chamber 172 in the biosensor contains a waveguide composed of a dielectric film 174 (e.g., glass), a thin evaporated metal film 176 (e.g., chromium or titanium), and a thin film 178

(preferably of gold) constructed to support surface plasmon waves at the dielectric/metal film interface. The waveguide surface forms a biosensor surface having second coil-forming peptide, such as E coil peptide 182, anchored thereon. A preferred embodiment includes a hydrocarbon monolayer 180 with second coil-forming peptide peptide 182 embedded therein. A light source 184 directs a divergent light beam onto the biosensor surface through a lens 186. At some region along the length of the biosensor surface, the beam angle strikes the surface at an absorption angle at which absorption from the evanescent wave by surface plas ons occurs. The absorption angle will shift with changes in the composition of the material near the interface, that is, in response to binding events occurring on the monolayer surface.

The intensity of reflected light from each region along the biosensor surface is monitored by a photosensor 188 whose photosensing grid is matched to specific detector surface regions, and which is operatively connected to an analyzer 190. The light source and photosensor are also referred to herein as biosensor means .

In operation, the SPR absorption angle on the biosensor surface is measured before and after application of test sample, with the measured shift in angle being proportional to the extent of surface heterodimer formation.

A variety of biosensor devices which rely on changes in the optical properties of a biosensor surface,- in response to ligand/anti-ligand binding events, have been proposed. Fig. 11 shows basic elements of an optical biosensor apparatus 200 having an open chamber 202 and a biosensor surface 204 with second coil-forming peptide anchored, such as shown at 207. A preferred embodiment includes a hydrocarbon monolayer 206 with second coil- forming peptide peptide 207 embedded therein.

The detector means in the apparatus for detecting binding events on the biosensor surface includes a source 208 of polarized light and a lens system 210 for directing the light in a beam through the region of the monolayer. A photodetector 212 at the opposite side of the biosensor surface functions to measure intensity of light at a given polarization angle, through a polarization filter 214. Detection of heterodimer formation is based on the change of polarization angle and intensity of light transmitted by the monolayer in response to perturbation of the regular order of the monolayer by surface binding events. These changes are recorded by an analyzer 216 operatively connected to the photosensor.

The detection devices described hereinabove are used in the detection of a single analyte. A multi-analyte detection device is readily constructed according to Figs . 12 and 13 which show a multi-analyte detection device 250, and employing a biosensor selected form those as described hereinabove. The preferred device has a sample introduction area 252, such as a port, in liquid communication with each of a plurality of sample-flow pathways, such as flow paths 254, 256. Each sample flow path preferably is filled with a bibulous material and has a separate mixing zone, reaction zone, and biosensor for measuring a different analyte present in the test sample. Each mixing zone, such as 258, 260, contains a separate, releasably bound first coil-forming peptide-analyte (or analyte analog) conjugate for each analyte being detected. Each reaction zone, such as 262, 264, contains an immobilized analyte-binding agent corresponding to the first coil-forming peptide-analyte conjugate in the associated mixing zone. In one embodiment, all of the biosensors, such as 266, 268, contain second coil-forming peptide anchored to an electrochemical detection surface within a hydrocarbon monolayer as described hereinabove. In a preferred multi-analyte device, at least one of the sample flow paths, such as 270, is a control sample-flow pathway which lacks analyte first coil-forming peptide conjugate. The control sample-flow pathway is in liquid communication with background control biosensor 272 containing second coil-forming peptide anchored to a detection surface within a hydrocarbon monolayer, as described hereinabove. In the operation of this embodiment of the invention, test sample applied to the sample application region 252 flows into each of the separate sample-flow pathways and interacts with the respective reagents within each sample flow pathway in analogy to the dual lane electrochemical device illustrated in Fig. 1A. Each biosensor is connected to a detector for measuring the change in signal generated by each biosensor, in response to heteroduplex formation. The device preferably is provided with a lid 274.

The device preferably includes at least one biosensor which will be used as a positive control biosensor. This biosensor is not connected to the sample application port. It includes a fixed amount of first coil-forming peptide- analyte conjugate pre-added, during manufacture of the positive control biosensor chamber, in an amount to give the limit of maximum expected response. Preferably, the positive control biosensor chamber contains the first coil-forming peptide/analyte conjugate, redox species probe, and buffer-salts in a dried form which are rehydrated at the time of use of the device. For example, an aliquot of aqueous solution (e.g., albumin) can be contained in a reservoir (not shown) . The control solution can be injected into the positive control biosensor chamber through a passage between the chamber and reservoir. The injection can be performed electronically, e.g., by a minipump or electroosmotic movement of solution through the passage, or manually, e.g., by depressing an injection means such as a flexible bulb associated with the reservoir (not shown) .

More generally, the diagnostic device of the invention includes a reaction reagent effective to react with analyte to generate a solution form of a first coil- forming peptide of the type described above. The device further includes a biosensor, e.g., of the type described above, having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a second charged, coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with the first oppositely charged coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled- coil heterodimer, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by the biosensor, and a detector for measuring the change in a signal generated by the biosensor, in response to conjugate binding to the first charged, coil-forming peptide, as detailed above. The reaction reagent in the device may include, for example, an immobilized or aggregated anti-analyte binding agent having a conjugate of the first coil peptide and analyte bound thereto, with the presence of analyte acting to release conjugate from the binding agent in proportion to the amount of analyte. The analyte, might be, for example, one of a large number of combinatorial species, where the assay is used for high-throughput screening for compounds effective to bind the binding agent. Alternatively, the reaction reagent could be an immobilized enzy e-cleavable conjugate designed to cleave off and release coil peptide in the presence of an enzyme analyte. In still another embodiment, the first coil is produced recombinantly, either alone or as a fusion protein, in a recombinant system, and the presence of protein expression is detected by reaction of the recombinantly made coil protein with the biosensor. Other reagents and reagent formats in which the presence of analyte is effective to generate a first coil peptide in soluble form, such as are known to those skilled in the art, are also contemplated herein.

In the embodiment disclosed above, having a sample- introduction region and a sample-flow pathway between a sample-introduction region and the biosensor, the reaction reagent is disposed in the sample-flow pathway and includes a conjugate of the first coil-forming peptide and the analyte or an analyte analog, in a form releasable into the sample liquid, and an analyte-binding agent. Also forming part of the invention, is a general assay method for detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample. The method includes reacting the liquid sample with an analyte-reaction reagent, thereby to generate a solution form of a first coil- forming peptide having a selected charge and being capable of interacting with a second, oppositely charged coil- forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer. The first peptide so generated is contacted with a biosensor having a detection surface with surface- bound molecules of such second, oppositely charged coil- forming peptide, under conditions effective to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer on said detection surface, where the binding of the solution form of the coil-forming peptide to the immobilized coil-forming peptide is effective to measurably alter a signal generated by the biosensor. The signal generated by the biosensor is then measured, to determine whether such coiled-coil heterodimer formation on said detector surface has occurred.

From the foregoing, it can be seen how various objects and advantages of the invention are met. The device of the invention can be formed under controlled manufacturing conditions consistent with microchip scale and photomask processes, to produce highly uniform and/or miniaturized and/or high-density array biosensor devices with sample introduction region, biosensor, and sample- flow pathway microfabricated on the substrate. The invention can be used to create multi-analyte assay surfaces by photomasking techniques that are capable of producing diagnostic devices having a plurality of unique sample-flow pathways, in fluid communication with highly reproducible biosensor elements . After manufacture of a device with a plurality of identical biosensors, the plurality of sample-flow pathways can be readily adapted to a wide variety of analytes (s), by binding an first coil-forming peptide peptide conjugate in a releasable form within the mixing zone and by binding analyte-binding agent in an immobilized form within the reaction zone, carried out under relatively simple production conditions, thus combining both manufacturing precision at the initial production stage, and assay flexibility at the analyte and analyte-binding agent addition stage.

The invention is easily adapted to any of a variety of biosensor devices, such as those illustrated above. Figure 17A depicts the structures of first coil- forming peptide 1701 of the electro-active group embodiment of the present invention. Figure 17B depicts second coil-forming peptide 1703 with two DNP groups 1705a and 1705b attached thereto.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, an electroactive group is attached to the second coil-forming peptide enabling the peptide to become electro-active and therefore detectable by electrochemical means. One skilled in the art would recognize that several different species of electro-active groups can be used, for example, dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups preferably attached to a cysteine residue of the second coil-forming peptide preferably through two histidine residues modified with^' DNP as a side chain.

Figure 18 depicts what is believed to be the electrochemical reaction of DNP group 1800 that results in a detectable signal. DNP group 1800 is reduced in three steps. Nitro-groups 1801 and 1803 are electrochemically reduced to two nitroso groups (-NO) 1807 and 1809 during first step 1805. Then they are further reduced in step 1811 to -NHOH 1813 and 1815, and finally in step 1817 to amino groups 1819 and 1821. Such reduction steps produce multiple peaks on a current (signal) to voltage graph, however, in certain circumstances such peaks may overlap. Variation of the reaction pH may also be manipulated to elucidate individual peaks from overlapping peaks or unusual peak shapes .

Figure 19 depicts exemplary data produced by the practice of the electro-active group embodiment of the present invention. Graph 1900 compares the effect of the presence of dissolved oxygen, line A, with the effect of purging the biosensor system with argon for ten minutes to remove dissolved oxygen as shown in line B. Shown are square-wave voltammograms for both A and B. The reaction solution contained lOmM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. The sensors were made from gold and prepared by first cleaning with a piranha solution, then washing with water, followed by incubation in a 20 uM second coil-forming peptide solution for 3 hours, then rinsing again with water, followed by incubation in 1.6 μM DNP tagged first coil- forming peptide solution for 40 minutes. Figures 20A and 20B depict model coiled-coil interaction 2001 resulting in the close association of second coil-forming peptide 2003a with electro-active group 2003b with first coil-forming peptide 2005 attached to surface 2007 of gold electrode 2009 resulting in coiled-coil heterodimer 2011 attached to surface 2007 with electro-active group 2003b adjacent surface 2007. In this embodiment, first coil-forming peptide is attached to surface 2007 of gold electrode 2009 via a covalent bond between a sulfur group and gold atoms, not shown, on surface 2007. In the absence of first coil-forming peptide 2005, attached first coil-forming peptide 2005 assumes a random, non-coiled structure as shown in frame A. Likewise, second coil-forming peptide 2003a with electro-active group 2003b assumes, in the absence of first coil-forming peptide 2005, a random, non-coiled, bent shape. Fig. 20A depicts the before interaction states of the first and second coil-forming peptides. Fig. 21B depicts the effect of coiled-coil interaction 2001 resulting in coiled-coil heterodimer structures 2011. After the coiled-coil interaction, both coils stretch up with the electro-active groups 2003b facing down towards gold electrode surface 2007. Figures 21A - 21C depicts the detection of the electo-active group embodiments of the invention upon their contact to an electrode surface occurs . Upon formation of coiled-coil heterodimer complex 2101, Fig. 21A, electro-active group 2103 is brought into close proximity to gold electode surface 2105. Application of an electrical potential (voltage) causes a reduction of electro-active group 2103 to 2103(b) as shown in Fig. 21B. A signal is directly proportional to the number of electro-active groups 2103 in proximity of gold electrode surface 2105. In particular, electrochemical signals result from the redox reaction involving gold electrode surface 2105 and electro-active group 2103 from a square- wave potential scan as shown in Fig. 21C. During the scan, the electro-active groups shown in Fig. 21A are reduced via multiple steps to amine groups as represented by the darkened 2103(b) (Fig. 21B) producing voltammetric peaks. Since the two nitro groups have slightly different chemical environments, they should produce multiple peaks. Peak 2110 in Fig. 21C is the overall signal from the combined signals caused by overlapped peaks resulting from each stage of the redox reaction.

Other possible electro-active groups exist. A good electro-active group suitable for practicing the electro- active group embodiments of the invention are generally, but not limited to being, small in size, soluble in water, easily conjugated to the second coil-forming peptide, having a redox potential away from interfering substances such as oxygen. For example, Bromo-dinitrophenol with or without histidine, bromo-phenol, bromo-(3,5 dihydroxy) benzene, and bromo-methyl hydrazone. These candidates represent molecules from the phenol and hydrazine groups of chemicals . Other compounds such as from the catechol- family are also useful as electroactive groups .

Example 1

Immunoassay for PAK protein In a competitive ELISA format, anti-PAK mouse IgG (0.5 ug/well) was coated on a 96-well microtitre plate via an overnight incubation in 10 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH, 9.5. The wells were blocked with 3% BSA in PBS, pH 7.4. A mixture of E-conjugate (E-coil/PAK protein conjugate) and various amount of PAK was prepared and incubated with the immobilized antibody at 37oC for 2 hours . Aliquots removed from the plate after the incubation and applied to the K/C16 chip for analysis. A biosensor chip (K/C16 chip) comprising C16 hydrocarbons and K-coil was inserted into a modified Hewlett Packard HPLC electrochemical system. The sensor chip was equilibrated with a continuous flow of PBS and baseline response was taken by repeat injections (20 μL) of a probe solution (ferricyanide probe ImM in PBS) . Measurement was taken at 180 V versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode .

Samples from the competitive ELISA were injected using the autosampler. Each sample injection was followed by injections of the probe solution. The signal from the probe injections were integrated, averaged and reported.

The data are presented in FIG. 14 which shows the area under the peak (μA * sec) vs. concentration of PAK in the incubation.

Although the invention has been described with respect to particular devices and methods, it will be understood that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the invention, as encompassed by the accompanying claims .

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Example 2

Preparation of E- and K-coil peptide conjugates

The E- and K-coil peptides can be conjugated to other proteins or biomolecules by two approaches:

A. Addition of a reactive chemical group to the peptide during the synthesis process. Examples are:

1. Cysteine

Coupling of a cysteine residue at either the C- or N-terminus of the peptides so as to introduce a free sulfhydryl (-SH) group. Conjugation of the peptide to other biomolecules can be done via Reactions 2, 3, 5, or 8.

2. Bromoacetylation of the N-terminal end of the peptides

The introduced halogen is reactive towards proteins containing cysteine residues and sulfhydryl-modified biomolecules , preferably at pH higher than 7.5 (Reaction 3) .

3. Benzoylbenzoic acid (BBA)

A benzophenone is formed by coupling the BBA to the N-terminus of the peptide using standard solid phase peptide synthesis procedures. The photoreactive benzophenone enables the peptide to react with primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons along with various sidechain of a protein (Reaction 6) . Use of cross-linking reagents (available from Pierce Chemical Company and Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals) :

1. Reactive towards amine (-NH₂)and sulfhydryl (- SH) groups a) Employing Reactions 1 and 2

AMAS (N- [α-Maleimidoacetoxy] -succinimide ester) BMPS (N- [β-Maleimidopropyloxy] -succinimide ester) EMCS (N- [ε-Maleimidocaproyloxy] -succinimide ester)

GMBS (N- [γ-Maleimidobutyryloxy] -succinimide ester) LC-SMCC (Succinimidyl-4- [N-maleimidomethyl] - cyclohexane-1-carboxy- [6-amidocaproate] ) MBS (m-Maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) SMCC (Succinimidyl-4- [N-maleimidomethyl] - cyclohexane-1-carboxylate)

SMPB (Succinimidyl-4- [p-maleimidophenyl] -butyrate) SMPH (Succinimidyl-6- [ (β-maleimidopropionamido) - hexanoate] ) Sulfo-EMCS (N- [ε-Maleimidocaproyloxy] - sulfosuccinimide ester)

Sulfo-GMBS (N- [γ-Maleimidobutyryloxy] - sulfosuccinimide ester)

Sulfo-KMUS (N- [ -Maleimidoundecanoyloxy] - sulfosuccinimide ester)

Sulfo-MBS (m-Maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester)

Sulfo-SMCC (Sulfosuccinimidyl-4- [N- maleimido ethyl] -cyclohexane-1- carboxylate)

Sulfo-SMPB (Sulfosuccinimidyl-4- [p- maleimidophenyl] -butyrate) b) Employing Reactions 1 and 3

SBAP (Succinimidyl-3- [bromoacetamido] -propionate) SIA (N-Succinimidyl-iodoacetate) SIAB (N-Succinimidyl- [4-iodoacetyl] -aminobenzoate)

Sulfo-SIAB (Sulfosuccinimidyl-[ 4-iodoacetyl] - aminobenzoate)

c) Employing Reactions 2 and 4 BMPA (N-β-Maleimidopropionic acid)

EMCA (N-ε-Maleimidocaproic acid) KMUA (N-K-Maleimidoundecanoic acid)

d) Employing Reactions 1 and 8 SVSB (N-Succinimidyl- [4-vinylsulfonyl] -benzoate)

e) Employing Reactions 1 and (2 or 3 or 8) SATA (N-Succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate) SATP (N-Succinimidyl-S-acetylthiopropionate)

2. Reactive towards sulfhydryl (-SH) group and carbohydrate

• Employing Reactions 2 and 9

BMPH (N- [β-Maleimidopropionic acid] -hydrazide ^• TFA) EMCH (N- [ε-Maleimidocaproic acid] -hydrazide)

KMUH (N- [K-Maleimidoundecanoic acid] -hydrazide) M₂C₂H (4- [N-Maleimidomethyl] -cyclohexane-1- carboxylhydrazide ^• HC1 Η dioxane) MPBH (4- [4-N-Maleimidophenyl] -butyric acid- hydrazide -HC1) 3. Reactive towards amine (~NH₂) and carboxyl (- COOH) groups a) Employing Reaction 4

EDC (l-Ethyl-3- [3-dimethylaminopropyl] - carbodiimide ^• HC1)

b) Employing Reactions 1 and 4

TFCS (N- [ε-Trifluoroacetylcaproyloxy] -succinimide ester)

4. Reactive towards sulfhydryl (-SH) and hydroxyl (-0H) groups

• Employing Reactions 2 and 10

PMPI (N- [p-Maleimidophenyl] -isocyanate)

5. Reactions involve nonselective photoreaction and specific functional groups a) Employing Reactions 1 and 7

ANB-NOS (N-5-Azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide ) NHS-ASA (N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidosalicylic acid)

SANPAH (N-Succinimidyl-6- [ 4' -azido-2' - nitrophenylamino] -hexanoate)

Sulfo-HSAB (N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimidyl-4- azidobenzoate)

Sulfo-SANPAH (Sulfosuccinimidyl-6- [4' -azido-2' - nitrophenylamino] -hexanoate)

b) Employing Reactions 4 and 7 ASBA (4- [p-Azidosalicylamido] -butylamine)

c) Employing Reactions 5 and 7 APDP (N- [4- (p-Azidosalicylamido) -butyl] -3' - (2' pyridyldithio) -propionamide)

d) Employing Reactions 9 and 7 ABH (p-Azidobenzoyl Hydrazide)

EXAMPLE 3

Reaction Schemes For the purpose of this example, the terms protein and peptide are interchangeable.

Reaction 1: NHS-ester

Reaction 2 : Maleimide

Reaction 3: Active Halogen

O H O H pH > 7.5 C II C I X + R' SH R C II C I S- -R' + HX

H H

where X = I or Br Reaction 4 : EDC coupling

Rι- -N — C=N R₂

H⁺

R, N=C=N — R₂ + -C — OH -C — 0

EDC activates the carboxyl group of J^COOH and allows it to be coupled to the amino group of RtNIf .

Reaction 5: Pyridyl disulfide

Reaction 6: Benzoylbenzoyl photolysis

Protein ) +

350 nm

Reaction 7: Azidophenyl photolysis

Reaction 8 : Vinyl-sulfone o

O ^ S + R' — SH R' — S„

II "^•S R o o II

Reaction 9 : Hydrazide

Oxidation of a protein carbohydrate to an aldehyde.

ABH reacts with the aldehyde on tlie protein to form an arylazide activated protein.

Claims

IT IS CLAIMED :

1. A method for detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample, comprising (a) reacting said liquid sample with an analyte- reaction reagent, by said reacting, generating a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled- coil heterodimer,

(b) contacting said first coil-forming peptide generated by said reaction with a biosensor having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of such second coil-forming peptide, under conditions effective to form a stable α- helical coiled-coil heterodimer on said detection surface, where said binding of said solution form of said coil-forming peptide to said immobilized coil-forming peptide is adapted to be detectable by a detector, and

(c) detecting said binding to determine whether such coiled-coil heterodimer formation on said detector surface has occurred.

2. The method of claim 1 where said first coil-forming peptide further comprises an electro-active group attached to said first coil-forming peptide where said group is available for redox induction by an electrode adjacent to said detection surface with said second coil-forming peptide attached thereto when said first coil-forming peptide forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with said second coil-forming peptide.

3. The method of claim 1 where said first coil-forming peptide further comprises a detectable feature, said feature being detectable by said detector when said first coil-forming peptide is bound to said second coil-forming peptide.

4. The method of claim 3 where said detectable feature is indirectly detectable upon binding of a detection moiety to said detectable feature, and where said moiety is detectable by said detector.

5. The method of claim 3 where said detectable feature is directly detectable by said detector.

6. The method of claim 5 where said detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, radioisotopes, and dyes.

7. The method of claim 3 where said detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of biotin, streptavidin, one component of an antigen-antibody pair, one component of a ligand-receptor pair, one component of a homologous nucleic acid duplex or triplex, wherein said detectable feature is complementary to a complementary detection moiety so that said complementary detection moiety specifically binds said detectable feature, said complementary detectable moiety being adapted to be detectable by said detector.

8. The method of claim 2 where said detection surface is in electrical communication with an amperometric detector so that when said electro-active group is adjacent said detection surface, said detector detects current flow through said detection surface.

9. The method of claim 3 where said detector measures graviometric changes.

10. The method of claim 3 where said detector measures surface plasmon resonance changes .

11. A diagnostic device for use in detecting or quantitating an analyte present in a liquid sample, comprising

(a) a reaction reagent effective to react with analyte to generate a solution form of a first coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with a second coil-forming peptide to form a stable α- helical coiled-coil heterodimer, and

(b) a biosensor having a detection surface with surface-bound molecules of a second coil-forming peptide capable of interacting with the first coil-forming peptide to form a stable α-helical coiled-coil heterodimer, where the binding of the first peptide to the second peptide, to form such heterodimer, is effective to generate a signal, said signal being adapted for detection by a detector for measuring the change in said signal generated by said binding, in response to said first coil-forming peptide binding to said second coil-forming peptide.

12. The device of claim 11 where said first coil-forming peptide further comprises an electro-active group attached to said first coil-forming peptide where said group is available for redox induction by an electrode adjacent to said detection surface with said second coil-forming peptide attached thereto when said first coil-forming peptide forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with said second coil-forming peptide.

13. The device of claim 11 where said first coil-forming peptide further comprises a detectable feature, said feature being detectable by said detector when said first coil-forming peptide is bound to a second coil- forming peptide .

14. The device of claim 13 where said detectable feature is indirectly detectable upon binding of a detection moiety to said detectable feature, and where said moiety is detectable by said detector.

15. The device of claim 13 where said detectable feature is directly detectable by said detector.

16. The device of claim 15 where said detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, radioisotopes, and dyes.

17. The device of claim 13 where said detectable feature is selected from the group consisting of biotin, streptavidin, one component of an antigen-antibody pair, one component of a ligand-receptor pair, one component of a homologous nucleic acid duplex or triplex.

18. The device of claim 12 where said detection surface is in electrical communication with an amperometric detector so that when said electro-active group is adjacent said detection surface, said detector detects current flow through said detection surface.

19. The device of claim 13 where said detector measures graviometric changes .

20. The device of claim 13 where said detector measures surface plasmon resonance- changes.