WO2002008737A1 - Verfahren zur optischen vermessung einer oberfläche eines objektes - Google Patents
Verfahren zur optischen vermessung einer oberfläche eines objektes Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002008737A1 WO2002008737A1 PCT/EP2001/008308 EP0108308W WO0208737A1 WO 2002008737 A1 WO2002008737 A1 WO 2002008737A1 EP 0108308 W EP0108308 W EP 0108308W WO 0208737 A1 WO0208737 A1 WO 0208737A1
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- Prior art keywords
- imaging system
- zone
- light
- light guide
- image
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
- G01N21/8806—Specially adapted optical and illumination features
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for optically measuring at least one zone of a surface of an object with the aid of an imaging system of shallow depth of field, the method allowing the detection of structures with an extent of less than one micrometer and thereby creating a high-resolution three-dimensional topographic map of the Surface or a part thereof.
- Another possibility for measuring a surface is to image the surface in plan view with an imaging optical system of such shallow depth of field that only topographical structures of the surface that lie within the depth of field are sharply imaged, while those structures that are above or are below the depth of field, are blurred.
- an imaging optical system of such shallow depth of field By increasing or decreasing the distance between the imaging system and the surface, it is achieved that the depth of field moves up or down, so that structures of the surface that are higher or lower are sharply imaged.
- the relative height of the structure on the surface can thus be determined by measuring the enlargement or reduction in the distance between the imaging system and the surface necessary for the sharp imaging of a specific structure. After a sharp mapping of all occurring altitudes, a topographic map of the surface under consideration can be created. Height resolutions down to micrometers can be achieved.
- This method also has the disadvantage that a plan view image of the surface to be measured must be generated, so that the free headroom available above the surface to be measured must correspond at least to the overall length of the imaging system. The inside of a narrow gap, a narrow hole and other inaccessible surfaces can therefore also not be measured with this method for reasons of space.
- Another disadvantage of this method is that several method steps are necessary to create a height profile, namely the successive sharp mapping of the individual height intervals.
- Another possibility for measuring a surface is to mechanically scan the surface point by point with the aid of a probe. This method allows a very precise quantitative determination of the shape of surfaces including structures with an extension in the micrometer range.
- a disadvantage is that a very large number of points on the surface have to be scanned individually in order to produce a high-resolution image thereof, this number and therefore also the time required for image generation naturally increasing rapidly with the required surface resolution.
- Another disadvantage is that a very complex mechanism, including highly precise control, is required to guide the button from point to point over the surface to be measured.
- a third disadvantage is that the surface to be measured must be mechanically accessible, which is for many surface shapes, e.g. the inside of a narrow gap or a narrow hole, is not available.
- the invention is therefore based on the problem of providing a method for measuring a surface of an object, which, with little effort and within a short time, enables the high-resolution three-dimensional measurement of surfaces, e.g. to create a topographical map of the same, which enables surface structures of less than a micrometer in size to be resolved and the method in particular also for difficult to access surfaces such as e.g. the inside of a narrow gap or a narrow hole is applicable.
- This object is achieved according to the invention by a method for optically measuring at least one zone of a surface of an object with the aid of an imaging system of low depth of field, with a) the imaging system being arranged in such a way that
- the angle between the optical axis of the imaging system and the surface is a maximum of 45 degrees
- a limited zone of the surface is located within the depth-of-field area of the imaging system and is sharply imaged by this as a real image, this zone being narrow due to the shallow depth of field of the imaging system in the direction of the projection of the optical axis onto the surface,
- the drop angle based on the surface normal, for all light rays which emanate from the sharply imaged zone and enter the imaging system, is greater than 45 degrees, so that this zone is viewed at an elevation angle of less than 45 degrees and the real image of this Zone is essentially a curve whose
- Course essentially corresponds to the height profile of this zone in the direction parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the optical axis
- the surface to be measured is thus viewed at an elevation angle of at most 45 °.
- x-direction direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the imaging
- y-direction direction parallel to the projection of the optical axis onto the surface to be measured
- z-direction direction perpendicular to the surface to be measured.
- the imaging system is preferably a system of lenses and, according to the invention, has a shallow depth of field.
- the depth of field preferably has a depth of only 1 micrometer to 50 micrometers.
- the extent of the sharply imaged zone in the y direction results from the depth of the depth of field, multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the optical axis and the surface. Since this angle is between 0 ° and 45 °, the extent of the sharply imaged zone in the y direction is between 100% and approx. 71% of the depth of the depth of field.
- the sharply depicted zone is therefore very narrow in the y direction.
- the extent of the sharply imaged zone in the x direction is only limited by the size of the image field.
- the extent of the sharply imaged zone in the x direction is referred to as x 0 , that in the y direction as y 0 .
- this zone is sharply imaged. Since this zone is viewed by the imaging system at an elevation angle of less than 45 °, the real image generated by the imaging system is this Zone essentially a curve, which is referred to below as an image curve and the course of which is predetermined by the shape or the height profile of the surface of the narrow zone shown in the x direction, that is to say in the direction from one narrow side of the zone to the other.
- the sharp real image of this zone produced by the imaging system is essentially a straight line, with deviations of the surface shape of the narrow zone from the plane, i.e. Deviations in the z direction, reflected in the image as deviations of the image curve from the straight line.
- the sharp real image of this zone generated by the imaging system is essentially part of a circle. If the surface shape of the narrow zone deviates from the cylindrical shape, the image curve deviates from the circular shape.
- the perspective distortion that arises when the sharply imaged zone is viewed at an elevation angle of more than zero degrees is corrected by software as a function of the elevation angle.
- Parts of the surface outside the depth of field are either blurred or not at all, depending on the distance from the imaging system. The latter is the case for points on the surface which are so close to the imaging system that the light rays emanating from them no longer converge after passing through the imaging system, but run parallel or diverge.
- the imaging system in order to measure an area of the surface, is gradually shifted relative to the surface or vice versa by at most the distance y 0 in the y direction, so that a plurality of image curves are obtained in succession.
- the surface is measured line by line.
- the family of image curves obtained in this way can be combined to form an overall image or, for example, also a topographical map of the measured surface.
- the imaging system is shifted continuously relative to the surface or vice versa.
- the imaging system can be moved back to the initial y position after the detection of a first family of curves relative to the surface or vice versa and then shifted in the x direction by, for example, the path x 0 , or vice versa, and Starting from this position, record a second family of curves. In this way, any areas of the surface can be measured.
- the relative displacement between the imaging system and the surface in the x and y directions can advantageously be measured in each case, e.g. by one transducer each, so that the true dimensions of the detected area and all detected structures are possible.
- surfaces that are difficult or impossible to access such as e.g. the inner surfaces of narrow gaps or narrow bores are measured.
- the real image supplied by the imaging system 1 is captured by a CCD device or video camera. That from The signal supplied to the CCD device or video camera can advantageously be digitized and read into an electronic data processing device.
- the electronic data processing device can display the curve shape formed by the real image of the sharply imaged zone 7, for example on a screen or by means of a printer.
- the electronic data processing device determines the course of the curve formed by the real image of the sharply imaged zone with the aid of a program which subjects the image supplied by the imaging system to a sharpness detection.
- This process can be supported by contrast enhancement and / or contour enhancement and / or any further image processing method to emphasize the image curve.
- This process can also be supported in that the electronic data processing device determines the mean value of the image background and subtracts it in software from the image supplied by the imaging system.
- the curve can be identified with the aid of mathematical algorithms or calculation methods.
- the electronic data processing device uses software to parameterize the detected curve, so that the detected curve shape is expressed by mathematical parameters.
- the electronic data processing device determines the deviation between the detected curve shape and a predetermined target curve shape by forming a difference.
- the electronic data processing device can compile the results of the measurement of adjacent narrow zones to form an overall image or a topographic map or assign an x, a y and a z coordinate to each measured pixel and thus the topography of the measured area of the surface into a 3-dimensional one Implement coordinate field.
- the values obtained in this way can be saved and used later, for example, for comparison purposes.
- the area of the surface to be measured can be illuminated for the purpose of brightening it by an incoherent light source, for example a halogen lamp.
- the light passes through a filter before entering the imaging system, which only allows a certain spectral range to pass, which can advantageously be used to observe surface structures of a particular size, shape or nature.
- the lightening of the area of the surface to be measured can also be done by a coherent light emitting light source, e.g. a laser.
- a coherent light emitting light source e.g. a laser.
- An advantage here is the easy accessibility of a very high light intensity.
- illumination with incoherent light can be advantageous due to the constantly very rapidly changing mutual phase position of the individual wave trains of the illuminating light beam for the detection and measurement of structures whose size is in the range of a light wavelength or below.
- the recognizability of the image curve on the image background can be improved in that the lighting device e.g. is designed by means of a slit-shaped diaphragm so that the sharply imaged zone is illuminated with a higher intensity than the other parts of the surface.
- the light from the light source enters the imaging system on the image side and exits from the object side and from there reaches the area of the surface to be measured.
- the imaging system thus also serves as part of the illumination device, the observation and the illumination taking place from approximately the same direction.
- the light source is arranged such that its light strikes the area of the surface to be measured from a direction which is essentially opposite to the direction of observation.
- one or more light guides are used for the illumination, through which or through which light from the light source reaches the area of the surface to be measured, or at least the sharply imaged zone.
- one or more light guides is particularly advantageous for illuminating areas that are difficult to access mechanically, e.g. the inside of a narrow gap or a narrow bore, which are to be measured with the method according to the invention.
- the light guide (s) can advantageously be arranged and formed in the end area on the object side, e.g. bent that the light is essentially in a certain, e.g. conical solid angle range is emitted, the sharply imaged zone being within this solid angle range.
- the individual light guides can be bent in different directions in the area of their ends on the object side in accordance with the desired shape of the solid angle area.
- each light guide has an object-side end surface that extends obliquely to its axis, so that light is emitted asymmetrically to this axis due to refraction and / or reflection on the inclined end surface.
- each light guide has a concavely curved end face on the object, so that the end face acts as a diverging lens.
- a similar effect can be achieved with a sufficient distance between the end face and the surface to be measured by a convex curvature of the end face, since that which leaves the convex end face! Light initially converges and then diverges again after passing through a focal point.
- the solid angle range can be reduced by a convex curvature of the end face if the distance between the end face and the surface to be measured is chosen to be sufficiently small.
- each light guide can furthermore be spherical or drop-shaped for the purpose of light emission in all spatial directions.
- each light guide can furthermore have the shape of a conical tip or the shape of a hollow cone.
- the emerging light lies essentially only rotationally symmetrically on the outer surface of a cone, so that the emerging light forms a divergent ring light, which is particularly advantageous if the surface to be measured is the inside of a narrow bore, because in this way inside a concentration of the light can be achieved in the bore along a ring that completely encircles the central axis of the bore.
- the object-side end of the light guide has the shape of a full cone projecting beyond the end face there, the base surface of which faces the light guide.
- the rotationally symmetrical lateral light deflection takes place in this case essentially by reflection of the light on the outside of the lateral surface of the cone.
- the light source is embedded in the light guide.
- the light source can be an incandescent lamp, the bulb of which tapers further and further on one side and merges directly into a light guide 21.
- the light source is a light-emitting diode, the head of which changes directly into an optical fiber.
- the imaging scale of the imaging system and thus can be changed by exchanging an optical element or a zoom device.
- the perspective distortion which arises when the sharply imaged zone is viewed at an elevation angle of more than zero degrees can be corrected by software as a function of the elevation angle. This correction is preferably carried out numerically by the electronic data processing device.
- Typical parameters for operating a method according to the invention are, for example: dimensions of the image section: 570 x 760 ⁇ m,
- Depth of depth of field 1 ... 50 ⁇ m, lateral resolution: 10nm ... l ⁇ m,
- the imaging system (1) is an electron-optical system which, by means of electrons emanating from the surface to be measured (5, 9, 11, 12, 14), produces an image in which the focus is sharp illustrated zone (7, 7a) stands out clearly from an image background (18, 18a).
- This variant involves a relatively large outlay.
- this disadvantage is offset by the advantage of a greatly improved lateral resolution in the x and z directions. Since electron-optical imaging systems in many cases have an extremely shallow depth of field, this variant can also achieve a significantly increased resolution in the y direction.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of the imaging according to the invention of a zone of a surface of a cuboid according to a variant of the method according to the invention, viewed in the x direction,
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of the imaging of the zone of the cuboid surface of FIG. 1, seen in the z-direction
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration, seen in the x-direction, of the mapping according to the invention of a zone of a side face of a long rod according to another variant of the method according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration, seen in the x direction, of the inventive mapping of the side face of FIG. 3 according to another
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the imaging according to the invention of a zone of the inside of a narrow gap according to the invention in accordance with a further variant of the method according to the invention
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic illustration of the imaging of a zone according to the invention looking downwards in the y direction 1
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of the surface obtained according to FIG. 6
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic illustration of the imaging of a zone of the lateral surface of a according to the invention when viewed downward in the y direction
- FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of that obtained according to FIG. 8
- Figure 10 shows the arrangement of Fig.l, with additionally illuminating the surface to be measured according to a variant of the invention
- FIG. 11 is the arrangement of FIG. 1, with an additional illumination of the surface to be measured according to a further variant of the
- FIG. 13 shows the arrangement of FIG. 1, with additional illumination of the surface to be measured in accordance with a further variant of FIG Invention with the aid of a light guide, the object side
- FIG. 14 is the arrangement of FIG. 1, the surface to be measured being additionally illuminated according to a further variant of the invention with the aid of a light guide, the object-side of which
- End has a conical tip
- Fig. 15 shows the arrangement of Fig.l, in addition lighting the surface to be measured according to a further variant of
- Invention takes place with the aid of a light guide, the object-side end has the shape of a hollow cone,
- FIG. 16 shows the arrangement of FIG. 1, wherein additionally the surface to be measured is illuminated in accordance with a further variant of the invention with the aid of a light guide, the object-side end of which has the shape of a hollow cone with a mirrored lateral surface, and
- Fig. 17 shows the arrangement of Fig.l, wherein additionally the surface to be measured is illuminated according to a further variant of the invention with the aid of a light guide, the object-side end of which has the shape of a protruding cone, the base surface of which faces away from the light guide.
- the imaging system 1 is preferably a system of lenses.
- the imaging system can also be formed by mirrors or a combination of lenses and mirrors.
- the depth y 0 of the depth of field of the imaging system 1 is shown in a greatly exaggerated manner in FIGS. 1-5.
- FIG. 1 shows an imaging system 1, which is arranged over an edge 2 of a cuboid object 3 standing on a base 4, the surface 5 of which is to the right in FIG. 1 is to be measured.
- the normal N of this surface 5 points in the z direction.
- the angle of reflection ß related to the surface normal N for all light rays that Starting from the sharply imaged zone and falling into the imaging system is, according to the invention, greater than 45 degrees, so that this zone is viewed at an elevation angle of less than 45 degrees
- the imaging system 1 is arranged such that a point P on the right surface 5 of the cuboid object 3 lies in the depth of field y 0 of the imaging system 1.
- the point P is therefore shown sharply.
- the plane which runs perpendicular to the optical axis of the imaging system and at the same time through the image point of point P generated by it is called the image plane below (not shown in the figures).
- the depth of field has a depth of y 0 in the y direction.
- the image of a point P 2 located below the depth of field lies in front of the image plane and is therefore out of focus in the image plane.
- Points located outside the depth of field y 0 therefore only cause a blurred or diffuse image background of the image supplied by the imaging system 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of the imaging of the zone of the cuboid surface from FIG. 1, seen from the z direction.
- the right surface 5 of the cuboid 3 is therefore at the front.
- the viewing direction of FIG. 2 in FIG. 1 is indicated by an arrow pointing to the left.
- the sharply imaged zone 7 forms a section of the surface 5.
- the extent of the sharply imaged zone 7 in the x direction is limited only by the width x 0 of the image field. According to the invention, only this zone is sharply imaged.
- the points P 15 P 2 , P 3 , P 4 lying outside of this zone are imaged out of focus or not at all.
- the maximum usable image field is generally limited by the imaging errors of the imaging system 1, but the image field can e.g. be further restricted by blinds.
- the imaging system 1 is shifted relative to the surface 5 or vice versa with the aid of an electrical or electronic control.
- the control can be operated automatically.
- the imaging system 1 in FIGS. 1 and 2 is arranged above the edge 2 of the surface 5 to be measured.
- Such an arrangement has the advantage that the elevation angle at which the sharply imaged zone 7 is viewed is small, so that the height profile of the sharply imaged zone is recorded with only slight perspective distortions.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration, seen in the x direction, of the imaging according to the invention of a zone of the side face 9 on the right in FIG. 3 of a long rod-shaped object 8 according to another variant of the method according to the invention, the imaging system 1 not over but in e.g. -Direction is arranged next to the rod-shaped object 8, so that it can be moved down as far as desired in the y-direction relative to the rod-shaped object 8. In this way, any areas of the side surface 9 can be detected.
- the optical axis of the imaging system 1 is aligned parallel to the side surface 9 in FIG. 3.
- a disadvantage of your arrangement of this type is that the sharply imaged zone 7 lies completely outside the optical axis of the imaging system 1, which generally leads to a deterioration in the image quality, in particular the image sharpness.
- optical axis A of the imaging system 1 in FIG. 4 is oriented such that an optical axis of the imaging system causes the surface 9 to be measured at an angle a> 0 ° in the area of the sharp imaged surface 7 intersects, whereby the image quality, in particular the image sharpness, is improved compared to the arrangement of FIG. 3.
- the angle of reflection ⁇ based on the surface normal N, for all light rays which originate from the sharply imaged zone and which fall into the imaging system, is still greater than 45 degrees.
- the perspective distortion arising according to the arrangements of FIGS. 3 and 4 can be corrected as a function of the elevation angle.
- This correction is preferably carried out numerically by an electronic data processing device.
- surfaces which are difficult to access such as the inner surfaces of narrow gaps or narrow bores, can advantageously be measured with a method according to the invention.
- 5 shows, as an example of this, a schematic representation, seen in the x direction, of the imaging according to the invention of a zone of a first surface 11 of a narrow gap 10.
- the imaging system is arranged such that the sharply imaged zone 7 on the first surface 11 of the gap 10 lies. With this arrangement, a corresponding zone of the opposite second surface 12 of the slit is sharply imaged (not shown in FIG. 5).
- the imaging system 1 in the y direction the entire inner surfaces 11, 12 of the gap can be measured.
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic illustration, seen in the y-direction downward, of the arrangement already illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 for imaging the surface 5 of the cuboid object 3 to be measured according to the invention.
- the light-deflecting effect of the imaging system 1 is not taken into account in FIG. 6 for reasons of clarity.
- FIG. 6 also shows an arbitrarily selected image section 15 of the area imaged by the imaging system, which includes the sharply imaged zone 7.
- the real image of the sharply imaged zone 7 generated by the imaging system 1 is essentially a curve in the x direction, hereinafter referred to as the image curve.
- the shape of the image curve is predetermined by the shape or the height profile of the surface of the sharply imaged zone 7. Elevations are reflected in the deflection of the image curve in the z direction.
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic, enlarged representation of the image obtained according to FIG. 6.
- the image curve 16 running through the image section 15 is essentially a straight line, since the sharply imaged zone 7 (FIGS. 1, 2, 6) is part of a flat surface 5.
- a deviation of the surface of the sharply depicted zone 7 from a flat height profile in z Direction causes a deviation 19 of the image curve 16 from the shape of a straight line.
- FIG. 7 also shows an unsharp or diffuse image background 18. As already explained above, this is caused by the light which comes from points outside of the sharply imaged zone 7 and therefore from non-sharply imaged points.
- the image curve 16 stands out from an image difference 18 compared to the image background 18.
- Topographic structures of the sharply imaged zone which do not project beyond this zone in the direction of the imaging system, lead to a recognizable thickening 20 of the image curve 16 in the direction of the surface normal.
- the image curve 16, thickenings 20 of the same and irregularities, disturbances or deviations 19 of the height profile of the sharply imaged zone 7 thus manifest themselves as recognizable inhomogeneities in the intensity, e.g. of the gray value, against the background 18.
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic illustration, seen in the y-direction downward, of the imaging according to the invention of a zone of the lateral surface of a cylindrical object 13.
- FIG. 9 The image obtained according to the arrangement of FIG. 8 is shown schematically and enlarged in FIG. 9.
- the sharply depicted zone 7a is part of the lateral surface 14 of the cylindrical object 13 and is therefore curved.
- the image curve 16a running through the image section 15a is therefore essentially a circular section.
- a deviation of the surface of the sharply imaged zone 7a from the cylindrical shape causes a deviation 19a of the image curve 16a from the circular shape.
- the light which comes from points located outside the sharply imaged zone 7a and therefore not sharply imaged, creates an unsharp or diffuse image background 18a, from which the image curve 16a stands out.
- FIGS. 10-17 show, by way of example, the arrangement of FIG.
- light guide 21 can in particular be, for example, a glass fiber cable or an optical waveguide. Instead of one light guide 21, several light guides 21 can also be used simultaneously according to the invention.
- the light guide 21 is preferably arranged and formed in the area of its object-side end, or the light guide 21 is arranged and formed in the area of its object-side ends so that the light is emitted essentially in a certain solid angle region 22, the sharply depicted Zone 7 lies within this solid angle range 22.
- the light guide (s) 21 can be in the area of their object-side ends e.g. be arranged and designed such that the light emerges from them in a conically divergent manner, so that the solid angle region 22 essentially has the shape of a cone. In another variant, the light emerges approximately in parallel, so that the solid angle region 22 essentially has the shape of a cylinder.
- the light guide 21 in the area of its object-side ends is e.g. arranged and designed so that the emerging light lies essentially only on the lateral surface of a cone or cylinder, so that the emerging light forms a ring light.
- the solid angle region 22 essentially has the shape of a cone or cylinder jacket.
- a radiation of the light in the direction of the sharply imaged zone 7 is achieved in a variant in that each light guide 21 is bent in the region of its object-side end so that the solid angle region 22 in which the light is emitted contains the sharply imaged zone 7. If the light passes through a plane perpendicular to the axis of the light guide 21 Extending object-side face 23a emerges, the light guide 21 is preferably bent so that normal of its object-side face 23A points in the direction of the sharply depicted zone 7. 10 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- each light guide 21 is bent in the region of its object-side end in such a way that the normals of the object-side end faces 23A of the individual light guides 21 point in different directions.
- a radiation of the light in the direction of the sharply imaged zone 7 can also be achieved in that the light guide 21 has end faces 23B extending obliquely to its axis, so that light is emitted mainly asymmetrically to this axis due to refraction.
- 11 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- End faces 23B mirrored so that light mainly due to i
- Reflection is radiated asymmetrically to the side of the light guide.
- 12 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- each light guide 21 has a convex or concave curved end face 23C on the object side.
- a concavely curved end face acts as a diverging lens
- a convexly curved end face 23C acts as a converging lens, with the light diverges again after passing through the focal plane, whereby the solid angle region 22 is also enlarged.
- 13 shows an exemplary embodiment for the latter case, in which individual light guide 21 bent in the end region is used.
- each light guide 21 is spherical or drop-shaped for the purpose of light radiation in all spatial directions.
- the isotropy of the radiation can be improved in that the spherical or drop-shaped object-side end of each light guide 21 is mirrored in places and or at least partially mirrored in places, so the directional distribution of the emerging light is determined by a diverse combination of single and multiple reflection and refraction ,
- each light guide 21 has the shape of a conical tip 26.
- the light emerges from the light guide 21 into a solid angle region 22 which essentially has the shape of a conical jacket.
- 14 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- a similar effect can be achieved if the object-side end of each light guide 21 is shaped as a hollow cone 24.
- 15 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- the outer surface of the hollow cone 24 of FIG. 15 is mirrored. In this way, a reflection of the light on the lateral surface of the hollow cone 24 results in an essentially rotationally symmetrical lateral light exit from the light guide 21 which is distributed around the axis of the light guide 21.
- 16 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- the object-side end of the light guide 21 is in the form of a full cone 25 projecting beyond the end face there, the base surface of which faces the light guide 21.
- the outer surface of the full cone 25 can advantageously be mirrored. 17 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a single light guide 21 is used.
- the invention is applicable in areas in which a measurement of small or microscopic structures of surfaces of objects is desired or required, in particular those surfaces which are difficult to access due to space constraints, such as the inner surfaces of narrow gaps or narrow bores , List of reference numerals:
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10192962T DE10192962B4 (de) | 2000-07-20 | 2001-07-18 | Verfahren zur optischen Vermessung einer Oberfläche eines Objektes |
AU2001289686A AU2001289686A1 (en) | 2000-07-20 | 2001-07-18 | Method for the optical surveying of a surface of an object |
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DE10035664.8 | 2000-07-20 | ||
DE10035664 | 2000-07-20 | ||
DE10047270.2 | 2000-09-23 | ||
DE10047270A DE10047270A1 (de) | 2000-07-20 | 2000-09-23 | Verfahren zur optischen Vermessung einer Oberfläche eines Objektes |
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Citations (7)
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US3976382A (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1976-08-24 | A/S Kongsberg Vapenfabrik | Procedure and apparatus for determining the geometrical shape of a surface |
US4863268A (en) * | 1984-02-14 | 1989-09-05 | Diffracto Ltd. | Diffractosight improvements |
EP0372241A2 (de) * | 1988-11-17 | 1990-06-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Optikanordnung zur dreidimensionalen Formerfassung |
DE4415582A1 (de) * | 1994-05-04 | 1995-11-09 | Autec Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur optischen Abstandsmessung an Innenwänden durch Einführung eines Meßkopfes |
WO1996025659A1 (en) * | 1995-02-14 | 1996-08-22 | National Research Council Of Canada | Surface topography enhancement |
DE19708582A1 (de) * | 1997-03-03 | 1998-09-10 | Bauer Ernst & Sohn Gmbh Co Kg | Qualitätskontrolle für Kunststeine |
US5963328A (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 1999-10-05 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Surface inspecting apparatus |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4413758C2 (de) * | 1993-04-21 | 1998-09-17 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Prüfung der Gestalt einer Oberfläche eines zu vermessenden Objektes |
DE19944021A1 (de) * | 1998-09-14 | 2000-05-04 | Nikon Corp | Interferometrische Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Vermessen der Oberflächentopographie einer Testoberfläche |
-
2001
- 2001-07-18 AU AU2001289686A patent/AU2001289686A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-07-18 DE DE10192962T patent/DE10192962B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-07-18 WO PCT/EP2001/008308 patent/WO2002008737A1/de active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3976382A (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1976-08-24 | A/S Kongsberg Vapenfabrik | Procedure and apparatus for determining the geometrical shape of a surface |
US4863268A (en) * | 1984-02-14 | 1989-09-05 | Diffracto Ltd. | Diffractosight improvements |
EP0372241A2 (de) * | 1988-11-17 | 1990-06-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Optikanordnung zur dreidimensionalen Formerfassung |
DE4415582A1 (de) * | 1994-05-04 | 1995-11-09 | Autec Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur optischen Abstandsmessung an Innenwänden durch Einführung eines Meßkopfes |
WO1996025659A1 (en) * | 1995-02-14 | 1996-08-22 | National Research Council Of Canada | Surface topography enhancement |
DE19708582A1 (de) * | 1997-03-03 | 1998-09-10 | Bauer Ernst & Sohn Gmbh Co Kg | Qualitätskontrolle für Kunststeine |
US5963328A (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 1999-10-05 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Surface inspecting apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2001289686A1 (en) | 2002-02-05 |
DE10192962B4 (de) | 2012-09-27 |
DE10192962D2 (de) | 2003-08-21 |
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