WO2002007296A1 - A dc switching regulator - Google Patents
A dc switching regulator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002007296A1 WO2002007296A1 PCT/GB2001/003231 GB0103231W WO0207296A1 WO 2002007296 A1 WO2002007296 A1 WO 2002007296A1 GB 0103231 W GB0103231 W GB 0103231W WO 0207296 A1 WO0207296 A1 WO 0207296A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- condition
- switch
- primary
- inductor
- storage capacitor
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/40—Means for preventing magnetic saturation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to DC switching regulators. These are regulators in which electrical power from a power source is delivered to an output circuit by repeatedly connecting and disconnecting the primary winding of a transformer to the power source, the output circuit being connected to a secondary winding of the transformer.
- the present invention is particularly concerned with DC switching regulators which include circuitry to reset the transformer during the period the primary winding is disconnected from the voltage source.
- One known approach to providing this transformer resetting function is to use an active clamp, an example of which is shown in Figure 1 and is described in US reissued patent RE 36,098.
- This regulator has a primary switch 102, controlled by a primary switch controller 104, connected in series with a transformer 106, having a primary winding 108 and a secondary winding 1 10, connected across a voltage source 1 12.
- a storage capacitor 114 and an auxiliary switch 1 16, controlled by an auxiliary switch controller 1 18, are connected in series across the primary winding 108.
- the auxiliary switch controller 1 18 opens the auxiliary switch 1 16 when the primary switch 102 is closed and closes the auxiliary switch 1 16 when the primary switch 102 is opened.
- magnetizing and leakage energy associated with the transformer 106 and its leakage inductance
- the primary winding 108 is clamped to this voltage of the storage capacitor 114 during the resetting period which, in a steady state, automatically assumes a value which will reset the transformer over the open period of the primary switch 102.
- a DC bias can be established in the transformer 106 which prevents zero voltage switching and allows hard commutation of the anti-parallel freewheel diodes 120, 122 associated with serni-c ⁇ riductor primary and secondary switches. If MOSFETS are used as the primary and secondary switches, the hard commutation of the body diodes can be destructive.
- Such large signal transients can be caused, for example, by an output short-circuit or by the rapid reduction in the duty-cycle of the primary switch 102 caused by pulse-by-pulse current limiting.
- the DC-bias set up by a large-signal reduction in duty-cycle can also lead to negative saturation of the transformer core with resultant high currents.
- a known approach to addressing these aspects is to incorporate a unidirectional conducting device, for example a diode, between the primary winding 108 and the demagnetisation circuit which is oriented to permit energy to pass from the transformer to the demagnetisation circuit so resetting the transformer but preventing energy flow in the reverse direction thereby preventing the possibility of negative saturation of the transformer. Examples of such arrangements are disclosed in US-A-4,736,285 and US-A- 6,01 1 ,702.
- a clamping storage capacitor 202 is connected to the primary winding 108 by a diode 204.
- the diode 204 is also connected to an inductor 206 and an auxiliary switch 208 in parallel with the primary winding.
- a diode 210 is connected in series with the inductor 206 across the power supply 1 12.
- the auxiliary switch 208 is placed in the ON condition when primary switch 102 is put in the OFF condition by virtue of a demagnetization winding 212 that is connected to the auxiliary switch 208 by a pulse shaping circuit (not shown).
- auxiliary switch 208 When the primary switch 102 is placed in the OFF condition, and auxiliary switch 208 in the ON condition, the magnetization energy from the core of the transformer 106 and energy associated with leakage inductance is transferred to the storage capacitor 202 via diode 204.
- auxiliary switch 208 When auxiliary switch 208 is ON, the storage capacitor 202 causes a current to build up in the inductor 206 so extracting energy from the capacitor which is stored in inductor 206.
- This arrangement has the benefit that it cannot hard commutate the body diode of either the primary switch 102 or auxiliary switch 208.
- the diode 204 can be hard commutated and so should be a fast recovery type capable of withstanding this mode of operation.
- this circuit will not result in negative saturation of the main transformer 106.
- the circuit is not capable of zero voltage switching and so suffers from the various known limitations this entails.
- a DC switching regulator includes a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding and a primary switch connected in series with the primary winding having an ON condition and an OFF condition in which conditions the primary winding is respectively connected and not connected across a power source.
- a storage capacitor is arranged to absorb magnetization and leakage energy from the primary winding when the primary switch is in the OFF condition.
- a unidirectional conducting device is connected between the primary winding and the storage capacitor and arranged to prevent energy from the storage capacitor passing back to said primary winding.
- An auxiliary switch is connected in series with the storage capacitor and have an ON condition and an OFF condition and an inductor is arranged to absorb energy from said storage capacitor while sai auxiliary switch is in said ON condition.
- the present invention can provide a DC switching regulator in wnicn zero voltage switching can be achieved whilst obtaining optimum reset of the main transformer and which avoids the possibility of negative saturation of the main transformer.
- the unidirectional device prevents negative saturation of the core of the transformer.
- the storage capacitor and auxiliary switch may be connected in parallel with the inductor.
- the unidirectional conducting device preferably includes a diode.
- the primary switch and/or the auxiliary switch may be devices incorporating internal or co-packaged anti-parallel freewheel diodes such as MOSFETS.
- the inductor may be selected such that the ratio between the saturated inductance of the inductor and the unsaturated inductance of the inductor prevents excess current through the auxiliary switch.
- the present invention also encompasses a switch mode power supply including a DC switching regulator according to the present invention.
- Such power supplies include, for example, DC-DC convertors, particularly high density DC-DC convertors, and multiple output AC-DC power supplies for industrial applications. Because the power supplies of the present invention are efficient at recovering transformer leakage energy efficiently, they are particularly suitable for powering medical apparatus which generally require stringent approvals in terms of high isolation.
- the present invention also encompasses a method of resetting a main transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding and the primary winding being connected in series with a primary switch, having an ON and an OFF condition, across a power source.
- the method includes the steps of passing magnetisation energy and leakage from said primary coil to at least a capacitor in series with an auxiliary switch having an ON and an OFF condition whilst said primary switch is in the OFF condition via a unidirectional conducting device, and passing the energy stored in the storage capacitor to an inductor also during said OFF condition of the primary switch.
- Figure 1 is a schematic description of a prior art DC switching regulator
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a further prior art DC switching regulator
- Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a DC switching regulator according to the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a further embodiment of a DC switching regulator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a further embodiment of a DC switching regulator according to the present invention, in which the storage capacitor is provided with a bias resistor;
- FIG. 6 is a pair of graphs showing the transformer magnetization current and reset inductor current of a further described embodiment.
- a power supply 300 includes a DC switching regulator 300A and an output circuit 300B.
- the DC switching regulator includes a main transformer 306 having a primary switch 302 controlled by a primary switch controller 304 in series with a primary winding 308 of the transformer 306 also having a secondary winding 310.
- the primary winding 308 and primary switch are connected across a power source 312.
- a diode 313 connects the primary winding 308 to a demagnetising/reset circuit comprising a storage capacitor 314 in series with an auxiliary switch 316 controlled by an auxiliary switch controller 318 connected in parallel with an inductor 320.
- Each switch 302, 316 (and the equivalent switches of the below described embodiments) must have associated with it an anti-parallel freewheel diode D which may be inherent in the switch structure (eg if a MOSFET) or added as a discrete component.
- the steady state operation of the embodiment of Figure 3 is as follows. Assuming the primary switch 302 has reached the end of its ON period it will be turned to its OFF condition by primary controller 304, the auxiliary switch being in the OFF condition.
- the storage capacitor 314 will have been charged up during previous switching cycles of the converter to a clamping voltage which will fully reset the main transformer 306 during the forthcoming OFF period of the primary switch.
- the value of the storage capacitor 314 is chosen such that the voltage across it remains substantially constant, during operation of the regulator.
- auxiliary switch 316 can therefore be switched to the ON condition with zero voltage switching a short time after the primary switch 302 is turned to the OFF condition.
- the inductor 320 By the end of the OFF period, if the inductor 320 is suitably selected in known manner, the current in the transformer 306 will have been reduced to zero prior to the auxiliary switch 316 being turned to the OFF condition. The inductor 320 then causes a current flow through diode 313, which discharges the output capacitance of the primary switch 302. The primary switch 302 can then be turned to the ON condition (starting the ON period of the regulator) under zero voltage switching conditions. The primary switch 302 is switched to the ON condition with a short delay after the auxiliary switch 316 is switched to the OFF condition to avoid short-through.
- the energy stored in the inductor 320 during the OFF period is then recovered to the power source or transferred to the load via the transformer 306 during the ON period.
- a charge balance also exists where the charge delivered to the capacitor during the OFF period from the transformer 306 equals the charge extracted into the inductor 320 during the same period.
- the inductor 320 will have a variable dc bias which maintains this charge balance with changes in converter loading and. hence changes in the ramdunt of leakage energy delivered from the transformer to capacitor 314 during the OFF period.
- a power supply 400 is as the embodiment 300 of Figure 3 except that a storage capacitor 41 , an auxiliary switch 416 and an auxiliary switch controller 418 are positioned in series with the inductor 320 and parallel to the primary auxiliary switch 302 in the DC regulator 400B.
- the circuit of Figure 4 operates in an identical fashion to that of Figure 3.
- a power supply 500 is similar to that of Figure 3 except in a DC regulator 500B the positions of the auxiliary switch 316 and storage capacitor 314 are reversed, and the polarity of the voltage source 312 has been reversed as has the orientation of the diode 313. Further, there is an additional component, namely a resistor 510 in series with inductor 320 across the voltage source 312 to charge the storage capacitor 314 to the supply voltage prior to start-up when both the primary switch 302 and the auxiliary switch 316 will be in the OFF condition
- the regulator may be constrained to start when the duty-cycle D is less or equal to 50% whereby the capacitor 320 is pre-charged to a level which guarantees full reset of transformer 106 during the OFF period.
- inductor 320 is suitably selected to enable zero-voltage switching of the two switches which will be dependent on the energy stored in the inductor 320 during the OFF period.
- Energy stored in the inductor 320 during the OFF period is required to discharge the output capacitance of the switches and supply energy to the leakage inductance of the transformer 306 during the switching interval between the OFF and ON periods if the transition from the OFF condition to the ON condition is to occur with zero-voltage switching of the main switch 302.
- diode 313 prevents negative saturation of the transformer 306 but the loss of energy balance between that of the reset circuit and main transformer causes an increase, from the steady state value, of the current in the inductor 320 which can lead to its saturation.
- the ratio between its saturated and unsaturated inductances can be controlled so as to prevent excess current passing through the auxiliary switch 316 without recourse to additional current limit circuit protection for the auxiliary switch 316.
- inductor 320 By selecting inductor 320 such that its characteristics during steady- state operation of the regulator remain substantially linear then the increased average current required in inductor 320 during the OFF period for increased regulator loading is achieved with increased dc bias. This increased current will tend to have less resistive heating effects in the winding of inductor 320 than a design, which generates high AC current such as where a non-linear inductor is used.
- the current in inductor 320 at the time that the auxiliary switch 316 switches into the OFF condition must of similar magnitude to the reflected load current and greater than the reflected load current where the leakage inductance tends towards zero.
- Such current can be achieved by reducing the inductance of both the transformer and inductor so the peak value of the magnetizing current approaches the value of the magnetizing current approaches the value of the reflected load current.
- the magnetizing current will supply the load current as it gradually increases in the leakage inductance of the transformer as well as charging the snubbing capacitance of the primary switch.
- a large amount of inductive energy will circulate in the converter, resulting in increased conduction losses and requiring a physically large reset inductor; and the dV/dt on the transistors at the turn OFF of the auxiliary switch will vary significantly with load, making zero volt switching operation difficult when the load and line vary widely; and the increased magnetizing current will essentially double the turn OFF current and dV/dt of the primary switch thereby diminishing the zero volt switching effectiveness.
- This voltage will have a DC bias current in the inductor and eventually its core will start to saturate towards the end of the conduction cycle of the auxiliary switch.
- a narrow triangular pulse of current will develop which will keep increasing in amplitude until the average current flowing out of the storage capacitor through the inductor will equal to the average of the current flowing into the storage capacitor from the transformer and the voltage on the storage capacitor will reach the value predicted by equation (1 ). (See Figure 6).
- the storage capacitor When output current increases to its maximum, the storage capacitor will absorb the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the transformer in addition to the magnetizing energy. As a result, the reset inductor will have to extract the additional energy from storage capacitor and the amplitude of the current pulse will increase.
- the optimal value for the transformer's leakage inductance LI is value equal to the saturated inductance Lsat of the reset inductor, but the circuit can operate at either higher or lower values if Lm and Lsat are adjusted appropriately.
- the time required to charge the snubbing capacitance following the turn OFF of the primary switch will vary widely with line and load, but since the auxiliary switch conducts through its body diode for half of the Tsw.(1-d) period, the delay time in the drive of the auxiliary switch can be made long enough to accommodate the variations.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01949748A EP1303903A1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2001-07-18 | A dc switching regulator |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0017630A GB2370655B (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2000-07-18 | A DC switching regulator |
GB0017630.5 | 2000-07-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002007296A1 true WO2002007296A1 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
Family
ID=9895892
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2001/003231 WO2002007296A1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2001-07-18 | A dc switching regulator |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1303903A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2370655B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002007296A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007131551A1 (en) * | 2006-05-17 | 2007-11-22 | Tte Germany Gmbh | Switched mode power supply with storage coil |
EP2242170A3 (en) * | 2009-03-25 | 2010-12-08 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki | Isolated DC-DC converter |
EP2299573A1 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2011-03-23 | Linear Technology Corporation | Improving the accuracy of a volt-second clamp in an isolated dc/dc converter |
DE102014217688A1 (en) * | 2014-09-04 | 2016-03-10 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Operating device for bulbs |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2505913C1 (en) * | 2012-07-16 | 2014-01-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет" | Pulsed dc voltage controller |
RU2689804C1 (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2019-05-29 | Иршат Лутфуллович Аитов | Constant voltage pulse regulator |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4378586A (en) * | 1980-02-28 | 1983-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Protective circuitry for semiconductor switches |
US4652809A (en) * | 1986-01-06 | 1987-03-24 | Microtel Limited | Switched regulator circuit having an extended duty cycle range |
EP0618666A2 (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-05 | Alcatel Standard Electrica, S.A. | DC/DC conversion circuit |
US5379206A (en) * | 1992-12-02 | 1995-01-03 | Argus Technologies, Ltd. | Low loss snubber circuit with active recovery switch |
EP0949751A2 (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 1999-10-13 | SELCO S.r.L. | Generator for arc welding machines with forward topology and active clamp |
US6011702A (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 2000-01-04 | Gucyski; Jeff | Low noise forward/flyback switching power supply |
US6023156A (en) * | 1998-12-16 | 2000-02-08 | Storage Technology Corporation | Switched load voltage regulation circuit |
JP2000152624A (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2000-05-30 | Sanken Electric Co Ltd | Transformer-insulated dc-to-dc converter |
US6069803A (en) * | 1999-02-12 | 2000-05-30 | Astec International Limited | Offset resonance zero volt switching flyback converter |
-
2000
- 2000-07-18 GB GB0017630A patent/GB2370655B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-07-18 EP EP01949748A patent/EP1303903A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-07-18 WO PCT/GB2001/003231 patent/WO2002007296A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4378586A (en) * | 1980-02-28 | 1983-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Protective circuitry for semiconductor switches |
US4652809A (en) * | 1986-01-06 | 1987-03-24 | Microtel Limited | Switched regulator circuit having an extended duty cycle range |
US5379206A (en) * | 1992-12-02 | 1995-01-03 | Argus Technologies, Ltd. | Low loss snubber circuit with active recovery switch |
EP0618666A2 (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-05 | Alcatel Standard Electrica, S.A. | DC/DC conversion circuit |
US6011702A (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 2000-01-04 | Gucyski; Jeff | Low noise forward/flyback switching power supply |
EP0949751A2 (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 1999-10-13 | SELCO S.r.L. | Generator for arc welding machines with forward topology and active clamp |
JP2000152624A (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2000-05-30 | Sanken Electric Co Ltd | Transformer-insulated dc-to-dc converter |
US6023156A (en) * | 1998-12-16 | 2000-02-08 | Storage Technology Corporation | Switched load voltage regulation circuit |
US6069803A (en) * | 1999-02-12 | 2000-05-30 | Astec International Limited | Offset resonance zero volt switching flyback converter |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 8 6 October 2000 (2000-10-06) * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007131551A1 (en) * | 2006-05-17 | 2007-11-22 | Tte Germany Gmbh | Switched mode power supply with storage coil |
EP2242170A3 (en) * | 2009-03-25 | 2010-12-08 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki | Isolated DC-DC converter |
US8670247B2 (en) | 2009-03-25 | 2014-03-11 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki | Isolated DC-DC converter with active clamp circuit |
EP2299573A1 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2011-03-23 | Linear Technology Corporation | Improving the accuracy of a volt-second clamp in an isolated dc/dc converter |
US8593839B2 (en) | 2009-09-17 | 2013-11-26 | Linear Technology Corporation | Accuracy of a volt-second clamp in an isolated DC-DC converter |
EP3091650A1 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2016-11-09 | Linear Technology Corporation | Improving the accuracy of a volt-second clamp in an isolated dc/dc converter |
DE102014217688A1 (en) * | 2014-09-04 | 2016-03-10 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Operating device for bulbs |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0017630D0 (en) | 2000-09-06 |
GB2370655A (en) | 2002-07-03 |
GB2370655B (en) | 2005-01-19 |
EP1303903A1 (en) | 2003-04-23 |
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