WO2002004522A2 - Bifunctional molecules and vectors complexed therewith for targeted gene delivery - Google Patents
Bifunctional molecules and vectors complexed therewith for targeted gene delivery Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002004522A2 WO2002004522A2 PCT/EP2001/007878 EP0107878W WO0204522A2 WO 2002004522 A2 WO2002004522 A2 WO 2002004522A2 EP 0107878 W EP0107878 W EP 0107878W WO 0204522 A2 WO0204522 A2 WO 0204522A2
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- receptor
- bifunctional molecule
- protein
- antibody
- adenovirus
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Classifications
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- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- C07K14/525—Tumour necrosis factor [TNF]
-
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/575—Hormones
- C07K14/65—Insulin-like growth factors, i.e. somatomedins, e.g. IGF-1, IGF-2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
- C07K16/081—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from DNA viruses
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
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- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
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- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
Definitions
- the present invention relates to gene therapy, especially to adenovirus vector-based gene therapy.
- adenovirus vectors complexed with bifunctional molecules for targeted delivery of therapeutic and other products are provided.
- the bifunctional molecules complexed with adenovirus delivery particles circumvent Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) and integrin interactions and improve gene delivery by such particles.
- CAR Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor
- the bifunctional molecules, compositions, kits, and methods of preparation and use of the vector/bifunctional molecules for gene therapy are provided. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Adenovirus delivery vectors
- Adenovirus which is a DNA virus with a 36 kilobase (kb) genome, is very well-characterized and its genetics and genetic organization are understood. The genetic organization of adenoviruses permits substitution of large fragments of viral DNA with foreign DNA. In addition, recombinant adenoviruses are structurally stable and no rearranged viruses are observed after extensive amplification.
- Adenoviruses have been employed as delivery vehicles for introducing desired genes into eukaryotic cells.
- the adenovirus delivers such genes to eukaryotic cells by binding to cellular receptors followed by internalization.
- the adenovirus fiber protein is responsible for binding to cells.
- the fiber protein has two domains, a rod-like shaft portion and a globular head portion that contains the receptor binding region.
- the fiber spike is a homotr ⁇ mer, and there are 12 spikes per virion.
- Human adenoviruses bind to and infect a broad range of cultured cell lines and primary tissues from different species.
- the 35,000 + base pair (bp) genome of adenovirus type 2 has been sequenced and the predicted amino acid sequences of the major coat proteins (hexon, fiber and penton base) have been described (see, e.g., Neumann et al.. Gene 69: 1 53-1 57 (1988); Herisse et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 9: 4023-4041 (1 981 ); Roberts et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259: 13968-13975 (1984); Kinloch et at., J. Biol. Chem. 259: 6431 -6436 (1984); and Chroboczek et al., Virol. 161 : 549-554, 1 987).
- Ad5 DNA The 35,935 bp sequence of Ad5 DNA is also known and portions of many other adenovirus genomes have been sequenced.
- the upper packaging limit for adenovirus virions is about 105% of the wild-type genome length (see, e.g., Bett, et al., J. Virol. 67(10): 591 1 -21 , 1993). Thus, for Ad2 and Ad5, this would be an upper packaging limit of about 38 kb of DNA.
- Adenovirus DNA also includes inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) ranging in size from about 100 to 1 50 bp, depending on the serotype.
- ITRs inverted terminal repeat sequences
- the inverted repeats permit single strands of viral DNA to circularize by base-pairing of their terminal sequences to form base-paired "panhandle" structures that are required for replication of the viral DNA.
- the ITRs and the packaging signal (a few hundred bp in fength) comprise the "minimum requirement" for replication and packaging of a genomic nucleic acid into an adenovirus particle.
- Helper-dependent vectors lacking all viral ORFs but including these essential cis elements ⁇ the ITRs and contiguous packaging sequence) have been constructed, Ad vectors have several distinct advantages as gene delivery vehicles.
- Adenovirus (Ad)-based gene delivery vectors efficiently infect may different cells and tissues. This broad tropism, however, means that gene delivery cannot be directed to a specific target cell. A large fraction of intravenously administered adenovirus is retained by the liver, which could lead to undesirable side-effects. Adenovirus may potentiate immune responses.
- Adenovirus type 5 also transduces dendritic cells, which present antigens very efficiently, thereby possibly exacerbating the immune response against the vector. It has been proposed that vectors with different targeting efficiencies might eliminate these problems, permitting a lower total particle dose and more specific targeting (see, e.g. , U.S. application Serial No. 09/482,682).
- CAR and/or internalization receptors are absent or present at low levels on some cell types, rendering them resistant to Ad-mediated gene delivery. . Approximately 20% of all gene therapy clinical trials, registered with the
- NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee use replication-deficient adenovirus vectors (Office of Recombinant DNA Database). While successes have been reported, especially in the area of tumor management (see, e.g. , Bilbao et al. (1 998) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 45 /:365-374; Gomez-Navarro et al. (1999) Eur.J. Cancer 35:867-885), the use of adenovirus gene delivery vectors has been hampered by host inflammatory responses to the virus or encoded transgene products (Kay et al. (1 997) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 54:1 2744-1 2746).
- CAR Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor
- integrins ⁇ v ⁇ Z and ⁇ v ?5 which serve as virus internalization receptors
- a vector targeting method that takes advantage of the common cell signaling pathways initiated by Iigation of av integrins and cell surface proteins and receptors that upon ligand interaction activate phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3K) or the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) signalling pathway is provided.
- Bifunctional molecules or multifunctional molecules for effecting the targeting and complexes that contain the bifunctional molecules conjugated to a viral particle or bacterial surface protein are provided.
- Methods of gene delivery and gene therapy are also provided.
- the virus for delivery and to which the bifunctional molecule specifically binds is adenovirus or adeno- associated virus. More preferably the virus is adenovirus, including fiberless viral particles.
- bifunctional molecules that contain an antibody or antigen- binding portion thereof and a targeting agent are provided.
- the antibody specifically binds to an antigen in a protein that binds to ⁇ v integrin; and the targeting agent specifically binds to a cell surface protein that activates the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) signaling pathway.
- the targeting agent binds to a cell surface protein that triggers phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) activation.
- the bifunctional molecules include a targeting agent, which is a moiety that specifically binds to a cell surface protein that triggers activation of PI3K, and a binding portion (designated "P" herein) that specifically binds to a protein on a viral particle or bacterial cell surface.
- a targeting agent which is a moiety that specifically binds to a cell surface protein that triggers activation of PI3K
- P binding portion
- a protein on a viral particle or bacterial cell surface specifically binds to an av integrin or other protein on the surface of a targeted cell that facilitates or effects internalization of the virus or bacterial into the cell.
- the bifunctional molecules optionally include a linker or plurality of linkers that links the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof to the targeting agent.
- the linker can be a peptide, preferably of from 2 to 100, more preferably 3 to 50, more preferably 5 to 20 amino acids, a single amino acid, or a chemical linker, such as those produced by reaction with crosslinking agents or heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents.
- the bifunctional molecules can be fusion proteins, chemical conjugates or mixtures thereof, a single amino acid or a peptide.
- the bifunctional agents can be represented by the formula: (P) ⁇ -(L) q -(TA) m , where m and n are integers of 1 or higher, and are generally 1 , and q is 0 or an integer of one or more, and is generally 1 or 2. In instances where either or both of n and m are greater than 1 , the resulting molecule is technically a multifunctional molecule.
- Each P and each TA do can be the same or different.
- the protein that binds to ⁇ v integrin is a viral protein or a bacterial protein that interacts with ⁇ v integrins for internalization of the respective virus or bacteria. It is with such protein that the "P" moiety of the bifunctional molecule interacts.
- the P moiety is generally an antibody or portion thereof or recombinant molecule having the binding specificity of an antibody.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion of the bifunctional molecule specifically binds to such protein, which for example is a viral protein, such as the penton protein of adenovirus.'
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion of the bifunctional molecule can include a heavy chain or a portion thereof sufficient for antigen-binding fused to the targeting agent; or is an Fab or Fab'2 fragment, or is a synthetic or recombinant molecule that contains antibody fragments, such as portions of the heavy chain and light chain variable regions sufficient for specific interaction with the antigen.
- the targeted cell surface protein is any cell surface protein in which binding thereto facilitates internalization, particularly via the signaling pathway that involves PI3K.
- Such surface proteins include, but are not limited to cytokine receptors, growth hormone receptors and other non-steroidal hormone receptors, such as a PDGF receptor, an IGF-1 receptor, an EGF receptor, a member of the FGF receptor family, a TNF receptor, a CSF-1 receptor, an insulin receptor, an IGF-1 receptor, an NGF receptor, an II-2 receptor, an II-3 receptor, an II-4 receptor, an IgM receptor, a CD4 receptor, a CD2 receptor, a CD3/T cell receptor, a G protein linked thrombin receptor, an ATP receptor, an fMLP receptor, and tyrosine kinase receptors that, when activated, result in increased accumulation of Ptdlns(3,4,5)P3, receptors associated with the src family non-receptor tyrosine kinases that stimulate PI3K
- growth factor/cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IGF-1 , SCF, PDGF and EGF, hormones, such as insulin, and other molecules or portions thereof that trigger phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) activation, a signaling molecule involved in adenovirus internalization
- PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase
- Ad vectors complexed with these bifunctional mAbs exhibit increased gene delivery of about 10-50 fold to human melanoma cells lacking ⁇ v integrins.
- the bifunctional Mabs also enhance gene delivery by fiberiess adenovirus particles, which cannot bind to CAR. Improved gene delivery correlates with increased virus internalization and attachment as well as PI3 activity.
- the use of bifunctional mAbs to trigger specific cell signaling pathways offers a widely applicable method for bypassing the normal Ad receptors in gene delivery and potentially increasing the selectivity of gene transfer.
- Isolated nucleic acid molecule(s) that encode the bifunctional molecules are also provided.
- the bifunctional molecule includes two chains, which can be separately expressed and the reconstituted, such as by the selected expression system.
- Preferred expression systems are baculovirus systems.
- kits containing the combinations optionally include instructions for administration and/or complexing, are also provided.
- the resulting complex can be used for delivery of gene products, such as for therapeutics, gene therapy and or for production of transgenic animals.
- Preferred delivery vectors herein are adenovirus vectors, including fiberiess adenovirus vectors. Methods of gene therapy by administration of the targeted gene delivery vectors that include the bifunctional molecules complexed with a viral particle or bacterial cells are also provided.
- bifunctional molecules and complexes thereof with adenovirus delivery vectors are provided.
- a bifunctional molecule that recognizes the RGD motif in the penton base protein of adenovirus is fused to the mature form of a receptor targeting molecule, such as TNF- ⁇ .
- the bifunctional molecules were expressed in insect cells using a non-lytic baculovirus expression system.
- the bifunctional molecule was produced from a monoclonal antibody, designated DAV-1 , that specifically interacts with penton base on the surface of adenovirus strains, including Ad2, Ad3, Ad4 and Ad5.
- this antibody includes sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID No. 2 or SEQ ID No.
- the antibody or portion thereof also include light chain that includes all or a portion of the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID No. 4 or nucleic acid that hybridizes along its full length under conditions of low stringency, more preferably moderate stringency, most preferably high stringency to a sufficient portion of the SEQ ID No. 3 so that the resulting molecule encodes an antigen-binding portion of the antibody.
- the targeting agent or portion thereof can be selected from among, for example, is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a fibroblast growth factor (FGF), an insulin-like growth factor (IGF), a colony stimulating factor (CSF), insulin and a stem cell factor (SCF).
- TNF tumor necrosis factor
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- IGF insulin-like growth factor
- CSF colony stimulating factor
- SCF stem cell factor
- bifunctional molecules were capable of enhancing infection of M21 -L1 2 melanoma cells, which lack ⁇ v integrins and are also resistant to TNF ⁇ killing. M21 cells are relatively resistant to transduction with adenovirus vectors. Incubation of Ad encoding lacZ with the original monoclonal antibody alone had little effect enhancing gene delivery.
- amino acids which occur in the various amino acid sequences appearing herein, are identified according to their well- known, three-letter or one-letter abbreviations.
- the nucleotides, which occur in the various DNA fragments, are designated with the standard single-letter designations used routinely in the art (see, Table 1 ) .
- amino acid residue refers to an amino acid formed upon chemical digestion (hydrolysis) of a polypeptide at its peptide linkages.
- the amino acid residues described herein are preferably in the "L" isomeric form. However, residues in the "D" isomeric form can be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, as long as the desired functional property is retained by the polypeptide.
- NH 2 refers to the free amino group present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide.
- COOH refers to the free carboxy group present at the carboxyl terminus of a polypeptide.
- amino acid residue sequences represented herein by formulae have a left to right orientation in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus.
- amino acid residue is broadly defined to include the amino acids listed in the Table of Correspondence and modified and unusual amino acids, such as those referred to in 37 C.F.R. ⁇ ⁇ 1 .821 -1 .822, and incorporated herein by reference.
- a dash at the beginning or end of an amino acid residue sequence indicates a peptide bond to a further sequence of one or more amino acid residues or to an amino-terminal group such as NH 2 or to a carbox ⁇ l-terminal group such as COOH.
- a complementing plasmid describes plasmid vectors that deliver nucleic acids into a packaging cell line for stable integration into a chromosome in the cellular genome.
- a delivery plasmid is a plasmid vector that carries or delivers nucleic acids encoding a therapeutic gene or gene that encodes a therapeutic product or a precursor thereof or a regulatory gene or other factor that results in a therapeutic effect when delivered in vivo in or into a cell line, such as, but not limited to a packaging cell line, to propagate therapeutic viral vectors.
- a variety of vectors are described. For example, one vector is used to deliver particular nucleic acid molecules into a packaging cell line for stable integration into a chromosome. These types of vectors are generally identified herein as complementing plasmids.
- a further type of vector described herein carries or delivers nucleic acid molecules in or into a cell line ⁇ e.g. , a packaging cell line) for the purpose of propagating therapeutic viral vectors; hence, these vectors are generally referred to herein as delivery plasmids.
- a third "type" of vector described herein is used to carry nucleic acid molecules encoding therapeutic proteins or polypeptides or regulatory proteins or are regulatory sequences to specific cells or cell types in a subject in need of treatment; these vectors are generally identified herein as therapeutic viral vectors or recombinant adenoviral vectors or viral Ad-derived vectors and are in the form of a virus particle encapsulating a viral nucleic acid containing an expression cassette for expressing the therapeutic gene.
- a DNA or nucleic acid homolog refers to a nucleic acid that includes a preselected conserved nucleotide sequence, such as a sequence encoding a therapeutic polypeptide.
- substantially homologous is meant having at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% homology therewith or a less percentage of homology or identity and conserved biological activity or function.
- homology and “identity” are often used interchangeably. In this regard, percent homology or identity may be determined, for example, by comparing sequence information using a GAP computer program. The GAP program utilizes the alignment method of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol.
- the GAP program defines similarity as the number of aligned symbols (i.e., nucleotides or amino acids) which are similar, divided by the total number of symbols in the shorter of the two sequences.
- the preferred default parameters for the GAP program may include: ( 1 ) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non-identities) and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov and Burgess, Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745 (1986), as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., ATLAS OF PROTEIN SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURE, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358
- nucleic acid molecules Whether any two nucleic acid molecules have nucleotide sequences that are at least 80%, 85 %, 90%, 95% , 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% "identical” can be determined using known computer algorithms such as the "FAST A” program, using for example, the default parameters as in Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1 988). Alternatively the BLAST function of the National Center for Biotechnology Information database may be used to determine identity
- sequences are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained. "Identity" per se has an art-recognized meaning and can be calculated using published techniques.
- identity is well known to skilled artisans (Carillo, H. & Lipton, D., SIAM J Applied Math 45:1073 (1988)). Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1 994, and Carillo, H. & Lipton, D., SI AM J Applied Math 48: 1073 (1 988). Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer programs.
- Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(l):387 (1 984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, S.F., et al., J Molec Biol 215:403 ( 1990)). Therefore, as used herein, the term "identity" represents a comparison between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. For example, a test polypeptide may be defined as any polypeptide that is 90% or more identical to a reference polypeptide.
- the term at least "90% identical to” refers to percent identities from 90 to 99.99 relative to the reference polypeptides. Identity at a level of 90% or more is indicative of the fact that, assuming for exemplification purposes a test and reference polynucleotide length of 100 amino acids are compared. No more than 10% (i.e., 10 out of 100) amino acids in the test polypeptide differs from that of the reference polypeptides. Similar comparisons may be made between a test and reference polynucleotides. Such differences may be represented as point mutations randomly distributed over the entire length of an amino acid sequence or they may be clustered in one or more locations of varying length up to the maximum allowable, e.g. 10/100 amino acid difference (approximately 90% identity). Differences are defined as nucleic acid or amino acid substitutions, or deletions.
- stringency conditions refer to the washing conditions for removing the non-specific probes and conditions that are equivalent to either high, medium, or low stringency as described below:
- genetic therapy involves the transfer of heterologous DNA to the certain cells, target cells, of a mammal, particularly a human, with a disorder or conditions for which such therapy is sought.
- the DNA is introduced into the selected target cells in a manner such that the heterologous DNA is expressed and a therapeutic product encoded thereby is produced.
- the heterologous DNA may in some manner mediate expression of DNA that encodes the therapeutic product, it may encode a product, such as a peptide or RNA that in some manner mediates, directly or indirectly, expression of a therapeutic product.
- Genetic therapy may also be used to nucleic acid encoding a gene product replace a defective gene or supplement a gene product produced by the mammal or the cell in which it is introduced.
- the introduced nucleic acid may encode a therapeutic compound, such as a growth factor inhibitor thereof, or a tumor necrosis factor or inhibitor thereof, such as a receptor therefor, that is not normally produced in the mammalian host or that is not produced in therapeutically effective amounts or at a therapeutically useful time.
- a therapeutic compound such as a growth factor inhibitor thereof, or a tumor necrosis factor or inhibitor thereof, such as a receptor therefor, that is not normally produced in the mammalian host or that is not produced in therapeutically effective amounts or at a therapeutically useful time.
- the heterologous DNA encoding the therapeutic product may be modified prior to introduction into the cells of the afflicted host in order to enhance or otherwise alter the product or expression thereof.
- heterologous DNA is DNA that encodes RNA and proteins that are not normally produced in vivo by the cell in which it is expressed or that mediates or encodes mediators that alter expression of endogenous DNA by affecting transcription, translation, or other regulatable biochemical processes.
- Heterologous DNA may also be referred to as foreign DNA. Any DNA that one of skill in the art would recognize or consider as heterologous or foreign to the cell in which is expressed is herein encompassed by heterologous DNA.
- heterologous DNA include, but are not limited to, DNA that encodes traceable marker proteins, such as a protein that confers drug resistance, DNA that encodes therapeutically effective substances, such as anti-cancer agents, enzymes and hormones, and DNA that encodes other types of proteins, such as antibodies.
- Antibodies that are encoded by heterologous DNA may be secreted or expressed on the surface of the cell in which the heterologous DNA has been introduced.
- heterologous DNA or foreign DNA refers to a DNA molecule not present in the exact orientation and position as the counterpart DNA molecule found in the corresponding wild-type adenovirus. It may also refer to a DNA molecule from another organism or species ⁇ i.e., exogenous) or from another Ad serotype.
- a therapeutically effective product is a product that is encoded by heterologous DNA that, upon introduction of the DNA into a host, a product is expressed that effectively ameliorates or eliminates the symptoms, manifestations of an inherited or acquired disease or that cures said disease.
- DNA encoding the desired heterologous DNA is cloned into a plasmid vector and introduced by routine methods, such as calcium-phosphate mediated DNA uptake (see, (1 981 ) Somat. Cell. Mol. Genet. 7:603-61 6) or microinjection, into producer cells, such as packaging cells. After amplification in producer cells, the vectors that contain the heterologous DNA are introduced into selected target cells.
- an expression or delivery vector refers to any plasmid or virus into which a foreign or heterologous DNA may be inserted for expression in a suitable host cell — i.e., the protein or polypeptide encoded by the DNA is synthesized in the host cell's system.
- Vectors capable of directing the expression of DNA segments (genes) encoding one or more proteins are referred to herein as "expression vectors.” Also included are vectors that allow cloning of cDNA (complementary DNA) from rnRNA produced using reverse transcriptase.
- a gene is a nucleic acid molecule whose nucleotide sequence encodes RNA or polypeptide.
- a gene can be either RNA or DNA.
- Genes may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exoris).
- tropism with reference to a adenovirus refers to the selective infect ⁇ vity or binding that is conferred on the particle by the fiber protein, particularly the C-terminus portion that comprises the knob.
- isolated with reference to a nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide or other biomolecule means that the nucleic acid or. polypeptide has separated from the genetic environment from which the polypeptide or nucleic acid were obtained. It may also mean altered from the natural state. For example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated,” but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is "isolated", as the term is employed herein. Thus, a polypeptide or polynucleotide produced and/or contained within a recombinant host cell is considered isolated.
- isolated polypeptide or an “isolated polynucleotide” are polypeptides or polynucleotides that have been purified, partially or substantially, from a recombinant host cell or from a native source.
- a recombinantly produced version of a compounds can be substantially purified by the one-step method described in Smith and Johnson, Gene 67:31 -40 (1 988). The terms isolated and purified are sometimes used interchangeably.
- isolated is meant that the nucleic is free of the coding sequences of those genes that, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism (if any) immediately flank the gene encoding the nucleic acid of interest.
- Isolated DNA may be single-stranded or double-stranded, and may be genomic DNA, cDNA, recombinant hybrid DNA, or synthetic DNA. It may be identical to a native DNA sequence, or may differ from such sequence by the deletion, addition, or substitution of one or more nucleotides.
- Isolated or purified as it refers to preparations made from biological cells or hosts means any cell extract containing the indicated DNA or protein including a crude extract of the DNA or protein of interest.
- a purified preparation can be obtained following an individual technique or a series of preparative or biochemical techniques and the DNA or protein of interest can be present at various degrees of purity in these preparations.
- the procedures may include for example, but are not limited to, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, ion exchange change chromatography, affinity chromatography, density gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis.
- a preparation of DNA or protein that is "substantially pure” or “isolated” should be understood to mean a preparation free from naturally occurring materials with which such DNA or protein is normally associated in nature.
- Essentially pure should be understood to mean a “highly” purified preparation that contains at least 95% of the DNA or protein of interest.
- a cell extract that contains the DNA or protein of interest should be understood to mean a homogenate preparation or cell-free preparation obtained from cells that express the protein or contain the DNA of interest.
- cell extract is intended to include culture media, especially spent culture media from which the cells have been removed.
- a packaging cell line is a cell line that provides a missing gene product or its equivalent.
- an adenovirus viral particle is the minimal structural or functional unit of a virus.
- a virus can refer to a single particle, a stock of particles or a viral genome.
- the adenovirus (Ad) particle is relatively complex and may be resolved into various substructures.
- penton or “penton complex” are preferentially used herein to designate a complex of penton base and fiber.
- the term “penton” may also be used to indicate penton base, as well as penton complex. The meaning of the term “penton” alone should be clear from the context within which it is used.
- a plasmid refers to an autonomous self-replicating extrachromosomal circular nucleic acid molecule, typically DNA.
- a post-transcription regulatory element is a regulatory element found in viral or cellular messenger RNA that is not spliced, i.e. intronless messages. Examples include, but are not limited to, human hepatitis virus, woodchuck hepatitis virus, the TK gene and mouse histone gene.
- the PRE may be placed before a polyA sequence and after a heterologous DNA sequence.
- pseudotyping describes the production of adenoviral vectors having modified capsrd protein or capsid proteins from a different serotype than the serotype of the vector itself.
- an adenovirus 5 vector particle containing an Ad37 fiber protein is the production of an adenovirus 5 vector particle containing an Ad37 fiber protein. This may be accomplished by producing the adenoviral vector in packaging cell lines expressing different fiber proteins.
- promoters of interest herein may be inducible or constitutive. Inducible promoters will initiate transcription only in the presence of an additional molecule; constitutive promoters do not require the presence of any additional molecule to regulate gene expression, a regulatable or inducible promoter may also be described as a promoter where the rate or extent of RNA polymerase binding and initiation is modulated by external stimuli. Such stimuli include, but are not limited to various compounds or compositions, light, heat, stress and chemical energy sources. Inducible, suppressible and repressible promoters are considered regulatable promoters. Preferred promoters herein, are promoters that are selectively expressed in ocular cells, particularly photoreceptor cells.
- receptor refers to a biologically active molecule that specifically binds to (or with) other molecules.
- receptor protein may be used to more specifically indicate the proteinaceous nature of a specific receptor.
- recombinant refers to any progeny formed as the result of genetic engineering. This may also be used to describe a virus formed by recombination of plasmids in a packaging cell.
- a transgene or therapeutic nucleic acid molecule includes
- RNA molecules encoding an RNA or polypeptide.
- Such molecules may be “native” or naturally-derived sequences; they may also be “non-native” or “foreign” that are naturally- or recombinantly-derived.
- the term "transgene,” which may be used interchangeably herein with the term “therapeutic nucleic acid molecule,” is often used to describe a heterologous or foreign (exogenous) gene that is carried by a viral vector and transduced into a host cell. Therefore, therapeutic nucleotide nucleic acid molecules include antisense sequences or nucleotide sequences which may be transcribed into antisense sequences.
- Therapeutic nucleotide sequences all include nucleic acid molecules that function to produce a desired effect in the cell or cell nucleus into which said therapeutic sequences are delivered.
- a therapeutic nucleic acid molecule can include a sequence of nucleotides that encodes a functional protein intended for delivery into a cell which is unable to produce that functional protein.
- a promoter region refers to the portion of DNA of a gene that controls transcription of the DNA to which it is operatively linked.
- the promoter region includes specific sequences of DNA that are sufficient for RNA polymerase recognition, binding and transcription initiation. This portion of the promoter region is referred to as the promoter.
- the promoter region includes sequences that modulate this recognition, binding and transcription initiation activity of the RNA polymerase. These sequences may be cis acting or may be responsive to trans acting factors. Promoters, depending upon the nature of the regulation, may be constitutive or regulated.
- operatively linked generally means the sequences or segments have been covalently joined into one piece of DNA, whether in single or double stranded form, whereby control sequences on one segment control expression or replication or other such control of other segments.
- the two segments are not necessarily contiguous.
- exogenous encompasses any therapeutic' composition that is administered by the therapeutic methods provided herein.
- exogenous may also be referred to herein as foreign, or non-native or other equivalent expression.
- antibody refers to an immunoglobulin, whether natural or partially or wholly synthetically produced, including any derivative thereof that retains the specific binding ability the antibody.
- antibody includes any protein having a binding domain that is homologous or substantially homologous to an immunoglobulin binding domain.
- Antibodies include members of any immunoglobulin claims, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE.
- antibody fragment refers to any derivative of an antibody that is " less then full length, retaining at least a portion of the full-length antibody's specific binding ability.
- antibody fragments include,but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F(ab) 2 , single-chain Fvs (scFV), FV, dsFV diabody and Fd fragments and other recombinant form of antibodies that retain or exhibit binding specificity.
- the fragment can include multiple chains linked together, such as by disulfide bridges.
- An antibody fragment generally contains at least about 50 amino acids and typically at least 200 amino acids.
- any fragment that retains specific binding for a crv integrin binding protein is contemplated. Such fragments may be produced by chemical or recombinant means.
- an Fv antibody fragment is composed of one variable heavy domain (V H ) and one variable light domain linked by noncovalent interactions.
- a dsFV refers to an Fv with an engineered intermolecular disulfide bond, which stabilizes the V H -V L pair.
- an F(ab) 2 fragment is an antibody fragment that results from digestion of an immunoglobulin with pepsin at pH 4.0-4.5; it may be recombinantly produced.
- the Fab portion is the entire light chain and amino acids 1 -229 of the DAV-1 heavy chain (SEQ ID Nos. 1 and -2).
- the Fab fragment is involved in antigen binding, with the exception of the first 1 9 amino acids which constitute the signal peptide sequence for secretion of the antibody.
- Fab fragments can be generated by digestion with papain.
- the Fab'2 portion is the Fab fragment and the hinge region, which connects the Fab antigen-binding portion with the Fc portion which is involved in complement activation and macrophage binding.
- Amino acids 230-242 of the DAV-1 heavy fragment constitute the hinge region of DAV-1.
- the Fab'2 fragments used in this manuscript that were generated by cloning comprise amino acids 1 -247 of the DAV-1 heavy chain sequence. Fab'2 fragments can be generated by digestion with pepsin.
- Fab fragments is an antibody fragment that results from digestion of an immunoglobulin with papain; it may be recombinantly produced.
- scFVs refer to antibody fragments that contain a variable light chain (V L ) and variable heavy chain (V H ) covalently connected by a polypeptide linker in any order.
- the linker is of a length such that the two variable domains are bridged without substantial interference.
- Preferred linkers are (Gly-Ser) n residues with some Glu or Lys residues dispersed throughout to increase solubility.
- diabodies are dimeric scFV; diabodies typically have shorter peptide linkers than scFvs, and they preferentially dimer ⁇ ze.
- humanized antibodies refer to antibodies that are modified to include "human" sequences of amino acids so that administration to a human will not provoke an immune response. Methods for preparation of such antibodies are known. For example, the hybridoma that expresses the monoclonal antibody is altered by recombinant DNA techniques to express an antibody in which the amino acid composition of the non-variable regions is based on human antibodies. Computer programs have been designed to identify such regions. For human therapy, humanized antibodies are preferred.
- production by recombinant means by using recombinant DNA methods means the use of the well known methods of molecular biology for expressing proteins encoded by cloned DNA, including cloning expression of genes and methods, such as gene shuffling and phage display with screening for desired specificities.
- conjugated refers stable attachment, such ionic or covalent attachment.
- composition refers to any mixture of two or more products or compounds. It may be a solution, a suspension, liquid, powder, a paste, aqueous, non-aqueous or any combination thereof. As used herein, a combination refers to any association between two or more items.
- fluid refers to any composition that can flow. Fluids thus encompass compositions that are in the form of semi-solids, pastes, solutions, aqueous mixtures, gels, lotions, creams and other such compositions.
- substantially identical to a product means sufficiently similar so that the property of interest is sufficiently unchanged so that the substantially identical product can be used in place of the product.
- Adenovirus attachment to cells is mediated by the elongated fiber, which mediates initial attachment of the virus to cell receptors.
- the fiber is a homotrimeric protein with an elongated central shaft domain that varies in length among different virus serotypes.
- the C terminus of the protein contains a globular domain known as the knob, which is responsible for receptor interaction.
- the N terminus anchors the protein to the virus surface via interaction with the penton base protein.
- CAR Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor
- Virions are capable of disrupting the early endosome allowing the majority of the virion particle to escape into the cytoplasm. Viral particles are then transported along microtubules to the nuclear pore complex and virion DNA is translocated into the nucleus.
- Ad internalization is complex process that is found herein to be similar in some respects to that described for cell invasion by certain pathogenic bacteria.
- Clustering of ⁇ v integrins results in the formation of a cytoplasmic signaling complex involving at least three major components (cSRC, CAS, PI3K).
- This signaling complex is capable of further activation of the Rho family of small GTPases (RAC, CDC42) whose activation ultimately results in the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and enhanced virus internalization.
- Adenovirus internalization via the clathrin-coated pit pathway requires activation of several signaling molecules including phospatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K; Li et al. (1 998) J. Virol. 72:2055-2061 ) and the Rho " family of small GTPases (Li et al. (1 998) J. Virol. 72:8806-881 2).
- the major downstream target of this signaling pathway is the actin cytoskeleton, which promotes virus uptake.
- PI3Ks The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3 kinases or PI3Ks) represent a ubiquitous family of heterodimeric lipid kinases that are found in association with the cytoplasmic domain of hormone and growth factor receptors and oncogene products.
- Phosphoinositide 3-OH-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a large family of enzymes capable of 3-phosphorylating at least one of the cellular phosphoinositides (Whitman et al. (1 988) Nature 332:644-646). 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides are found in all higher eukaryotic cells.
- PI3Ks act as downstream effectors of the above-noted receptors, are recruited upon receptor stimulation and mediate the activation of second messenger signaling pathways through the production of phosphorylated derivatives of inositol.
- PI3Ks have been implicated in many cellular activities including growth factor mediated cell transformation, mitogenesis, protein trafficking, cell survival and proliferation, DNA synthesis, apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, nitric oxide signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose transport.
- PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (Ptdlns) at the 3'-hydroxyl of the inositol ring and substrates include Ptdlns, Ptlns(4)phosphate Ptdlns(4,5)bi- sphosphate and Ptdlns(3,4,5) triphosphate; the major product is Ptdlns(3,4,5)tri- phosphate (see, e.g., Fry (1994) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1226: 237-268).
- Ptdlns(3,4,5)P3 phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate
- PI3K is a member of a family of lipid kinases that include a p85 regulatory subunit and a p1 10 catalytic subunit (Toker et al. , Nature, 387:673 (1 997)).
- the p85 subunit of PI3K binds directly to phosphorylated FAK (Chen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271 :26329 (1 996)).
- the products of PI3K activation, phosphatidylinositoI-3,4-biphosphate and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-tripbosphate are increased in the plasma membrane of activated but not quiescent cells and have been proposed to act as second messengers for a number of cell functions including cell motility, the Ras pathway, vesicle trafficking and secretion, apoptosis, the movement of organelle membranes, shape alteration through rearrangement of cytoskeletal actin, transformation, chemotaxis, cell cycle progression and intracellular protein trafficking (Carpenter et al. , Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.
- the phospholipid second messengers phosphatidylinositol-3,4-biphosphate and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate mediate the cell functions and processes by activation of protein kinase B and the small GTP-binding proteins Ras, Rho, Rac and CDC42 (Hall, Science, 279:509 ( 1 998); Karlund et al., Science 275:1 927 (1997); Tapon et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. , 9:86 (1995)).
- Rho Activation of Rho is associated with the formation of actin-associated stress fibers (Nobes et ai, Cell, 81 :53 (1995); Ridley et al.. Cell, 70:389 (1992)).
- actin-associated stress fibers Nobes et ai, Cell, 81 :53 (1995); Ridley et al.. Cell, 70:389 (1992).
- the polymerized actin filaments maintain the architecture of the surface protrusions. This actin assembly initiated by activation of PI3K plays an important role in a number of biological and/or pathogenic processes including directed cell migration (Zigmond, Curr. Biol.
- PI3K-mediated signalling pathway A number of stimulatory agonists activate the PI3K-mediated signalling pathway. Many of the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism are elicited through activation of PI3K (Shepherd et al. , Biochem. J., 333(3):471 (1 998)). IGF-1 , PDGF and EGF stimulate cell proliferation in astroglial cells through increased PI3K activity (Pomerance et al., J. Neurosci. Res., 40:737
- Insulin or IGF-1 induced membrane ruffling is mediated via activation of PI3K (Kotani et al., EMBO J., 1 3(10):231 3 (1 994)).
- PI3K-associated p85 associates with EGFR and PDGFR upon stimulation with EGF or PDGF, respectively (Hu et al. , Mol. Cell. Biol., 12:981 (1 992)).
- Fibronectin, insulin and PDGF stimulation of ILK are dependent on the activity of PI3K (Delcommenne et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 :1 1 21 1 (1998)).
- PI3K is also activated by internalins, which are bacterial surface proteins involved in bacterial invasion (Ireton et al., Science, 274:780 (1 996)).
- Adenovirus endocytosis also requires activation of PI3K (Li et al., J. Virol. 72:2055 (1998)).
- Adenovirus endocytosis is a multistep process beginning with its attachment to cells via the elongated fiber protein which the cell surface protein receptor known as CAR (Bergelson et ai, Science, 275:1320 (1997)). Secondary interactions of the virus penton base protein via their RGD motifs with ⁇ v integrins on the cell surface promotes virus internalization, via a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway, into clathrin-coated pits and endosomes.
- TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor ⁇
- IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- bifunctional molecules that are conjugates of an agent, such as an antibody or fragment thereof, that specifically binds to ⁇ v integrin-binding protein (referred to as component "P" herein) and an agent (referred to as TA) that targets moieties linked to the protein that specifically binds to the ⁇ v integrin-binding protein to cells that express surface receptors to which the targeting agent specifically binds.
- TA and P are joined directly, typically by covalent linkage, or are linked via a linker L.
- these conjugates are referred to as bifunctional molecules and include the following components: (TA) n , P m and L q , wherein n and m are integers of 1 or more, typically 1 or 2, and q is 0 or an integer of 1 or more. These components are selected such that the resulting molecules will bind to or interact with a protein on a viral particle or bacteria to form a complex and target the resulting complex to a cell surface protein that activates PI3K and that is recognized by the targeting agent such that the resulting complex is internalized. Where n and m are other than one, the resulting molecules are multifunctional, in such instances more than one TA and/or P moiety can be used, each may be the same or different.
- the components TA, P and L may be conjugated by covalent linkages, ionic linkages or any other bond resulting in attachment.
- the P and the targeting agent may be linked in any order and through any appropriate linkage, as long as the resulting conjugate binds to a receptor to which targeted binds and internalizes the complexed viral particles or bacterial cells in cells bearing the receptor.
- P is an antibody or fragment thereof that specifically binds to ⁇ v integrin binding proteins, such as the penton protein of adenovirus.
- P is preferably a monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof or synthetic antibody or recombinant protein that includes a sufficient portion of the antibody chains to specifically bind to a selected antigen.
- the antigen is one present in a protein on a viral particle or bacterial surface that mediates attachment of the viral particle of bacterium to ⁇ v integrins.
- the moiety (P) that binds to proteins that interact with ⁇ v integrins is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
- Proteins such as the penton protein of adenovirus, that interact with ⁇ v integrins to facilitate internalization of viral particles and bacteria occur on viral particles and bacterial cells surfaces.
- Antibodies specific therefor can be made by standard methods, such as using hybridoma technology or by making recombinant antibodies or fragments thereof and screening, such as through phage display technology, for binding to the viral or bacterial surface protein.
- the antibody or fragment thereof or recombinant version thereof is then modified to include a targeting agent, such as a growth factor or hormone or otherprotein that binds to receptors that activate the PI3K signaling pathway.
- a targeting agent such as a growth factor or hormone or otherprotein that binds to receptors that activate the PI3K signaling pathway.
- the resulting bifunctional molecule specifically binds to a viral or bacterial surface protein, such as penton, and also will specifically bind to a selected targeted cell that expresses the targeted receptors.
- the targeting agents are those that are ligands, including hormones, growth factors and cytokines, that specifically bind to and activate receptors that activate the PI3K signaling pathway. Hence the targeting agent is chosen to bind to receptors. Selecting targeted receptors can be those that are overexpressed in a particular disorder, such as an angiogenic disorder, including cancers, and inflammatory disorders. PI3K activity in cells of hematopoietic lineage, particularly neutrophils, monocytes, and other types of leukocytes, is involved in many of the non-memory immune responses associated with acute and chronic inflammation.
- Receptors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase receptors which, when activated, result in increased accumulation of Ptdlns(3,4,5)P3, such as the PDGF receptor, the EGF receptor, members of the FGF receptor family, the CSF-1 receptor, the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, the SCF (stem cell factor) receptor, a TNF receptor, such as a TNF- ⁇ receptor, and the NGF receptor; receptors associated with the src family non-receptor tyrosine kinases that stimulate Ptdlns(3,4,5)P3 accumulation, such as the II-2 receptor, II-3 receptor, mlgM receptor, the CD4 receptor, the CD2 receptor, and the CD3/T cell receptor.
- Ptdlns(3,4,5)P3 such as the PDGF receptor, the EGF receptor, members of the FGF receptor family, the CSF-1 receptor, the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, the SCF (stem cell factor) receptor
- receptors such as the cytokine II-4 receptor and the G protein linked thrombin receptor, ATP receptor, and the fMLP receptor, that stimulate the activity of a PI3K, resulting in subsequent Ptdlns (3,4,5)P3 accumulation are contemplated herein.
- the targeting agents are selected to bind to such cell surface proteins, which must then facilitate internalization of the targeting agent and anything linked thereto.
- the resulting conjugates provided can be used to delivery genes and products to cells that express such receptors.
- this provides a means to specif ⁇ cally target genes and products to a wide array of cells and in a wide variety of organisms, including plants as well as animals, for effecting genetic therapy and/or delivering products to cells involved in a wide array of disorders and conditions.
- bifunctional molecules can be prepared by recombinant and/or chemical methods.
- Bifunctional molecules can be fusion proteins that can be prepared using standard recombinant methods.
- Bifunctional molecules can be prepared using heterobifunctional reagents and linkers or other suitable chemical conjugation agents. Preparation of bifunctional molecules is exemplified herein, and the exemplified methods can be adapted for preparation of any desired bifunctional molecules. Plasmids and host cells for expression of constructs encoding bifunctional molecules
- Nucleic acid encoding the selected "P" moiety such as antibody, generally a heavy chain or portion thereof, is inserted into a suitable vector and expressed in a suitable prokaryotic or eukaryotic host.
- the light chain can be inserted into another plasmid for expression.
- suitable hosts and vectors are known and available to those of skill in this art and may be purchased commercially or constructed according to published protocols using well known and available starting materials.
- Suitable eukaryotic host cells include insect cells, yeast cells, and animal cells. Insect cells and bacterial host cells are presently preferred.
- Suitable prokaryotic host cells include E. coli, strains of Bacillus and Streptomyces. For purposes herein, baculovirus expression systems are preferred.
- the DNA construct is introduced into a plasmid suitable for expression in the selected host.
- the sequences of nucleotides in the plasmids that are regulatory regions, such as promoters and operators, are operationally associated with one another for transcription.
- the sequence of nucleotides encoding the crv integrin binding protein (designated P) can also include DNA encoding a secretion signal, whereby the resulting peptide is a precursor protein.
- Secretion signals suitable for use are widely available and are well known in the art. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic secretion signals functional in E ⁇ coli, may be employed.
- the presently preferred secretion signals include, but are not limited to, those encoded by the following E ⁇ coli genes: ompA, ompT, ompF, ompC, beta- lactamase, pelB and bacterial alkaline phosphatase, and the like (von Heijne (1 985) J. Mol. Biol. 1 84:99-105).
- the bacterial pelB gene secretion signal (Lei et aL (1 987) J. Bacteriol. 1 69:4379), the phoA secretion signal, and the cek2 secretion signal, functional in insect cells, may be employed.
- the most preferred secretion signal for bacterial expression is the J coli ompA secretion signal.
- the signals from secreted proteins are of interest herein.
- Other prokaryotic and eukaryotic secretion signals known to those of skill in the art may also be employed (see, e.g., von Heijne (1985) J. Mol. Biol. 184:99-105).
- one of skill in the art can substitute secretion signals that are functional in either yeast, insect or mammalian cells to secrete the heterologous protein from those cells.
- the resulting processed protein may be recovered from the periplasmic space or the fermentation medium or growth medium.
- the plasmids can include a selectable marker gene or genes that are functional in the host.
- a selectable marker gene includes any gene that confers a phenotype on bacteria that allows transformed bacterial cells to be identified and selectively grown from among a vast majority of untransformed cells.
- Suitable selectable marker genes for bacterial hosts include the ampicillin resistance gene (Amp r ), tetracycline resistance gene (Tc r ) and the kanamycin resistance gene (Kan'). The kanamycin resistance gene is presently preferred.
- the plasmids used herein preferably include a promoter in operable association with the DNA encoding the protein or polypeptide of interest and are designed for expression of proteins in a bacterial host. It has been found that tightly regulatable promoters are preferred for expression of saporin. Suitable promoters for expression of proteins and polypeptides herein are widely available and are well known in the art. For expression of the proteins such promoters are inserted in a plasmid in operative linkage with a control region such as the lac operon. Preferred promoter regions are those that are inducible and functional in E coli or early genes in vectors of viral origin. Examples of suitable inducible promoters and promoter regions include, but are not limited to: the E.
- TAC promoter examples include, but are not limited to, the T7 phage promoter and other T7-like phage promoters, such as the T3, T5 and SP6 promoters, the trp, Ipp, and lac promoters, such as the lacUV5, from E. coli; the P10 or polyhedrin gene promoter of baculovirus/insect cell expression systems (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,243,041 , 5,242,687, 5,266,31 7, 4,745,051 , and 5, 1 69,784) and inducible promoters from other eukaryotic expression systems.
- Particularly preferred plasmids for transformation of E. coli cells include the pET expression vectors (see, U.S patent 4,952,496; available from
- Such plasmids include pET 1 1 a, which contains the T7lac promoter, T7 terminator, the inducible E ⁇ coli lac operator, and the lac repressor gene; pET 1 2a-c, which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, and the E. coli ompT secretion signal; and pET 1 5b (NOVAGEN, Madison, WI), which contains a His-TagTM leader sequence (Seq. ID NO. 23) for use in purification with a His column and a thrombin cleavage site that permits cleavage following purification over the column; the T7-lac promoter region and the T7 terminator.
- pET 1 1 a which contains the T7lac promoter, T7 terminator, the inducible E ⁇ coli lac operator, and the lac repressor gene
- pET 1 2a-c which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, and the E. coli ompT secretion signal
- plasmids include the pKK plasmids, particularly pKK 223- 3 (available from Pharmacia; see also, Brosius et aL. (1 984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81 :6929; Ausubel et a , Current Protocols in Molecuiar Biology; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,122,463, 5,173,403, 5,1 87,153, 5,204,254, 5,212,058, 5,21 2,286, 5,21 5,907, 5,220,01 3, 5,223,483, and 5,229,279), which contain the TAG promoter.
- Plasmid pKK has been modified by insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette with EcoRI sticky ends (purchased from Pharmacia; obtained from pUC4K, see, e.g., Vieira et aL (1982) Gene 1_9:259-268; and U.S. Patent No. 4,71 9,1 79) into the amp ⁇ cillin resistance marker gene.
- kits for expressing the pP L -lambda inducible expression vector and the tac promoter vector pDR450 see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,281 ,525, 5,262,309, 5,240,831 , 5,231 ,008, 5,227,469, 5,227,293, ; available from Pharmacia P.L. Biochemicals, see; also Mott, et aL (1 985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:88: and De Boer et al. (1 983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- baculovirus vectors such as a pBlueBac vector (also called pJVETL and derivatives thereof; see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,278,050, 5,244,805, 5,243,041 , 5,242,687, 5,266,317, 4,745,051 , and 5, 1 69,784), including pBlueBac III.
- pBlueBac vector also called pJVETL and derivatives thereof; see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,278,050, 5,244,805, 5,243,041 , 5,242,687, 5,266,317, 4,745,051 , and 5, 1 69,784
- Other plasmids include the plN-lllompA plasmids (see, U.S. Patent No.
- plN-lllompA2 examples include an insertion site for heterologous DNA linked in transcriptional reading frame with functional fragments derived from the Iipoprotein gene of coli.
- the plasmids also include a DNA fragment coding for the signal peptide of the ompA protein of J . coli, positioned such that the desired polypeptide is expressed with the ompA signal peptide at its amino terminus, thereby allowing efficient secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane.
- the plasmids further include DNA encoding a specific segment of the JE coli lac promoter-operator, which is positioned in the proper orientation for transcriptional expression of the desired polypeptide, as well as a separate functional E ⁇ coli lacl gene encoding the associated repressor molecule that, in the absence of lac operon inducer, interacts with the lac promoter-operator to prevent transcription therefrom.
- Expression of the desired polypeptide is under the control of the Iipoprotein (Ipp) promoter and the lac promoter-operator, although transcription from either promoter is normally blocked by the repressor molecule.
- the repressor is selectively inactivated by means of an ind ⁇ cer molecule thereby inducing transcriptional expression of the desired polypeptide from both promoters.
- the repressor protein may be encoded by the plasmid containing the construct or a second plasmid that contains a gene encoding for a repressor- protein.
- the repressor-protein is capable of repressing the transcription of a promoter that contains sequences of nucleotides to which the repressor-protein binds.
- the promoter can be derepressed by altering the physiological conditions of the cell. The alteration can be accomplished by the addition to the growth medium of a molecule that inhibits, for example, the ability to interact with the operator or with regulatory proteins or other regions of the DNA or by altering the temperature of the growth media.
- Preferred repressor-proteins include, but are not limited to the E.
- the constructs also include a transcription terminator sequence.
- the promoter regions and transcription terminators are each independently selected from the same or different genes.
- the DNA fragment is replicated in bacterial cells, preferably in E. coli.
- the DNA fragment also typically includes a bacterial origin of replication, to ensure the maintenance of the DNA fragment from generation to generation of the bacteria. In this way, large quantities of the DNA fragment can be produced by replication in bacteria.
- Preferred bacterial origins of replication include, but are not limited to, the f1 -ori and col E1 origins of replication.
- Preferred bacterial hosts contain chromosomal copies of DNA encoding T7 RNA polymerase operably linked to an inducible promoter, such as the lacUV promoter (see, U.S. Patent No. 4,952,496).
- Such hosts include, but are not limited to, lysogenic E. coli strains HMS174(DE3)pLysS, BL21 (DE3)pLysS, HMS174(DE3) and BL2KDE3). Strain BL21 (DE3) is preferred.
- the pLys strains provide low levels of T7 lysozyme, a natural inhibitor of T7 RNA polymerase.
- Preferred eukaryotic host are the insect cells Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9 cells; see, e.g., Luckow et a (1988) Bio/technology 6:47-55 and U.S. Patent No. 4,745,051 ).
- baculovirus vectors such as a plZ (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,278,050, 5,244,805, 5,243,041 , 5,242,687, 5,266,31 7, 4,745,051 , and 5, 1 69,784; available from INVITROGEN, San Diego) may also be used for expression of the polypeptides.
- the pBIueBaclll vector is a dual promoter vector and provides for the selection of recombinants by blue/white screening as this plasmid contains the ⁇ - galactosidase gene (lacZ) under the control of the insect recognizable ETL promoter and is inducible with IPTG.
- a DNA construct is introduced into a baculovirus vector pBIuebac III (INVITROGEN, San Diego, CA) and then co- transfected with wildtype virus into insect cells Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9 cells; see, e.g., Luckow et a (1 988) Bio/technology 6:47-55 and U.S. Patent No. 4,745,051 ).
- baculovirus vectors such as pPbac and pMbac (available from Stratagene, San Diego, CA, see, also Lernhardt et a ( 1 993) Strategies 6:20-21 , and the Stratagene Catalog page 21 8), which contain the human alkaline phosphatase (see, e.g.. Bailey et aL (1 989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
- Insertion of genes into the Smal/BamHI sites of these vectors results in fusion proteins that are directed into the insect cell secretory pathway, which processes the pro-polypeptide so that mature peptide or fusion protein is secreted into the growth medium.
- Other heterologous signal sequences such as the insulin signal sequence (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,431 ,746 for DNA encoding the signal sequence), the growth hormone signal sequence, mammalian alkaline phosphatase, the ellitin signal sequence and others that are processed by insect cells are used.
- constructs provided herein have can be inserted into the baculovirus vector sold commercially under the name pBLUEBACIII (INVITROGEN, San Diego CA; see the INVITROGEN CATALOG; see, Vialard et aL (1 990) J. Virol. 64:37; see also, U.S. Patent No. 5,270,458; U.S. Patent No. 5,243,041 ; and published International PCT Application WO 93/10139, which is based on U.S. patent application Serial No. 07/792,600.
- the pBIueBaclll vector is a dual promoter vector and provides for the selection of recombinants by blue/white screening as this plasmid contains the jff-galactosidase gene (lacZ) under the control of the insect recognizable ETL promoter and is inducible with IPTG.
- lacZ jff-galactosidase gene
- the construct of interest is inserted into this vector under control of the polyhedrin promoter.
- the DNA is then cotransfected, such as by Ca(PO 4 ) 2 or calcium phosphate transfection or liposomes, into Spodoptera frugiperda cells (sf9 cells) with wildtype baculovirus and grown in tissue culture flasks or in suspension cultures.
- Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that are present in the Fab fragment can be varied by random mutagenesis (creation of "synthetic antibody libraries") or by other methods.
- a phagemid vector such as pComblll, designed to express the heavy chain antibody fragment as an N-terminal fusion with the pill phage coat protein domain (Barbas et al. (1991 ) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:7978) can be used for heterodimeric expression of the library of Fab antibody fragments (or Fab'2 antibody fragments) on the surface of phage, using bacteria.
- the DAV-1 heavy chain fused to the growth factor or a portion of the growth factor involved in binding to its receptor may be used to form the phage display library, and the library may then be "panned" for bifunctional antibodies that bind with high specificity to both the adenoviral surface protein and to the growth factor/cytokine receptor.
- Linkers and chemical conjugation For fusion protein the linkers are peptides; for chemically conjugated molecules the linkers may be other moieties.
- a combinations of chemically conjugated molecules and recombinantly produced portions, such as recombinantly produced antibodies or fragments or other antigen binding molecules may be combined and chemically fused to targeting agents, such as a growth factor or hormone.
- linker is selected such that it does not interfere with the activity of the targeted agent upon interaction of the conjugate with a cell surface protein. Any appropriate linker known to those of skill in this art may be used.
- the linker may be selected to improve activity by permitting the targeted agent to complex with the viral or bacterial vector.
- the linker is selected to increase the specificity, toxicity, solubility, serum stability, and/or intracellular availability targeted moiety.
- several linkers may be included in order to take advantage of desired properties of each linker. Flexible linkers and linkers that increase solubility of the conjugates are contemplated for use, either alone or with other linkers are contemplated herein.
- Linkers that are suitable for chemically linking conjugates include, but are not limited to, disulfide bonds, thioether bonds, hindered disulfide bonds, esters, and covalent bonds between free reactive groups, such as amine and thiol groups. These bonds are produced using heterobifunctional reagents to produce reactive thiol groups on one or both of the polypeptides and then reacting the thiol groups on one polypeptide with reactive thiol groups or amine groups on the other.
- linkers include, but are not limited to: acid cleavable linkers, such as bismaleimidoethoxy propane; acid labile-transferrin conjugates and adipic acid dihydrazide that are cleaved in more acidic environments; photocleavable cross linkers that are cleaved by visible or UV light.
- Linkers that are suitable for chemically linked conjugates include, but are not limited to: disulfide bonds; thioether bonds; hindered disulfide bonds; and covalent bonds between free reactive groups, such as amine and thiol groups.
- bonds are produced using heterobifunctional reagents to produce reactive thiol groups on one or both of the polypeptides and then reacting the thiol groups on one polypeptide with reactive thiol groups or amine groups to which reactive maleimido groups or thiol groups can be attached on the other.
- linkers include, acid cleavable linkers, such as bismaleimidoethoxy propane, acid labile-transferrin conjugates and adipic acid dihydrazide, that would be cleaved in more acidic intracellular compartments; cross linkers that are cleaved upon exposure to UV or visible light; and linkers, such as the various domains, such as C H 1 , C H 2, and C H 3, from the constant region of human IgG, (see, Batra et al. (1993) Molecular Immunol. 30:379-386). In some embodiments, several linkers may be included in order to take advantage of desired properties of each linker.
- acid cleavable linkers such as bismaleimidoethoxy propane, acid labile-transferrin conjugates and adipic acid dihydrazide, that would be cleaved in more acidic intracellular compartments
- cross linkers that are cleaved upon exposure to UV or visible light
- linkers such as
- Chemical linkers and peptide linkers may be inserted by covalently coupling the linker to the TA and the P portion (the ⁇ v integrin protein binding portion, such as an antibody).
- the heterobifunctional agents, described below, may be used to effect such covalent coupling.
- Peptide linkers may also be linked by expressing DNA encoding the linker and TA, linker and P, or linker, targeted agent and TA as a fusion protein.
- reagents include, but are not limited to: N-succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP; disulfide linker); sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3-(2- pyridyldithio)propionamido]hexanoate (sulfo-LC-SPDP); succinimidyloxycarbonyl- ⁇ -methyl benzyl thi ⁇ sulfate (SMBT, hindered disulfate linker); succinimidyl 6-[3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionamidolhexanoate (LC-SPDP); sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyI)cyclohexane-1 -carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC); succinimidyl 3-(2- pyridyldithio)butyrate (SPDB; hindered disul
- Acid cleavable linkers, photocleavable and heat sensitive linkers may also be used, particularly where it may be necessary to cleave the targeted agent to permit it to be more readily accessible to reaction.
- Acid cleavable linkers include, but are not limited to, bismaleimidoethoxy propane; and adipic acid dihydrazide linkers (see, e.g., Fattom et al. (1992) Infection & Immun. 60:584-589) and acid labile transferrin conjugates that contain a sufficient portion of transferrin to permit entry into the intracellular transferrin cycling pathway (see, e.g., Welh ⁇ ner et aL (1 991 ) J. Biol. Chem. 266:4309-4314).
- Photocleavable linkers are linkers that are cleaved upon exposure to light (see, e.g., Goldmacher et aL (1992) Bioconj. Chem. 3:104-107, which, linkers are herein incorporated by reference), thereby releasing the targeting agent from the bifunctional molecule and the complex upon exposure to light.
- Photocleavable linkers that are cleaved upon exposure to light are known (see, e.g., Hazum et aL (1981 ) in Pept.. Proc. Eur. Pept. Svmp.. 16th, Brunfeldt, K (Ed), pp.
- Photobiol 42:231 -237 which describes nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl chloride cross linking reagents that produce photocleavable linkages), thereby releasing the targeted agent upon exposure to light.
- linkers would have particular use in treating dermatological or ophthalmic conditions that can be exposed to light using fiber optics. After administration of the conjugate, the eye or skin or other body part can be exposed to light, resulting in release of the targeted moiety from the conjugate.
- Such photocleavable linkers are useful in connection with diagnostic protocols in which it is desirable to remove the targeting agent to permit rapid clearance from the body of the animal.
- the complexes between the bifunctional molecules and vectors can be prepared by incubating the vectors and bifunctional molecules under suitable conditions to effect formation of the complexes.
- Exemplary of the embodiments contemplated herein are bifunctional molecules formed by linkage of a targeting agent, such as a growth factor known to bind to receptors that activate PI3K, to an antibody or antigen- binding portion thereof, that specifically binds to the penton protein of a variety of adenovirus serotypes. It is understood that these embodiments are exemplary and that any antibody that binds to a protein on a viral particle or bacterial cell or other- moiety intended for delivery into a cell, can be used to specifically target such moieties to cells by virtue of interaction of the targeting agent with cell surface receptors.
- adenovirus particles and the penton protein thereof that is responsible for interaction with ⁇ v integrins, which promote viral internalization.
- a penton base monoclonal antibody, DAV-1 which recognizes the integrin binding site on adenovirus particle types 2/5 (Stewart et al. (1 997) EMBO J. 16:1 1 89-1 1 98; EXAMPLE 1 ), binds to the penton base with high affinity but does not inhibit virus infection is re-engineered herein (see, EXAMPLE 1 ).
- Nucleic acid encoding the DAV-1 heavy chain (see, e.g., SEQ ID Nos. 5) has been fused with one of several different cytokines/growth factors known to activate PI3K and the encoded fusion proteins are co-expressed in insect cells with the DAV-1 light chain. The resulting bifunctional molecules retain immunoreactivity and cytokine function.
- bifunctional molecules have been complexed with adenovirus and shown to provide increased gene delivery to cells lacking ⁇ v integrins, as well as cells expressing ⁇ v integrins, evidencing PI3K activation. Complexing with the bifunctional molecule also allows gene delivery by a fiberiess Ad vector that lacks the ability to bind CAR (see, EXAMPLES 5 and 6). a. Analysis of bifunctional signaling antibodies
- DAV-1 bifunctional signaling antibodies designated DT (DAV-1 fused to TNF- ⁇ ), Dl (DAV-1 fused to IGF-1 ), and DE (DAV-1 fused to EGF), were expressed in insect cells as secreted proteins and purified on Protein L affinity columns.
- the DT heavy chain (D H T) had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa, consistent with the combined sizes of the DAV-1 y heavy chain (53 kDa) and monomeric TNF- ⁇ ligand (17 kDA).
- the apparent molecular weight of the K light chains of DAV-1 (D L ) was identical to that of the recombinant DT molecule (approx. 25 kDa). Western blot analyses showed that the.
- DAV-1 mAb (D) and the DT molecules) were recognized by an anti-mouse IgG antibody, while only the DT molecule was recognized by an anti-TNF- ⁇ polyclonal antibody.
- DT molecules were capable of binding to immobilized penton base or Ad particles in an ELISA and elicited cytotoxicity against a TNF- ⁇ sensitive cell line,
- Bifunctional molecules promote Ad-mediated gene delivery to cells lacking crv integrins
- a first generation adenovirus vector containing a RSV-driven LacZ reporter gene with DT was preincubated at a ratio of 2 antibody molecules per
- Ad-DT binding to cells is mediated by CAR-fiber interaction as well as TNF- ⁇ - receptor association.
- DT molecules potentiate internalization of 125 l-Iabeled virus particles as measured by resistance to trypsin digestion.
- M21 -L1 2 cells support relatively low levels of adenovirus internalization.
- DT molecules significantly increased the rate and extent of adenovirus internalization into these cells. Together, these findings indicate that DT molecules enhance gene delivery by promoting virus binding as well as virus internalization. e. DT enhancement of gene delivery is associated with PI3K activation Efficient Ad internalization via ⁇ v integrins requires activation of PI3K, a key cellular signaling molecule. M21 -L1 2 cells were treated with PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin or LY292004 prior to virus infection to show that DT enhancement of gene delivery also involves PI3K,. Wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited Ad-mediated gene delivery by approximately 70% and 50%, respectively, indicating that PI3K activity plays a major role in DT enhancement of gene delivery.
- Fiberiess adenovirus vectors that cannot bind to CAR have been constructed (see, e.g., copending U.S. application Serial No. 09/482,682 and U.S. application Serial No. 09/562,934; see, also Von Seggern et al. (1 999)
- Fiberiess particles alone showed almost no transgene delivery to SW480 epithelial ceils, even though these cells express both CAR and integrin ⁇ v ⁇ 5 (Von Seggern et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73:1 601 -1 608).
- DT molecules enhanced gene delivery of fiberiess viruses. Fiberiess particles complexed with DT or Dl molecules exhibited increased gene delivery approximately 1 0-1 5, 3 and 5 fold, respectively, compared to the uncomplexed fiberiess particles.
- fiberiess adenoviral vectors for gene therapy is desirable because it is then possible to restrict viral tropism to selected cell types by adopting a specific targeting strategy and abrogating the interaction between the viral fiber protein and the CAR receptors.
- Summary of results It is demonstrated herein that Ad vectors complexed with bifunctional molecules significantly increased gene delivery to human melanoma cells lacking ⁇ v integrins and was associated with both increased virus binding and internalization compared to Ad vectors without such bifuctional molecules.
- PI3K activation plays a key role in this process as a significant reduction in delivery following treatment of cells with pharmacologic inhibitors of PI3K was observed.
- bifunctional molecules displaying distinct growth factor ligands each of which is known to activate PI3K, also enhanced gene delivery.
- the variability in gene delivery by different bifunctional molecules is most likely to be due to differences in the expression of growth factor/cytokine receptors on different cell types or to the extent of PI3K activation induced by each ligand.
- Achieving gene delivery to specific cell types has been hampered by the fiber receptor (CAR), which is expressed on multiple cell types.
- CAR fiber receptor
- a fiberiess adenovirus vector was retargeted with bifunctional molecules.
- Significant enhancement of gene delivery by a fiberiess adenovirus complexed with several different bifunctional molecules was detected.
- the PI3K-dependent signaling pathway should be useful for increasing the uptake of other viral vectors.
- adeno-associated virus AAV
- AAV adeno-associated virus
- integrins and/or PI3K activation for host cell invasion indicates that targeting of PI3K-dependent signaling pathways can also be used as a general scheme for potentiating cell entry of nonviral vectors.
- the exemplified methods and bifunctional molecules can be adapted for use for potentiating entry of other viral vectors and bacterial vectors that use the PI3K- dependent signaling pathways for internalization.
- any desired recombinant adenovirus is contemplated for use in the methods herein as long as the viral genome is packaged in a capsid that includes at least the portion of a fiber protein that provides selective binding to photoreceptor cells.
- This fiber protein is preferably from an adenovirus type D serotype and is preferably an Ad37 fiber.
- the fiber protein should retain the knob region at the C-terminus ("head domain") from the Ad type D virus that contains the type-specific antigen and is responsible for binding to the cell surface receptor.
- the fiber protein can be a chimeric fiber protein as long as it retains a sufficient portion of the type D serotype to specifically bind to photoreceptor cells. Generally the portion retained will be all or a portion of the knob region.
- knob region can be determined empirically by including portions thereof and identifying the minimum residues from and Ad type D serotype, preferably Ad37, to effect selective targeting of a virion packaged with such fiber to photoreceptors in the eye upon introduction of the packaged virion into the aqueous humor.
- Recombinant adenovirus containing heterologous nucleic acids that encode a desired product, such a gene to correct a genetic defect may be made by any methods known to those of skill in the art.
- the viruses are packaged in a suitable cell line.
- Adenoviridae includes many members with at least 51 known serotypes of human adenovirus (Ad1 -Ad47) (Shenk, Virology, Chapter 67, in Fields et al., eds. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1 996,) as well as members of the genus Mastadenovirus including human, simian, bovine, equine, porcine, ovine, canine and opossum viruses, and members of the Aviadenovirus genus, including bird viruses, e.g. CELO.
- the methods herein can be applied to any recombinant viral vectors derived from any adenovirus species.
- adenoviruses see, e.g., Shenk, Virology, Chapter 67, in Fields et ai, eds. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1 996,) and can construct recombinant viruses containing portions of the genome of any such virus.
- the methods herein may also be adapted for use with any delivery vehicle that internalizes via receptors that use the PI3K signalling pathway, particularly that employ ⁇ v integrins in the process. 2.
- Recombinant adenoviral vectors generally have at least a deletion in the first viral early gene region, referred to as E1 , which includes the E1 a and E1 b regions. Deletion of the viral E1 region renders the recombinant adenovirus defective for replication and incapable of producing infectious viral particles in subsequently-infected target cells.
- E1 complementation is typically provided by a cell line expressing E1 , such as the human embryonic kidney packaging cell line, i.e. an epithelial cell line, called 293.
- Cell line 293 contains the E1 region of adenovirus, which provides E1 gene region products to "support" the growth of E1 -deleted virus in the cell line (see, e.g., Graham et ai, J. Gen. Virol. 36: 59-71 , 1977). Additionally, cell lines that may be usable for production of defective adenovirus having a portion of the adenovirus E4 region have been reported (WO 96/22378). Multiply deficient adenoviral vectors and complementing cell lines have also been described (WO 95/34671 , U.S. Patent No. 5,994,106).
- Copending U.S. application Serial No. 09/482,682 (also filed as International PCT application No. PCT/USOO/00265, filed January 14, 2000)) provides packaging cell lines that support viral vectors with deletions of major portions of the viral genome, without the need for helper viruses and also provides cell lines and helper viruses for use with helper-dependent vectors.
- the copending application provides a packaging cell line that has heterologous DNA stably integrated into the chromosomes of the cellular genome.
- the heterologous DNA sequence encodes one or more adenovirus regulatory and/or structural polypeptides that complement the genes deleted or mutated in the adenovirus vector genome to be replicated and packaged.
- the packaging cell line expresses, for example, one or more adenovirus structural proteins, polypeptides, or fragments thereof, such as penton base, hexon, fiber, polypeptide Ilia, polypeptide V, polypeptide VI, polypeptide VII, polypeptide VIII, and biologically active fragments thereof.
- the expression can be constitutive or under the control of a regulatable promoter.
- These cell lines are particularly designed for expression of recombinant adenoviruses intended for delivery of therapeutic products.
- Particular packaging cell lines complement viral vectors having a deletion or mutation of a DNA sequence encoding an adenovirus structural protein, regulatory polypeptides E1A and E1 B, and/or one or more of the following regulatory proteins or polypeptides: E2A, E2B, E3, E4, L4, or fragments thereof.
- the packaging cell lines are produced by introducing each DNA molecule into the cells and then into the genome via a separate complementing plasmid or plurality of DNA molecules encoding the complementing proteins can be introduced via a single complementing plasmid.
- the delivery plasmid further includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a foreign polypeptide.
- Exemplary delivery plasmids is pDV44, pE1 B gal and pE1 sp1 B. In a similar or analogous manner, therapeutic genes may be introduced.
- the cell further includes a complementing plasmid encoding a fiber as contemplated herein; the plasmid or portion thereof is integrated into a chromosome(s) of the cellular genome of the cell.
- a composition comprises a cell containing first and second delivery plasmids wherein a first delivery plasmid comprises an adenovirus genome lacking a nucleotide sequence encoding fiber and incapable of directing the packaging of new viral particles in the absence of a second delivery plasmid, and a second delivery plasmid comprises an adenoviral genome capable of directing the packaging of new viral particles in the presence of the first delivery plasmid.
- the packaging cell line can be derived from a procaryotic cell line or from a eukaryotic cell line. While various embodiments suggest the use of mammalian cells, and more particularly, epithelial cell lines, a variety of other, non-epithelial cell lines are used in various embodiments.
- a recombinant viral vector or therapeutic viral vector for use in the methods herein typically includes a nucleic acid fragment that encodes a protein or polypeptide molecule, or a biologically active fragment thereof, or other regulatory sequence, that is intended for use for therapeutic applications.
- the nucleic acid molecule to be packaged in the viral particle also may include an enhancer element and/or a promoter located 3' or 5' to and controlling the expression of the therapeutic product-encoding nucleic acid moleucle if the product is a protein.
- the promoter and/or other transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences controlling expression of the product is preferably one that is expressed specifically in the targeted cells, such as the a photoreceptor-specific promoter, such as a rhodopsin gene promoter.
- the nucleic acid molecule to be packaged in viral capsid includes at least 2 different operatively linked DNA segments.
- the DNA can be manipulated and amplified by PCR as described herein and by using standard techniques, such as those described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Sambrook et ai, eds., Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1989).
- the sequence encoding the selected polypeptide and the promoter or enhancer are operatively linked to a DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication in a cell either in vivo or in vitro.
- the enhancer element or promoter and nucleic acid molecule By operatively linking the enhancer element or promoter and nucleic acid molecule to the vector, the attached segments are replicated along with the vector sequences.
- the recombinant DNA molecule is a hybrid DNA molecule comprising at least 2 nucleotide sequences not normally found together in nature.
- one of the sequences is a sequence encoding an Ad-derived polypeptide, protein, or fragment thereof.
- the nucleic acid molecule intended to be packaged is from about 20 base pairs to about 40,000 base pairs in length, preferably about 50 bp to about 38,000 bp in length.
- the nucleic acid molecule is of sufficient length to encode one or more adenovirus proteins or functional polypeptide portions thereof.
- Ad polypeptides vary in length from about 1 9 amino acid residues to about 967 amino acid residues, encoding nucleic acid molecules from about 50 bp up to about 3000 bp, depending on the number and size of individual polypeptide-encoding sequences that are "replaced" in the viral vectors by therapeutic product-encoding nucleic acid molecules.
- the molecule includes an adenovirus tripartite leader (TPL) nucleic acid sequence operatively linked to an intron containing RNA processing signals (such as for example, splice donor or splice acceptor sites) suitable for expression in the packaging cell line.
- TPL adenovirus tripartite leader
- the intron contains a splice donor site and a splice acceptor site.
- the TPL nucleotide sequence may not comprise an intron.
- the intron includes any sequence of nucleotides that function in the packaging cell line to provide RNA processing signals, including splicing signals.
- Introns have been well characterized from a large number of structural genes, and include but are not limited to a native intron 1 from adenovirus, such as Ad ⁇ 's TPL intron 1 ; others include the SV40 VP intron; the rabbit beta-globin intron, and synthetic intron constructs (see, e.g., Petitclerc et al. (1995 ⁇ BiothechnoL, 4(7: 169; and Choi et al. (1991 Mol. Cell. Biol., 7 7:3070).
- a native intron 1 from adenovirus such as Ad ⁇ 's TPL intron 1
- others include the SV40 VP intron; the rabbit beta-globin intron, and synthetic intron constructs (see, e.g., Petitclerc et al. (1995 ⁇ BiothechnoL, 4(7: 169; and Choi et al. (1991 Mol. Cell. Biol., 7 7:3070).
- the nucleic acid molecule encoding the TPL includes either (a) first and second TPL exons or (b) first, second and third TPL exons, where each TPL exon in the sequence is selected from among the complete TPL exon 1 , partial TPL exon 1 , complete TPL exon 2 and complete TPL exon 3.
- a complete exon is one which contains the complete nucleic acid sequence based on the sequence found in the wildtype viral genome.
- the TPL exons are from Ad2, Ad3, Ad5, Ad7 and the like, however, they may come from any Ad serotype, as described herein.
- a preferred partial TPL exon 1 is described in the Examples. The use of a TPL with a partial exon 1 has been reported (International PCT application No. WO 98/13499).
- the intron and the TPL exons can be operatively linked in a variety of configurations to provide a functional TPL nucleotide sequence.
- An intron may not be a part of the construct.
- the intron can be positioned between any of TPL exons 1 , 2 or 3, and the exons can be in any order of first and second, or first/second/third.
- the intron can also be placed preceding the first TPL exon or following the last TPL exon.
- complete TPL exon 1 is operatively linked to complete TPL exon 2 operatively linked to complete TPL exon 3.
- adenovirus TPL intron 1 is positioned between complete TPL exon 1 and complete TPL exon 2. It may also be possible to use analogous translational regulators from other viral systems such as rabiesvirus.
- Complementing Plasmids Also contemplated are the use of nucleic acid molecules, typically in the form of DNA plasmid vectors, which are capable of expression of an adenovirus structural protein or regulatory protein. Because these expression plasmids are used to complement the defective genes of a recombinant adenovirus vector genome, the plasmids are referred to as complementing or complementation plasmids.
- the complementing plasmid contains an expression cassette, a nucleotide sequence capable of expressing a protein product encoded by the nucleic acid molecule.
- Expression cassettes typically contain a promoter and a structural gene operatively linked to the promoter.
- the complementing plasmid can further include a sequence of nucleotides encoding TPL nucleotide to enhance expression of the structural gene product when used in the context of adenovirus genome replication and packaging.
- a complementing plasmid can include a promoter operatively linked to a sequence of nucleotides encoding an adenovirus structural polypeptide, such as, but are not limited to, penton base; hexon; fiber; polypeptide Ilia; polypeptide V; polypeptide VI; polypeptide VII; polypeptide VIII; and biologically active fragments thereof.
- a complementing plasmid may also include a sequence of nucleotides encoding a first adenovirus regulatory polypeptide, a second regulatory polypeptide, and/or a third regulatory polypeptide; or any combination of the foregoing. 5.
- a nucleic acid molecule comprising synthetic oligon ⁇ cleotides can be prepared using any suitable method, such as, the phosphotriester or phosphodiester methods (see, e.g. , Narang (1979) et al., Meth. Enzymoi, 68:90; U.S. Patent No. 4,356,270; and Brown et ai, (1979) Meth. Enzymoi, 68:109).
- the synthesis of the family members can be conducted simultaneously in a single reaction vessel, or can be synthesized independently and later admixed in preselected molar ratios.
- nucleotide residues that are conserved at preselected positions of the sequence of the family member can be introduced in a chemical synthesis protocol simultaneously to the variants by the addition of a single preselected nucleotide precursor to the solid phase oligonucleotide reaction admixture when that position number of the oligonucleotide is being chemically added to the growing oligonucleotide polymer.
- the addition of nucleotide residues to those positions in the sequence that vary can be introduced simultaneously by the addition of amounts, preferably equimolar amounts, of multiple preselected nucleotide precursors to the solid phase oligonucleotide reaction admixture during chemical synthesis.
- nucleotide bases other than the common four nucleotides (A,T,G or C), or the RNA equivalent nucleotide uracil (U), can also be used.
- inosine (I) is capable of hybridizing with A, T and G, but not C.
- examples of other useful nucleotide analogs are known in the art and may be found referred to in 37 C.F.R. ⁇ 1 .822.
- the preselected nucleotide sequence is designed to contain oligonucleotides that can hybridize to four sequences that vary at one position, several different oligonucleotide structures are contemplated.
- the composition can contain four members, where a preselected position contains A,T,G or C.
- compositions can contain two nucleotide sequence members, where a preselected position contains I or C, and has the capacity the hybridize at that position to all four possible common nucleotides.
- a preselected position contains I or C
- other nucleotides may be included at the preselected position that have the capacity to hybridize in a non-destabilizing manner with more than one of the common nucleotides in a manner similar to inosine.
- nucleic acid molecules can be constructed in synthetic oligonucleotide pieces, and assembled by complementary hybridization and Iigation, as is well known.
- Adenovirus Expression Vector Systems
- the adenovirus vector genome that is encapsulated in the virus particle and that expresses exogenous genes in a gene therapy setting is a key component of the system, which systems are well known and readily available.
- the components of a recombinant adenovirus vector genome include the ability to express selected adenovirus structural genes, to express a desired exogenous protein, and to contain sufficient replication and packaging signals that the genome is packaged into a gene delivery vector particle.
- the preferred replication signal is an adenovirus inverted terminal repeat containing an adenovirus origin of replication, as is well known.
- adenovirus include many proteins, not all adenovirus proteins are required for assembly of a recombinant adenovirus particle (vector). Thus, deletion of the appropriate genes from a recombinant Ad vector permits accommodation of even larger "foreign" DNA segments.
- a non-functional fiber gene refers to a deletion, mutation or other modification to the adenovirus fiber gene such that the gene does not express any or insufficient adenovirus fiber protein to package a fiber- containing adenovirus particle without complementation of the fiber gene by a complementing plasmid or packaging cell line.
- a genome is referred to as a "fiberiess" genome, not to be confused with a fiberiess particle.
- a fiber protein may be encoded but is insufficiently expressed to result in a fiber containing particle.
- helper- independent fiberiess recombinant adenovirus vector genomes that include genes that (a) express all adenovirus structural gene products but express insufficient adenovirus fiber protein to package a fiber-containing adenovirus particle without complementation of said fiber gene, (b) express an exogenous protein, and (c) contains an adenovirus packaging signal and inverted terminal repeats containing adenovirus origin of replication.
- the adenovirus vector genome is propagated in the laboratory in the form of rDNA plasmids containing the genome, and upon introduction into an appropriate host, the viral genetic elements provide for viral genome replication and packaging rather than plasmid-based propagation. Exemplary methods for preparing an Ad-vector genome are described in the Examples.
- a vector herein includes a nucleic acid (preferably DNA) molecule capable of autonomous replication in a cell and to which a DNA segment, e.g. , a gene or polynucleotide, can be operatively linked to bring about replication of the attached segment.
- a DNA segment e.g. , a gene or polynucleotide
- one of the nucleotide segments to be operatively linked to vector sequences encodes at least a portion of a therapeutic nucleic acid molecule.
- therapeutic nucleic acid molecules include those encoding proteins and also those that encode regulatory factors that can lead to expression or inhibition or alteration of expression of a gene product in a targeted cell.
- a peptide-coding sequence of the therapeutic gene is inserted into an expression vector and expressed; however, it is also feasible to construct an expression vector which also includes some non-coding sequences as well. Preferably, however, non-coding sequences are excluded. Alternatively, a nucleotide sequence for a soluble form of a polypeptide may be utilized.
- Another preferred therapeutic viral vector includes a nucleotide sequence encoding at least a portion of a therapeutic nucleotide sequence operatively linked to the expression vector for expression of the coding sequence in the therapeutic nucleotide sequence.
- viral vector into which a therapeutic nucleic acid molecule is operatively linked depends directly, as is well known in the art, on the functional properties desired, e.g., vector replication and protein expression, and the host cell to be transformed.
- functional properties desired e.g., vector replication and protein expression
- host cell to be transformed e.g., adenovirus serotypes
- adenovirus serotypes are recited herein in the form of specific examples, it should be understood that the use of any adenovirus serotype, including hybrids and derivatives thereof are contemplated.
- a translatable nucleotide sequence is a linear series of nucleotides that provide an uninterrupted series of at least 8 codons that encode a polypeptide in one reading frame.
- the nucleotide sequence is a DNA sequence.
- the vector itself may be of any suitable type, such as a viral vector (RNA or DNA), naked straight-chain or circular DNA, or a vesicle or envelope containing the nucleic acid material and any polypeptides that are to be inserted into the cell. 2. Promoters
- an expression nucleic acid in an Ad-derived vector may also include a promoter, particularly a tissue or cell specific promoter, preferably one expressed in the targeted cells.
- Promoters nucleic acid fragments that contain a DNA sequence that controls the expression of a gene located 3' or downstream of the promoter is the DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase specifically binds and initiates RNA synthesis (transcription) of that gene, typically located 3' of the promoter.
- a promoter also includes DNA sequences which direct the initiation of transcription, including those to which RNA polymerase specifically binds. If more than one nucleic acid sequence encoding a particular polypeptide or protein is included in a therapeutic viral vector or nucleotide sequence, more than one promoter or enhancer element may be included, particularly if that would enhance efficiency of expression.
- Regulatable (inducible) as well as constitutive promoters may be used, either on separate vectors or on the same vector.
- some useful regulatable promoters are those of the CREB- regulated gene family and include inhibin, gonadotropin, cytochrome c, glucagon, and the like. ⁇ See, e.g.. International PCT application No. No. WO 96/14061 ).
- the promoter selected is from a photoreceptor-specific gene, such as a rhodopsin gene or gene that encodes a protein that regulates rhodopsin expression.
- a regulatable or inducible promoter may be described as a promoter wherein the rate of RNA polymerase binding and initiation is modulated by external stimuli, (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,750,396 and 5,998,205). Such stimuli include various compounds or compositions, light, heat, stress, chemical energy sources, and the like. Inducible, suppressible and repressible promoters are considered regulatable promoters.
- Regulatable promoters may also include tissue-specific promoters.
- Tissue-specific promoters direct the expression of the gene to which they are operably linked to a specific cell type. Tissue-specific promoters cause the gene located 3' of it to be expressed predominantly, if not exclusively, in the specific cells where the promoter expressed its endogenous gene. Typically, it appears that if a tissue-specific promoter expresses the gene located 3' of it at all, then it is expressed appropriately in the correct cell types (see, e.g., Palmiter et al. (1 986) Ann. Rev. Genet. 20: 465-499). E. Formulation and administration
- Preferable modes of administration include, local and topical modes of administration, such as, but are not limited to, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal and subretinal injection, particularly intravitreal injection,
- the recombinant viral compositions may also be formulated for implantation into tissues, including as the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye, particularly the vitreous cavity, in sustained released formulations, such as adsorbed to biodegradable supports, including collagen sponges, or in liposomes.
- Sustained release formulations may be formulated for multiple dosage administration, so that during a selected period of time, such as a month or up to about a year, several dosages are administered.
- liposomes may be prepared such that a total of about two to up to about five or more times the single dosage is administered in one injection.
- the vectors are formulated in an pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for the selected route of administration in a volume suitable for such route.
- compositions the viral particles are dialyzed into a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or viral particles may be concentrated and/or mixed therewith.
- the resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension or emulsion.
- the viral particles may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with other active agents for the particular disorder treated.
- Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, physiological saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), balanced salt solution (BSS), lactate Ringers solution, and solutions containing thickening and solubil ⁇ zing agents, such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
- Liposomal suspensions may also be suitable as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
- compositions can be prepared with carriers that protect them against rapid elimination from the body, such as time release formulations or coatings.
- carriers include controlled release formulations, such as, but not limited to, microencapsulated delivery systems, and biodegradable, biocompatible polymers, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, polyorthoesters, polylactic acid and other types of implants that may be placed directly into the body or tissue of interest.
- Liposomal suspensions may also be suitable as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- liposomes may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art [see, e.g., Kimm et aL (1 983) Bioch. Bioph.
- the viral particles may be encapsulated into the aqueous phase of liposome systems.
- the active materials can also be mixed with other active materials, that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action or have other action, such as anti-tumor agents.
- the viral or other particles may be complexed with the bifunctional molecules (the conjugates) prior to packaging or immediately prior to use.
- the bifunctional molecules and delivery vectors may be packaged as separate compositions or as a single composition.
- the kits optionally include instructions for use and administration of the combinations.
- compositions can be enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes or multiple or single dose vials made of glass, plastic or other suitable material.
- Such enclosed compositions can be provided in kits.
- the combinations and components compositions thereof may be packaged as articles of manufacture containing packaging material, typically a vial or container, an pharmaceutically acceptable composition containing the viral particles and a label that indicates the therapeutic use of the composition.
- kits for practice of the methods herein The kits contain one or more containers, such as sealed vials, with sufficient composition for single dosage administration. Administration
- compositions containing the compounds are administered systemically by any suitable route, or may be administered topically, such as by injection into synovial fluids for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in the form of penetrating eyedrops for treatment of occular disorders or disorders in which the vectors can be suitably targeted from the eye.
- bifunctional molecules provided herein permit targeting of viral and bacterial vectors to cells that express targeted receptors.
- the targeted receptors are those that activate the PI3K signalling pathway and internalized linked ligands by virtue thereof. Because such receptors are diverse and widespread, the use of bifunctional molecules provides a flexible means for gene delivery and therapeutic product delivery to cells and tissues. Receptors for the targeting agents, such as growth factors and hormones, are overexpressed on cells associated with various disorders and conditions and/or on only selected cell types.
- PI3K signaling strategy to tailor delivery of the adenovirus vectors to cell types over-expressing the desired growth factor receptor or cytokine receptor or other cell surface receptor that activates the PI3K pathway permits internalization via such receptors.
- Adenovirus binding and internalization can be further enhanced by taking advantage of additional interactions with CAR and also with integrins, if they are present on the cell surface.
- the bifunctional molecules provided herein do not bind the viral fiber protein, thus allowing for interactions with CAR.
- preferred bifunctional molecules bind the penton base protein, which has five "RGD" integrin binding sites.
- the presence of the bifunctional molecule precludes neither CAR nor integrin interactions, and in addition offers a specific growth factor/cytokine - receptor binding interaction. In that sense, it is like a "triple-edged sword" for enhanced levels of binding and internalization, once targeting has been achieved. It is also advantageous to adopt a targeting strategy, which does not preclude interaction of the adenovirus with the ⁇ v integrins because the integrins are known to not only signal on their own, but to promote optimal activation of growth factor receptors (Vuori et al., Science, 266:1 576 (1 994); Cybulsky et aL, J. Clin.
- Methods for specifically targeting recombinant adenovirus vectors for delivery of gene products, particularly therapeutic products are provided herein. These methods are particularly suitable for targeting cells that express receptors to which the bifunctional molecules provided herein selectively bind resulting in internalization of the linked delivery vector.
- Adenoviruses are presently preferred.
- Diseases that can be targeted include, but are not limited to, cancers, vascular disorders, diabetic retinopathies, restenosis, ophthalmic disorders, hyperproliferative disorders and hormonal disorders.
- the methods and bifunctional molecules provided herein permit targeting to restricted sets of cells associated with particular disorders.
- Angiogenesis In the normal adult, angiogenesis is tightly regulated and limited to wound healing, pregnancy and uterine cycling.
- Angiogenesis is turned on by specific angiogenic molecules such as basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin, transforming growth factor (TGF), tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF).
- FGF basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor
- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
- TGF tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
- PDGF platelet derived growth factor
- Angiogenesis can be suppressed by inhibitory molecules such as interferon- ⁇ , thrombospondin-1 , angiostatin and endostatin. It is the balance of these naturally occurring stimulators and inhibitors that is controls the normally quiescent capillary vasculature. When this balance is upset, as in certain disease states, capillary endothelial cells are induced to proliferate, migrate and ultimately differentiate.
- Angiogenesis plays a central role in a variety of disease including cancer and neovascularization. Sustained growth and metastasis of a variety of tumors has also been shown to be dependent on the growth of new host blood vessels into the tumor in response to tumor derived angiogenic factors. Proliferation of new blood vessels in response to a variety of stimuli occurs as the dominant finding in the majority of eye disease and that blind including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), rubeotic glaucoma, interstitial keratitis and retinopathy of prematurity. In these diseases, tissue damage can stimulate release of angiogenic factors resulting in capillary proliferation.
- PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- AMD age-related macular degeneration
- rubeotic glaucoma interstitial keratitis
- retinopathy of prematurity tissue damage can stimulate release of angiogenic factors resulting in capillary proliferation.
- VEGF plays a dominant role in iris neovascularization and neovascular retinopathies. While reports clearly show a correlation between intraocular VEGF levels and ischemic retinopathic ocular neovascularization, FGF likely plays a role. Basic and acidic FGF are known to be present in the normal adult retina, even though detectable levels are not consistently correlated with neovascularization. This may be largely due to the fact that FGF binds very tightly to charged components of the extracellular matrix and may not be readily available in a freely diffusible form that would be detected by standard assays of intraocular fluids.
- a final common pathway in the angiogenic response involves integrin- mediated information exchange between a proliferating vascular endothelial cell and the extracellular matrix.
- This class of adhesion receptors called integrins, are expressed as heterodimers having an a and ⁇ subunit on all cells.
- One such integrin, a v ⁇ 3 is the most promiscuous member of this family and allows endothelial cells to interact with a wide variety of extracellular matrix components.
- Peptide and antibody antagonists of this integrin inhibit angiogenesis by selectively inducing apoptosis of the proliferating vascular endothelial cells
- Two cytokine-dependent pathways of angiogenesis exist and may be defined by their dependency on distinct vascular cell integrins, ⁇ and aJ3 5 .
- basic FGF- and VEGF-induced angiogenesis depend on integrin a ⁇ 3 and a v ⁇ 5 , respectively, since antibody antagonists of each integrin selectively block one of these angiogenic pathways in the rabbit corneal and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models.
- CAM chick chorioallantoic membrane
- Peptide antagonists that block all ⁇ v integrins inhibit FGF- and VEGF-st ⁇ muIated angiogenesis. While normal human ocular blood vessels do not display either integrin, ⁇ 3 3 and a v ⁇ 5 integrins are selectively displayed on blood vessels in tissues from patients with active neovascular eye disease. While only a 3 3 was consistently observed in tissue from patients with ARMD,aJ ⁇ 3 and aJ3 5 were present in tissues from patients with PDR. Systemically administered peptide antagonists of integrins blocked new blood vessel formation in a mouse model of retinal vasculogenesis.
- Matrix metalloproteinases are a family of zinc-requiring matrix-degrading enzymes that include the collagenases, gelatinases and stromelysins, all of which have been implicated in invasive cell behavior. Invasive cell processes such as tumor metastasis and angiogenesis have been found to be associated with the expression of integrins and MMP-2, MMP-2 are all found throughout the eye where they may interact to maintain a quiescent vasculature until the balance is upset, resulting in pathological angiogenesis.
- a non-catalytic C-terminal hemopexin-like domain of MMP-2 (PEX) can block cell surface collagenolytic activity and inhibit angiogenesis in the CAM model by preventing localization of MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells through interaction with the integrin ⁇ v ? 3 .
- Anti-angiogenic agents have a role in treating retinal degeneration to prevent the damaging effects of trophic and growth factors. Angiogenic agents, also have role in promoting desirable vascularization to retard retinal degeneration by enhancing blood flow to cells.
- EGF receptors are overexpressed in glioblastomas, bladder tumors, advanced gastric tumors and cervical cancers (Gullick (1991 ) Br. Med. Bull., 47:87). They are overexpressed in 63% of tumor specimens from patients with lung cancer (Pastorino et al. (1 993) J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. , 17F:237), and are overexpressed in astrocytic gliomas (Goussia et al. (2000) Oncol. Rep. 7:401 .
- FGF Receptors These receptors are overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas (Kobrin et ai , Cancer Res., 53:4741 ( 1 993)), in human breast and gynecological cancers (Jaakkola et ai, Int. J. Cancer,
- FGF receptor expressing cells are also implicated in restenosis, Kaposi sarcoma, diabetic retinopathies and numerous disorders of the eye. EGFR, FGFR and IGF-1 R
- EGFR, FGFR and IGF-1 R are overexpressed in pancreatic cancers (Korc, Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am., 7:25 (1998))
- IGF-1 R IFG-1 R is overexpressed and hyperphosphorylated in primary breast tumors (Surmacz, J. Mamm. Gland Biol. Neopfasia, 5:95 (2000)).
- SCF receptors Development of mastocytosis (abnormal infiltration of mast cells into various organs) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is due to a mutation in c-kit (the SCF receptor), which renders it ultra-sensitive to SCF (Dror et ai, Br. J. Haematoi, 108:729 (2000)). Therefore, SCF-derived bifunctional molecules can be used to deliver therapeutic products to such cells. Benign and malignant ovarian tumors express c-kit (SCF receptor) while normal tissue does not (Tonary et ai, Int. J. Cancer, 89:242 (2000)). 2. Therapeutic products
- DNA that encodes therapeutic products contemplated for use is DNA encoding correct copies of defective genes, such as the defective gene (CFTR) associated with cystic fibrosis (see, e.g.. International Application WO 93/03709, which is based on U.S. Application Serial No. 07/745,900; and Riordan et aL (1 989) Science 245:1066-1073), and anticancer agents, such as tumor necrosis factors, and cytotoxic agents.
- defective genes such as the defective gene (CFTR) associated with cystic fibrosis
- CFTR defective gene associated with cystic fibrosis
- anticancer agents such as tumor necrosis factors, and cytotoxic agents.
- Therapeutic products include but are not limited to, wild-type genes that are defective in targeted ocular disorders, such as defective gene products or fragments thereof sufficient to correct the genetic defect, trophic factors, including growth factors, inhibitors and agonists of trophic factors, anti-apoptosis factors and other products herein or known to those of skill in the art to be useful for treatment of selected disorders.
- DAV-1 A monoclonal antibody, designated DAV-1 , had been previously obtained and characterized (see, Stewart et al. ( 1997) EMBO J. 75: 1 189-1 198) as described in this Example.
- the nucleic acid and protein sequences of the heavy and light chain of DAV-1 are set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 1 -4; and the nucleic acid and protein sequences of the portion used in exemplified fusion proteins containing substantially full-length heavy chain is set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 5 and 6.
- A549, HeLa, H2981 and SW480 cell lines, adenovirus serotypes Ad2, Ad3 and Ad4 were purchased from the American Type Tissue Culture Collection (Rockville, MD).
- Ad2, Ad3 or Ad4 were infected with either Ad2, Ad3 or Ad4 at a multiplicity of 10 p.f.u./cell and then harvested 48-72 h later. Cells were frozen and thawed five times to release intracellular virus particles. After removing the cell debris by high-speed centrifugation, virions were isolated by banding on a 1 5-40% cesium chloride gradient in 10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 50 mM NaCl pH 8.1 (TBS) as reported previously (Everitt et al., 1 977).
- a hybridoma (designated DAV-1 ) secreting a mAb of the subtype ⁇ 1 ⁇ was generated by standard techniques.
- the DAV-1 mAb was purified from ascites fluids using protein G-Sepharose (HiTrap GH, Pharmacia).
- Fab fragments of the DAV-1 mAb were generated by papain digestion. Briefly, 1 -5 mg/ml of purified DAV-1 IgG in 50 mM Tris-HCI pH 8.0, 10 mM l-cysteine, 3 mM EDTA was incubated for 7 h at 37 °C in the presence of 8% w/w soluble papain (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO).
- the reaction was stopped by the addition of 30 mM iodoacetamide, and the Fab antibody fragments were then isolated on a Resource S FPLC column (Pharmacia) equilibrated with 50 mM MES pH 5.0.
- the purified Fab fragments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and then concentrated to 2.2 mg/ml using a Centricon 10 membrane ultrafiltration device (Amicon). Reactivity of the DAV-1 mAb with different adenovirus serotypes was quantified in an ELISA.
- DAV-1 mAb To examine whether the DAV-1 mAb also recognized RGD-containing cell matrix proteins, 1 -2 ⁇ g of recombinant penton base protein, or fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen (type 1 ) and fibrogen were reacted with the DAV-1 mAb in a Western blot. Recombinant penton base or cell matrix proteins were electrophoresed on a 8-1 5% gradient SDS gel (Novex, San Diego, CA) and then transferred to a nitrocellulose filter (Immobilon P, Millipore).
- the filters were reacted with 10 ⁇ g/ml of the DAV-1 mAb followed by incubation with alkaline phosphatase linked to goat anti-mouse IgG (Tropix, Bedford, MA) and then with a chemiluminescent substrate (CDP). Functional analysis of the DAV-1 mAb
- DAV-1 mAb The effect of the DAV-1 mAb on penton base binding to cell surface ⁇ v integrins was examined as follows. To 1 x 10 6 A549 epithelial cells 10 g/ml of purified DAV-1 IgG or Fab fragments of the DAV-1 mAb was added. Varying amounts of 12S l-labeled penton base (10 ⁇ Ci/ ⁇ g) were then added to the cells in the presence or absence of a 50-fold excess of unlabeled penton base and incubated for 60 min at 4°C. Unbound penton base was removed by centrifuging the cell samples through a cushion of 1 :1 glycerol/mineral oil and the amount of cell-associated penton base was determined by counting the cell pellet in a y-counter.
- the effect of the DAV-1 mAb on adenovirus infection was quantified by plaque assay.
- A549 cells were seeded into six-well plates and cultured to 90% confluency. Three ⁇ g/ml of DAV-1 Fab or 1 8 ⁇ g of whole IgG DAV-1 antibody were added to the cell cultures, followed by addition of purified 100 p.f.u. Ad2 and incubation at 37 °C for 2 h. The Ad2 and antibody mixtures were then removed, and 8 ml of overlay medium containing 0.5% agarose in DMEM medium and 10% FCS was added into each well. The cells were fed with 4 ml of overlay medium on day 5 post-infection. The plaques were scored on day 10 post-infection. Epitope mapping and kinetic analysis of DAV-1 binding to penton base
- the DAV-1 binding site on the Ad2 penton base was identified by affinity-directed mass spectrometry.
- a region of the penton base that approximately spanned the RGD-containing epitope sequence was selected.
- a series of overlapping synthetic peptides varying by one amino acid on the N-terminal or C-terminal region of the Ad2 penton base RGD sequence, 480 MNDHAIRGDTFATRA 494 (SEQ ID NO. 19) was generated by solid-phase protocols, and the precise boundaries of the DAV-1 epitope were then determined by affinity-directed mass spectrometry (see, Zhao et al. (1994) Anal. Chem. 55:3723-3726; Zhao et al. (1 996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53:4020-4024).
- the hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody of the type ⁇ 1 ⁇ was generated as described in EXAMPLE 1 (see, Stewart et. al. (1997) EMBO J. 75:1 1 89-1 1 98).
- Total RNA was isolated from the DAV-1 hybridoma cell line (Trizol reagent, Gibco BRL) and cDNA was generated using the Superscript Plasmid System kit (Gibco BRL) essentially as described (Uematsu, Immunogenetics, 34: 174-1 78 (1991 )).
- the DAV-1 heavy chain was PCR amplified with: primers 5'-CCT GCT CTG TGT TTA CAT GAG GG (CH3 region) (SEQ ID. NO. 1 5); 5'-CCC AGG GTC ATG GAG TTA G (CH 1 region)
- DAV-1 heavy chain was subcloned into an expression vector, designated plZ, which contains a Zeocin selection marker for expression in insect cells (Invitrogen, CA).
- plZ contains a Zeocin selection marker for expression in insect cells
- the DAV-1 light chain (SEQ ID NO. 3) was cloned into the Hindlll and Xbal sites of the plZ expression vector by introducing Hindlll and Xbal sites into the 5' and 3' ends of the light chain encoding DNA (see SEQ ID. NO. 3). This was accomplished by using the "sense" PCR primer 5'-AAG CTT GCC ACC ATG GAG ACA GAC ACA ATC CTG CT (SEQ ID. NO.
- DNA encoding full length mature human TNF- ⁇ , IGF-1 , EGF and SCF peptides were obtained by PCR amplification of: cDNA obtained from ATCC (Rockville, Md) encoding human TNF- ⁇ ; RT-PCR of total RNA isolated from U937 cells for human IGF-1 ; cDNA obtained from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA for SCF; and a synthetic template prepared by annealing two oligonucleotides having an 1 8 bp overlap (SEQ ID NOS. 30 and 31 ) for EGF.
- DNA sequences encoding the full length mature human TNF- ⁇ , IGF-1 and EGF peptides (peptide sequences set forth in SEQ ID.
- the fusion proteins contain the portion of the DAV-1 heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID. NO. 6, followed by a two amino acid "linker” sequence generated by the EcoRI site between the DAV-1 and growth factor sequences (see amino acids 439 (Glu) and 440 (Phe) in SEQ ID NOS. 1 1 , 12 and 13), followed in-frame by the full length, mature growth factor peptide. Sequences of fusion proteins of DAV-1 heavy chain with TNF- ⁇ , IGF-1 and EGF are set forth in SEQ ID. NOS. 1 1 , 12 and 13, respectively.
- the DNA sequence encoding the full length mature SCF peptide (peptide sequence set forth in SEQ ID. NO. 10) was ligated in frame between the Notl and Xbal sites of the plZ- vector, downstream (3'-end) of the DAV-1 heavy chain portion (SEQ ID. NO. 5) used to prepare the fusion protein.
- Notl and Xbal sites were introduced at the 5' and 3'-ends of the SCF sequence encoding the full length mature peptide by PCR amplification using the following primers: "sense" primer 5'-GCG GCC GCA AGG GAT CTG CAG GAA TCG (SEQ ID. NO. 32) and "antisense” primer 5'-TCT AGA GTG CAA CAG GGG GTA ACA TA (SEQ ID. NO. 33).
- the resulting fusion construct includes the portion of the DAV-1 heavy chain peptide sequence set forth in SEQ ID. NO. 6, followed by 1 1 amino acids of
- linker sequence (amino acids 439 to 449 in SEQ ID. NO. 14), followed by the SCF mature peptide.
- the sequence of the resulting fusion protein is set forth in SEQ ID. NO. 14.
- the DAV-1 heavy chain-TNF, heavy chain-IGF-1 or heavy chain-EGF expression vector and the DAV-1 light chain expression vector were co- transfected into SF9 insect cells.
- the SF9 insect cells (Invitrogen) were transfected with a total of 3 ⁇ g plasmid DNA comprising the heavy chain-growth factor / cytokine fusion and light chain vectors using 1 5 ⁇ l Superfect (Qiagen) in 200 ⁇ l DMEM (serum-free) at room temperature for 1 5 minutes and then added to fresh cultures of SF9 cell monolayers (about 90% confluency).
- Transfected cells were then subjected to Zeocin selection (600 ⁇ g/ml) for the production of bifunctional molecules using a penton base ELISA assay. A pool of positive Zeocin-resistant cells was then selected for the production of fusion proteins.
- Ad2 penton base was used to coat a 96-well plastic tissue culture plate (lmmulon-4, Dynatech) at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g protein/well. Non-specific binding sites were quenched by incubation with a blocking agent
- SF9 cell supernatants or the purified bifunctional proteins were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE gels and either stained with Coomassie blue or transferred to PVDF membrane filters (Amersham) and probed with rabbit anti-mouse (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or goat anti- human TNF- ⁇ (Chemicon, Temecula, CA) antibodies followed by secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and detection with a chemiluminescence reagent (Supersignal, Pierce, Rockford, IL).
- Cell lines that are commonly used for growing adenovirus are useful as host cells for the preparation of adenovirus packaging cell lines.
- Preferred cells include 293 cells, an adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney cell line obtained from the ATCC, having Accession Number CRL 1 573; HeLa, a human epithelial carcinoma cell line (ATCC Accession Number CCL-2); A549, a human lung carcinoma cell line (ATCC Accession Number CCL 1 889); and other epithelial-derived cell lines.
- the 293 cells contain the E1 early region regulatory gene. All cells were maintained in complete DMEM + 10% fetal calf serum unless otherwise noted.
- adenovirus-based gene delivery vectors that have deletions in preselected gene regions and that are obtained by cellular complementation of adenoviral genes.
- Such units include but are not limited to E1 early region, E4 and the viral fiber gene.
- Ad2 Adenovirus type 2 (Ad2, ATCC) was propagated in A549 (ATCC # CCL 1 85) epithelial cells and purified as previously described (Wickham et ai, Cell, 73: 309 (1 993)) and as described in this Example. Cells were infected with Ad2 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 and then harvested 2-3 days later. Cells were frozen and thawed five times to release intracellular particles, and then the cell debris was removed by centrifugation.
- MOI multiplicity of infection
- the cell lysate was subjected to density gradient-ultracentrifugation on 25%-40% cesium chloride gradients, and the virus band was removed and dialyzed against 40 mM Tris-HCI-buffered saline, pH 8.1 , containing 10% glycerol.
- Adenoviral vectors for delivery of genes, such as therapeutic genes, and methods for their construction and propagation are well known and readily available (see, e.g. , co-pending U.S. application Serial No. 09/482,682; International PCT application No. PCT/USOO/00265, and U.S. application Serial No. 09/562,934). Other delivery vectors may be used.
- Ad delivery vectors are known and available. ln general, exemplary fiber-expressing and fiberiess recombinant adenovirus vectors have been described (Von Seggern et ai , J. Virol. , 73: 1601 (1 999); copending U.S. application Serial No.
- Ad5/?gal.wt and Ad ⁇ . ⁇ gal. ⁇ F (deposited on January 1 5, 1 999, the ATCC under accession number VR2636) is described therein.
- Ad2 or Ad5 vectors using the RSV LTR in place of the SV40 promoter can be constructed in a manner analogous to the similar Ad5-based vectors described in the above-noted applications. Such vectors were used in the experiments in the Examples herein.
- gutted Ad vectors are those from which most or all viral genes have been deleted.
- helper virus trans-complements the missing Ad functions, including production of the viral structural proteins needed for particle assembly.
- the helper virus can be a fiber-deleted Ad (such as that described in Von Seggern et ai, J. Virol. 73: 1601 -1608 (1999)).
- the vector is prepared in a fiber expressing cell line (see, e.g. , Von Seggern et al. ( 1 998) J. Gen. Virol. 73:1461 -1468; Von Seggern et al. (2000) , J. Virol. 74:354-362). All the necessary Ad proteins except fiber are provided by the fiber-deleted helper virus, and the particles are equipped with the particular fiber expressed by the host cells.
- a helper adenovirus vector genome and a gutless adenoviral vector genome are delivered to a packaging cell line (see, e.g., International PCT application No. PCT/USOO/00265, filed January 14, 2000).
- the cells are maintained under standard cell maintenance or growth conditions, whereby the helper vector genome and the packaging cell together provide the complementing proteins for the packaging of the adenoviral vector particle.
- gutless adenoviral vector particles are recovered by standard techniques.
- the helper vector genome may be delivered in the form of a plasmid or similar construct by standard transfection techniques, or it may be delivered through infection by a viral particle containing the genome. Such viral particle is commonly called a helper virus.
- the gutless adenoviral vector genome may be delivered to the cell by transfection or viral infection.
- the helper virus genome is preferably a fiberiess adenovirus vector genome.
- such genome also lacks the genes encoding the adenovirus E1 A and E1 B proteins. More preferably, the genome further lacks the adenovirus genes encoding the adenovirus E3 proteins.
- the genes encoding such proteins may be present but mutated so that they do not encode functional E1 A, E1 B and E3 proteins.
- such vector genome may not encode other functional early proteins, such as E2A, E2B, and E4 proteins. Alternatively, the genes encoding such other early proteins may be present but mutated so that they do not encode functional proteins.
- the packaging cell also provides proteins necessary for the complementation of the gutless vector so that an adenovirus particle containing the gutless vector genome may be produced.
- the packaging cell line can provide wild-type or modified fiber protein.
- the cell line could package a fiberiess particle, which could be used by itself or to which exogenously provided fiber could be added.
- the helper virus genome is also packaged, thereby producing helper virus.
- it is preferable to delete or otherwise modify the packaging sequence in the helper virus genome so that packaging of the genome is prevented or limited. Since the gutless vector genome will have a packaging sequence, it will be preferentially packaged.
- One way to do this is to mutate the packaging sequence by deleting one or more of the nucleotides comprising the sequence or otherwise mutating the sequence to inactivate or hamper the packaging function.
- An alternative approach is to engineer the helper genome so that recombinase target sites flank the packaging sequence and to provide a recombinase in the packaging cell.
- the action of recombinase on such sites results in the removal of the packaging sequence from the helper virus genome.
- the recombinase is provided by a nucleotide sequence in the packaging cell that encodes the recombinase. Most preferably, such sequence is stably integrated into the genome of the packaging cell.
- the preferred recombinase is Cre recombinase, which operates on so-called lox sites, which are engineered on either side of the packaging sequence as discussed above. Further information about the use of Cre-loxP recombination is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,676 and Morsy and Caske ⁇ , Molecular Medicine Today, Jan. 1999, pgs. 18-24.
- the gutless vectors lack many or all Ad genes, they must be grown as mixed cultures in the presence of a helper virus which can provide the missing functions.
- helper viruses have provided all Ad functions except E1 , and E1 is complemented by growth in 293 cells or the equivalent.
- the resulting virus particles are harvested, and the helper virus is typically removed by CsCI gradient centrifugation (the vector chromosome is generally shorter than the helper chromosome, resulting in a difference in buoyant density between the two particles).
- a gutless gene delivery vector is pAd ⁇ RSVDys (Haecker et al. (1 996) Human Gene Therapy 7:1907-1 914).
- This plasmid contains a full- length human dystrophin cDNA driven by the RSV promoter and flanked by Ad inverted terminal repeats and packaging signals. Desired therapeutic proteins and other products intended for delivery to cells can be readily substituted for the dystrophin gene in this vector.
- 293 cells are infected with a first-generation Ad which serves as a helper virus, and then transfected with purified vector DNA.
- the helper Ad genome and the delivery vector DNA are replicated as Ad chromosomes, and packaged into particles using the viral proteins produced by the helper virus. Particles are isolated and the delivery vector-containing particles separated from the helper by virtue of their smaller genome size and therefore different density on CsCI gradients.
- the vector is grown in either 633 or 705 cells and Ad ⁇ . gal. ⁇ F is used as a helper virus; both helper and the delivery vector genomes replicate and are packaged into particles.
- The provides all the essential Ad proteins except fiber, and the fiber protein is that produced by the cells (Ad5 fiber in 633 cells and Ad37 fiber in the case of 705 cells).
- the packaged viral particles are then isolated by centrifugation.
- the first-generation Ad2 virus Ad.RSV. ?-gal is an E-1 and E-3 deleted, replication-defective, recombinant vector containing a Rous Sarcoma virus regulatory sequence - driven LacZ reporter gene (Stratford-Perricaudet et ai, J. Clin. Invest., 90:626 (1 992)).
- a recombinant plasmid pAd.RSV ?-gal was constructed, in which the LacZ gene with the SV40 early region polyadenylation signal driven by the Rous Sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR) is inserted downstream of the 1 .3 map units (mu) from the left end of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) genome in place of E1 a and E1 b (mu 1 .3-9.4).
- the reporter gene is followed by mu 9.4-17 of Ad5 to allow homologous recombination with the adenoviral genome for the generation of the recombinant adenovirus.
- the recombinant adenovirus was constructed by in vivo homologous recombination between plasmid pAd.RSV ⁇ " - gal and Ad5 dl327, an E-3 deletion mutant of Ad5 (Trousdale, M.D. et al., Cornea, 14:280 ( 1995)).
- DAV D molecules antibodies at a ratio of 2 antibody molecules per RGD motif of adenovirus at room temperature for 30 minutes in either EXEL-400 medium
- KS JRH Bioscience, Lenexa, KS
- DMEM Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium
- EXAMPLE 4 Adenovirus, gene express, cell binding and internalization assays A. Gene delivery and expression assay The complex of Example 3C was then mixed with M21 -L1 2 human melanoma cells, which are deficient in ⁇ v ? 3 and ⁇ v ⁇ 5 integrin (Wickham et ai, Cell, 73: 309 (1 993)), on ice for 60 min. Unbound virus was removed by washing with ice-cold PBS, and the cells were warmed to 37 °C for varying times and then plated in tissue culture plates.
- Ad-mediated gene transfer was examined 24 or 48 hours post infection by staining for ?-galactosidase activity as previously described, by incubating the cells for 60 min at 37 °C with 3.5 mM ⁇ -nitrophenyl- ?-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) as a chromagenic substrate and in buffer containing 0.5% Nonidet P-40 (Li et ai, J. Viroi , 72: 2055 (1 998); Huang et aL, J. Viroi, 70: 4502 (1 996)).
- ONPG ⁇ -nitrophenyl- ?-D-galactopyranoside
- Binding assay To measure adenovirus binding to cells, 500 ⁇ g aliquots of adenovirus vector was labeled with ,25 l by incubation with lodogen (Pierce) in an lodogen- coated tube containing 1 mCi of Na 125 l. lodinated proteins were separated from free 125 l by gel filtration as described (Huang et ai (1999) J. Virol. 73:2798- 2802). Binding of radiolabeled adenovirus on M21-L12 cells was then quantitated as described earlier (Huang et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73:2798-2802), and as described in this Example.
- cells were incubated with complexed 1 5 l- labeled adenovirus and DAV-TNF or control antibodies, in DMEM supplemented with 0.5% purified bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 4°C for 60 minutes. After removal of non-bound virus by washing with ice-cold PBS, the cells were warmed to 37 °C for varying times. Uninternalized virions were removed by incubation with trypsin-EDTA at room temperature for 5 min. prior to counting the cell pellets.
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- EXAMPLE 5 Adenovirus complexed with bifunctional molecules targeted to receptors that promote internalization of ligands by PI3K activation are internalized via binding to the targeted receptors. Analysis of bifunctional signaling antibodies.
- DAV-1 bifunctional signaling antibodies designated DT (DAV-1 fused to TNF- ⁇ ), Dl (DAV-1 fused to IGF-1 ), and DE (DAV-1 fused to EGF), were expressed in insect cells as secreted proteins and purified on Protein L affinity columns.
- the DT heavy chain (D H T) had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 70kDa, consistent with the combined sizes of the DAV-1 y heavy chain (53 kDa) and monomeric TNF- ⁇ ligand (17 kDA).
- the apparent molecular weight of the K light chains of DAV-1 (D L ) was identical to that of the recombinant DT molecule (approx. 25 kDa).
- Bifunctional molecules promote Ad-mediated gene delivery to ⁇ v integrins
- a first generation adenovirus vector containing a RSV-driven LacZ reporter gene with DT was preincubated at a ratio of 2 antibody molecules per RGD motif. This complex was then added to M21 -L1 2 human melanoma cells, which do not express ⁇ v integrins (Felding-Habermann et al. ( 1 992) J. Clin. Invest. 33:201 8-2022), but can support efficient virus binding (Wickham et al. (1 993) Cell 73:309-31 9).
- Ad complexed with DT but not D alone significantly increases Ad-mediated gene delivery to M21 -L12 cells as measured by transgene expression at 48 hrs post-infection.
- DT enhancement of gene delivery was associated with increased virus attachment to M21 -L1 2 cells.
- 125 l-labeled Ad particles alone or complexed with D or DT molecules were analyzed for binding to M21 -L1 2 cells. Binding of ,25 I-Ad complexed with DT molecules was also examined in the absence or presence of an excess of recombinant Ad5 fiber protein, a polyclonal anti-human TNF- ⁇ antibody or a combination of the TNF- ⁇ antibody and fiber protein prior to addition to M21 -L1 2 cells.
- 125 l-labeled Ad was incubated with DT or D molecules prior to addition to M21 -L1 2 cells and incubation on ice for 60 min.
- Unbound Ad was removed by washing and the cells were warmed to 37 °C for varying times to allow virus internalization as measured by resistance to trypsinization.
- the results of these experiments showed that pre-incubation of 125 l-labeled Ad particles with DT but not with D molecules increased virus binding approximately 5-fold.
- Ad-DT binding to cells was measured in the presence of a 50-fold excess of recombinant fiber protein or anti-TNF- ⁇ or a combination of these molecules. Either recombinant fiber or anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody alone was capable of blocking only 20-25% of Ad-DT binding to cells.
- DT molecules potentiate internalization of 125 l-labeled virus particles as measured by resistance to trypsin digestion.
- DT enhancement of gene delivery also involves PI3K
- M21 -L1 2 melanoma cells were pretreated with the PI3K inhibitors wortmannin (30 nM) or LY292004 (20 ⁇ M) for 30 min prior to the addition of Ad.RSV. gal complexed with D or DT molecules.
- Ad mediated gene delivery was analyzed 48 hours post infection. The results show that wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited Ad-mediated gene delivery by approximately 70% and 50%, respectively, indicating that PI3K activity plays a major role in DT enhancement or gene delivery.
- Bifunctional molecules allow gene delivery by fiberiess adenovirus particles
- Fiberiess adenovirus vector that cannot bind to CAR have been constructed (see Example 3 and also, e.g., copending U.S. application Serial No. 09/482,682 and U.S. application Serial No. 09/562,934; see, also Von Seggern et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73: 1 601 -1 608).
- the structure of these particles is nearly identical to that of wildtype virions.
- Fiberiess particles alone showed almost no transgene delivery to SW480 epithelial cells, even though these cells express CAR and integrin ⁇ v ?5 (Von Seggern et ai ( 1999) J. Viroi 73: 1601 -1 608).
- CAR and ⁇ v integrin-expressing SW480 cells were infected with a fiberiess adenovirus or fiberiess virus complexed with DT molecules at a ratio of 1 antibody molecule per viral particle.
- the reporter gene expression was examined by ?-gal staining 48 hours post infection.
- the fiberiess virus was incubated with bifunctional molecules before incubation with SW480 cells at 37 ° for 1 5 min.
- Ad-mediated gene delivery was examined 48 post infection.
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US10392437B2 (en) | 2010-08-10 | 2019-08-27 | École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (Epfl) | Erythrocyte-binding therapeutics |
US10821157B2 (en) | 2014-02-21 | 2020-11-03 | Anokion Sa | Glycotargeting therapeutics |
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US11253579B2 (en) | 2017-06-16 | 2022-02-22 | The University Of Chicago | Compositions and methods for inducing immune tolerance |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1301541A2 (en) | 2003-04-16 |
WO2002004522A3 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
AU2001277531A1 (en) | 2002-01-21 |
IL153853A0 (en) | 2003-07-31 |
JP2004502450A (en) | 2004-01-29 |
CA2414272A1 (en) | 2002-01-17 |
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