WO2001092831A1 - Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources - Google Patents

Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001092831A1
WO2001092831A1 PCT/US2001/016874 US0116874W WO0192831A1 WO 2001092831 A1 WO2001092831 A1 WO 2001092831A1 US 0116874 W US0116874 W US 0116874W WO 0192831 A1 WO0192831 A1 WO 0192831A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
scintillator
scintillation detector
detector
camera
fibers
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/016874
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Thomas S. Jones
Kenneth M. Gibbs
Original Assignee
Olganix Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Olganix Corporation filed Critical Olganix Corporation
Priority to AU2001275837A priority Critical patent/AU2001275837A1/en
Publication of WO2001092831A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001092831A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
    • G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
    • G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
    • G01T1/1642—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using a scintillation crystal and position sensing photodetector arrays, e.g. ANGER cameras
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the measurement and calibration of radioactive sources and, more particularly, to a scintillator-camera system therefor.
  • Radioactive sources emitting x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles or other radiation, are used in many applications, including industrial radiography and gauging, medical therapy and heat and power sources.
  • the umformity of radiation emission from the source is important. This is particularly true for low activity sources used for brachytherapy.
  • the radioactive source is placed on or inserted into the body to irradiate a tumor or lesion. Uniformity of emission is important, as is a calibration of the radiation emitted so that the radiation dose delivered to the patient can be accurately determined.
  • Present methods for calibration of brachytherapy sources involve a variety of methods, including surrounding the source with multiple detectors, the use of multiple radiation probes or area detectors, such as film, and the use of well ionization chambers to measure the total radiation emitted from the source. These methods are cumbersome and, in many cases do not provide a complete determination of the emitted radiation patterns.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,661,310 which is incorporated by reference, discloses a radiation dose mapping system and method.
  • a dosimeter made of a suitable luminescent material is provided between an image sensor such as a camera that is hooked up to a computer-based controller and a stimulator including an infrared light source.
  • An optical stimulator source filter for producing only a narrow-band infrared spectrum and an optical image filter for preventing light produced by the stimulator from being conveyed to the camera are provided between the stimulator and the dosimeter.
  • the device permits mapping of spatially variable radiation patterns for use in medical radiation treatments and does so without the requirement of chemical processing.
  • the device is not adapted to permit analysis of circumferential, i.e., radial, or axial variations in a sample.
  • the method and system according to the present invention makes use of a scintillator observed by a camera. If the source to be calibrated is placed in a central hole in the scintillator, the emitted light will show variations in the radial emission pattern from the source.
  • a fiber optic scintillator with the fibers parallel to the hole axis in the scintllator, will direct the emitted light toward the camera. Variations in the radial radiation emission from the source will be detected as variations in the radial pattern of the emitted light from the scintillator. Variations in the axial radiation from the source will be observed as the source is translated through the central hole in the scintillator.
  • a camera is arranged to view the scintillation detector and produce image data corresponding to light stimulated in the scintillation detector.
  • the scintillation detector may be a solid plate, a granular phosphor, a columnar scintillator, or a fiber-optic plate having a plurality of scintillating fibers. If the scintillation detector is a fiber-optic plate, the fibers preferably all extend in a first direction.
  • a fiber-optic scintillation detector includes a scintillating body having a central hole in which a radioactive source is adapted to be inserted, the central hole having a hole axis extending in the first direction.
  • a method for determining uniformity of radiation emission from one or more radioactive sources includes inserting a radioactive source in a central hole of a scintillation detector, the central hole having a hole axis extending in a first direction. Light stimulated in the scintillation detector by radioactive emissions from the radioactive source is detected with a camera.
  • FIGS. 1A, IB, and 1C schematically show various imaging arrangement geometries for the detector system according to embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 2A schematically shows a thin scintillator profiling system, with radiation shielding around the scintillator, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2B is a top view of a portion of the system of FIG. 2A;
  • FIGS. 3 A and B schematically show embodiments of the scintillator wherein fibers run in a thickness direction of the plate, and wherein a solid scintillating material is cut in concentric rings, respectively.
  • observations of emitted light from a source S can be made by a camera 21 used with a single or multiple mirror system 23a, in a direct line with the scintillation detector or scintillator 22 with a transparent radiation shield 25 in the path, or by a fiber optic turning block 23c between the scintillator and the camera.
  • Radiation shielding 25a and 25b such as lead or a high atomic number absorber such as a tungsten alloy can be used on both sides of the scintillator 22 to minimize scintillation light that may result when the source S is not totally within the scintillator central hole, as shown, for example, by the large upper shield 25a and the lower cylindrical shield 25b, in FIG. 2A (shown from the top in FIG. 2B).
  • the camera-side shield may be a transparent absorber, such as leaded plastic or leaded glass 25b such as is shown in FIG. IB.
  • the radiation shields should be free of high atomic number materials to avoid production of x-rays, and clear plastic shields, such as polyethylene provide good shielding results.
  • a lead or high-Z shield 25b on the camera side of the scintillator 22 is preferably arranged as shown in FIG. 1A.
  • the leaded glass or leaded plastic shield 25b shown in FIG. IB could, of course, be used with other embodiments such as the mirror embodiment shown in FIG. 1A and is not restricted to the straight-through imaging shown in FIG. IB. It is not necessary that the shielding 25b is on the scintillator 22, although it is preferred that the shielding is between the scintillator and the camera 21 to protect the camera, and close to the scintillator to minimize the shine of the source onto the face of the scintillator.
  • a useful scintillator 22 is a high-density fiber optic scintillating glass, such as Type IQI 302 (available from Industrial Quality, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877) or a columnar cesium iodide (Csl scintillator available from Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc., Watertown, MA).
  • Type IQI 302 available from Industrial Quality, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877
  • Csl scintillator available from Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc., Watertown, MA
  • a useful scintillator or imaging detector is a plastic scintillator 22. There are many variations available in plastic scintillators.
  • One useful plastic scintillator is Type 1
  • the plastic scintillator may be used in the form of solid sheets, fiber optic plates in which fibers 22a run in the thickness direction of the plate (FIG. 3A), a bull's eye pattern form such as is shown in FIG. 3B and includes a plurality of concentric rings 22b of scintillating plastic, or alternating rings of scintillating plastic and regular, non-scintillating plastic.
  • the latter two methods offer improved circumferential or radial resolution.
  • These embodiments of scintillators 22 are presently understood to tend to prevent radial progression of light in the glass or plastic and to scatter the light to a surface where it can be detected.
  • the radioactive source S is inserted into a central hole 35 in a thin fiber optic scintillator 22, as shown in FIGS. 1A, IB, and lC.
  • the central hole 35 is parallel to the fiber axis so the light stimulated by the radioactive emission is directed along the fibers.
  • the fiber optic scintillating glass can be Type IQI 302 (sold by Industrial Quality, Inc.) or columnar cesium iodide (Csl, available from Radiation Monitoring Devices, Watertown, MA) as examples. However, other scintillating detectors can be used.
  • a plastic scintillator such as Type BC400 available from Saint Gobain
  • Crystals & Detectors, Newbury, OH may be used.
  • the light directed out of the fibers in the system shown in FIG. 2A is detected by a lens camera assembly 21 directly in line (FIG. IB) with the scintillator, through a mirror system (FIG. 1A) to move the camera and its electronics out of the radiation field, or through a fiber optic turning block (FIG. 1C).
  • the radioactive seed is placed in a guide catheter 37 (FIGS. 1A-1C) and fed through a hole 39 in a top radiation shield 25a, then through the scintillator 22 and into the bottom shield 25b.
  • the seed activity produces a light pattern in the scintillator.
  • Any circumferential, i.e., radial, variations in the source activity will show as a skewed circumferential, i.e., radial pattern in the scintillator 22.
  • Variations in the axial activity can be detected as different sections of the seed pass through the thin scintillator.
  • a small portion of the circumferential or radial pattern may be obscured by the lower shield 25b, however the size and properties of the lower shield are chosen to provide effective attenuation while permitting the outer extents of the scintillation pattern to be observed by the camera 21.
  • An alternative shield for lower energy photons is a clear, leaded plastic or leaded glass to provide shielding and also permit observation by the camera 21.
  • the shield can be simple clear plastic.
  • a preferred scintillator is in the form of a thin fiber optic plate with the fibers running in the thickness direction. This allows a high spatial resolution of the scintillation pattern along the longitudinal direction of the source S by virtue of the scintillator thickness and in the circumferenital direction by virtue of the small fibers.
  • the final result obtained from this invention is a representation of the radiation emission pattern from a radioactive source.
  • this radiation data can be related to radiation dose delivered to a patient, thereby making the radiation therapy more efficient and safer to use.
  • the scintillator-camera system described here offers a rapid, complete characterization of the radiation pattern emitted by a radioactive source.
  • the camera 21 can, of course, be associated with a computer for analysis and storage of information about the source and the reference to a camera is meant to encompass any suitable device capable of obtaining and recording or transmitting an image. While this invention has been illustrated and described in accordance with a preferred embodiment, it is recognized that variations and changes may be made therein without departing from the invention as set forth in the claims.

Abstract

A scintillator-camera system (10a) for determining uniformity of radiation emission from a radioactive source (S) includes a scintillator (22) having a central hole (39) having a hole axis extending in a first direction. A camera (21) is arranged to view the scintillator (22) so that light stimulated in the scintillator (22) by a radioactive source (S) inserted in the central hole (39) is detected by the camera (21), the camera (21) producing image data upon detection of light stimulated in the scintillator (22). The image data are adapted to be analyzed to detect non-uniformity in a radiation emission pattern from the radioactive source (S). Radial emission non-uniformity is detected in a single view of the radioactive source (S) within the scintillator (22). Axial variations can be detected as the source (S) is moved through the central hole (39) of the scintillator (22).

Description

Scintillator Detector and Camera System and Method for Measuring Emission Uniformity and for Calibration of Radioactive Sources
Background and Summary of the Invention
This invention relates to the measurement and calibration of radioactive sources and, more particularly, to a scintillator-camera system therefor.
Radioactive sources, emitting x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles or other radiation, are used in many applications, including industrial radiography and gauging, medical therapy and heat and power sources. In many of these applications the umformity of radiation emission from the source is important. This is particularly true for low activity sources used for brachytherapy. In this case the radioactive source is placed on or inserted into the body to irradiate a tumor or lesion. Uniformity of emission is important, as is a calibration of the radiation emitted so that the radiation dose delivered to the patient can be accurately determined. Present methods for calibration of brachytherapy sources involve a variety of methods, including surrounding the source with multiple detectors, the use of multiple radiation probes or area detectors, such as film, and the use of well ionization chambers to measure the total radiation emitted from the source. These methods are cumbersome and, in many cases do not provide a complete determination of the emitted radiation patterns.
U.S. Patent No. 5,661,310, which is incorporated by reference, discloses a radiation dose mapping system and method. A dosimeter made of a suitable luminescent material is provided between an image sensor such as a camera that is hooked up to a computer-based controller and a stimulator including an infrared light source. An optical stimulator source filter for producing only a narrow-band infrared spectrum and an optical image filter for preventing light produced by the stimulator from being conveyed to the camera are provided between the stimulator and the dosimeter. The device permits mapping of spatially variable radiation patterns for use in medical radiation treatments and does so without the requirement of chemical processing. The device is not adapted to permit analysis of circumferential, i.e., radial, or axial variations in a sample.
The method and system according to the present invention makes use of a scintillator observed by a camera. If the source to be calibrated is placed in a central hole in the scintillator, the emitted light will show variations in the radial emission pattern from the source. In one embodiment, a fiber optic scintillator, with the fibers parallel to the hole axis in the scintllator, will direct the emitted light toward the camera. Variations in the radial radiation emission from the source will be detected as variations in the radial pattern of the emitted light from the scintillator. Variations in the axial radiation from the source will be observed as the source is translated through the central hole in the scintillator.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a scintillator-camera system for determining uniformity of radiation emission from one or more radioactive sources includes a scintillation detector, the scintillation detector having a central hole in which a radioactive source is adapted to be inserted, the central hole having a hole axis extending in the first direction. A camera is arranged to view the scintillation detector and produce image data corresponding to light stimulated in the scintillation detector. The scintillation detector may be a solid plate, a granular phosphor, a columnar scintillator, or a fiber-optic plate having a plurality of scintillating fibers. If the scintillation detector is a fiber-optic plate, the fibers preferably all extend in a first direction.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a fiber-optic scintillation detector includes a scintillating body having a central hole in which a radioactive source is adapted to be inserted, the central hole having a hole axis extending in the first direction.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for determining uniformity of radiation emission from one or more radioactive sources includes inserting a radioactive source in a central hole of a scintillation detector, the central hole having a hole axis extending in a first direction. Light stimulated in the scintillation detector by radioactive emissions from the radioactive source is detected with a camera.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The features and advantages of the present invention are well understood by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which like numerals indicate similar elements and in which: FIGS. 1A, IB, and 1C schematically show various imaging arrangement geometries for the detector system according to embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2A schematically shows a thin scintillator profiling system, with radiation shielding around the scintillator, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2B is a top view of a portion of the system of FIG. 2A; FIGS. 3 A and B schematically show embodiments of the scintillator wherein fibers run in a thickness direction of the plate, and wherein a solid scintillating material is cut in concentric rings, respectively.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments
As seen in the embodiments of the system 10a, 10b, 10c according to the present invention shown in FIGS. 1A, IB, and 1C, observations of emitted light from a source S can be made by a camera 21 used with a single or multiple mirror system 23a, in a direct line with the scintillation detector or scintillator 22 with a transparent radiation shield 25 in the path, or by a fiber optic turning block 23c between the scintillator and the camera. Radiation shielding 25a and 25b such as lead or a high atomic number absorber such as a tungsten alloy can be used on both sides of the scintillator 22 to minimize scintillation light that may result when the source S is not totally within the scintillator central hole, as shown, for example, by the large upper shield 25a and the lower cylindrical shield 25b, in FIG. 2A (shown from the top in FIG. 2B). For sources emitting lower energy photons, such as 125I, the camera-side shield may be a transparent absorber, such as leaded plastic or leaded glass 25b such as is shown in FIG. IB. For particle- emitting sources, such as 32P, the radiation shields should be free of high atomic number materials to avoid production of x-rays, and clear plastic shields, such as polyethylene provide good shielding results.
A lead or high-Z shield 25b on the camera side of the scintillator 22 is preferably arranged as shown in FIG. 1A. A leaded glass or leaded plastic shield
25b is preferably arranged against the scintillator 22 as shown in FIG. IB. The leaded glass or leaded plastic shield 25b shown in FIG. IB could, of course, be used with other embodiments such as the mirror embodiment shown in FIG. 1A and is not restricted to the straight-through imaging shown in FIG. IB. It is not necessary that the shielding 25b is on the scintillator 22, although it is preferred that the shielding is between the scintillator and the camera 21 to protect the camera, and close to the scintillator to minimize the shine of the source onto the face of the scintillator.
For sources emitting photons, gamma rays or x-rays, a useful scintillator 22 is a high-density fiber optic scintillating glass, such as Type IQI 302 (available from Industrial Quality, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877) or a columnar cesium iodide (Csl scintillator available from Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc., Watertown, MA). For sources emitting beta particles or positrons, a useful scintillator or imaging detector is a plastic scintillator 22. There are many variations available in plastic scintillators. One useful plastic scintillator is Type
BC400 (available from Saint Gobain Crystals & Detectors, Newbury, OH). The plastic scintillator may be used in the form of solid sheets, fiber optic plates in which fibers 22a run in the thickness direction of the plate (FIG. 3A), a bull's eye pattern form such as is shown in FIG. 3B and includes a plurality of concentric rings 22b of scintillating plastic, or alternating rings of scintillating plastic and regular, non-scintillating plastic. The latter two methods offer improved circumferential or radial resolution. These embodiments of scintillators 22 are presently understood to tend to prevent radial progression of light in the glass or plastic and to scatter the light to a surface where it can be detected.
According to an aspect of the invention that will be described with reference to FIG. 2A, the radioactive source S, typically less than a millimeter in diameter and a few millimeters in length, is inserted into a central hole 35 in a thin fiber optic scintillator 22, as shown in FIGS. 1A, IB, and lC. The central hole 35 is parallel to the fiber axis so the light stimulated by the radioactive emission is directed along the fibers. The fiber optic scintillating glass can be Type IQI 302 (sold by Industrial Quality, Inc.) or columnar cesium iodide (Csl, available from Radiation Monitoring Devices, Watertown, MA) as examples. However, other scintillating detectors can be used. For beta emitting sources, such as 32P, a plastic scintillator (such as Type BC400 available from Saint Gobain
Crystals & Detectors, Newbury, OH) may be used. The light directed out of the fibers in the system shown in FIG. 2A is detected by a lens camera assembly 21 directly in line (FIG. IB) with the scintillator, through a mirror system (FIG. 1A) to move the camera and its electronics out of the radiation field, or through a fiber optic turning block (FIG. 1C).
The radioactive seed is placed in a guide catheter 37 (FIGS. 1A-1C) and fed through a hole 39 in a top radiation shield 25a, then through the scintillator 22 and into the bottom shield 25b. As the seed passes through the hole in the scintillator 22, the seed activity produces a light pattern in the scintillator. Any circumferential, i.e., radial, variations in the source activity will show as a skewed circumferential, i.e., radial pattern in the scintillator 22. Variations in the axial activity can be detected as different sections of the seed pass through the thin scintillator. A small portion of the circumferential or radial pattern may be obscured by the lower shield 25b, however the size and properties of the lower shield are chosen to provide effective attenuation while permitting the outer extents of the scintillation pattern to be observed by the camera 21. An alternative shield for lower energy photons is a clear, leaded plastic or leaded glass to provide shielding and also permit observation by the camera 21. For particle emitting sources, beta or positron, the shield can be simple clear plastic. For this concept of the imaging system, a preferred scintillator is in the form of a thin fiber optic plate with the fibers running in the thickness direction. This allows a high spatial resolution of the scintillation pattern along the longitudinal direction of the source S by virtue of the scintillator thickness and in the circumferenital direction by virtue of the small fibers.
The final result obtained from this invention is a representation of the radiation emission pattern from a radioactive source. For brachytherapy applications, this radiation data can be related to radiation dose delivered to a patient, thereby making the radiation therapy more efficient and safer to use. The scintillator-camera system described here offers a rapid, complete characterization of the radiation pattern emitted by a radioactive source. The camera 21 can, of course, be associated with a computer for analysis and storage of information about the source and the reference to a camera is meant to encompass any suitable device capable of obtaining and recording or transmitting an image. While this invention has been illustrated and described in accordance with a preferred embodiment, it is recognized that variations and changes may be made therein without departing from the invention as set forth in the claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A scintillator-camera system for determining uniformity of radiation emission from one or more radioactive sources, comprising: a fiber-optic scintillation detector having a plurality of scintillating fibers extending in a first direction, the scintillation detector having a central hole in which a radioactive source is adapted to be inserted, the central hole having a hole axis extending in the first direction; a camera arranged to view the scintillation detector and produce image data corresponding to light stimulated in the scintillation detector.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the scinitillation detector includes one of a solid plate scintillator, a granular phosphor scintillator, a columnar scintillator, and a fiber-optic plate scintillator.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the scintillation detector is a fiber-optic scintillation detector having a plurality of fibers.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the plurality of fibers extend in a common direction.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of fibers extend in the first direction.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the scintillation detector is a fiber optic glass scintillator.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the scintillation detector is an inorganic scintillator.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the scintillation detector is an organic scintillator.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the scintillation detector includes scintillating plastic in one of solid form, fiber optic form, and in a series of concentric rings.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera is arranged to observe the scintillation detector through one or more mirrors.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the camera is arranged to observe the scintillation detector in a direct line.
12. The system of claim 11, further comprising an absorbing transparent shield in a path between the camera and the scintillation detector.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera is arranged to observe the scintillation detector through a fiber optic turning block.
14. The system of one of claims 1-13, wherein the scintillation detector includes a reflective layer to increase light output toward the camera.
15. The system of claim 1, further comprising radiation shielding on the scintillation detector.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the radiation shielding is one of a leaded plastic or leaded glass and provides radiation shielding while permitting observation of the scintillation detector by the camera.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the radiation shielding is plastic.
18. A fiber-optic scintillation detector comprising a scintillating body having a central hole in which a radioactive source is adapted to be inserted, the central hole having a hole axis extending in a first direction.
19. The detector of claim 18, wherein the body includes one of a solid plate scintillator, a granular phosphor scintillator, a columnar scintillator, and a fiber-optic plate scintillator.
20. The detector of claim 18, wherein the body is a fiber-optic scintillation detector having a plurality of fibers.
21. The detector of claim 20, wherein the plurality of fibers extend in a common direction.
22. The detector of claim 21, wherein the plurality of fibers extend in the first direction.
23. The detector of claim 18, wherein the scintillation detector is a fiber optic glass scintillator.
24. The detector of claim 18, wherein the scintillation detector is an inorganic scintillator.
25. The detector of claim 18, wherein the scintillation detector is an organic scintillator.
26. The detector of claim 25, wherein the scintillation detector includes scintillating plastic in one of solid form, fiber optic form, and in a series of concentric rings.
27. A method for determining uniformity of radiation emission from one or more radioactive sources, comprising: inserting a radioactive source in a central hole a fiber-optic scintillation detector, the scintillation detector including a body including a plurality of scintillating fibers extending in a first direction, the central hole having a hole axis extending in the first direction; directing light stimulated in the scintillating fibers by radioactive emissions from the radioactive source along the fibers and out of ends of the fibers; and detecting light directed out of ends of the fibers with a camera.
28. The method of claim 27, further comprising moving the radioactive source along the hole axis so that radioative emissions from different axial portions of the radioactive source stimulate light in the scintillating fibers.
PCT/US2001/016874 2000-05-26 2001-05-25 Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources WO2001092831A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001275837A AU2001275837A1 (en) 2000-05-26 2001-05-25 Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US20722200P 2000-05-26 2000-05-26
US60/207,222 2000-05-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001092831A1 true WO2001092831A1 (en) 2001-12-06

Family

ID=22769671

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2001/016874 WO2001092831A1 (en) 2000-05-26 2001-05-25 Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources
PCT/US2001/016873 WO2001092913A2 (en) 2000-05-26 2001-05-25 Scintillator detectro and camera system andmethod for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2001/016873 WO2001092913A2 (en) 2000-05-26 2001-05-25 Scintillator detectro and camera system andmethod for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources

Country Status (2)

Country Link
AU (2) AU2001275837A1 (en)
WO (2) WO2001092831A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009033304A1 (en) 2009-07-15 2011-01-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Detector for use in X-ray computed tomography device for generating X-ray radiation on patient during scanning patient for diagnosis purpose, has digital camera arranged in region estimatable by X-ray radiation

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3739171A (en) * 1971-07-19 1973-06-12 Texaco Inc Gamma ray spectroscopy with quantitative analysis
US3878373A (en) * 1971-06-30 1975-04-15 Alvin Blum Radiation detection device and a radiation detection method
US4066908A (en) * 1976-03-31 1978-01-03 The Harshaw Chemical Company Well-type scintillation assembly
US4946238A (en) * 1984-01-27 1990-08-07 University Of Pittsburgh Fiber optic coupler
US5235191A (en) * 1992-03-06 1993-08-10 Miller Robert N Real-time x-ray device
US5594253A (en) * 1994-12-28 1997-01-14 Lockheed Missiles And Space Company, Inc. Hybrid luminescent device for imaging of ionizing and penetrating radiation
US5606638A (en) * 1995-12-26 1997-02-25 Nanoptics Incorporated Organic scintillator systems and optical fibers containing polycyclic aromatic compounds

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3859528A (en) * 1973-03-26 1975-01-07 Beckman Instruments Inc Gamma ray apparatus with sample changer
US3978337A (en) * 1975-01-29 1976-08-31 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Three-dimensional time-of-flight gamma camera system
US4495419A (en) * 1982-06-11 1985-01-22 Schmehl Stewart J Radiation detection device
US5032728A (en) * 1988-11-09 1991-07-16 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Single photon emission computed tomography system
US5471062A (en) * 1994-03-21 1995-11-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Large volume flow-through scintillating detector

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3878373A (en) * 1971-06-30 1975-04-15 Alvin Blum Radiation detection device and a radiation detection method
US3739171A (en) * 1971-07-19 1973-06-12 Texaco Inc Gamma ray spectroscopy with quantitative analysis
US4066908A (en) * 1976-03-31 1978-01-03 The Harshaw Chemical Company Well-type scintillation assembly
US4946238A (en) * 1984-01-27 1990-08-07 University Of Pittsburgh Fiber optic coupler
US5235191A (en) * 1992-03-06 1993-08-10 Miller Robert N Real-time x-ray device
US5594253A (en) * 1994-12-28 1997-01-14 Lockheed Missiles And Space Company, Inc. Hybrid luminescent device for imaging of ionizing and penetrating radiation
US5606638A (en) * 1995-12-26 1997-02-25 Nanoptics Incorporated Organic scintillator systems and optical fibers containing polycyclic aromatic compounds

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009033304A1 (en) 2009-07-15 2011-01-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Detector for use in X-ray computed tomography device for generating X-ray radiation on patient during scanning patient for diagnosis purpose, has digital camera arranged in region estimatable by X-ray radiation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2001092913A3 (en) 2002-03-28
AU2001271271A1 (en) 2001-12-11
AU2001275837A1 (en) 2001-12-11
WO2001092913A2 (en) 2001-12-06

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Beaulieu et al. Review of plastic and liquid scintillation dosimetry for photon, electron, and proton therapy
Beddar et al. A miniature" scintillator-fiberoptic-PMT" detector system for the dosimetry of small fields in stereotactic radiosurgery
US4124804A (en) Compton scatter scintillation camera system
Lambert et al. A prototype scintillation dosimeter customized for small and dynamic megavoltage radiation fields
US7297914B2 (en) Cerenkov x-ray detector for portal imaging
Hyer et al. Characterization of a water‐equivalent fiber‐optic coupled dosimeter for use in diagnostic radiology
US4843245A (en) Scintillation detector for tomographs
JP2006524327A (en) Detector element for spatially resolved detection of gamma rays
JP4061367B2 (en) ZnS (Ag) scintillation detector
Darafsheh et al. Spectroscopic separation of Čerenkov radiation in high-resolution radiation fiber dosimeters
Marckmann et al. Influence of the stem effect on radioluminescence signals from optical fibre Al2O3: C dosemeters
US6998632B2 (en) Energy compensation, wide beam width radiation sensor, for remote dosimetry, and dosimetry device using this sensor
Chichester et al. Comparison of BCF-10, BCF-12, and BCF-20 scintillating fibers for use in a 1-dimensional linear sensor
Beddar Water equivalent plastic scintillation detectors in radiation therapy
Yoo et al. Development of a scintillating fiber-optic dosimeter for measuring the entrance surface dose in diagnostic radiology
Kertzscher et al. Ruby-based inorganic scintillation detectors for 192Ir brachytherapy
CN109490937B (en) Radiation position detection method, radiation position detector, and PET apparatus
Hoerner et al. Characterizing energy dependence and count rate performance of a dual scintillator fiber‐optic detector for computed tomography
Darafsheh et al. Separation of Čerenkov radiation in irradiated optical fibers by optical spectroscopy
US20210364660A1 (en) Multilayer scintillator detector and method for reconstructing a spatial distribution of a beam of irradiation
WO2001092831A1 (en) Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformity and for calibration of radioactive sources
GB2375170A (en) Radiation sensor for measuring radiation dose and radiography apparatus
US20040051045A1 (en) Scintillator detector and camera system and method for measuring emission uniformly and for calibration of radioactive sources
JPH03108687A (en) Radiation detector of radiation measuring apparatus
Stajanca POF and Radiation Sensing

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP