WO2001088371A2

WO2001088371A2 - Micro pump

Info

Publication number: WO2001088371A2
Application number: PCT/US2001/003289
Authority: WO
Inventors: William Trimmer
Original assignee: William Trimmer
Priority date: 2000-01-31
Filing date: 2001-01-31
Publication date: 2001-11-22
Also published as: AU3321501A

Abstract

This invention relates to the area of microelectromechanical systems and micro valves and micro pumps in which liquids and gasses are controlled using micromechanical devices. The method taught here allows control of high pressure liquids and gasses with actuators that generate low pressures and also allows the complete closure of a valve, and allows reliable pumping.

Description

MICRO PUMP

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION Γ This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/179,419, filed January 31, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the control and pumping of liquids and gasses, ι Q hereafter called fluids, in very small regions, and more particularly to micro valves and micro pumps.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is useful to control fluids in small regions. For example, micro pumps that can be ι implanted under the skin for the delivery of medicine for patients or the manipulation of pressurized fluids to control micro surgical instruments used in endoscopic and labrascopic surgery, or the fluidic control of micro chromatography systems used to detect undesirable elements in the environment or for controlling samples such as blood and chemical reagents to build a complete analytical system that can perform analysis in a physician's office or in the field, _jr. or for controlling the flow of small particles or devices entrained in a fluid, or for use as a controller for a microair table to float and move devices, or as a rapid acting fluidic switch that can control larger valves that control the flow of larger amounts of fluids.

These devices can be made by a variety of micro fabrication methods, including silicon fabrication techniques such as silicon surface machining and silicon bulk machining and wafer _j r bonding and etching and deposition and also with non-silicon fabrication technologies such as LIGA (German for Lithographie, Galvanoformung, and Abformung or in English X-ray lithography, electroforming and molding processes) or EDM machining (Electro Discharge Machining) or plating or molding or stereolithography or a number of other technologies familiar to researchers in the field of micro fabrication. Micro valves tend to leak because it is difficult to form a good micro valve seat. As the valve gets smaller, there is less material in the valve seat, and it is quite easy to scratch or crush one of these micro valve seats. Further, current micro valves have limited application because they are not capable of regulating fluid flows at high pressures.

Thus, there is a need for a micro valve having a good micro valve seat, and further, being

•₃ r capable of regulating fluid flows exerting high pressure loads. 1

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a microelectromechanical valve having two or more diaphragms containing non-aligned holes to control the flow of fluids. Fluid flows through the holes in the first diaphragm and then must flow between the first and second diaphragm to reach the holes in the second diaphragm, whereupon the fluid is free to flow past the second diaphragm.

In a presently preferred embodiment, valve comprises a first diaphragm in spaced opposed relationship to a second diaphragm. The diaphragms comprise offsetting holes such that fluid flow between the diaphragms is impeded when the diaphragms are in close proximity to one 1₀ another and fluid flow through the diaphragms is enabled when the diaphragms are spaced apart, and an actuator for causing the diaphragms to approach and retract relative to each other. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the ι _■ accompanying drawings herein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a microelectro valve according to the present invention;

FIGS. 2A-2F are elevation views of a silicon wafer during the various processing steps resulting in a flexible perforated diaphragm used as one portion of the valve according to the present invention; j FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a valve half produced by the steps of FIGS 2A-2F;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the two wafers having perforated diaphragms formed therein positioned to be brought together to form the valve of the present invention;

FIG. 5 A is a perspective view of a pair of assembled diaphragms to form a valve according to the present invention; je FIG. 5B is a detail fragmentary view of the diaphragms of the valve of FIG. 5 A;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of two valves according to the present invention assembled in a pump configuration; and

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the valve according to the present invention.

30

35 1

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, provides a valve 10 having two or more diaphragms in a proximally spaced relationship. Each of the diaphragms contain a series of c holes. The holes of each of the diaphragms are offset with respect to each other to control the flow of fluids through the valve. In a preferred embodiment, fluid flows through the holes in a first diaphragm 12 and into a space or channel 16 between the first and a second diaphragm 14 to reach the holes in the second diaphragm, where upon the fluid is free to flow past the second diaphragm.

, In a first preferred embodiment, the first and second diaphragms 12 and 14 are two silicon wafers 18 that are bonded to form the micro valve 10. Initially the silicon wafer shown in FIG. 2A is oxidized and coated with a layer of silicon nitride 20 on both sides, as shown in FIG. 2B. In alternative embodiments, the silicon wafer may be coated with other photoresist material, such as diamond-like carbon, silicon dioxide and silicon carbide. Top and bottom

₁ c surfaces 22 and 24 of the wafer 18 are patterned using photolithography and etching to create a series of openings 26 in the silicon nitride and thermal oxide layer as shown in FIG. 2C. The bottom of the wafer is diffused with boron to penetrate the wafer and create an etchant impermeable bottom surface layer 28 as shown in FIG.2D. The boron only penetrates the wafer at areas of the wafer exposed by the openings 26 and does not penetrate the wafer where the _j . photoresist, which in this embodiment is the silicon nitride, is not removed.

Referring to FIG.2E, after the bottom of the wafer is diffused with boron, a conductive layer 30, preferably comprising fluorine or metals, such as aluminum, titanium-platinum-gold, or chrome, is deposited on the bottom layer of silicon nitride. The conductive layer 30 is then patterned and coated with a second layer 32 of silicon nitride. r As shown in FIG.2F, wafer is finally formed by etching the top portion of the wafer with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or similar anisotropic etchant, such as potassium hydroxide, ethylene diamine or hydrazine. The etched portion of the wafer forms a tapered cavity 36 extending between the top and bottom surfaces 22 and 24 of the wafer, thus etching away a central portion of the wafer to form a thin diaphragm 35 comprising the conductive layer 30 and

™ the second silicon nitride layer 32. having a plurality of holes 38 located therein between the impermeable portions of the bottom layer, whereby fluid may pass though the diaphragm.

Once the wafers 18 have been formed they are then sawed into individual chips 40, as shown in FIG. 3 (the holes in the diaphragm are not shown in FIG. 3). In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 4, two chips are ready to be assembled into a valve, while in FIG. 1 these ,- two chips are shown bonded together such that the wafers are attached in a spaced relationship proximate to one another, while the diaphragms 12 and 14 are free to move separately toward and away from each other. The two chips are assembled such that the holes or perforation 38 on the first diaphragm 12 are offset with respect to the holes or perforations 38 of the second diaphragm 14. The conductors 30 on the upper and bottom diaphragm 12 and 14 are shown as Conductor 1

A and Conductor B, respectively, in FIG. 5. Applying a voltage between Conductors A and B generates an electrostatic pressure that causes the diaphragms 12 and 14 to be attracted towards each other to form a tight bond that throttle or impedes the flow of a fluid in the channel 16 c between them. In alternative embodiments, magnetic fields or thermally generated forces or bubbles generated by boiling a fluid or a host of other methods can be used to actuate the diaphragms.

In operation, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, high pressure fluid (depicted by arrow 50) trying to pass through the diaphragms causes both diaphragms to bow away from the high pressure

I source. The high pressure fluid flows through the holes 38 in the first diaphragm 12 and then must flow between the first and second diaphragms 12 and 14 to reach the holes 38 of the second diaphragm 14, where upon the fluid is free to pass the second diaphragm (depicted by arrow 52). The flow of fluid through the valve can be controlled by applying a voltage to the conductors 30 of the first and second diaphragms, which causes the diaphragms to pull together to stop the fluid ι flow through the diaphragms. By applying a pressure differential between the two diaphragms, the diaphragms are pulled apart.

An important advantage of the present invention is that a small pressure acting between the diaphragms can control a larger pressure trying to pass through the diaphragms. This is because the larger pressure bows the diaphragms away form the source of high pressure. The _{j Q} energy associated with the high pressure is split between the two diaphragms in an approximately equal manner. To move the diaphragms together to throttle the fluid flow does not require the full pressure applied to the diaphragms, but requires a smaller pressure associated with the small differential motions of the two diaphragms needed to close the valve.

In an alternate embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 7, a liquid 56, such as air, oil or water, _jc is placed in the channel 16 between the diaphragms 12 and 14. When the two diaphragms are close together, the liquid forms an impenetrable seal that does not leak. When the diaphragms separate, the small amount of liquid between the diaphragms can no longer block the flow of fluid, and there is free passage of fluid through the valve. Because the valve seat is formed by a liquid, it can not be scratched or crushed, and does not deteriorate like conventional valve seats. 0 In addition, the liquid forming the valve seat interacts with the holes in the diaphragm in a beneficial manner. When the valve is closed, the surface tension between the holes in the diaphragm and the liquid between the diaphragms also inhibits the flow of liquid through the diaphragms. The action of the surface tension causes a hysteresis in the valve that is often beneficial. For example in one valve embodiment there is no actuation. The surface tension of _o - the liquid around the holes in the diaphragm keeps the valve closed until a pre-set pressure, say 10 pounds per square inch or psi, is reached. The valve then opens cleanly and stays open until a lower pressure, say 8 psi, is reached. This valve requires no electronics or sensors or actuation force, instead, the control of the fluid is intrinsic to the design of the valve. In this arrangement, one type of liquid can be used as the seat between the valves, and a second type of liquid used 1 as the medium controlled by the valve, as long as the two liquids have different surface energy properties. For example, if the medium controlled by the valve is air, then liquid used as the seat may be oil.

_. In a second embodiment, a pump can be made by attaching two one-way valves 71 and

73 to a variable chamber 70 as shown in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, a variable pumping force (depicted by arrow 72) distends a diaphragm 74 which extends between the two valves to form a volume. When the pumping force pulls the diaphragm in a direction opposite arrow 72, the pressure in the volume drops and fluid is drawn into the volume through valve 71. When the

, . diaphragm is pushed in the direction of arrow 72, the pressure in the volume increases and the fluid flows out of the volume through valve 73. Thus the valves 71 and 73 act as check valves, opening and closing at appropriate times to capture and pressurize fluid.

In a third embodiment, the diaphragms 12 and 14 are made of a flexible sheet film, such as a plastic or epox . For example, two thin films of photo sensitive plastic film can be used. The r holes 38 in the diaphragms are photolithographically defined, and the two thin films are bonded together on a ring 80 or other suitable substrate which supports the valve in the desired position, as shown in FIG. 7. The thin films may have appropriate conducting and insulating layers to allow electrostatically generated pressures to close the valve. Also, aluminum can be deposited on one side of each film, and covered with an insulator. The two films are then bonded together _{j 0} in the region where the ring support will be attached, such that the aluminum films are innermost and facing each other. Now the photolithography can proceed from opposite sides since the aluminum layer will stop the light that exposes, say the top film, from reaching the bottom film. This method eliminates the need to align the top and bottom film after the holes have been defined. r The present invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments.

However, the embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the invention. Those skilled int the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that may be made to the present invention without strictly following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without

~₀ departing from the true spirit of the present invention which is set forth in the following claims.

Claims

MISSING AT THE TIME OF PUBLICATION