WO2001085328A1 - Device and method for electrochemically generating one or more gases - Google Patents
Device and method for electrochemically generating one or more gases Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001085328A1 WO2001085328A1 PCT/NL2001/000364 NL0100364W WO0185328A1 WO 2001085328 A1 WO2001085328 A1 WO 2001085328A1 NL 0100364 W NL0100364 W NL 0100364W WO 0185328 A1 WO0185328 A1 WO 0185328A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/10—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using catalysis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0046—Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/04—Pressure vessels, e.g. autoclaves
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J7/00—Apparatus for generating gases
- B01J7/02—Apparatus for generating gases by wet methods
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
- B01J2219/00279—Features relating to reactor vessels
- B01J2219/00306—Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement
- B01J2219/00313—Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement the reactor vessels being formed by arrays of wells in blocks
- B01J2219/00315—Microtiter plates
- B01J2219/00317—Microwell devices, i.e. having large numbers of wells
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
- B01J2219/00495—Means for heating or cooling the reaction vessels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
- B01J2219/00585—Parallel processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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- B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
- B01J2219/00601—High-pressure processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
- B01J2219/00698—Measurement and control of process parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
- B01J2219/00702—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products
- B01J2219/00704—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products integrated with the reactor apparatus
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00709—Type of synthesis
- B01J2219/00713—Electrochemical synthesis
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- B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
- B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/0095—Control aspects
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- B01J2219/00954—Measured properties
- B01J2219/00957—Compositions or concentrations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
- C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
- C40B30/00—Methods of screening libraries
- C40B30/08—Methods of screening libraries by measuring catalytic activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
- C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
- C40B40/00—Libraries per se, e.g. arrays, mixtures
- C40B40/18—Libraries containing only inorganic compounds or inorganic materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and device for electrochemically generating one or more gases under high pressure.
- the invention also relates to an integrated circuit on which a large number of above s stated devices are applied and to a method for analysing the action of a catalyst .
- autoclaves For the performing and studying of physical or chemical processes under a high pressure use is made of so-called pressure vessels or "autoclaves" .
- the 0 attainable pressure in usual autoclaves is typically several hundreds to a maximum of a few thousands of atmospheres.
- a (high) temperature can further be set and controlled in such autoclaves.
- a drawback of such an autoclave is the necessity ofs taking far-reaching and expensive safety precautions in respect of the explosion hazard, for instance in the form of a specially adapted freestanding laboratory with a loose roof . Stringent safety regulations also apply in respect of the construction and use of these autoclaves.
- a further drawback is that the usual autoclaves are relatively large and therefore intrinsically slow in respect of variations in pressure, temperature and chemical potential, which makes the autoclaves difficult to control.
- the required amount of material, for 5 instance catalyst is moreover relatively large when a chemical reaction is analysed with this catalyst.
- the above-mentioned drawbacks have the consequence that the use of autoclaves is relatively time-consuming and costly. This has the result that only a limited numbero of measurements can be performed in practice.
- a further drawback of the existing autoclaves is that, since the pressure build-up in the autoclave is effected slowly, the occurrence of particular chemical reactions requiring a rapid pressure build-up is s impede . It is an object of the present invention to provide a device and a method in which the above stated drawbacks are obviated.
- a device for electrochemically generating one or more gases under high pressure, comprising:
- a container comprising one or more chambers for filling with electrolyte
- a first and a second electrode over which a voltage difference can be applied in order to bring about electrochemical generation in the container; wherein the content of a chamber is in the order of magnitude of a few millilitres or less and the chamber preferably contains a maximum of 150 microlitres of electrolyte.
- the forces on the walls of the container are so low that no special safety provisions have to be made and the device is therefore intrinsically safe. Even in the case of a possible explosion of the gases in the container no appreciable damage will occur to the container and its surroundings.
- a device is hereby provided with which physical or chemical processes under high pressure can be performed and studied safely and with which a (large) number of experiments can be performed quickly and efficiently in a relatively short period of time using minimal quantities of material, in particular the testing of chemical catalysts under high pressure .
- the device provides an intrinsically high speed with short relaxation times for setting and making constant parameters such as pressure, temperature and chemical potential.
- Autoclaves are further known of a type wherein the initial pressure is brought about by connecting the reaction chamber of the autoclave to gas bottles or gas lines for feed of gas under relatively high pressure.
- This has the drawback the device takes a complex and voluminous form.
- this drawback is obviated in that the gases are generated in situ, i.e. in the container itself.
- the first electrode is positioned in the first chamber of the container for generating therein a gas of a first type, for instance hydrogen
- the second electrode is positioned in the second chamber of the container for generating therein a gas of the second type, for instance oxygen
- both chambers are mutually connected by a connecting channel of a length such that the mutual diffusion of the gases is limited.
- Arranged in the connecting channels is a material which is electrically conductive but which hampers the mutual diffusion of the gases in the separate chambers.
- the gases created at each electrode can be generated separately, i.e. without mixing, and subsequently used in a chemical or physical process.
- the device comprises pressure-determining means for determining the pressure of the electrochemically generated gases, for instance in the form of a piezoresistive pressure sensor.
- This pressure sensor can be arranged directly in (a chamber of) the container, for instance by screwing it fixedly to an outer end of the container.
- other sensors may also be used, for instance sensors which detect determined chemical properties, as well as temperature sensors .
- the device comprises voltage-controlling means for controlling the voltage between the first and the second electrode and thereby controlling the speed at which the electrochemical generation takes place.
- a pressure build-up speed in the container of at least 8 bar per second or even 20 bar per second or more can be achieved.
- the voltage-controlling means are connected to control means for substantially real time control of the electrochemical generation speed and, as a consequence thereof, the pressure in (the chambers of) container. In the device according to the invention a rapid pressure build-up occurs inside the container such that the control means can control the pressure in the container substantially in real time, i.e. within a few minutes or even seconds .
- the container can be manufactured from standard available material which easy to process, such as 0 aluminium or plastic. This enables manufacture of the devices in simple manner, on large scale and at low cost .
- an integrated circuit for simultaneouslys performing a large number of chemical or physical processes, comprising a substrate, devices of the above stated type arranged on the substrate for performing the processes, in addition to control means provided on the substrate and connected to the devices for controllingo the processes performed in the respective containers.
- Such an integrated circuit is manufactured by per se known micro-manufacturing techniques, wherein a large number of devices manufactured from silicon, glass or similar material are for instance arranged on a silicon5 substrate .
- HTE high throughput experimentation
- the action of the catalyst can hereby be determined in simple and rapid manner at a large number of (high) pressures .
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a micro- pressure cell according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a micro- pressure cell according to a second embodiment
- FIG. 3 shows a graph in which the built-up pressure is shown as a function of time at an amperage of 20 mA;
- FIG. 4 shows a graph in which the built-up pressure is shown as a function of time at an amperage of 50 mA;
- - figure 5 shows a graph of the current required to compensate the reverse reaction (compensating current) as a function of the pressure
- - figure 6 shows a cross-section of a further embodiment of a micro-pressure cell for testing chemical catalysts
- FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of an integrated circuit of micro-pressure cells.
- Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a micro-pressure cell with an aluminium container 1 provided with a chamber. Screwed to an outer end of the chamber is a pressure sensor 4, which has a stainless steel housing and an aluminium base plate. Glued into the base plate are two platinum electrodes 2 (127 micrometre platinum wire, glued into a fused silicon dioxide (fused silica) capillary) . A standard O-ring 5 is used as high pressure seal. The content of the resulting chamber is in the order of magnitude of a few millilitres or less.
- the electrodes 2 are connected to a power source 3 via standard voltage cables fed through container 1.
- electrolyte such as for instance water with added salts
- an electric current is generated and a number of gases result from electrolysis in the container, such as for instance hydrogen gas (H ) and oxygen gas (0 2 ) .
- FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the micro-pressure cell.
- a first chamber 7 and a second chamber 8 are provided in a container 6 which can be manufactured from plastic, in this case plexiglass.
- a connecting channel 9 which provides an open connection between the chambers.
- An electrode 10 is arranged in chamber 7 and an electrode 11 in chamber 8. Both electrodes are connected via standard electricity wires 14 to a power source 15, which can in turn be controlled with for instance a computer 16 or the like.
- Chambers 7 and 8 are closed on their top side with respective sealing caps 12 and 13, in which are provided outlet channels 18 and 19 which are provided with valves 20,21.
- FIG. 3 shows the pressure build-up by the formed gases during electrolysis of a 100 mM KN0 3 aqueous solution in a pressure cell with a content of 150 ⁇ l , at an amperage of 20 mA. Application of this inert electrolyte results in per se known electrolysis reactions.
- Figure 3 shows how the pressure p (in bar) progresses as a function of time t (in seconds) after the power source 3 has been switched on. It can be seen here that the pressure increases in almost linear manner with time due to the constant production of gas.
- Figure 4 shows the pressure build-up for the same system at an amperage of 50mA (marking C) , wherein at each 100 bar pressure rise (markings B , B 2 , ...) the amperage is determined which is required to hold the pressure constant.
- This "compensating current” is a measure for the speed of the reverse reaction. The figure shows that the pressure increases rapidly, wherein high pressure values of about 1400 bar can be realized.
- the "compensating current” is plotted against the pressure. For pressures in excess of 800 bar the compensating current increases exponentially, which is an indication of a drastic increase of the reverse reaction under high pressure.
- Figure 6 shows an embodiment of a pressure cell for testing chemical catalysts.
- a chemical micro-reactor and in particular a micro-fuel cell, or a high pressure micro-pump.
- the use of short high pressure pulses can have an influence on the kinetics of the reaction. This is because of differences in the way the reaction comes about. If the reaction comes about through the collision of two or more molecules, it is the diffusion speed of the molecules which will be of the main 5 importance for the speed at which the reaction proceeds, and not a parameter such as the pressure on the reaction mixture .
- reaction If the reaction is unimolecular (as in the case of an isomerization) , it is then the amount of energy 0 supplied to the molecule by the system which is of importance for the speed at which the reaction proceeds. This depends on the pressure on the reaction mixture.
- the heating means can be arranged along the walls of the chamber so that the content of the chamber is heated from the outside, but also along an electrode or catalyst so that the content of the chamber is heated from this side.
- - means for applying an electrical field over the reaction mixture This can be done by arranging two metal plates parallel to the chamber in which the reaction takes place, which plates function as capacitor plates over which a voltage can be applied. By applying a voltage (some tens to thousands of volts) an electrical field is created over the reaction mixture, which causes a change in the molecules in the reaction mixture . This can bring about a change in the orientation of the atoms in the molecules whereby particular reactions will progress better than other reactions. It is necessary here to envisage stereochemical reactions wherein more of the one stereoisomer will be formed than the other.
- the electrical field can be both continuous (caused by a DC voltage) and alternating (caused by an alternating voltage over the capacitor plates) .
- - means for applying a magnetic field over the reaction mixture. This can be done by making a coil round the reaction mixture over which a direct voltage or an alternating voltage is applied. Both continuous fields and alternating fields may also be used in this case .
- catalysts may be added to the reaction mixture in order to see which reaction products are formed or to cause a determined reaction to proceed "catalytically” .
- the application of means for introducing high- energy electrons into the reaction chamber can influence the reaction of components of the reaction mixture as desired.
- An example of a reaction which has significant advantages if performed at high pressure is the Diels- Alder reaction of butadiene with di- (R) -methyl fumarate. This reaction gives two possible stereoisomers . If the 5 reaction is performed at high pressure, 10 times as much S-isomer results as when the reaction is performed at one atmosphere. Owing to the rapid pressure build-up in the present pressure cell there will moreover occur preferred reactions, wherein other less preferredo reactions are reduced or do not even take place. Further shown in figure 7 is a schematic perspective view of an integrated circuit on which a number of micro-pressure sensors are arranged.
- the circuit comprises a substrate 29 on which fifteen micro-s pressure cells are arranged.
- Each micro-pressure cell comprises a first chamber 30, a second chamber 31 and a connecting channel 32.
- liquid and electricity lines 34 are controlled which are connected to each of the pressure cells (only showno schematically in the figure) .
- the voltage values required to operate the micro-pressure cells can be set in the order of magnitude of the voltage values for operating electronic circuits (not shown) arranged on the substrate, such as transistors, diodes, resistors,5 etc.
- a hybrid chip has hereby been created in which an integration of electronic circuits and micro-pressure cells on a substrate is realized.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP01930327A EP1280599A1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-05-14 | Device and method for electrochemically generating one or more gases |
AU2001256868A AU2001256868A1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-05-14 | Device and method for electrochemically generating one or more gases |
CA002408240A CA2408240A1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-05-14 | Device and method for electrochemically generating one or more gases |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL1015183A NL1015183C2 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2000-05-12 | Method and device for the electrochemical generation of one or more gases. |
NL1015183 | 2000-05-12 |
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WO2001085328A1 true WO2001085328A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
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PCT/NL2001/000364 WO2001085328A1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-05-14 | Device and method for electrochemically generating one or more gases |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US20030168349A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1280599A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001256868A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2408240A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL1015183C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001085328A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
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WO2001094666A2 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2001-12-13 | Ylektra Inc. | Spatially addressable electrolysis platform and methods of use |
EP1403400A1 (en) * | 2002-07-15 | 2004-03-31 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Generation of gas in a lab-on-a-chip environment |
EP1615022A1 (en) * | 2004-06-18 | 2006-01-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Reactor array for testing surface reactions |
WO2007048641A3 (en) * | 2005-10-26 | 2007-06-21 | Heinrich Meyer | Reactor system comprising a microstructured reactor and a contactless heating apparatus, and method for carrying out a chemical reaction |
WO2017108796A1 (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-29 | Luxembourg Institute Of Science And Technology (List) | Electrochemical reactor to control the ph in miniaturised dimensions |
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US20100037943A1 (en) * | 2008-08-14 | 2010-02-18 | Sater Bernard L | Vertical multijunction cell with textured surface |
US20100037937A1 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2010-02-18 | Sater Bernard L | Photovoltaic cell with patterned contacts |
US8293079B2 (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2012-10-23 | Mh Solar Co., Ltd. | Electrolysis via vertical multi-junction photovoltaic cell |
US20120097550A1 (en) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-04-26 | Lockhart Michael D | Methods for enhancing water electrolysis |
Citations (5)
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- 2001-05-14 US US10/276,007 patent/US20030168349A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-05-14 WO PCT/NL2001/000364 patent/WO2001085328A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-05-14 AU AU2001256868A patent/AU2001256868A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-05-14 EP EP01930327A patent/EP1280599A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2001094666A2 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2001-12-13 | Ylektra Inc. | Spatially addressable electrolysis platform and methods of use |
WO2001094666A3 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2002-07-18 | Ylektra Inc | Spatially addressable electrolysis platform and methods of use |
EP1403400A1 (en) * | 2002-07-15 | 2004-03-31 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Generation of gas in a lab-on-a-chip environment |
US6814852B2 (en) | 2002-07-15 | 2004-11-09 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Generation of gas in a lab-on-a-chip environment |
EP1615022A1 (en) * | 2004-06-18 | 2006-01-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Reactor array for testing surface reactions |
WO2007048641A3 (en) * | 2005-10-26 | 2007-06-21 | Heinrich Meyer | Reactor system comprising a microstructured reactor and a contactless heating apparatus, and method for carrying out a chemical reaction |
WO2017108796A1 (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-29 | Luxembourg Institute Of Science And Technology (List) | Electrochemical reactor to control the ph in miniaturised dimensions |
LU92920B1 (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-07-13 | Luxembourg Inst Science & Tech List | Electrochemical reactor to control the pH in miniaturized dimensions |
JP2019511063A (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2019-04-18 | ルクセンブルク・インスティテュート・オブ・サイエンス・アンド・テクノロジー・(エルアイエスティ) | Electrochemical reactor for controlling PH with small dimensions |
JP7048510B2 (en) | 2015-12-21 | 2022-04-05 | ルクセンブルク・インスティテュート・オブ・サイエンス・アンド・テクノロジー・(エルアイエスティ) | Electrochemical reactor for controlling PH with small dimensions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2001256868A1 (en) | 2001-11-20 |
US20030168349A1 (en) | 2003-09-11 |
EP1280599A1 (en) | 2003-02-05 |
NL1015183C2 (en) | 2001-11-13 |
CA2408240A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
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