WO2001081590A2 - Protein phosphatases - Google Patents
Protein phosphatases Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001081590A2 WO2001081590A2 PCT/US2001/012902 US0112902W WO0181590A2 WO 2001081590 A2 WO2001081590 A2 WO 2001081590A2 US 0112902 W US0112902 W US 0112902W WO 0181590 A2 WO0181590 A2 WO 0181590A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polypeptide
- polynucleotide
- seq
- antibody
- amino acid
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Definitions
- This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of protein phosphatases and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of immune system disorders, neurological disorders, developmental disorders and cell proliferative disorders including cancer, and in the assessment of the effects of exogenous compounds on the expression of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of protein phosphatases.
- Reversible protein phosphorylation is the ubiquitous strategy used to control many of the intracellular events in eukaryotic cells. It is estimated that more than ten percent of proteins active in a typical mammalian cell are phosphorylated.
- Kinases catalyze the transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to target proteins on the hydroxyamino acid residues serine, threonine, or tyrosine. Phosphatases, in contrast, remove these phosphate groups.
- Extracellular signals including hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth and differentiation factors can activate kinases, which can occur as cell surface receptors or as the activator of the final effector protein, but can also occur along the signal transduction pathway.
- Cascades of kinases occur, as well as kinases sensitive to second messenger molecules. This system allows for the amplification of weak signals (low abundance growth factor molecules, for example), as well as the synthesis of many weak signals into an all-or- nothing response. Phosphatases, then, are essential in determining the extent of phosphorylation in the cell and, together with kinases, regulate key cellular processes such as metabolic enzyme activity, proliferation, cell growth and differentiation, cell adhesion, and cell cycle progression.
- Protein phosphatases are generally characterized as either serine/threonine- or tyrosine-specific based on their preferred phospho-amino acid substrate. However, some phosphatases (DSPs, for dual specificity phosphatases) can act on phosphorylated tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues. The protein serine threonine phosphatases (PSPs) are important regulators of many cAMP-mediated hormone responses in cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play a significant role in cell cycle and cell signaling processes. Another family of phosphatases is the acid phosphatase or histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) family whose members hydrolyze phosphate esters at acidic pH conditions.
- PSPs are found in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria and in association with cytoskeletal and membranous structures in most tissues, especially the brain. Some PSPs require divalent cations, such as Ca 2+ or Mn 2+ , for activity. PSPs play important roles in glycogen metabolism, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, T cell function, neuronal activity, oocyte maturation, and hepatic metabolism (reviewed in Cohen, P. (1989) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:453-508). PSPs can be separated into two classes. The PPP class includes PP1, PP2A, PP2B/calcineurin, PP4, PP5, PP6, and PP7.
- PPM protein kinase
- PP2C protein kinase
- PDOC00115 regulatory subunits
- Further interactions with scaffold and anchoring molecules determine the intracellular localization of PSPs and substrate specificity.
- the PPM class consists of several closely related isoforms of PP2C and is evolutionarily unrelated to the PPP class.
- PP1 dephosphorylates many of the proteins phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and is an important regulator of many cAMP-mediated hormone responses in cells.
- PKA cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
- a number of isoforms have been identified, with the alpha and beta forms being produced by alternative splicing of the same gene.
- Both ubiquitous and tissue-specific targeting proteins for PP1 have been identified.
- DARPP-32 adenosine 3 ',5 -monophosphate- regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa
- PP1 has been shown to limit motility in microvascular endothelial cells, suggesting a role for PSPs in the inhibition of angiogenesis (Gabel, S. et al. (1999) Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.121:463-468).
- PP2A is the main serine/threonine phosphatase.
- the core PP2A enzyme consists of a single 36 kDa catalytic subunit (C) associated with a 65 kDa scaffold subunit (A), whose role is to recruit additional regulatory subunits (B).
- C catalytic subunit
- A 65 kDa scaffold subunit
- B additional regulatory subunits
- Three gene families encoding B subunits are known (PR55, PR61, and PR72), each of which contain multiple isoforms, and additional families may exist (Millward, T.A et al. (1999) Trends Biosci. 24:186-191).
- B-type subunits are cell type- and tissue-specific and determine the substrate specificity, enzymatic activity, and subcellular localization of the holoenzyme.
- PR55 The PR55 family is highly conserved and bears a conserved motif (PROSITE PDOC00785).
- PR55 increases PP2A activity toward mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase (MEK).
- MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEK MAPK kinase
- PP2A dephosphorylates the MAPK active site, inhibiting the cell's entry into mitosis.
- proteins can compete with PR55 for PP2A core enzyme binding, including the CKII kinase catalytic subunit, polyomavirus middle and small T antigens, and SV40 small t antigen. Viruses may use this mechanism to commandeer PP2A and stimulate progression of the cell through the cell cycle (Pallas, D.C. et al. (1992) J.
- MAP kinase expression is also implicated in a variety of disease conditions including cancer, inflammation, immune disorders, and disorders affecting growth and development.
- PP2A in fact, can dephosphorylate and modulate the activities of more than 30 protein kinases in vitro, and other evidence suggests that the same is true in vivo for such kinases as PKB, PKC, the calmodulin-dependent kinases, ERK family MAP kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases, and the I ⁇ B kinases (reviewed in Millward et al., supra).
- PP2A is itself a substrate for CKI and CKII kinases, and can be stimulated by polycationic macromolecules.
- a PP2A- like phosphatase is necessary to maintain the Gl phase destruction of mammalian cyclins A and B (Bastians, H. et al. (1999) Mol. Biol. Cell 10:3927-3941).
- PP2A is a major activity in the brain and is implicated in regulating neurofilament stability and normal neural function, particularly the phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Hype hosphorylation of tau has been proposed to lead to the neuronal degeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease (reviewed in Price and Mumby, supra).
- PP2B or calcineurin
- calcineurin is a Ca 2+ -activated dimeric phosphatase and is particularly abundant in the brain. It consists of catalytic and regulatory subunits, and is activated by the binding of the calcium/calmodulin complex. Calcineurin is the target of the immunosuppresant drugs cyclosporine and FK506. Along with other cellular factors, these drugs interact with calcineurin and inhibit phosphatase activity. In T cells, this blocks the calcium dependent activation of the NF-AT family of transcription factors, leading to immunosuppression. This family is widely distributed, and it is likely that calcineurin regulates gene expression in other tissues as well. In neurons, calcineurin modulates functions which range from the inhibition of neurotransmitter release to desensitization of postsynaptic NMDA-receptor coupled calcium channels to long term memory (reviewed in Price and Mumby, supra).
- PP5 contains regulatory domains withtetratricopeptide repeats. It can be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and anionic phospholipids in vitro and appears to be involved in a number of signaling pathways, including those controlled by atrial natriuretic peptide or steroid hormones (reviewed in Andreeva, A.V. and M.A. Kutuzov (1999) Cell Signal. 11:555-562).
- PP2C is a ⁇ 42kDa monomer with broad substrate specificity and is dependent on divalent cations (mainly Mn 2+ or Mg 2+ ) for its activity.
- PP2C proteins share a conserved N-terminal region with an invariant DGH motif, which contains an aspartate residue involved in cation binding (PROSITE PDOC00792). Targeting proteins and mechanisms regulating PP2C activity have not been identified.
- PP2C has been shown to inhibit the stress-responsive p38 and Jun kinase (JNK) pathways (Takekawa, M. et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17:4744-4752).
- tyrosine-specific phosphatases are generally monomeric proteins of very diverse size (from 20kDa to greater than lOOkDa) and structure that function primarily in the transduction of signals across the plasma membrane. PTPs are categorized as either soluble phosphatases or transmembrane receptor proteins that contain a phosphatase domain. All PTPs share a conserved catalytic domain of about 300 amino acids which contains the active site.
- the active site consensus sequence includes a cysteine residue which executes a nucleophilic attack on the phosphate moiety during catalysis (Ned, B.G. and N.K. Tonks (1997) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:193-204) .
- Receptor PTPs are made up of an N-terminal extracellular domain of variable length, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region that generally contains two copies of the catalytic domain. Although only the first copy seems to have enzymatic activity, the second copy apparently affects the substrate specificity of the first.
- the extracellular domains of some receptor PTPs contain fibronectin-like repeats, immunoglobulin-like domains, MAM domains (an extracellular motif likely to have an adhesive function), or carbonic anhydrase-like domains (PROSITE PDOC 00323). This wide variety of structural motifs accounts for the diversity in size and specificity of PTPs.
- PTPs play important roles in biological processes such as cell adhesion, lymphocyte activation, and cell proliferation.
- PTPs ⁇ and K are involved in cell-cell contacts, perhaps regulating cadherin/catenin function.
- a number of PTPs affect cell spreading, focal adhesions, and cell motility, most of them via the integrin tyrosine kinase signaling pathway (reviewed in Neel and Tonks, supra).
- CD45 phosphatases regulate signal transduction and lymphocyte activation (Ledbetter, J.A. et al.
- SHP-1 Soluble PTPs containing Src-homology-2 domains have been identified (SHPs), suggesting that these molecules might interact with receptor tyrosine kinases.
- SHP-1 regulates cyto ne receptor signaling by controlling the Janus family PTKs in hematopoietic cells, as well as signaling by the T-cell receptor and c-Kit (reviewed in Neel and Tonks, supra) .
- M-phase inducer phosphatase plays a key role in the induction of mitosis by dephosphorylating and activating the PTK CDC2, leading to cell division (Sadhu, K. et al.
- the genes encoding at least eight PTPs have been mapped to chromosomal regions that are translocated or rearranged in various neoplastic conditions, including lymphoma, small cell lung carcinoma, leukemia, adenocarcinoma, and neuroblastoma (reviewed in Charbonneau, H. and N.K. Tonks (1992) Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8:463-493).
- the PTP enzyme active site comprises the consensus sequence of the MTM1 gene family.
- the MTM1 gene is responsible for X-linked recessive myotubular myopathy, a congenital muscle disorder that has been linked to Xq28 (Kioschis, P. et al., (1998) Genomics 54:256-266.
- Many PTKs are encoded by oncogenes, and it is well known that oncogenesis is often accompanied by increased tyrosine phosphorylation activity. It is therefore possible that PTPs may serve to prevent or reverse cell transformation and the growth of various cancers by controlling the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation in cells. This is supported by studies showing that overexpression of PTP can suppress transformation in cells and that specific inhibition of PTP can enhance cell transformation (Charbonneau and Tonks, supra).
- Dual specificity phosphatases are structurally more similar to the PTPs than the PSPs. DSPs bear an extended PTP active site motif with an additional 7 amino acid residues. DSPs are primarily associated with cell proliferation and include the cell cycle regulators cdc25A, B, and C.
- the phosphatases DUSP1 and DUSP2 inactivate the MAPK family members ERK (extracellular signal- regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and p38 on both tyrosine and threonine residues (PROSITE PDOC 00323, supra).
- HAP Histidine acid phosphatase
- EXPASY EC 3.1.3.2 also known as acid phosphatase
- HAPs share two regions of conserved sequences, each centered around a histidine residue which is involved in catalytic activity.
- Members of the HAP family include lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), both sensitive to inhibition by L-tartrate (PROSITE PDOC00538).
- LAP an orthophosphoric monoester of the endosomal/lysosomal compartment is a housekeeping gene whose enzymatic activity has been detected in all tissues examined (Geier, C. et al. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 183:611-616). LAP-deficient mice have progressive skeletal disorder and an increased disposition toward generalized seizures (Saftig, P. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:18628-18635). LAP-deficient patients were found to have the following clinical features: intermittent vomiting, hypotonia, lethargy, opisthotonos, terminal bleeding, seizures, and death in early infancy (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) *200950).
- PAP prostate epithelium-specific differentiation antigen produced by the prostate gland
- prostate carcinomas the enzymatic activity of PAP was shown to be decreased compared with normal or benign prostate hypertrophy cells (Foti, A.G. et al. (1977) Cancer Res. 37:4120-4124).
- Two forms of PAP have been identified, secreted and intracellular. Mature secreted PAP is detected in the seminal fluid and is active as a glycosylated homodimer with a molecular weight of approximately 100-kilodalton.
- Intracellular PAP is found to exhibit endogenous phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase activity and is involved in regulating prostate cell growth (Meng, T.C. andM.F. Lin (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 34:22096-22104).
- Synaptojanin a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase, dephosphorylates phosphoinositides at positions 3, 4 and 5 of the inositol ring.
- Synaptojanin is a major presynaptic protein found at clathrin- coated endocytic intermediates in nerve terminals, and binds the clathrin coat-associated protein, EPS 15, which is mediated by the C-terminal region of synatojanin-170, which has 3 Asp-Pro-Phe amino acid repeats. Further, this 3 residue repeat had been found to be the binding site for the EH domains of EPS15 (Haff er, C. et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 419:175-180).
- synaptojanin may potentially regulate interactions of endocytic proteins with the plasma membrane, and be involved in synaptic vesicle recycling (Brodin, L. et al. (2000) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10:312-320). Studies in mice with a targeted disruption in the synaptojanin 1 gene (Synjl) were shown to support coat formation of endocytic vesicles more effectively than was seen in wild-type mice, suggesting that Synjl can act as a negative regulator of membrane-coat protein interactions. These findings provide genetic evidence for a crucial role of phosphoinositide metabohsm in synaptic vesicle recycling (Cremona, O. et al. (1999) Cell 99:179-188).
- the invention features purified polypeptides, protein phosphatases, referred to collectively as
- the invention provides an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 -5.
- the invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an .
- polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6- 10.
- the invention provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the invention provides a cell transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide.
- the invention provides a transgenic organism comprising the recombinant polynucleotide.
- the invention also provides a method for producing a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the method comprises a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and b) recovering the polypeptide so expressed.
- the invention provides an isolated antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d).
- the polynucleotide comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides. Additionally, the invention provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d).
- the method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide or fragments thereof, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and optionally, if present, the amount thereof.
- the probe comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.
- the invention further provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d).
- the method comprises a) amplifying said target polynucleotide or fragment thereof using polymerase chain reaction amplification, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof .
- the invention further provides a composition comprising an effective amount of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO : 1 -5 , and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO : 1 -5 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient
- the composition comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 -5.
- the invention additionally provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional PP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.
- the invention also provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an agonist of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5.
- the method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the polypeptide to a compound, and b) detecting agonist activity in the sample.
- the invention provides a composition comprising an agonist compound identified by the method and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- the invention provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional PP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.
- the invention provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an antagonist of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the polypeptide to a compound, and b) detecting antagonist activity in the sample.
- the invention provides a composition comprising an antagonist compound identified by the method and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- the invention provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with overexpression of functional PP, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.
- the invention further provides a method of screening for a compound that specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide cmoprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 -5.
- the method comprises a) combining the polypeptide with at least one test compound under suitable conditions, and b) detecting binding of the polypeptide to the test compound, thereby identifying a compound that specifically binds to the polypeptide.
- the invention further provides a method of screening for a compound that modulates the activity of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, b) a naturally occurring polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the method comprises a) combining the polypeptide with at least one test compound under conditions permissive for the activity of the polypeptide, b) assessing the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound, and c) comparing the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound with the activity of the polypeptide in the absence of the test compound, wherein a change in the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of the polypeptide.
- the invention further provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, the method comprising a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, and b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide.
- the invention further provides a method for assessing toxicity of a test compound, said method comprising a) treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound; b) hybridizing the nucleic acids of the treated biological sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, ii) a naturally occurring polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, iii) a polynucleotide having a sequence complementary to i), iv) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of ii), and v) an RNA equivalent of i)-iv).
- Hybridization occurs under conditions whereby a specific hybridization complex is formed between said probe and a target polynucleotide in the biological sample, said target polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, ii) a naturally occurring polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, iii) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of i), iv) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of ii), and v) an RNA equivalent of i)-iv).
- a target polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising
- the target polynucleotide comprises a fragment of a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of i)-v) above; c) quantifying the amount of hybridization complex; and d) comparing the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample with the amount of hybridization complex in an untreated biological sample, wherein a difference in the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample is indicative of toxicity of the test compound.
- Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature for the full length polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the present invention.
- Table 2 shows the GenBank identification number and annotation of the nearest GenBank homolog for polypeptides of the invention. The probability score for the match between each polypeptide and its GenBank homolog is also shown.
- Table 3 shows structural features of polypeptide sequences of the invention, including predicted motifs and domains, along with the methods, algorithms, and searchable databases used for analysis of the polypeptides.
- Table 4 lists the cDNA fragments which were used to assemble polynucleotide sequences of the invention, along with selected fragments of the polynucleotide sequences.
- Table 5 shows the representative cDNA library for polynucleotides of the invention.
- Table 6 provides an appendix which describes the tissues and vectors used for construction of the cDNA libraries shown in Table 5.
- Table 7 shows the tools, programs, and algorithms used to analyze the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention, along with applicable descriptions, references, and threshold parameters.
- PP refers to the amino acid sequences of substantially purified PP obtained from any species, particularly a mammalian species, including bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, and human, and from any source, whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic, or recombinant.
- agonist refers to a molecule which intensifies or mimics the biological activity of PP.
- Agonists may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other compound or composition which modulates the activity of PP either by directly interacting with PP or by acting on components of the biological pathway in which PP participates.
- allelic variant is an alternative form of the gene encoding PP. Allelic variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose structure or function may or may not be altered. A gene may have none, one, or many allelic variants of its naturally occurring form. Common mutational changes which give rise to allelic variants are generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.
- altered nucleic acid sequences encoding PP include those sequences with deletions, insertions, or substitutions of different nucleotides, resulting in a polypeptide the same as PP or a polypeptide with at least one functional characteristic of PP. Included within this definition are polymorphisms which may or may not be readily detectable using a particular oligonucleotide probe of the polynucleotide encoding PP, and improper or unexpected hybridization to allelic variants, with a locus other than the normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide sequence encoding PP.
- the encoded protein may also be "altered,” and may contain deletions, insertions, or substitutions of amino acid residues which produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalent PP.
- Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues, as long as the biological or immunological activity of PP is retained.
- negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid
- positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine.
- Amino acids with uncharged polar side chains having similar hydrophilicity values may include: asparagine and glutamine; and serine and threonine.
- Amino acids with uncharged side chains having similar hydrophilicity values may include: leucine, isoleucine, and valine; glycine and alanine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine.
- amino acid and amino acid sequence refer to an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence, or a fragment of any of these, and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules. Where “amino acid sequence” is recited to refer to a sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “amino acid sequence” and like terms are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.
- Amplification relates to the production of additional copies of a nucleic acid sequence. Amplification is generally carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in the art.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- antagonist refers to a molecule which inhibits or attenuates the biological activity of
- Antagonists may include proteins such as antibodies, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other compound or composition which modulates the activity of PP either by directly interacting with PP or by acting on components of the biological pathway in which PP participates.
- antibody refers to intact immunoglobulin molecules as well as to fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv fragments, which are capable of binding an epitopic determinant.
- Antibodies that bind PP polypeptides can be prepared using intact polypeptides or using fragments containing small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen.
- the polypeptide or oligopeptide used to immunize an animal e.g. , a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit
- an animal e.g. , a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit
- RNA Ribonucleic acid
- Commonly used carriers that are chemically coupled to peptides include bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal.
- KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- antigenic determinant refers to that region of a molecule (i.e., an epitope) that makes contact with a particular antibody.
- an antigenic determinant may compete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit the immune response) for binding to an antibody.
- antisense refers to any composition capable of base-pairing with the "sense" (coding) strand of a specific nucleic acid sequence.
- Antisense compositions may include DNA; RNA; peptide nucleic acid (PNA); oligonucleotides having modified backbone linkages such as phosphorothioates, methylphosphonates, or benzylphosphonates; oligonucleotides having modified sugar groups such as 2'-methoxyethyl sugars or 2'-methoxyethoxy sugars; or oligonucleotides having modified bases such as 5-methyl cytosine, 2'-deoxyuracil, or 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine.
- Antisense molecules may be produced by any method including chemical synthesis or transcription. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary antisense molecule base-pairs with a naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence produced by the cell to form duplexes which block either transcription or translation.
- the designation "negative” or “minus” can refer to the antisense strand, and the designation “positive” or “plus” can refer to the sense strand of a reference DNA molecule.
- the term “biologically active” refers to a protein having structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of a naturally occurring molecule.
- immunologically active or “immunogenic” refers to the capability of the natural, recombinant, or synthetic PP, or of any oligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response in appropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.
- “Complementary” describes the relationship between two single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that anneal by base-pairing. For example, 5'-AGT-3' pairs with its complement, 3'-TCA-5'.
- composition comprising a given polynucleotide sequence and a “composition comprising a given amino acid sequence” refer broadly to any composition containing the given polynucleotide or amino acid sequence.
- the composition may comprise a dry formulation or an aqueous solution.
- Compositions comprising polynucleotide sequences encoding PP or fragments of PP may be employed as hybridization probes.
- the probes may be stored in freeze-dried form and may be associated with a stabilizing agent such as a carbohydrate.
- the probe may be deployed in an aqueous solution containing salts (e.g., NaCl), detergents (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS), and other components (e.g., Denhardt's solution, dry milk, salmon sperm DNA, etc.).
- salts e.g., NaCl
- detergents e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS
- other components e.g., Denhardt's solution, dry milk, salmon sperm DNA, etc.
- DNA sequence analysis to resolve uncalled bases, extended using the XL-PCR kit (Apphed Biosystems, Foster City CA) in the 5' and/or the 3' direction, and resequenced, or which has been assembled from one or more overlapping cDNA, EST, or genomic DNA fragments using a computer program for fragment assembly, such as the GELVTEW fragment assembly system (GCG, Madison WI) or Phrap (University of Washington, Seattle WA). Some sequences have been both extended and assembled to produce the consensus sequence.
- Constant amino acid substitutions are those substitutions that are predicted to least interfere with the properties of the original protein, i.e., the structure and especially the function of the protein is conserved and not significantly changed by such substitutions.
- the table below shows amino acids which may be substituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which are regarded as conservative amino acid substitutions.
- Conservative amino acid substitutions generally maintain (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a beta sheet or alpha helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the site of the substitution, and/or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
- a “deletion” refers to a change in the amino acid or nucleotide sequence that results in the absence of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides.
- the term “derivative” refers to a chemically modified polynucleotide or polypeptide. Chemical modifications of a polynucleotide can include, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, hydroxyl, or amino group.
- a derivative polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide which retains at least one biological or immunological function of the natural molecule.
- a derivative polypeptide is one modified by glycosylation, pegylation, or any similar process that retains at least one biological or immunological function of the polypeptide from which it was derived.
- a “detectable label” refers to a reporter molecule or enzyme that is capable of generating a measurable signal and is covalently or noncovalenuy joined to a polynucleotide or polypeptide.
- a “fragment” is a unique portion of PP or the polynucleotide encoding PP which is identical in sequence to but shorter in length than the parent sequence.
- a fragment may comprise up to the entire length of the defined sequence, minus one nucleotide/amino acid residue.
- a fragment may comprise from 5 to 1000 contiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues.
- a fragment used as a probe, primer, antigen, therapeutic molecule, or for other purposes may be at least 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250 or at least 500 contiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues in length. Fragments may be preferentially selected from certain regions of a molecule.
- a polypeptide fragment may comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acids selected from the first 250 or 500 amino acids (or first 25 % or 50%) of a polypeptide as shown in a certain defined sequence.
- these lengths are exemplary, and any length that is supported by the specification, including the Sequence Listing, tables, and figures, may be encompassed by the present embodiments.
- a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6-10 comprises a region of unique polynucleotide sequence that specifically identifies SEQ ID NO:6-10, for example, as distinct from any other sequence in the genome from which the fragment was obtained.
- a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6-10 is useful, for example, in hybridization and amplification technologies and in analogous methods that distinguish SEQ ID NO:6- 10 from related polynucleotide sequences.
- the precise length of a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6-10 and the region of SEQ ID NO:6-10 to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment.
- a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1-5 is encoded by a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6-10.
- a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1-5 comprises a region of unique amino acid sequence that specifically identifies SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1-5 is useful as an immunogenic peptide for the development of antibodies that specifically recognize SEQ ID NO: 1-5.
- the precise length of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1-5 and the region of SEQ ID NO: 1-5 to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment.
- a “full length” polynucleotide sequence is one containing at least a translation initiation codon (e.g., methionine) followed by an open reading frame and a translation termination codon.
- a “full length” polynucleotide sequence encodes a "full length” polypeptide sequence.
- Homology refers to sequence similarity or, interchangeably, sequence identity, between two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more polypeptide sequences.
- percent identity and % identity refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.
- NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
- BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
- NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
- BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
- the BLAST software suite includes various sequence analysis programs including "blastn,” that is used to align a known polynucleotide sequence with other polynucleotide sequences from a variety of databases.
- BLAST 2 Sequences also available is a tool called "BLAST 2 Sequences” that is used for direct pairwise comparison of two nucleotide sequences.
- "BLAST 2 Sequences” can be accessed and used interactively at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf/bl2.html.
- the "BLAST 2 Sequences” tool can be used for both blastn and blastp (discussed below).
- BLAST programs are commonly used with gap and other parameters set to default settings. For example, to compare two nucleotide sequences, one may use blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.12 (April-21-2000) set at default parameters. Such default parameters maybe, for example: Matrix: BLOSUM62
- Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70, at least 100, or at least 200 contiguous nucleotides.
- Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in the tables, figures, or Sequence Listing, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.
- Nucleic acid sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in a nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein.
- the phrases "percent identity” and "% identity,” as applied to polypeptide sequences refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polypeptide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Methods of polypeptide sequence alignment are well-known. Some alignment methods take into account conservative amino acid substitutions. Such conservative substitutions, explained in more detail above, generally preserve the charge and_hydrophobicity at the site of substitution, thus preserving the structure (and therefore function) of the polypeptide.
- NCBI BLAST software suite may be used.
- BLAST 2 Sequences Version 2.0.12 (April-21-2000) with blastp set at default parameters.
- Such default parameters may be, for example:
- Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined polypeptide sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined polypeptide sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70 or at least 150 contiguous residues.
- Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in the tables, figures or Sequence Listing, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.
- "Human artificial chromosomes" are linear microchromosomes which may contain
- humanized antibody refers to an antibody molecule in which the amino acid sequence in the non-antigen binding regions has been altered so that the antibody more closely resembles a human antibody, and still retains its original binding ability.
- Hybridization refers to the process by which a polynucleotide strand anneals with a complementary strand through base pairing under defined hybridization conditions. Specific hybridization is an indication that two nucleic acid sequences share a high degree of complementarity. Specific hybridization complexes form under permissive annealing conditions and remain hybridized after the "washing" step(s). The washing step(s) is particularly important in determining the stringency of the hybridization process, with more stringent conditions allowing less non-specific binding, i.e., binding between pairs of nucleic acid strands that are not perfectly matched.
- Permissive conditions for annealing of nucleic acid sequences are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art and may be consistent among hybridization experiments, whereas wash conditions may be varied among experiments to achieve the desired stringency, and therefore hybridization specificity. Permissive annealing conditions occur, for example, at 68°C in the presence of about 6 x SSC, about 1 % (w/v) SDS, and about 100 ⁇ g/ml sheared, denatured salmon sperm DNA.
- stringency of hybridization is expressed, in part, with reference to the temperature under which the wash step is carried out.
- wash temperatures are typically selected to be about 5°C to 20°C lower than the thermal melting point C for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
- the T m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe.
- High stringency conditions for hybridization between polynucleotides of the present invention include wash conditions of 68°C in the presence of about 0.2 x SSC and about 0.1% SDS, for 1 hour. Alternatively, temperatures of about 65 °C, 60°C, 55 °C, or 42 °C may be used. SSC concentration may be varied from about 0.1 to 2 x SSC, with SDS being present at about 0.1%.
- blocking reagents are used to block non-specific hybridization. Such blocking reagents include, for instance, sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA at about 100-200 ⁇ g/ml.
- Organic solvent such as formamide at a concentration of about 35-50% v/v
- RNA:DNA hybridizations Useful variations on these wash conditions will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- Hybridization particularly under high stringency conditions, may be suggestive of evolutionary similarity between the nucleotides. Such similarity is strongly indicative of a similar role for the nucleotides and their encoded polypeptides.
- hybridization complex refers to a complex formed between two nucleic acid sequences by virtue of the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
- a hybridization complex may be formed in solution (e.g., C 0 t or R 0 t analysis) or formed between one nucleic acid sequence present in solution and another nucleic acid sequence immobilized on a solid support (e.g., paper, membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides, or any other appropriate substrate to which cells or their nucleic acids have been fixed).
- insertion and “addition” refer to changes in an amino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively.
- Immunogenic response can refer to conditions associated with inflammation, trauma, immune disorders, or infectious or genetic disease, etc. These conditions can be characterized by expression of various factors, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules, which may affect cellular and systemic defense systems.
- An "immunogenic fragment” is a polypeptide or oligopeptide fragment of PP which is capable of eliciting an immune response when introduced into a living organism, for example, a mammal.
- the term “immunogenic fragment” also includes any polypeptide or oligopeptide fragment of PP which is useful in any of the antibody production methods disclosed herein or known in the art.
- microarray refers to an arrangement of a plurality of polynucleotides, polypeptides, or other chemical compounds on a substrate.
- array element refers to a polynucleotide, polypeptide, or other chemical compound having a unique and defined position on a microarray.
- modulate refers to a change in the activity of PP. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of PP.
- nucleic acid and nucleic acid sequence refer to a nucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide, or any fragment thereof. These phrases also refer to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent the sense or the antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material.
- “Operably linked” refers to the situation in which a first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with a second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Operably linked DNA sequences may be in close proximity or contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in the same reading frame.
- PNA protein nucleic acid
- PNA refers to an antisense molecule or anti-gene agent which comprises an oligonucleotide of at least about 5 nucleotides in length linked to a peptide backbone of amino acid residues ending in lysine. The terminal lysine confers solubility to the composition. PNAs preferentially bind complementary single stranded DNA or RNA and stop transcript elongation, and may be pegylated to extend their lifespan in the cell.
- Probe refers to nucleic acid sequences encoding PP, their complements, or fragments thereof, which are used to detect identical, allelic or related nucleic acid sequences. Probes are isolated oligonucleotides or polynucleotides attached to a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes.
- Primer pairs are short nucleic acids, usually DNA oligonucleotides, which may be annealed to a target polynucleotide by complementary base-pairing. The primer may then be extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification (and identification) of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- Probes and primers as used in the present invention typically comprise at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of a known sequence. In order to enhance specificity, longer probes and primers may also be employed, such as probes and primers that comprise at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or at least 150 consecutive nucleotides of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences. Probes and primers may be considerably longer than these examples, and it is understood that any length supported by the specification, including the tables, figures, and Sequence Listing, may be used.
- PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5, 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA).
- Oligonucleotides for use as primers are selected using software known in the art for such purpose. For example, OLIGO 4.06 software is useful for the selection of PCR primer pairs of up to 100 nucleotides each, and for the analysis of oligonucleotides and larger polynucleotides of up to 5,000 nucleotides from an input polynucleotide sequence of up to 32 kilobases. Similar primer selection programs have incorporated additional features for expanded capabilities. For example, the PrimOU primer selection program (available to the public from the Genome Center at University of Texas South West Medical Center, Dallas TX) is capable of choosing specific primers from megabase sequences and is thus useful for designing primers on a genome- wide scope.
- the Primer 3 primer selection program (available to the public from the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge MA) allows the user to input a "mispriming library," in which sequences to avoid as primer binding sites are user-specified. Primer3 is useful, in particular, for the selection of oligonucleotides for microarrays. (The source code for the latter two primer selection programs may also be obtained from their respective sources and modified to meet the user's specific needs.)
- the PrimeGen program (available to the public from the UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Cambridge UK) designs primers based on multiple sequence alignments, thereby allowing selection of primers that hybridize to either the most conserved or least conserved regions of aligned nucleic acid sequences.
- this program is useful for identification of both unique and conserved oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments.
- the oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments identified by any of the above selection methods are useful in hybridization technologies, for example, as PCR or sequencing primers, microarray elements, or specific probes to identify fully or partially complementary polynucleotides in a sample of nucleic acids. Methods of oligonucleotide selection are not limited to those described above.
- a "recombinant nucleic acid” is a sequence that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two or more otherwise separated segments of sequence.
- recombinant includes nucleic acids that have been altered solely by addition, substitution, or deletion of a portion of the nucleic acid.
- a recombinant nucleic acid may include a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter sequence.
- Such a recombinant nucleic acid may be part of a vector that is used, for example, to transform a cell.
- such recombinant nucleic acids may be part of a viral vector, e.g., based on a vaccinia virus, that could be use to vaccinate a mammal wherein the recombinant nucleic acid is expressed, inducing a protective immunological response in the mammal.
- a “regulatory element” refers to a nucleic acid sequence usually derived from untranslated regions of a gene and includes enhancers, promoters, introns, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Regulatory elements interact with host or viral proteins which control transcription, translation, or RNA stability.
- Reporter molecules are chemical or biochemical moieties used for labeling a nucleic acid, amino acid, or antibody. Reporter molecules include radionuclides; enzymes; fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents; substrates; cof actors; inhibitors; magnetic particles; and other moieties known in the art.
- An "RNA equivalent,” in reference to a DNA sequence, is composed of the same linear sequence of nucleotides as the reference DNA sequence with the exception that all occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ribose instead of deoxyribose.
- sample is used in its broadest sense.
- a sample suspected of containing PP, nucleic acids encoding PP, or fragments thereof may comprise a bodily fluid; an extract from a cell, chromosome, organelle, or membrane isolated from a cell; a cell; genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA, in solution or bound to a substrate; a tissue; a tissue print; etc.
- binding and “specifically binding” refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, an antagonist, a small molecule, or any natural or synthetic binding composition. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein, e.g. , the antigenic determinant or epitope, recognized by the binding molecule. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A,” the presence of a polypeptide comprising the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.
- substantially purified refers to nucleic acid or amino acid sequences that are removed from their natural environment and are isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and most preferably at least 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated.
- substitution refers to the replacement of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides by different amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively.
- Substrate refers to any suitable rigid or semi-rigid support including membranes, filters, chips, slides, wafers, fibers, magnetic or nonmagnetic beads, gels, tubing, plates, polymers, microparticles and capillaries.
- the substrate can have a variety of surface forms, such as wells, trenches, pins, channels and pores, to which polynucleotides or polypeptides are bound.
- a "transcript image” refers to the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular cell type or tissue under given conditions at a given time.
- Transformation describes a process by which exogenous DNA is introduced into a recipient cell. Transformation may occur under natural or artificial conditions according to various methods well known in the art, and may rely on any known method for the insertion of foreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. The method for transformation is selected based on the type of host cell being transformed and may include, but is not limited to, bacteriophage or viral infection, electroporation, heat shock, lipofection, and particle bombardment.
- transformed cells includes stably transformed cells in which the inserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome, as well as transiently transformed cells which express the inserted DNA or RNA for limited periods of time.
- a "transgenic organism,” as used herein, is any organism, including but not hmited to animals and plants, in which one or more of the cells of the organism contains heterologous nucleic acid introduced by way of human intervention, such as by transgenic techniques well known in the art.
- the nucleic acid is introduced into the cell, directly or indirectly by introduction into a precursor of the cell, by way of deliberate genetic manipulation, such as by microinjection or by infection with a recombinant virus.
- the term genetic manipulation does not include classical cross-breeding, or in vitro fertilization, but rather is directed to the introduction of a recombinant DNA molecule.
- the transgenic organisms contemplated in accordance with the present invention include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, plants and animals.
- the isolated DNA of the present invention can be introduced into the host by methods known in the art, for example infection, transfection, transformation or transconjugation. Techniques for transferring the DNA of the present invention into such organisms are widely known and provided in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989), supra.
- a "variant" of a particular nucleic acid sequence is defined as a nucleic acid sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular nucleic acid sequence over a certain length of one of the nucleic acid sequences using blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07-1999) set at default parameters.
- Such a pair of nucleic acids may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length.
- a variant may be described as, for example, an "allelic” (as defined above), “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variant.
- a splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternative splicing of exons during mRNA processing.
- the corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or lack domains that are present in the reference molecule.
- Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides will generally have significant amino acid identity relative to each other.
- a polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs) in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one nucleotide base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population, a disease state, or a propensity for a disease state.
- SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
- a "variant" of a particular polypeptide sequence is defined as a polypeptide sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular polypeptide sequence over a certain length of one of the polypeptide sequences using blastp with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May -07- 1999) set at default parameters.
- Such a pair of polypeptides may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length of one of the polypeptides.
- the invention is based on the discovery of new human protein phosphatases (PP), the polynucleotides encoding PP, and the use of these compositions for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of immune system disorders, neurological disorders, developmental disorders and cell proliferative disorders, including cancer.
- PP human protein phosphatases
- Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature for the full length polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention. Each polynucleotide and its corresponding polypeptide are correlated to a single Incyte project identification number (Incyte Project ID). Each polypeptide sequence is denoted by both a polypeptide sequence identification number (Polypeptide SEQ ID NO:) and an Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) as shown.
- Each polynucleotide sequence is denoted by both a polynucleotide sequence identification number (Polynucleotide SEQ ID NO:) and an Incyte polynucleotide consensus sequence number (Incyte Polynucleotide ID) as shown.
- Table 2 shows sequences with homology to the polypeptides of the invention as identified by BLAST analysis against the GenBank protein (genpept) database.
- Columns 1 and 2 show the polypeptide sequence identification number (Polypeptide SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) for polypeptides of the invention.
- Column 3 shows the GenBank identification number (Geribank ID NO:) of the nearest GenBank homolog.
- Column 4 shows the probability score for the match between each polypeptide and its GenBank homolog.
- Column 5 shows the annotation of the GenBank homolog along with relevant citations where applicable, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
- Table 3 shows various structural features of the polypeptides of the invention.
- Columns 1 and 2 show the polypeptide sequence identification number (SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) for each polypeptide of the invention.
- Column 3 shows the number of amino acid residues in each polypeptide.
- Column 4 shows potential phosphorylation sites, and column 5 shows potential glycosylation sites, as determined by the MOTIFS program of the GCG sequence analysis software package (Genetics Computer Group, Madison WI).
- Column 6 shows amino acid residues comprising signature sequences, domains, and motifs.
- Column 7 shows analytical methods for protein structure/function analysis and in some cases, searchable databases to which the analytical methods were applied.
- SEQ ID NO:5 is 98% identical to rat dual specificity phosphatase (GenBank ID gl220173) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) In The BLAST probabihty score is 7.9e-150, which indicates the probabihty of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence ahgnment by chance. SEQ ID NO:5 also contains a dual specificity phophatase catalytic domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains.
- HMM hidden Markov model
- SEQ ID NO:5 is dual specificity phosphatase.
- SEQ ID NO:2 is 40% identical to human dual specificity phosphatase MKP-5 (g513995) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).
- BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
- the BLAST probabihty score is le-22 (see Table 2), which indicates the probabihty of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence ahgnment by chance.
- SEQ ID NO:2 also contains a dual specificity phosphatase catalytic domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains.
- HMM hidden Markov model
- SEQ ID NO:2 is a dual specificity phosphatase which removes phosphates from tyrosine, threonine or serine residues.
- SEQ ID NO:4 is 97% identical to rat pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase isoenzyme 1 (g3298607) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).
- the probabihty score is 7.3 e-292 (see Table 2), indicating that a match between these two sequences would occur by chance only once in 7.3 x IO 292 times.
- SEQ ID NO:4 also contains a protein phosphatase 2c signature sequence as determined by searching against the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains, the DOMO database of homologous protein domain families, the PRODOM database (an automatic compilation of homologous protein domains), the BLOCKS structural fingerprint database and MOTIFS, a program that searches amino acid sequences for patterns that matched those defined in Prosite (see Tables 3 and 7 for details).
- HMM hidden Markov model
- the protein of the present invention is a phosphatase which removes phosphates from threonine or serine residues.
- SEQ ID NO:l and SEQ ID NO:3 were analyzed and annotated in a similar manner. The algorithms and parameters for the analysis of SEQ ID NO: 1-5 are described in Table 7.
- the full length polynucleotide sequences of the present invention were assembled using cDNA sequences or coding (exon) sequences derived from genomic DNA, or any combination of these two types of sequences.
- Columns 1 and 2 list the polynucleotide sequence identification number (Polynucleotide SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polynucleotide consensus sequence number (Incyte Polynucleotide ID) for each polynucleotide of the invention.
- Column 3 shows the length of each polynucleotide sequence in basepairs.
- Column 4 lists fragments of the polynucleotide sequences which are useful, for example, in hybridization or amplification technologies that identify SEQ ID NO:6-10 or that distinguish between SEQ ID NO:6-10 and related polynucleotide sequences.
- Column 5 shows identification numbers corresponding to cDNA sequences, coding sequences (exons) predicted from genomic DNA, and/or sequence assemblages comprised of both cDNA and genomic DNA. These sequences were used to assemble the full length polynucleotide sequences of the invention.
- Columns 6 and 7 of Table 4 show the nucleotide start (5') and stop (3') positions of the cDNA sequences in column 5 relative to their respective full length sequences.
- the identification numbers in Column 5 of Table 4 may refer specifically, for example, to
- Incyte cDNAs along with their corresponding cDNA libraries. For example,
- 6954474H1 is the identification number of an Incyte cDNA sequence
- BLADNOR01 is the cDNA library from which it is derived.
- Incyte cDNAs for which cDNA libraries are not indicated were derived from pooled cDNA libraries (e.g., 70001461D1).
- the identification numbers in column 5 may refer to GenBank cDNAs or ESTs (e.g., g2141792) which contributed to the assembly of the full length polynucleotide sequences.
- the identification numbers in column 5 may refer to coding regions predicted by Genscan analysis of genomic DNA. The Genscan-predicted coding sequences may have been edited prior to assembly.
- the identification numbers in column 5 may refer to assemblages of both cDNA and Genscan-predicted exons brought together by an "exon stitching" algorithm.
- the identification numbers in column 5 may refer to assemblages of both cDNA and Genscan-predicted exons brought together by an "exon-stretching” algorithm.
- Incyte cDNA coverage redundant with the sequence coverage shown in column 5 was obtained to confirm the final consensus polynucleotide sequence, but the relevant Incyte cDNA identification numbers are not shown.
- Table 5 shows the representative cDNA libraries for those full length polynucleotide sequences which were assembled using Incyte cDNA sequences.
- the representative cDNA library is the Incyte cDNA library which is most frequently represented by the Incyte cDNA sequences which were used to assemble and confirm the above polynucleotide sequences.
- the tissues and vectors which were used to construct the cDNA libraries shown in Table 5 are described in Table 6.
- the invention also encompasses PP variants.
- a preferred PP variant is one which has at least about 80%, or alternatively at least about 90%, or even at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity to the PP amino acid sequence, and which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of PP.
- the invention also encompasses polynucleotides which encode PP.
- the invention encompasses a polynucleotide sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10, which encodes PP.
- polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:6-10 as presented in the Sequence Listing, embrace the equivalent RNA sequences, wherein occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ribose instead of deoxyribose.
- the invention also encompasses a variant of a polynucleotide sequence encoding PP.
- a variant polynucleotide sequence will have at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or even at least about 95% polynucleotide sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence encoding PP.
- a particular aspect of the invention encompasses a variant of a polynucleotide sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6- 10 which has at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or even at least about 95% polynucleotide sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6-10.
- any one of the polynucleotide variants described above can encode an amino acid sequence which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of PP. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of polynucleotide sequences encoding PP, some bearing minimal similarity to the polynucleotide sequences of any known and naturally occurring gene, may be produced. Thus, the invention contemplates each and every possible variation of polynucleotide sequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as apphed to the polynucleotide sequence of naturally occurring PP, and all such variations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed.
- nucleotide sequences which encode PP and its variants are generally capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally occurring PP under appropriately selected conditions of stringency, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding PP or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage, e.g., inclusion of non-naturally occurring codons. Codons may be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host.
- RNA transcripts having more desirable properties such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence.
- the invention also encompasses production of DNA sequences which encode PP and PP derivatives, or fragments thereof, entirely by synthetic chemistry.
- the synthetic sequence may be inserted into any of the many available expression vectors and cell systems using reagents well known in the art.
- synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into a sequence encoding PP or any fragment thereof.
- polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the claimed polynucleotide sequences, and, in particular, to those shown in SEQ ID NO:6-10 and fragments thereof under various conditions of stringency.
- Hybridization conditions including annealing and wash conditions, are described in "Definitions.”
- Methods for DNA sequencing are well known in the art and may be used to practice any of the embodiments of the invention.
- the methods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, SEQUENASE (US Biochemical, Cleveland OH), Taq polymerase (Applied Biosystems), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway NJ), or combinations of polymerases and proofreading exonucleases such as those found in the ELONGASE amplification system (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg MD).
- sequence preparation is automated with machines such as the MICROLAB 2200 hquid transfer system (Hamilton, Reno NV), PTC200 thermal cycler (MJ Research, Watertown MA) and ABI CATALYST 800 thermal cycler (Apphed Biosystems). Sequencing is then carried out using either the ABI 373 or 377 DNA sequencing system (Apphed Biosystems), theMEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale CA), or other systems known in the art. The resulting sequences are analyzed using a variety of algorithms which are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, F.M. (1997) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY, unit 7.7; Meyers, R.A. (1995) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Wiley VCH, New York NY, pp. 856-853.)
- the nucleic acid sequences encoding PP may be extended utilizing a partial nucleotide sequence and employing various PCR-based methods known in the art to detect upstream sequences, such as promoters and regulatory elements.
- PCR-based methods known in the art to detect upstream sequences, such as promoters and regulatory elements.
- one method which may be employed restriction-site PCR, uses universal and nested primers to amplify unknown sequence from genomic DNA within a cloning vector. (See, e.g., Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR Methods Applic. 2:318-322.)
- Another method, inverse PCR uses primers that extend in divergent directions to amplify unknown sequence from a circularized template.
- the template is derived from restriction fragments comprising a known genomic locus and surrounding sequences.
- a third method, capture PCR involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to known sequences inhuman and yeast artificial chromosome DNA.
- capture PCR involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to known sequences inhuman and yeast artificial chromosome DNA.
- multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations may be used to insert an engineered double-stranded sequence into a region of unknown sequence before performing PCR.
- Other methods which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences are known in the art. (See, e.g., Parker, J.D. et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res.
- primers may be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 primer analysis software (National Biosciences, Plymouth MN) or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the template at temperatures of about 68°C to 72°C.
- Genomic libraries may be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.
- Capillary electrophoresis systems which are commercially available may be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of sequencing or PCR products.
- capillary sequencing may employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different nucleotide- specific, laser-stimulated fluorescent dyes, and a charge coupled device camera for detection of the emitted wavelengths.
- Output light intensity may be converted to electrical signal using appropriate software (e.g., GENOTYPER and SEQUENCE NAVIGATOR, Apphed Biosystems), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display may be computer controlled.
- Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for sequencing small DNA fragments which may be present in hmited amounts in a particular sample.
- polynucleotide sequences or fragments thereof which encode PP may be cloned in recombinant DNA molecules that direct expression of PP, or fragments or functional equivalents thereof, in appropriate host cells. Due to the inherent degeneracy of the genetic code, other DNA sequences which encode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequence may be produced and used to express PP.
- nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be engineered using methods generally known in the art in order to alter PP-encoding sequences for a variety of purposes including, but not hmited to, modification of the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the gene product.
- DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides may be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences.
- ohgonucleotide- mediated site-directed mutagenesis may be used to introduce mutations that create new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, and so forth.
- the nucleotides of the present invention may be subjected to DNA shuffling techniques such as MOLECULARBREEDING (Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara CA; described in U.S. Patent Number 5,837,458; Chang, C.-C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F.C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:259-264; and Crameri, A. et al. (1996) Nat. Biotechnol. 14:315-319) to alter or improve the biological properties of PP, such as its biological or enzymatic activity or its ability to bind to other molecules or compounds.
- MOLECULARBREEDING Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara CA; described in U.S. Patent Number 5,837,458; Chang, C.-C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F.C. et al
- DNA shuffling is a process by which a library of gene variants is produced using PCR-mediated recombination of gene fragments. The library is then subjected to selection or screening procedures that identify those gene variants with the desired properties. These preferred variants may then be pooled and further subjected to recursive rounds of DNA shuffling and selection/screening.
- genetic diversity is created through "artificial" breeding and rapid molecular evolution. For example, fragments of a single gene containing random point mutations may be recombined, screened, and then reshuffled until the desired properties are optimized. Alternatively, fragments of a given gene may be recombined with fragments of homologous genes in the same gene family, either from the same or different species, thereby maximizing the genetic diversity of multiple naturally occurring genes in a directed and controllable manner.
- sequences encoding PP may be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art.
- chemical methods See, e.g., Caruthers, M.H. et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7:215-223; and Horn, T. et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7:225-232.
- PP itself or a fragment thereof may be synthesized using chemical methods.
- peptide synthesis can be performed using various solution-phase or solid-phase techniques.
- Automated synthesis may be achieved using the ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (Apphed Biosystems). Additionally, the amino acid sequence of PP, or any part thereof, may be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined with sequences from other proteins, or any part thereof, to produce a variant polypeptide or a polypeptide having a sequence of a naturally occurring polypeptide.
- the peptide may be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. (See, e.g., Chiez, R.M. andF.Z. Regnier (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:392-421.)
- the composition of the synthetic peptides may be confirmed by amino acid analysis or by sequencing. (See, e.g., Creighton, supra, pp. 28-53.)
- the nucleotide sequences encoding PP or derivatives thereof may be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for transcriptional and translational control of the inserted coding sequence in a suitable host.
- these elements include regulatory sequences, such as enhancers, constitutive and inducible promoters, and 5 ' and 3' untranslated regions in the vector and in polynucleotide sequences encoding PP. Such elements may vary in their strength and specificity.
- Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding PP. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences, e.g. the Kozak sequence.
- microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with viral expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV, or tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems.
- microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with viral expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV, or tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell
- Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or herpes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population.
- the invention is not hmited by the host cell employed.
- a number of cloning and expression vectors may be selected depending upon the use intended for polynucleotide sequences encoding PP.
- routine cloning, subcloning, and propagation of polynucleotide sequences encoding PP can be achieved using a multifunctional E. coli vector such as PBLUESCRIPT (Stratagene, La Jolla CA) or PSPORT1 plasmid (Life Technologies). Ligation of sequences encoding PP into the vector's multiple cloning site disrupts the lacZ gene, allowing a colorimetric screening procedure for identification of transformed bacteria containing recombinant molecules.
- vectors may be useful for in vitro transcription, dideoxy sequencing, single strand rescue with helper phage, and creation of nested deletions in the cloned sequence.
- vectors which direct high level expression of PP may be used.
- vectors containing the strong, inducible SP6 or T7 bacteriophage promoter may be used.
- Yeast expression systems may be used for production of PP.
- a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH promoters, may be used in the yeast Saccharomvces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris.
- such vectors direct either the secretion or intracellular retention of expressed proteins and enable integration of foreign sequences into the host genome for stable propagation.
- Plant systems may also be used for expression of PP. Transcription of sequences encoding PP may be driven by viral promoters, e.g., the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 3:17-311). Alternatively, plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters may be used. (See, e.g., Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:1671-1680; Broglie, R. et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843; and Winter, J. et al. (1991) Results Probl. Cell Differ.
- viral promoters e.g., the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 3:1311).
- plant promoters such
- constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or pathogen-mediated transfection.
- pathogen-mediated transfection See, e.g., The McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York NY, pp. 191-196.
- a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized.
- sequences encoding PP may be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex consisting of the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region of the viral genome may be used to obtain infective virus which expresses PP in host cells.
- transcription enhancers such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, may be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.
- SV40 or EBV-based vectors may also be used for high-level protein expression.
- Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) may also be employed to deliver larger fragments of
- DNA than can be contained in and expressed from a plasmid.
- HACs of about 6 kb to 10 Mb are constructed and delivered via conventional delivery methods (liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles) for therapeutic purposes.
- liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles for therapeutic purposes.
- stable expression of PP in cell lines is preferred.
- sequences encoding PP can be transformed into cell hnes using expression vectors which may contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector.
- cells may be allowed to grow for about 1 to 2 days in enriched media before being switched to selective media.
- the purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to a selective agent, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced sequences.
- Resistant clones of stably transformed cells may be propagated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type.
- any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed cell hnes. These include, but are not hmited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase genes, for use in tk ' and apr cells, respectively. (See, e.g., Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11 :223-232; Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22:817-823.) Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection.
- dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate
- neo confers resistance to the aminoglycosides neomycin and G-418
- als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron andphosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively.
- Additional selectable genes have been described, e.g., trpB and hisD, which alter cellular requirements for metabohtes.
- Visible markers e.g., anthocyanins, green fluorescent proteins (GFP; Clontech), ⁇ glucuronidase and its substrate ⁇ -glucuronide, or luciferase and its substrate luciferin may be used. These markers can be used not only to identify transformants, but also to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system. (See, e.g., Rhodes, CA. (1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55:121-131.)
- marker gene expression suggests that the gene of interest is also present, the presence and expression of the gene may need to be confirmed.
- sequence encoding PP is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences encoding PP can be identified by the absence of marker gene function.
- a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding PP under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.
- host cells that contain the nucleic acid sequence encoding PP and that express PP may be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not hmited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations, PCR amplification, and protein bioassay or i munoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein sequences.
- Immunological methods for detecting and measuring the expression of PP using either specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are known in the art. Examples of such techniques include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
- ELISAs enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
- RIAs radioimmunoassays
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
- sequences encoding PP, or any fragments thereof may be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe.
- a vector for the production of an mRNA probe Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6 and labeled nucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits, such as those provided by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega (Madison WI), and US Biochemical. Suitable reporter molecules or labels which may be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the hke.
- Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding PP may be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture.
- the protein produced by a transformed cell may be secreted or retained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used.
- expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encode PP may be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of PP through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.
- a host cell strain may be chosen for its ability to modulate expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed protein in the desired fashion.
- modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not hmited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.
- Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro” or "pro” form of the protein may also be used to specify protein targeting, folding, and/or activity.
- Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38) are available from the American Type Culture
- ATCC Manassas VA
- UCC Manassas VA
- natural, modified, or recombinant nucleic acid sequences encoding PP may be ligated to a heterologous sequence resulting in translation of a fusion protein in any of the aforementioned host systems.
- a chimeric PP protein containing a heterologous moiety that can be recognized by a commercially available antibody may facilitate the screening of peptide libraries for inhibitors of PP activity.
- Heterologous protein and peptide moieties may also facilitate purification of fusion proteins using commercially available affinity matrices.
- Such moieties include, but are not hmited to, glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), thioredoxin (Trx), calmoduhn binding peptide (CBP), 6-His, FLAG, c-myc, and hemagglutinin (HA).
- GST, MBP, Trx, CBP, and 6-His enable purification of their cognate fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione, maltose, phenylarsine oxide, calmoduhn, and metal-chelate resins, respectively.
- FLAG, c-myc, and hemagglutinin (HA) enable immunoaffinity purification of fusion proteins using commercially available monoclonal andpolyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize these epitope tags.
- a fusion protein may also be engineered to contain a proteolytic cleavage site located between the PP encoding sequence and the heterologous protein sequence, so that PP may be cleaved away from the heterologous moiety following purification. Methods for fusion protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel (1995, supra, ch. 10). A variety of commercially available kits may also be used to facilitate expression and purification of fusion proteins.
- synthesis of radiolabeled PP may be achieved in vitro using the TNT rabbit reticulocyte lysate or wheat germ extract system (Promega). These systems couple transcription and translation of protein-coding sequences operably associated with the T7, T3, or SP6 promoters. Translation takes place in the presence of a radiolabeled amino acid precursor, for example, 35 S-methionine.
- PP of the present invention or fragments thereof may be used to screen for compounds that specifically bind to PP.
- At least one and up to a plurality of test compounds may be screened for specific binding to PP.
- test compounds include antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins (e.g., receptors), or small molecules.
- the compound thus identified is closely related to the natural ligand of
- PP e.g., a ligand or fragment thereof, a natural substrate, a structural or functional mimetic, or a natural binding partner.
- the compound can be closely related to the natural receptor to which PP binds, or to at least a fragment of the receptor, e.g., the ligand binding site. In either case, the compound can be rationally designed using known techniques. In one embodiment, screening for these compounds involves producing appropriate cells which express PP, either as a secreted protein or on the cell membrane. Preferred cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosophila, or E. coli.
- An assay may simply test binding of a test compound to the polypeptide, wherein binding is detected by a fluorophore, radioisotope, enzyme conjugate, or other detectable label.
- the assay may comprise the steps of combining at least one test compound with PP, either in solution or affixed to a solid support, and detecting the binding of PP to the compound.
- the assay may detect or measure binding of a test compound in the presence of a labeled competitor. Additionahy, the assay may be carried out using cell-free preparations, chemical libraries, or natural product mixtures, and the test compound(s) may be free in solution or affixed to a solid support.
- PP of the present invention or fragments thereof may be used to screen for compounds that modulate the activity of PP.
- Such compounds may include agonists, antagonists, or partial or inverse agonists.
- an assay is performed under conditions permissive for PP activity, wherein PP is combined with at least one test compound, and the activity of PP in the presence of a test compound is compared with the activity of PP in the absence of the test compound. A change in the activity of PP in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of PP.
- a test compound is combined with an in vitro or cell-free system comprising PP under conditions suitable for PP activity, and the assay is performed. In either of these assays, a test compound which modulates the activity of PP may do so indirectly and need not come in direct contact with the test compound. At least one and up to a plurality of test compounds may be screened.
- polynucleotides encoding PP or their mammalian homologs may be "knocked out" in an animal model system using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells.
- ES embryonic stem
- Such techniques are well known in the art and are useful for the generation of animal models of human disease.
- mouse ES cells such as the mouse 129/SvJ cell line, are derived from the early mouse embryo and grown in culture.
- the ES cells are transformed with a vector containing the gene of interest disrupted by a marker gene, e.g., the neomycin phosphofransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M.R. (1989) Science 244:1288-1292).
- a marker gene e.g., the neomycin phosphofransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M.R. (1989) Science 244:1288-1292).
- the vector integrates into the corresponding region of the host genome by homologous recombination.
- homologous recombination takes place using the Cre-loxP system to knockout a gene of interest in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner (Marth, J.D. (1996) Clin. Invest. 97:1999-2002; Wagner, K.U. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4323-4330).
- Transformed ES cells are identified and microinjected into mouse cell blastocysts such as those from the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
- the blastocysts are surgically transferred to pseudopregnant dams, and the resulting chimeric progeny are genotyped and bred to produce heterozygous or homozygous strains.
- Transgenic animals thus generated may be tested with potential therapeutic or toxic agents.
- Polynucleotides encoding PP may also be manipulated in vitro in ES cells derived from human blastocysts.
- Human ES cells have the potential to differentiate into at least eight separate cell hneages including endoderm, mesoderm, and ectodermal cell types. These cell hneages differentiate into, for example, neural cells, hematopoietic lineages, and cardiomyocytes (Thomson, J.A. et al. (1998) Science 282:1145-1147).
- Polynucleotides encoding PP can also be used to create "knockin" humanized animals (pigs) or transgenic animals (mice or rats) to model human disease.
- knockin technology a region of a polynucleotide encoding PP is injected into animal ES cells, and the injected sequence integrates into the animal cell genome.
- Transformed cells are injected into blastulae, and the blastulae are implanted as described above.
- Transgenic progeny or inbred hnes are studied and treated with potential pharmaceutical agents to obtain information on treatment of a human disease.
- a mammal inbred to overexpress PP may also serve as a convenient source of that protein (Janne, J. et al. (1998) Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 4:55-74).
- PP Chemical and structural similarity, e.g., in the context of sequences and motifs, exists between regions of PP and protein phosphatases.
- the expression of PP is closely associated withtumorous, immunological, neurological, placental, reproductive, and diseased tissue. Therefore, PP appears to play a role in immune system disorders, neurological disorders, developmental disorders and cell proliferative disorders including cancer.
- PP In the treatment of disorders associated with increased PP expression or activity, it is desirable to decrease the expression or activity of PP.
- PP or a fragment or derivative thereof may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PP.
- disorders include, but are not limited to, an immune system disorder, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), X-linked agammaglobinemia of Bruton, common variable immunodeficiency (CVI), DiGeorge's syndrome (thymic hypoplasia), thymic dysplasia, isolated IgA deficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), Chediak-Higashi syndrome, chronic granulomatous diseases, hereditary angioneurotic edema, immunodeficiency associated with Cushing's disease, Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, anemia, asthma, atherosclerosis,
- an immune system disorder
- a vector capable of expressing PP or a fragment or derivative thereof may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PP including, but not hmited to, those described above.
- compositions comprising a substantially purified PP in conjunction with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PP including, but not hmited to, those provided above.
- an agonist which modulates the activity of PP may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PP including, but not hmited to, those hsted above.
- an antagonist of PP may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with increased expression or activity of PP.
- disorders include, but are not hmited to, those immune system disorders, neurological disorders, developmental disorders and cell proliferative disorders, including cancer described above.
- an antibody which specifically binds PP may be used directly as an antagonist or indirectly as a targeting or delivery mechanism for bringing a pharmaceutical agent to cells or tissues which express PP.
- a vector expressing the complement of the polynucleotide encoding PP may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with increased expression or activity of PP including, but not hmited to, those described above.
- any of the proteins, antagonists, antibodies, agonists, complementary sequences, or vectors of the invention may be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles.
- the combination of therapeutic agents may act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.
- An antagonist of PP may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art.
- purified PP may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents to identify those which specifically bind PP.
- Antibodies to PP may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not hmited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, and single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies (i.e., those which inhibit dimer formation) are generally preferred for therapeutic use.
- various hosts including goats, rabbits, rats, mice, humans, and others may be immunized by injection with PP or with any fragment or ohgopeptide thereof which has immunogenic properties.
- various adjuvants may be used to increase immunological response.
- adjuvants include, but are not hmited to, Freund's, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, and surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, KLH, and dinitrophenol.
- BCG Bacilli
- the oligopeptides, peptides, or fragments used to induce antibodies to PP have an amino acid sequence consisting of at least about 5 amino acids, and generally will consist of at least about 10 amino acids. It is also preferable that these oligopeptides, peptides, or fragments are identical to a portion of the amino acid sequence of the natural protein. Short stretches of PP amino acids may be fused with those of another protein, such as KLH, and antibodies to the chimeric molecule may be produced.
- Monoclonal antibodies to PP may be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not hmited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique. (See, e.g., Kohler, G. et al. (1975) Nature 256:495-497; Kozbor, D. et al. (1985) J.
- Antibodies may also be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the terature. (See, e.g., Orlandi, R. et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3833-3837; Winter,
- Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for PP may also be generated.
- such fragments include, but are not hmited to, F(ab') 2 fragments produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and Fab fragments generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab')2 fragments.
- Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity. (See, e.g., Huse, W.D. et al.
- immunoassays may be used for screening to identify antibodies having the desired specificity.
- Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies with estabhshed specificities are well known in the art.
- Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between PP and its specific antibody.
- a two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering PP epitopes is generally used, but a competitive binding assay may also be employed (Pound, supra).
- K a association constant
- the K determined for a preparation of monoclonal antibodies, which are monospecific for a particular PP epitope, represents a true measure of affinity.
- High-affinity antibody preparations with I ranging from about 10 9 to 10 12 L/mole are preferred for use in immunoassays in which the PP-antibody complex must withstand rigorous manipulations.
- Low-affinity antibody preparations with K ⁇ ranging from about IO 6 to IO 7 L/mole are preferred for use in immunopurification and similar procedures which ultimately require dissociation of PP, preferably in active form, from the antibody (Catty, D. (1988) Antibodies. Volume I: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Washington DC; Liddell, J.E. and A. Cryer (1991) A Practical Guide to Monoclonal Antibodies, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY).
- polyclonal antibody preparations may be further evaluated to determine the quality and suitabihty of such preparations for certain downstream applications.
- a polyclonal antibody preparation containing at least 1-2 mg specific antibody/ml, preferably 5-10 mg specific antibody/ml is generally employed in procedures requiring precipitation of PP-antibody complexes.
- Procedures for evaluating antibody specificity, titer, and avidity, and guidelines for antibody quality and usage in various applications, are generally available. (See, e.g., Catty, supra, and Coligan et al. supra.)
- the polynucleotides encoding PP may be used for therapeutic purposes.
- modifications of gene expression can be achieved by designing complementary sequences or antisense molecules (DNA, RNA, PNA, or modified oligonucleotides) to the coding or regulatory regions of the gene encoding PP.
- complementary sequences or antisense molecules DNA, RNA, PNA, or modified oligonucleotides
- antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or control regions of sequences encoding PP. (See, e.g., Agrawal, S., ed. (1996) Antisense Therapeutics, Humana Press Inc., TotawaNJ.)
- Antisense sequences can be delivered intracellularly in the form of an expression plasmid which, upon transcription, produces a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the cellular sequence encoding the target protein.
- Antisense sequences can also be introduced intracellularly through the use of viral vectors, such as retrovirus and adeno- associated virus vectors.
- Othe gene delivery mechanisms include liposome-derived systems, artificial viral envelopes, and other systems known in the art.
- Othe gene delivery mechanisms include liposome-derived systems, artificial viral envelopes, and other systems known in the art.
- polynucleotides encoding PP may be used for somatic or germhne gene therapy.
- Gene therapy may be performed to (i) correct a genetic deficiency (e.g., in the cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Xl disease characterized by X-hnked inheritance (Cavazzana-Calvo, M. et al. (2000) Science 288:669-672), severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome associated with an inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (Blaese, R.M. et al. (1995) Science 270:475-480; Bordignon, C et al.
- SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
- ADA adenosine deaminase
- a protein which affords protection against intracellular parasites e.g., against human retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Baltimore, D. (1988) Nature 335:395-396; Poeschla, E. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:11395-11399), hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HCV); fungal parasites, such as Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasihensis; and protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi).
- human retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Baltimore, D. (1988) Nature 335:395-396; Poeschla, E. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:11395-11399)
- HCV hepatitis B or C
- PP in the case where a genetic deficiency inPP expression or regulation causes disease, the expression of PP from an appropriate population of transduced cells may alleviate the clinical manifestations caused by the genetic deficiency.
- diseases or disorders caused by deficiencies inPP are treated by constructing mammalian expression vectors encoding PP and introducing these vectors by mechanical means into PP-deficient cells.
- Mechanical transfer technologies for use with cells in vivo or ex vitro include (i) direct DNA microinjection into individual cells, (ii) ballistic gold particle delivery, (hi) liposome-mediated transfection, (iv) receptor-mediated gene transfer, and (v) the use of DNA transposons (Morgan, R.A. and W.F. Anderson (1993) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217; Ivies, Z. (1997) Cell 91:501-510; Boulay, J-L. and H. Recipon (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:445-450).
- Expression vectors that may be effective for the expression of PP include, but are not hmited to, thePCDNA 3.1, EPITAG, PRCCMV2, PREP, PVAX vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), PCMV-SCRIPT, PCMV-TAG, PEGSH/PERV (Stratagene, La Jolla CA), and PTET-OFF,
- PP may be expressed using (i) a constitutively active promoter, (e.g., from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), SV40 virus, thymidine kinase (TK), or ⁇ -actin genes), (ii) an inducible promoter (e.g., the tetracychne-regulated promoter (Gossen, M. and H. Bujard (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Gossen, M. et al.
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- RSV40 virus SV40 virus
- TK thymidine kinase
- ⁇ -actin genes e.g., the tetracychne-regulated promoter (Gossen, M. and H. Bujard (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Gossen, M. et al
- hposome transformation kits e.g., the PERFECT LIPID TRANSFECTION KIT, available from Invitrogen
- hposome transformation allows one with ordinary skill in the art to deliver polynucleotides to target cells in culture and require minimal effort to optimize experimental parameters.
- transformation is performed using the calcium phosphate method (Graham, F.L. and A.J. Eb (1973) Virology 52:456-467), or by electtoporation (Neumann, E. et al. (1982) EMBO J. 1 :841-845).
- the introduction of DNA to primary cells requires modification of these standardized mammalian transfection protocols.
- diseases or disorders caused by genetic defects with respect to PP expression are treated by constructing a retrovirus vector consisting of (i) the polynucleotide encoding PP under the control of an independent promoter or the retrovirus long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, (ii) appropriate RNA packaging signals, and (hi) a Rev-responsive element (RRE) along with additional retrovirus s-acting RNA sequences and coding sequences required for efficient vector propagation.
- Retrovirus vectors e.g., PFB and PFBNEO
- Retrovirus vectors are commercially available (Stratagene) and are based on published data (Riviere, I. et al. (1995) Proc, Natl. Acad. Sci.
- the vector is propagated in an appropriate vector producing cell line (VPCL) that expresses an envelope gene with a tropism for receptors on the target cells or a promiscuous envelope protein such as VSVg (Armentano, D. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61:1647- 1650; Bender, M.A. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61:1639-1646; Adam, M.A. and A.D. Miller (1988) J. Virol. 62:3802-3806; Dull, T. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:8463-8471 ; Zufferey, R. et al. (1998) J. Virol.
- VSVg vector producing cell line
- U.S. Patent Number 5,910,434 to Rigg discloses a method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell hnes and is hereby incorporated by reference. Propagation of retrovirus vectors, transduction of a population of cells (e.g., CD4 + T-cells), and the return of transduced cells to a patient are procedures well known to persons skilled in the art of gene therapy and have been well documented (Ranga, U. et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71:7020-7029; Bauer, G. et al.
- an adenovirus-based gene therapy dehvery system is used to dehver polynucleotides encoding PP to cells which have one or more genetic abnormahties with respect to the expression of PP.
- the construction and packaging of adenovirus-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. Replication defective adenovirus vectors have proven to be versatile for importing genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins into intact islets in the pancreas (Csete, M.E. et al. (1995) Transplantation 27:263-268). Potentially useful adenoviral vectors are described in U.S.
- Patent Number 5,707,618 to Armentano ("Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy"), hereby incorporated by reference.
- adenoviral vectors see also Antinozzi, P.A. et al. (1999) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19:511-544 and Verma, I.M. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 18:389:239-242, both incorporated by reference herein.
- a herpes-based, gene therapy dehvery system is used to dehver polynucleotides encoding PP to target cells which have one or more genetic abnormahties with respect to the expression of PP.
- the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors may be especially valuable for introducing PP to cells of the central nervous system, for which HSV has a tropism.
- the construction and packaging of herpes-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.
- a reputation-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 -based vector has been used to dehver a reporter gene to the eyes of primates (Liu, X. et al. (1999) Exp. Eye Res.
- HSV-1 virus vector has also been disclosed in detail in U.S. Patent Number 5,804,413 to DeLuca ("Herpes simplex virus strains for gene transfer"), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- U.S. Patent Number 5,804,413 teaches the use of recombinant HSV d92 which consists of a genome containing at least one exogenous gene to be transferred to a cell under the control of the appropriate promoter for purposes including human gene therapy. Also taught by this patent are the construction and use of recombinant HSV strains deleted for ICP4, ICP27 and ICP22.
- HSV vectors see also Goins, W.F. et al. (1999) J. Virol.
- herpesvirus sequences The manipulation of cloned herpesvirus sequences, the generation of recombinant virus following the transfection of multiple plasmids containing different segments of the large herpesvirus genomes, the growth and propagation of herpesvirus, and the infection of cells with herpesvirus are techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- an alphavirus (positive, single-stranded RNA virus) vector is used to dehver polynucleotides encoding PP to target cells.
- SFV Semliki Forest Virus
- This subgenomic RNA replicates to higher levels than the full length genomic RNA, resulting in the overproduction of capsid proteins relative to the viral proteins with enzymatic activity (e.g., protease and polymerase).
- enzymatic activity e.g., protease and polymerase.
- inserting the coding sequence for PP into the alphavirus genome in place of the capsid-coding region results in the production of a large number of PP-coding RNAs and the synthesis of high levels of PP in vector transduced cells.
- alphavirus infection is typically associated with cell lysis within a few days
- the abihty to establish a persistent infection in hamster normal kidney cells (BHK-21) with a variant of Sindbis virus (SIN) indicates that thelytic replication of alphaviruses can be altered to suit the needs of the gene therapy application (Dryga, S. A. et al. ( 1997) Virology 228 :74-83) .
- the wide host range of alphaviruses will allow the introduction of PP into a variety of cell types.
- the specific transduction of a subset of cells in a population may require the sorting of cells prior to transduction.
- the methods of manipulating infectious cDNA clones of alphaviruses, performing alphavirus cDNA and RNA transfections, and performing alphavirus infections, are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.
- Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site may also be employed to inhibit gene expression. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using triple helix base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the abihty of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules. Recent therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature. (See, e.g., Gee, J.E. et al. (1994) in Huber, B.E. and B.I. Carr, Molecular and Immunologic Approaches. Futura Publishing, Mt. Kisco NY, pp.
- a complementary sequence or antisense molecule may also be designed to block translation of RNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.
- Ribozymes enzymatic RNA molecules, may also be used to catalyze the specific cleavage of RNA.
- the mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage.
- engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules may specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of sequences encoding PP.
- RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides, corresponding to the region of the target gene containing the cleavage site, may be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the ohgonucleotide inoperable.
- the suitabihty of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testing accessibihty to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays.
- Complementary ribonucleic acid molecules and ribozymes of the invention may be prepared by any method known in the art for the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules. These include techniques for chemically synthesizing oligonucleotides such as sohd phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis.
- RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivo transcription of DNA sequences encoding PP. Such DNA sequences may be incorporated into a wide variety of vectors with suitable RNA polymerase promoters such as T7 or SP6. Alternatively, these cDNA constructs that synthesize complementary RNA, constitutively or inducibly, can beintroduced into cell lines, cells, or tissues. RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stability and half-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences at the 5' and/or 3' ends of the molecule, or the use of phosphorothioate or O-methyl rather than phosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule.
- An additional embodiment of the invention encompasses a method for screening for a compound which is effective in altering expression of a polynucleotide encoding PP.
- Compounds which may be effective in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide may include, but are not limited to, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, triple helix-forming oligonucleotides, transcription factors and other polypeptide transcriptional regulators, and non-macromolecular chemical entities which are capable of interacting with specific polynucleotide sequences. Effective compounds may alter polynucleotide expression by acting as either inhibitors or promoters of polynucleotide expression.
- a compound which specifically inhibits expression of the polynucleotide encoding PP may be therapeutically useful, and in the treament of disorders associated with decreased PP expression or activity, a compound which specifically promotes expression of the polynucleotide encoding PP may be therapeutically useful.
- At least one, and up to a plurality, of test compounds may be screened for effectiveness in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide.
- a test compound may be obtained by any method commonly known in the art, including chemical modification of a compound known to be effective in altering polynucleotide expression; selection from an existing, commercially- available or proprietary library of naturally-occurring or non-natural chemical compounds; rational design of a compound based on chemical and or structural properties of the target polynucleotide; and selection from a library of chemical compounds created combinatorially or randomly.
- a sample comprising a polynucleotide encoding PP is exposed to at least one test compound thus obtained.
- the sample may comprise, for example, an intact or permeabilized cell, or an in vitro cell-free or reconstituted biochemical system.
- Alterations in the expression of a polynucleotide encoding PP are assayed by any method commonly known in the art.
- the expression of a specific nucleotide is detected by hybridization with a probe having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the polynucleotide encoding PP.
- the amount of hybridization may be quantified, thus forming the basis for a comparison of the expression of the polynucleotide both with and without exposure to one or more test compounds. Detection of a change in the expression of a polynucleotide exposed to a test compound indicates that the test compound is effective in altering the expression of the polynucleotide.
- a screen for a compound effective in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide can be carried out, for example, using a Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene expression system (Atkins, D. et al. (1999) U.S. Patent No. 5,932,435; Arndt, G.M. et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28:E15) or a human cell line such as HeLa cell (Clarke, M.L. et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268:8-13).
- a Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene expression system (Atkins, D. et al. (1999) U.S. Patent No. 5,932,435; Arndt, G.M. et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28:E15) or a human cell line such as HeLa cell (Clarke, M.L. et al. (2000) Biochem. Bio
- oligonucleotides such as deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, and modified oligonucleotides
- oligonucleotides such as deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, and modified oligonucleotides
- Many methods for introducing vectors into cells or tissues are available and equally suitable for use in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo.
- vectors may be introduced into stem cells taken from the patient and cl ⁇ nally propagated for autologous transplant back into that same patient. Dehvery by transfection, by liposome injections, or by polycationic amino polymers may be achieved using methods which are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Goldman, C.K. et al. (1997) Nat. Biotechnol. 15:462-466.) Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be apphed to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as humans, dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, and monkeys.
- An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a composition which generally comprises an active ingredient formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- Excipients may include, for example, sugars, starches, celluloses, gums, and proteins.
- Various formulations are commonly known and are thoroughly discussed in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Maack Pubhshing, Easton PA).
- Such compositions may consist of PP, antibodies to PP, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of PP.
- compositions utilized in this invention may be administered by any number of routes including, but not hmited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, pulmonary, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, subhngual, or rectal means.
- compositions for pulmonary administration may be prepared in liquid or dry powder form. These compositions are generally aerosohzed immediately prior to inhalation by the patient.
- small molecules e.g. traditional low molecular weight organic drugs
- aerosol dehvery of fast-acting formulations is well-known in the art.
- macromolecules e.g. larger peptides and proteins
- Pulmonary dehvery has the advantage of administration without needle injection, and obviates the need for potentially toxic penetration enhancers.
- compositions suitable for use in the invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve the intended purpose.
- the determination of an effective dose is well within the capabihty of those skilled in the art.
- Specialized forms of compositions may be prepared for direct intracellular dehvery of macromolecules comprising PP or fragments thereof.
- hposome preparations containing a cell-impermeable macromolecule may promote cell fusion and intracellular dehvery of the macromolecule.
- PP or a fragment thereof may be joined to a short cationic N-terminal portion from the HIV Tat-1 protein. Fusion proteins thus generated have been found to transduce into the cells of all tissues, including the brain, in a mouse model system (Schwarze, S.R. et al. (1999) Science 285:1569-1572).
- the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, or in animal models such as mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, or pigs.
- An animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
- a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient, for example PP or fragments thereof, antibodies of PP, and agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of PP, which ameliorates the symptoms or condition.
- Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or with experimental animals, such as by calculating the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) or LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) statistics.
- the dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which can be expressed as the LD 50 ED 50 ratio. Compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
- the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are used to formulate a range of dosage for human use.
- the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that includes the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
- the dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, the sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration. The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in hght of factors related to the subject requiring treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active moiety or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, the general health of the subject, the age, weight, and gender of the subject, time and frequency of administration, drug combinations), reaction sensitivities, and response to therapy. Long-acting compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or biweekly depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
- Normal dosage amounts may vary from about 0.1 ⁇ g to 100,000 ⁇ g, up to a total dose of about 1 gram, depending upon the route of administration.
- Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of dehvery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, dehvery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc. DIAGNOSTICS
- antibodies which specifically bind PP may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by expression of PP, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with PP or agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of PP.
- Antibodies useful for diagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for PP include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect PP in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues.
- the antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent attachment of a reporter molecule.
- a wide variety of reporter molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.
- a variety of protocols for measuring PP including ELISAs, RIAs, and FACS, are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of PP expression.
- Normal or standard values for PP expression are estabhshed by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, for example, human subjects, with antibodies to PP under conditions suitable for complex formation. The amount of standard complex formation may be quantitated by various methods, such as photometric means. Quantities of PP expressed in subject, control, and disease s'amples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values estabhshes the parameters for diagnosing disease.
- the polynucleotides encoding PP may be used for diagnostic purposes.
- the polynucleotides which may be used include ohgonucleotide sequences, complementary RNA and DNA molecules, and PNAs.
- the polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantify gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of PP may be correlated with disease.
- the diagnostic assay may be used to determine absence, presence, and excess expression of PP, and to monitor regulation of PP levels during therapeutic intervention.
- hybridization with PCR probes which are capable of detecting polynucleotide sequences, including genomic sequences, encoding PP or closely related molecules may be used to identify nucleic acid sequences which encode PP.
- the specificity of the probe whether it is made from a highly specific region, e.g., the 5' regulatory region, or from a less specific region, e.g., a conserved motif, and the stringency of the hybridization or amplification will determine whether the probe identifies only naturally occurring sequences encoding PP, allelic variants, or related sequences.
- Probes may also be used for the detection of related sequences, and may have at least 50% sequence identity to any of the PP encoding sequences.
- the hybridization probes of the subject invention may be DNA or RNA and may be derived from the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6-10 or from genomic sequences including promoters, enhancers, and introns of thePP gene.
- Means for producing specific hybridization probes for DNAs encoding PP include the cloning of polynucleotide sequences encoding PP or PP derivatives into vectors for the production of mRNA probes.
- Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerases and the appropriate labeled nucleotides.
- Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of reporter groups, for example, by radionuclides such as 32 P or 35 S, or by enzymatic labels, such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin couphng systems, and the like.
- Polynucleotide sequences encoding PP may be used for the diagnosis of disorders associated with expression of PP.
- disorders include, but are not hmited to, an immune system disorder, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), X-hnked agammaglobinemia of Bruton, common variable immunodeficiency (CVI), DiGeorge's syndrome (thymic hypoplasia), thymic dysplasia, isolated IgA deficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), Chediak-Higashi syndrome, chronic granulomatous diseases, hereditary angioneurotic edema, immunodeficiency associated with Cushing's disease, Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondyhtis, amyloidosis, anemia, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune
- the polynucleotide sequences encoding PP may be used in Southern or northern analysis, dot blot, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and multiformat ELISA-hke assays; and in microarrays utilizing fluids or tissues from patients to detect altered PP expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.
- the nucleotide sequences encoding PP may be useful in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above.
- the nucleotide sequences encoding PP may be labeled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantified and compared with a standard value. If the amount of signal in the patient sample is significantly altered in comparison to a control sample then the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequences encoding PP in the sample indicates the presence of the associated disorder.
- Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or to monitor the treatment of an individual patient.
- a normal or standard profile for expression is estabhshed. This may be accomphshed by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding PP, under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained in this manner may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to estabhsh the presence of a disorder.
- hybridization assays may be repeated on a regular basis to determine if the level of expression in the patient begins to approximate that which is observed in the normal subject.
- the results obtained from successive assays may be used to show the efficacy of treatment over a period ranging from several days to months.
- the presence of an abnormal amount of transcript (either under- or overexpressed) in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate a predisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide a means for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actual clinical symptoms.
- a more definitive diagnosis of this type may allow health professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier thereby preventing the development or further progression of the cancer.
- oligonucleotides designed from the sequences encoding PP may involve the use of PCR. These oligomers may be chemically synthesized, generated enzymatically, or produced in vitro. Ohgomers will preferably contain a fragment of a polynucleotide encoding PP, or a fragment of a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide encoding PP, and will be employed under optimized conditions for identification of a specific gene or condition. Ohgomers may also be employed under less stringent conditions for detection or quantification of closely related DNA or RNA sequences.
- ohgonucleotide primers derived from the polynucleotide sequences encoding PP may be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
- SNPs are substitutions, insertions and deletions that are a frequent cause of inherited or acquired genetic disease in humans.
- Methods of SNP detection include, but are not hmited to, single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and fluorescent SSCP (fSSCP) methods.
- SSCP single-stranded conformation polymorphism
- fSSCP fluorescent SSCP
- ohgonucleotide primers derived from the polynucleotide sequences encoding PP are used to amplify DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- the DNA may be derived, for example, from diseased or normal tissue, biopsy samples, bodily fluids, and the hke.
- SNPs in the DNA cause differences in the secondary and tertiary structures of PCR products in single-stranded form, and these differences are detectable using gel electrophoresis in non- denaturing gels.
- the ohgonucleotide primers are fluorescentiy labeled, which allows detection of the amplimers in high-throughput equipment such as DNA sequencing machines.
- sequence database analysis methods termed in silico SNP (isSNP) are capable of identifying polymorphisms by comparing the sequence of individual overlapping DNA fragments which assemble into a common consensus sequence.
- SNPs may be detected and characterized by mass spectrometry using, for example, the high throughput MASS ARRAY system (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego CA).
- Methods which may also be used to quantify the expression of PP include radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides, coamphfication of a control nucleic acid, and interpolating results from standard curves.
- radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides See, e.g., Melby, P.C. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. Methods 159:235-244; Duplaa, C. et al. (1993) Anal. Biochem.
- oligonucleotides or longer fragments derived from any of the polynucleotide sequences described herein may be used as elements on a microarray.
- the microarray can be used in transcript imaging techniques which monitor the relative expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously as described below.
- the microarray may also be used to identify genetic variants, mutations, and polymorphisms.
- This information may be used to determine gene function, to understand the genetic basis of a disorder, to diagnose a disorder, to monitor progression/regression of disease as a function of gene expression, and to develop and monitor the activities of therapeutic agents in the treatment of disease.
- this information may be used to develop a pharmacogenomic profile of a patient in order to select the most appropriate and effective treatment regimen for that patient.
- therapeutic agents which are highly effective and display the fewest side effects may be selected for a patient based on his/her pharmacogenomic profile.
- PP, fragments of PP, or antibodies specific for PP may be used as elements on a microarray.
- the microarray may be used to monitor or measure protein-protein interactions, drug-target interactions, and gene expression profiles, as described above.
- a particular embodiment relates to the use of the polynucleotides of the present invention to generate a transcript image of a tissue or cell type.
- a transcript image represents the global pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type. Global gene expression patterns are analyzed by quantifying the number of expressed genes and their relative abundance under given conditions and at a given time. (See Seilhamer et al., "Comparative Gene Transcript Analysis," U.S. Patent Number 5,840,484, expressly incorporated by reference herein.)
- a transcript image may be generated by hybridizing the polynucleotides of the present invention or their complements to the totality of transcripts or reverse transcripts of a particular tissue or cell type.
- the hybridization takes place in high-throughput format, wherein the polynucleotides of the present invention or then complements comprise a subset of a plurality of elements on a microarray.
- the resultant transcript image would provide a profile of gene activity.
- Transcript images may be generated using transcripts isolated from tissues, cell hnes, biopsies, or other biological samples.
- the transcript image may thus reflect gene expression in vivo, as in the case of a tissue or biopsy sample, or in vitro, as in the case of a cell line.
- Transcript images which profile the expression of the polynucleotides of the present invention may also be used in conjunction with in vitro model systems and prechnical evaluation of pharmaceuticals, as well as toxicological testing of industrial and naturally-occurring environmental compounds. All compounds induce characteristic gene expression patterns, frequently termed molecular fingerprints or toxicant signatures, which are indicative of mechanisms of action and toxicity (Nuwaysir, E.F. et al. (1999) Mol. Carcinog. 24:153-159; Steiner, S. andN.L. Anderson (2000) Toxicol. Lett. 112-113:467-471, expressly incorporated by reference herein). If a test compound has a signature similar to that of a compound with known toxicity, it is likely to share those toxic properties.
- the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound.
- Nucleic acids that are expressed in the treated biological sample are hybridized with one or more probes specific to the polynucleotides of the present invention, so that transcript levels corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention may be quantified.
- the transcript levels in the treated biological sample are compared with levels in an untreated biological sample. Differences in the transcript levels between the two samples are indicative of a toxic response caused by the test compound in the treated sample.
- proteome refers to the global pattern of protein expression in a particular tissue or cell type.
- proteome expression patterns, or profiles are analyzed by quantifying the number of expressed proteins and their relative abundance under given conditions and at a given time.
- a profile of a cell's proteome may thus be generated by separating and analyzing the polypeptides of a particular tissue or cell type.
- the separation is achieved using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in which proteins from a sample are separated by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and then according to molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension (Steiner and Anderson, supra).
- the proteins are visualized in the gel as discrete and uniquely positioned spots, typically by staining the gel with an agent such as Coomassie Blue or silver or fluorescent stains.
- the optical density of each protein spot is generally proportional to the level of the protein in the sample.
- the optical densities of equivalently positioned protein spots from different samples for example, from biological samples either treated or untreated with a test compound or therapeutic agent, are compared to identify any changes in protein spot density related to the treatment.
- the proteins in the spots are partially sequenced using, for example, standard methods employing chemical or enzymatic cleavage followed by mass spectrometry.
- the identity of the protein in a spot may be determined by comparing its partial sequence, preferably of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, to the polypeptide sequences of the present invention. In some cases, further sequence data may be obtained for definitive protein identification.
- Aproteomic profile may also be generated using antibodies specific for PP to quantify the levels of PP expression.
- the antibodies are used as elements on a microarray, and protein expression levels are quantified by exposing the microarray to the sample and detecting the levels of protein bound to each array element (Lueking, A. et al. (1999) Anal. Biochem. 270:103-111; Mendoze, L.G. et al. (1999) Biotechniques 27:778-788). Detection may be performed by a variety of methods known in the art, for example, by reacting the proteins in the sample with a thiol- or amino- reactive fluorescent compound and detecting the amount of fluorescence bound at each array element.
- Toxicant signatures at the proteome level are also useful for toxicological screening, and should be analyzed in parallel with toxicant signatures at the transcript level.
- There is a poor correlation between transcript and protein abundances for some proteins in some tissues (Anderson, NX. and J. Seilhamer (1997) Electrophoresis 18:533-537), so proteome toxicant signatures may be useful in the analysis of compounds which do not significantly affect the transcript image, but which alter the proteomic profile.
- the analysis of transcripts in body fluids is difficult, due to rapid degradation of mRNA, so proteomic profiting may be more reliable and informative in such cases.
- the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing proteins with the test compound.
- Proteins that are expressed in the treated biological sample are separated so that the amount of each protein can be quantified.
- the amount of each protein is compared to the amount of the corresponding protein in an untreated biological sample. A difference in the amount of protein between the two samples is indicative of a toxic response to the test compound in the treated sample.
- Individual proteins are identified by sequencing the amino acid residues of the individual proteins and comparing these partial sequences to the polypeptides of the present invention.
- the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing proteins with the test compound. Proteins from the biological sample are incubated with antibodies specific to the polypeptides of the present invention. The amount of protein recognized by the antibodies is quantified.
- the amount of protein in the treated biological sample is compared with the amount in an untreated biological sample. A difference in the amount of protein between the two samples is indicative of a toxic response to the test compound in the treated sample.
- Microarrays may be prepared, used, and analyzed using methods known in the art.
- methods known in the art See, e.g. , Brennan, T.M. et al. (1995) U.S. Patent No. 5,474,796; Schena, M. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10614-10619; Baldeschweiler et al. (1995) PCT application W095/251116; Shalon, D. et al. (1995) PCT application WO95/35505; Heller, R.A. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2150- 2155; and Heller, M.J. et al.
- nucleic acid sequences encoding PP may be used to generate hybridization probes useful in mapping the naturally occurring genomic sequence. Either coding or noncoding sequences may be used, and in some instances, noncoding sequences may be preferable over coding sequences. For example, conservation of a coding sequence among members of a multi-gene f amily may potentially cause undesired cross hybridization during chromosomal mapping.
- sequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome, to a specific region of a chromosome, or to artificial chromosome constructions, eg., human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), bacterial PI constructions, or single chromosome cDNA libraries.
- HACs human artificial chromosomes
- YACs yeast artificial chromosomes
- BACs bacterial artificial chromosomes
- PI constructions or single chromosome cDNA libraries.
- nucleic acid sequences of the invention may be used to develop genetic linkage maps, for example, which correlate the inheritance of a disease state with the inheritance of a particular chromosome region or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
- RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism
- Fluorescent in situ hybridization may be correlated with other physical and genetic map data.
- FISH Fluorescent in situ hybridization
- Examples of genetic map data can be found in various scientific journals or at the Orihne Mendehan Inheritance in Man (OMIM) World Wide Web site. Correlation between the location of the gene encoding PP on a physical map and a specific disorder, or a predisposition to a specific disorder, may help define the region of DNA associated with that disorder and thus may further positional cloning efforts.
- In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and physical mapping techniques such as hnkage analysis using estabhshed chromosomal markers, may be used for extending genetic maps.
- physical mapping techniques such as hnkage analysis using estabhshed chromosomal markers
- hnkage analysis using estabhshed chromosomal markers may be used for extending genetic maps.
- the placement of a gene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse may reveal associated markers even if the exact chromosomal locus is not known. This information is valuable to investigators searching for disease genes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. .
- any sequences mapping to that area may represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation.
- the nucleotide sequence of the instant invention may also be used to detect differences in the chromosomal location due to translocation, inversion, etc., among normal, carrier, or affected individuals.
- PP its catalytic or immunogenic fragments, or oligopeptides thereof can be used for screening libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screening techniques.
- the fragment employed in such screening may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly.
- the formation of binding complexes between PP and the agent being tested may be measured.
- Another technique for drug screening provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest. (See, e.g., Geysen, et al. (1984) PCT application WO84/03564.) In this method, large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a sohd substrate.
- test compounds are reacted with PP, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound PP is then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified PP can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. Alternatively, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a sohd support.
- nucleotide sequences which encode PP may be used in any molecular biology techniques that have yet to be developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, including, but not hmited to, such properties as the triplet genetic code and specific base pair interactions.
- Incyte cDNAs were derived from cDNA hbraries described in the LIFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA) and shown in Table 4, column 5. Some tissues were homogenized and lysed in guanidinium isothiocyanate, while others were homogenized and lysed in phenol or in a suitable mixture of denaturants, such as TRIZOL (Life Technologies), a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate. The resulting lysates were centrifuged over CsCl cushions or extracted with chloroform. RNA was precipitated from the lysates with either isopropanol or sodium acetate and ethanol, or by other routine methods.
- poly(A)+ RNA was isolated using ohgo d(T)-coupled paramagnetic particles (Promega), OLIGOTEX latex particles (QIAGEN, Chatsworth CA), or an OLIGOTEX mRNA purification kit (QIAGEN).
- Stratagene was provided with RNA and constructed the corresponding cDNA hbraries.
- cDNA was synthesized and cDNA hbraries were constructed with the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or SUPERSCRIPT plasmid system (Life Technologies), using the recommended procedures or similar methods known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1997, supra, units 5.1-6.6.) Reverse transcription was initiated using ohgo d(T) or random primers. Synthetic ohgonucleotide adapters were hgated to double stranded cDNA, and the cDNA was digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme or enzymes.
- the cDNA was size-selected (300-1000 bp) using SEPHACRYL S1000, SEPHAROSE CL2B, or SEPHAROSE CL4B column chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or preparative agarose gel electrophoresis.
- cDNAs were hgated into compatible restriction enzyme sites of the polylinker of a suitable plasmid, e.g.
- PBLUESCRIPT plasmid (Stratagene), PSPORT1 plasmid (Life Technologies), PCDNA2.1 plasmid (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), PBK-CMV plasmid (Stratagene), or pINCY (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA), or derivatives thereof.
- Recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E. coh cells including XLl-Blue, XLl-BlueMRF, or SOLR from Stratagene or DH5 ⁇ , DH10B, or ElectroMAX DH10B from Life Technologies. II. Isolation of cDNA Clones
- Plasmids obtained as described in Example I were recovered from host cells by in vivo excision using the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or by cell lysis. Plasmids were purified using at least one of the following: a Magic or WIZARD Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega); an AGTC Miniprep purification kit (Edge Biosystems, Gaithersburg MD); and QIAWELL 8 Plasmid, QIAWELL 8 Plus Plasmid, QIAWELL 8 Ultra Plasmid purification systems or the R.E.A.L. PREP 96 plasmid purification kit from QIAGEN. Following precipitation, plasmids were resuspended in 0.1 ml of distilled water and stored, with or without lyophilization, at 4°C
- plasmid DNA was amplified from host cell lysates using direct link PCR in a high-throughput format (Rao, V.B. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 216:1-14). Host cell lysis and thermal cycling steps were carried out in a single reaction mixture. Samples were processed and stored in 384- well plates, and the concentration of amplified plasmid DNA was quantified fluorometrically using PICOGREEN dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene OR) and a FLUOROSKAN II fluorescence scanner (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland). III. Sequencing and Analysis
- Incyte cDNA recovered in plasmids as described in Example II were sequenced as follows. Sequencing reactions were processed using standard methods or high-throughput instrumentation such as the ABI CATALYST 800 (Apphed Biosystems) thermal cycler or the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) in conjunction with the HYDRA microdispenser (Robbins Scientific) or the MICROLAB 2200 (Hamilton) hquid transfer system. cDNA sequencing reactions were prepared using reagents provided by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech or supphed in ABI sequencing kits such as the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (Apphed Biosystems).
- Elecfrophoretic separation of cDNA sequencing reactions and detection of labeled polynucleotides were carried out using the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Molecular Dynamics); the ABI PRISM 373 or 377 sequencing system (Apphed Biosystems) in conjunction with standard ABI protocols and base calhng software; or other sequence analysis systems known in the art. Reading frames within the cDNA sequences were identified using standard methods (reviewed in Ausubel, 1997, supra, unit 7.7). Some of the cDNA sequences were selected for extension using the techniques disclosed in Example VIII.
- the polynucleotide sequences derived from Incyte cDNAs were validated by removing vector, linker, and poly(A) sequences and by masking ambiguous bases, using algorithms and programs based on BLAST, dynamic programming, and dinucleotide nearest neighbor analysis.
- the Incyte cDNA sequences or translations thereof were then queried against a selection of pubhc databases such as the GenBank primate, rodent, mammahan, vertebrate, and eukaryote databases, and BLOCKS, PRINTS, DOMO, PRODOM, and hidden Markov model (HMM)-based protein family databases such as PFAM.
- HMM hidden Markov model
- Incyte cDNA sequences were assembled to produce full length polynucleotide sequences.
- GenBank cDNAs, GenBank ESTs, stitched sequences, stretched sequences, or Genscan-predicted coding sequences were used to extend Incyte cDNA assemblages to full length.
- MACDNASIS PRO Hitachi Software Engineering, South San Francisco CA
- LASERGENE software DNASTAR
- Polynucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments are generated using default parameters specified by the CLUSTAL algorithm as incorporated into the MEGALIGN multisequence ahgnment program (DNASTAR), which also calculates the percent identity between aligned sequences.
- Table 7 summarizes the tools, programs, and algorithms used for the analysis and assembly of Incyte cDNA and full length sequences and provides apphcable descriptions, references, and threshold parameters.
- the first column of Table 7 shows the tools, programs, and algorithms used, the second column provides brief descriptions thereof, the third column presents appropriate references, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, and the fourth column presents, where applicable, the scores, probabihty values, and other parameters used to evaluate the strength of a match between two sequences (the higher the score or the lower the probabihty value, the greater the identity between two sequences).
- Genscan is a general-purpose gene identification program which analyzes genomic DNA sequences from a variety of organisms (See Burge, C and S. Karlin (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 268:78-94, and Burge, C and S. Karlin (1998) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8:346-354). The program concatenates predicted exons to form an assembled cDNA sequence extending from a methionine to a stop codon.
- Genscan is a FASTA database of polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences.
- the maximum range of sequence for Genscan to analyze at once was set to 30 kb.
- the encoded polypeptides were analyzed by querying against PFAM models for protein phosphatases.
- Potential protein phosphatases were also identified by homology to Incyte cDNA sequences that had been annotated as protein phosphatases. These selected Genscan-predicted sequences were then compared by BLAST analysis to the genpept and gbpri public databases.
- Genscan-predicted sequences were then edited by comparison to the top BLAST hit from genpept to correct errors in the sequence predicted by Genscan, such as extra or omitted exons.
- BLAST analysis was also used to find any Incyte cDNA or public cDNA coverage of the Genscan-predicted sequences, thus providing evidence for transcription. When Incyte cDNA coverage was available, this information was used to correct or confirm the Genscan predicted sequence.
- Full length polynucleotide sequences were obtained by assembling Genscan-predicted coding sequences with Incyte cDNA sequences and/or pubhc cDNA sequences using the assembly process described in Example III. Alternatively, full length polynucleotide sequences were derived entirely from edited or unedited Genscan-predicted coding sequences.
- Partial cDNA sequences were extended with exons predicted by the Genscan gene identification program described in Example IV. Partial cDNAs assembled as described in Example III were mapped to genomic DNA and parsed into clusters containing related cDNAs and Genscan exon predictions from one or more genomic sequences. Each cluster was analyzed using an algorithm based on graph theory and dynamic programming to integrate cDNA and genomic information, generating possible sphce variants that were subsequently confirmed, edited, or extended to create a full length sequence. Sequence intervals in which the entire length of the interval was present on more than one sequence in the cluster were identified, and intervals thus identified were considered to be equivalent by transitivity.
- Partial DNA sequences were extended to full length with an algorithm based on BLAST analysis.
- the nearest GenBank protein homolog was then compared by BLAST analysis to either Incyte cDNA sequences or GenScan exon predicted sequences described in Example IV.
- a chimeric protein was generated by using the resultant high-scoring segment pairs (HSPs) to map the translated sequences onto the GenBank protein homolog. Insertions or deletions may occur in the chimeric protein with respect to the original GenBank protein homolog.
- HSPs high-scoring segment pairs
- GenBank protein homolog The GenBank protein homolog, the chimeric protein, or both were used as probes to search for homologous genomic sequences from the pubhc human genome databases. Partial DNA sequences were therefore "stretched” or extended by the addition of homologous genomic sequences. The resultant stretched sequences were examined to determine whether it contained a complete gene.
- sequences which were used to assemble SEQ ID NO: 6- 10 were compared with sequences from the Incyte LIFESEQ database and public domain databases using BLAST and other implementations of the Smith- Waterman algorithm. Sequences from these databases that matched SEQ ID NO: 6- 10 were assembled into clusters of contiguous and overlapping sequences using assembly algorithms such as Phrap (Table 7). Radiation hybrid and genetic mapping data available from pubhc resources such as the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC), Whitehead Institute for Genome Research (WIGR), and Genethon were used to determine if any of the clustered sequences had been previously mapped. Inclusion of a mapped sequence in a cluster resulted in the assignment of ah sequences of that cluster, including its particular SEQ ID NO:, to that map location.
- pubhc resources such as the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC), Whitehead Institute for Genome Research (WIGR), and Genethon were used to determine if any of the clustered sequences had been previously mapped. Inclusion of a
- Map locations are represented by ranges, or intervals, of human chromosomes.
- the map position of an interval, in centiMorgans, is measured relative to the terminus of the chromosome's p- arm.
- centiMorgan cM
- centiMorgan is a unit of measurement based on recombination frequencies between chromosomal markers. On average, 1 cM is roughly equivalent to 1 megabase (Mb) of DNA in humans, although this can vary widely due to hot and cold spots of recombination.
- the cM distances are based on genetic markers mapped by Genethon which provide boundaries for radiation hybrid markers whose sequences were included in each of the clusters.
- SEQ ID NO:5 was mapped to chromosome 12 within the interval from 95.80 to 97.00 centiMorgans.
- VII. Analysis of Polynucleotide Expression Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presence of a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labeled nucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular cell type or tissue have been bound. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra, ch. 7; Ausubel (1995) supra, ch. 4 and 16.)
- the product score takes into account both the degree of similarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match.
- the product score is a normalized value between 0 and 100, and is calculated as follows:, the BLAST score is multiplied by the percent nucleotide identity and the product is divided by (5 times the length of the shorter of the two sequences).
- the BLAST score is calculated by assigning a score of +5 for every base that matches in a high-scoring segment pair (HSP), and -4 for every mismatch Two sequences may share more than one HSP (separated by gaps). If there is more than one HSP, then the pair with the highest BLAST score is used to calculate the product score.
- the product score represents a balance between fractional overlap and quahty in a BLAST ahgnment. For example, a product score of 100 is produced only for 100% identity over the entire length of the shorter of the two sequences being compared. A product score of 70 is produced either by 100% identity and 70% overlap at one end, or by 88% identity and 100% overlap at the other. A product score of 50 is produced either by 100% identity and 50% overlap at one end, or 79% identity and 100% overlap.
- polynucleotide sequences encoding PP are analyzed with respect to the tissue sources from which they were derived. For example, some full length sequences are assembled, at least in part, with overlapping Incyte cDNA sequences (see Example III).
- Each cDNA sequence is derived from a cDNA library constructed from a human tissue.
- Each human tissue is classified into one of the following organ/tissue categories: cardiovascular system; connective tissue; digestive system; embryonic structures; endocrine system; exocrine glands; genitalia, female; genitalia, male; germ cells; hemic and immune system; liver; musculoskeletal system; nervous system; pancreas; respiratory system; sense organs; skin; stomatognathic system; unclassified/mixed; or urinary tract.
- the number of hbraries in each category is counted and divided by the total number of hbraries across all categories.
- each human tissue is classified into one of the following disease/condition categories: cancer, cell line, developmental, inflammation, neurological, trauma, cardiovascular, pooled, and other, and the number of libraries in each category is counted and divided by the total number of hbraries across all categories. The resulting percentages reflect the tissue- and disease-specific expression of cDNA encoding PP.
- cDNA sequences and cDNA library/tissue information are found in the LIFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA).
- Full length polynucleotide sequences were also produced by extension of an appropriate fragment of the full length molecule using oligonucleotide primers designed from this fragment.
- One primer was synthesized to initiate 5' extension of the known fragment, and the other primer was synthesized to initiate 3 ' extension of the known fragment.
- the initial primers were designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences), or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures of about 68 °C to about 72 °C. Any stretch of nucleotides which would result in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations was avoided. Selected human cDNA hbraries were used to extend the sequence. If more than one extension was necessary or desired, additional or nested sets of primers were designed.
- the concentration of DNA in each well was determined by dispensing 100 ⁇ l PICOGREEN quantitation reagent (0.25% (v/v) PICOGREEN; Molecular Probes, Eugene OR) dissolved in IX TE and 0.5 ⁇ l of undiluted PCR product into each well of an opaque fluorimeter plate (Corning Costar, Acton MA), allowing the DNA to bind to the reagent.
- the plate was scanned in a Fluoroskan II (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland) to measure the fluorescence of the sample and to quantify the concentration of DNA.
- a 5 ⁇ l to 10 ⁇ l aliquot of the reaction mixture was analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1 % agarose gel to determine which reactions were successful in extending the sequence.
- the extended nucleotides were desalted and concentrated, transferred to 384-well plates, digested with CviJI cholera virus endonuclease (Molecular Biology Research, Madison WI), and sonicated or sheared prior to rehgation into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
- CviJI cholera virus endonuclease Molecular Biology Research, Madison WI
- sonicated or sheared prior to rehgation into pUC 18 vector
- the digested nucleotides were separated on low concentration (0.6 to 0.8%) agarose gels, fragments were excised, and agar digested with Agar ACE (Promega). Extended clones were rehgated using T4 ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly MA) into pUC 18 vector (Amersham
- Step 1 94°C, 3 min
- Step 2 94°C, 15 sec
- Step 3 60°C, 1 min
- Step 4 72°C, 2 min
- Step 5 steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 29 times
- Step 6 72°C, 5 min
- Step 7 storage at 4°C DNA was quantified by PICOGREEN reagent (Molecular Probes) as described above. Samples with low DNA recoveries were reamplified using the same conditions as described above.
- Hybridization probes derived from SEQ ID NO:6-10 are employed to screen cDNAs, genomic DNAs, or mRNAs. Although the labehng of ohgonucleotides, consisting of about 20 base pairs, is specifically described, essentially the same procedure is used with larger nucleotide fragments.
- Ohgonucleotides are designed using state-of-the-art software such as OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences) and labeled by combining 50 pmol of each oligomer, 250 ⁇ Ci of [ ⁇ - 32 P] adenosine triphosphate (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and T4 polynucleotide kinase (DuPont NEN, Boston MA).
- the labeled ohgonucleotides are substantially purified using a SEPHADEX G-25 superfine size exclusion dextran bead column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). An aliquot containing IO 7 counts per minute of the labeled probe is used in a typical membrane-based hybridization analysis of human genomic DNA digested with one of the following endonucleases: Ase I, Bgl II, Eco RI, Pst I, Xba I, or Pvu II (DuPont NEN). The DNA from each digest is fractionated on a 0.7% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran Plus, Schleicher & Schuell, Durham NH).
- Hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 40°C To remove nonspecific signals, blots are sequentially washed at room temperature under conditions of up to, for example, 0.1 x saline sodium citrate and 0.5 % sodium dodecyl sulfate. Hybridization patterns are visualized using autoradiography or an alternative imaging means and compared.
- the hnkage or synthesis of array elements upon a microarray can be achieved utilizing photohthography, piezoelectric printing (ink-jet printing, See, e.g., Baldeschweiler, supra.), mechanical microspotting technologies, and derivatives thereof.
- the substrate in each of the aforementioned technologies should be uniform and sohd with a non-porous surface (Schena (1999), supra).
- Suggested substrates include sihcon, sihca, glass shdes, glass chips, and sihcon wafers.
- a procedure analogous to a dot or slot blot may also be used to arrange and link elements to the surface of a substrate using thermal, UV, chemical, or mechanical bonding procedures.
- a typical array may be produced using available methods and machines well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may contain any appropriate number of elements. (See, e.g., Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270:467-470; Shalon, D. et al. (1996) Genome Res. 6:639-645; Marshall, A. and J. Hodgson (1998) Nat. Biotechnol. 16:27-31.)
- Full length cDNAs, Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), or fragments or ohgomers thereof may comprise the elements of the microarray. Fragments or ohgomers suitable for hybridization can be selected using software well known in the art such as LASERGENE software (DNASTAR).
- the array elements are hybridized with polynucleotides in a biological sample.
- the polynucleotides in the biological sample are conjugated to a fluorescent label or other molecular tag for ease of detection.
- a fluorescence scanner is used to detect hybridization at each array element.
- laser desorbtion and mass spectrometry may be used for detection of hybridization.
- the degree of complementarity and the relative abundance of each polynucleotide which hybridizes to an element on the microarray may be assessed.
- microarray preparation and usage is described in detail below.
- Total RNA is isolated from tissue samples using the guanidinium thiocyanate method and poly(A) + RNA is purified using the oligo-(dT) cellulose method.
- Each poly(A) + RNA sample is reverse transcribed using MMLV reverse-franscriptase, 0.05 pg/ ⁇ l oligo-(dT) primer (21mer), IX first strand buffer, 0.03 units/ ⁇ l RNase inhibitor, 500 ⁇ M dATP, 500 ⁇ M dGTP, 500 ⁇ M dTTP, 40 ⁇ M dCTP, 40 ⁇ M dCTP-Cy3 (BDS) or dCTP-Cy5 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
- the reverse transcription reaction is performed in a 25 ml volume containing 200 ng poly(A) + RNA with GEMBRIGHT kits (Incyte).
- Specific control poly(A) + RNAs are synthesized by invifro transcription from non-coding yeast genomic DNA. After incubation at 37° C for 2 hr, each reaction sample (one with Cy3 and another with Cy5 labeling) is treated with 2.5 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide and incubated for 20 minutes at 85° C to the stop the reaction and degrade the RNA. Samples are purified using two successive CHROMA SPIN 30 gel filtration spin columns (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc.
- Sequences of the present invention are used to generate array elements.
- Each array element is amplified from bacterial cells containing vectors with cloned cDNA inserts.
- PCR amplification uses primers complementary to the vector sequences flanking the cDNA insert.
- Array elements are amplified in thirty cycles of PCR from an initial quantity of 1-2 ng to a final quantity greater than 5 ⁇ g. Amplified array elements are then purified using SEPHACRYL-400 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
- Purified array elements are immobilized on polymer-coated glass slides.
- Glass microscope shdes (Corning) are cleaned by ultrasound in 0.1 % SDS and acetone, with extensive distilled water washes between and after treatments.
- Glass slides are etched in 4% hydrofluoric acid (VWR Scientific Products Corporation (VWR), West Chester PA), washed extensively in distilled water, and coated with 0.05% aminopropyl silane (Sigma) in 95% ethanol. Coated slides are cured in a 110°C oven.
- Array elements are apphed to the coated glass substrate using a procedure described in US
- Patent No. 5,807,522 incorporated herein by reference.
- 1 ⁇ l of the array element DNA, at an average concentration of 100 ng/ ⁇ l, is loaded into the open capillary printing element by a high-speed robotic apparatus.
- the apparatus then deposits about 5 nl of array element sample per slide.
- Microarrays are UV-crosslinked using a STRATALINKER UV-crosslinker (Stratagene). Microarrays are washed at room temperature once in 0.2% SDS and three times in distilled water. Non-specific binding sites are blocked by incubation of microarrays in 0.2% casein in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Tropix, Inc., Bedford MA) for 30 minutes at 60° C followed by washes in 0.2% SDS and distilled water as before. Hybridization Hybridization reactions contain 9 ⁇ l of sample mixture consisting of 0.2 ⁇ g each of Cy3 and
- Reporter-labeled hybridization complexes are detected with a microscope equipped with an Innova 70 mixed gas 10 W laser (Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara CA) capable of generating spectral hnes at 488 n for excitation of Cy3 and at 632 nm for excitation of Cy5.
- the excitation laser light is focused on the array using a 20X microscope objective (Nikon, Inc., Melville NY).
- the slide containing the array is placed on a computer-controlled X-Y stage on the microscope and raster- scanned past the objective.
- the 1.8 cm x 1.8 cm array used in the present example is scanned with a resolution of 20 micrometers. In two separate scans, a mixed gas multiline laser excites the two fluorophores sequentially.
- Emitted light is split, based on wavelength, into two photomultiplier tube detectors (PMT R1477, Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater NJ) corresponding to the two fluorophores.
- Appropriate filters positioned between the array and the photomultiplier tubes are used to filter the signals.
- the emission maxima of the fluorophores used are 565 nm for Cy3 and 650 nm for Cy5.
- Each array is typically scanned twice, one scan per fluorophore using the appropriate filters at the laser source, although the apparatus is capable of recording the spectra from both fluorophores simultaneously.
- the sensitivity of the scans is typically calibrated using the signal intensity generated by a cDNA control species added to the sample mixture at a known concentration.
- a specific location on the array contains a complementary DNA sequence, allowing the intensity of the signal at that location to be correlated with a weight ratio of hybridizing species of 1 : 100,000.
- the calibration is done by labeling samples of the cahbrating cDNA with the two fluorophores and adding identical amounts of each to the hybridization mixture.
- the output of the photomultiplier tube is digitized using a 12-bit RTI-835H analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion board (Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood MA) installed in an IBM-compatible PC computer.
- the digitized data are displayed as an image where the signal intensity is mapped using a linear 20-color transformation to a pseudocolor scale ranging from blue (low signal) to red (high signal).
- the data is also analyzed quantitatively. Where two different fluorophores are excited and measured simultaneously, the data are first corrected for optical crosstalk (due to overlapping emission spectra) between the fluorophores using each fluorophore' s emission spectrum.
- a grid is superimposed over the fluorescence signal image such that the signal from each spot is centered in each element of the grid.
- the fluorescence signal within each element is then integrated to obtain a numerical value corresponding to the average intensity of the signal.
- the software used for signal analysis is the GEMTOOLS gene expression analysis program (Incyte).
- Sequences complementary to the PP-encoding sequences, or any parts thereof, are used to detect, decrease, or inhibit expression of naturally occurring PP.
- ohgonucleotides comprising from about 15 to 30 base pairs is described, essentially the same procedure is used with smaller or with larger sequence fragments.
- Appropriate ohgonucleotides are designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences) and the coding sequence of PP.
- a complementary ohgonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5 ' sequence and used to prevent promoter binding to the coding sequence.
- a complementary ohgonucleotide is designed to prevent ribosomal binding to the PP-encoding transcript.
- cDNA is subcloned into an appropriate vector containing an antibiotic resistance gene and an inducible promoter that directs high levels of cDNA transcription.
- promoters include, but are not hmited to, the trp-lac (tac) hybrid promoter and the T5 or T7 bacteriophage promoter in conjunction with the lac operator regulatory element.
- Recombinant vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts, e.g., BL21(DE3).
- Antibiotic resistant bacteria express PP upon induction with isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG).
- PP in eukaryotic cells is achieved by infecting insect or mammahan cell hnes with recombinant Autographica cahfornica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), commonly known as baculovirus.
- AcMNPV Autographica cahfornica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- the nonessential polyhedrin gene of baculovirus is replaced with cDNA encoding PP by either homologous recombination or bacterial-mediated transposition involving transfer plasmid intermediates. Viral infectivity is maintained and the strong polyhedrin promoter drives high levels of cDNA transcription.
- Recombinant baculovirus is used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells in most cases, or human hepatocytes, in some cases.
- PP is synthesized as a fusion protein with, e.g., glutathione S- transferase (GST) or a peptide epitope tag, such as FLAG or 6-His, permitting rapid, single-step, affinity-based purification of recombinant fusion protein from crude cell lysates.
- GST glutathione S- transferase
- a peptide epitope tag such as FLAG or 6-His
- FLAG an 8-amino acid peptide
- 6-His a stretch of six consecutive histidine residues, enables purification on metal-chelate resins (QIAGEN). Methods for protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel (1995, supra, ch. 10 and 16). Purified PP obtained by these methods can be used directly in the assays shown in Examples XVI, XVII, XVIII, and XIX where apphcable. XIII. Functional Assays
- PP function is assessed by expressing the sequences encoding PP at physiologically elevated levels in mammahan cell culture systems.
- cDNA is subcloned into a mammahan expression vector containing a strong promoter that drives high levels of cDNA expression.
- Vectors of choice include PCMV SPORT (Life Technologies) and PCR3.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), both of which contain the cytomegalovirus promoter. 5-10 ⁇ g of recombinant vector are transiently transfected into a human cell line, for example, an endothehal or hematopoietic cell hne, using either hposome formulations or electroporation.
- 1-2 ⁇ g of an additional plasmid containing sequences encoding a marker protein are co-transfected.
- Expression of a marker protein provides a means to distinguish transfected cells from nontransfected cells and is a rehable predictor of cDNA expression from the recombinant vector.
- Marker proteins of choice include, e.g., Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP; Clontech), CD64, or a CD64- GFP fusion protein.
- FCM Flow cytometry
- FCM detects and quantifies the uptake of fluorescent molecules that diagnose events preceding or coincident with cell death.
- the influence of PP on gene expression can be assessed using highly purified populations of cells transfected with sequences encoding PP and either CD64 or CD64-GFP.
- CD64 and CD64-GFP are expressed on the surface of transfected cells and bind to conserved regions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG).
- Transfected cells are efficiently separated from nontransfected cells using magnetic beads coated with either human IgG or antibody against CD64 (DYNAL, Lake Success NY).
- mRNA can be purified from the cells using methods well known by those of skill in the art. Expression of mRNA encoding PP and other genes of interest can be analyzed by northern analysis or microarray techniques.
- PP substantially purified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; see, e.g., Harrington, M.G. (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:488-495), or other purification techniques, is used to immunize rabbits and to produce antibodies using standard protocols.
- PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- the PP amino acid sequence is analyzed using LASERGENE software
- oligopeptides of about 15 residues in length are synthesized using an ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (Apphed Biosystems) using FMOC chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma- Aldrich, St.
- Naturally occurring or recombinant PP is substantially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for PP.
- An immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently couphng anti-PP antibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CNBr-activated SEPHAROSE (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). After the couphng, the resin is blocked and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Media containing PP are passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of PP (e. g. , high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent).
- the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/PP binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2 to pH 3, or a high concentration of a chaofrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and PP is collected.
- molecules interacting with PP are analyzed using the yeast two-hybrid system as described in Fields, S. and O. Song (1989) Nature 340:245-246, or using commercially available kits based on the two-hybrid system, such as the MATCHMAKER system (Clontech).
- PP may also be used in the PATHCALLING process (CuraGen Corp., New Haven CT) which employs the yeast two-hybrid system in a high-throughput manner to determine all interactions between the proteins encoded by two large hbraries of genes (Nandabalan, K. et al. (2000) U.S. Patent No. 6,057,101).
- PP activity is measured by the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP).
- PNPP para-nitrophenyl phosphate
- HEPES buffer pH 7.5 HEPES buffer pH 7.5
- 0.1 % ⁇ -mercaptoethanol at 37 °C for 60 min.
- the reaction is stopped by the addition of 6 ml of 10 N NaOH (Diamond, R.H. et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3752-62).
- acid phosphatase activity of PP is demonstrated by incubating PP-containing extract with 100 ⁇ l of 10 mM PNPP in 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 4.5, and 50 ⁇ l of 40 mM NaCl at 37 ° C for 20 min.
- the reaction is stopped by the addition of 0.5 ml of 0.4 M glycine/NaOH, pH 10.4 (Saftig, P. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:18628-18635).
- the increase in hght absorbance at 410 nm resulting from the hydrolysis of PNPP is measured using a spectrophotometer.
- the increase in hght absorbance is proportional to the activity of PP in the assay.
- PP activity is determined by measuring the amount of phosphate removed from a phosphorylated protein substrate. Reactions are performed with 2 or 4 nM enzyme in a final volume of 30 ⁇ l containing 60 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1 % ⁇ -mercaptoethanol and 10 ⁇ M substrate, 32 P-labeled on serine/threonine or tyrosine, as appropriate. Reactions are initiated with substrate and incubated at 30° C for 10-15 min.
- Compounds to be tested are arrayed in the wells of a 384-well plate in varying concentrations along with an appropriate buffer and substrate, as described in the assays in Example XVII.
- PP activity is measured for each well and the abihty of each compound to inhibit PP activity can be determined, as well as the dose-response kinetics. This assay could also be used to identify molecules which enhance PP activity.
- a PP "substrate-trapping" assay takes advantage of the increased substrate affinity that may be conferred by certain mutations in the PTP signature sequence. PP bearing these mutations form a stable complex with their substrate; this complex may be isolated biochemically.
- Site-directed mutagenesis of invariant residues in the PTP signature sequence in a clone encoding the catalytic domain of PP is performed using a method standard in the art or a commercial kit, such as the MUTA- GENE kit from BIO-RAD.
- PP mutants For expression of PP mutants in Escherichia coh, DNA fragments containing the mutation are exchanged with the corresponding wild-type sequence in an expression vector bearing the sequence encoding PP or a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-PP fusion protein. PP mutants are expressed in E. coh and purified by chromatography.
- GST glutathione S-transferase
- the expression vector is transfected into COS1 or 293 cells via calcium phosphate-mediated fransfection with 20 ⁇ g of CsCl-purified DNA per 10-cm dish of cells or 8 ⁇ g per 6-cm dish. Forty- eight hours after fransfection, cells are stimulated with 100 ng/ml epidermal growth factor to increase tyrosine phosphorylation in cells, as the tyrosine kinase EGFR is abundant in COS cells.
- PP is immunoprecipitated from lysates with an appropriate antibody.
- GST-PP fusion proteins are precipitated with glutathione-Sepharose, 4 ⁇ g of mAb or 10 ⁇ l of beads respectively per mg of cell lysate. Complexes can be visualized by PAGE or further purified to identify substrate molecules (Flint, A.J. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:1680-1685).
- ABI FACTURA A program that removes vector sequences and masks Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA. ambiguous bases in nucleic acid sequences.
- ABI/PARACEL PDF A Fast Data Finder useful in comparing and annotating Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA; Mismatch ⁇ 50% amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. Paracel Inc., Pasadena, CA.
- ABI AutoAssembler A program that assembles nucleic acid sequences. Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA.
- fastx score 100 or greater
- HMM hidden Markov model
- TMHMMER A program that uses a hidden Markov model (HMM) to Sonnhammer, E.L. et al. (1998) Proc. Sixth Intl. delineate transmembrane segments on protein sequences Conf. on Intelligent Systems for Mol. Biol., and determine orientation. Glasgow et al., eds., The Am. Assoc. for Artificial Intelligence Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 175-182.
- HMM hidden Markov model
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JP2001578661A JP2004511206A (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2001-04-19 | Protein phosphatase |
AU2001261039A AU2001261039A1 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2001-04-19 | Protein phosphatases |
EP01934892A EP1274849A2 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2001-04-19 | Protein phosphatases |
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US60/202,340 | 2000-05-05 | ||
US20342400P | 2000-05-10 | 2000-05-10 | |
US60/203,424 | 2000-05-10 | ||
US20564200P | 2000-05-18 | 2000-05-18 | |
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WO2002077217A2 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-10-03 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Human dual specificity protein phosphatase 7-like protein |
WO2004028554A2 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-04-08 | DeveloGen Aktiengesellschaft für entwicklungsbiologische Forschung | Skrp, astray, string, vacm associated with metabolic control |
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US20040115761A1 (en) * | 1999-12-14 | 2004-06-17 | Spaderna Steven Kurt | Polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding same |
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- 2001-04-19 JP JP2001578661A patent/JP2004511206A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (7)
Title |
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COHEN P T W: "Novel protein serine/threonine phosphatases: variety is the spice of life" TIBS TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES, ELSEVIER PUBLICATION, CAMBRIDGE, EN, vol. 22, no. 7, 1 July 1997 (1997-07-01), pages 245-251, XP004081591 ISSN: 0968-0004 * |
DATABASE EMBL [Online] EBI21 June 2001 (2001-06-21) Database accession no. AAU02201 XP002187621 -& WO 01 44473 A (SPADERNA S. K. ET AL) 21 June 2001 (2001-06-21) * |
DOHERTY M J ET AL: "AMINO ACID SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION OF THE HEPATIC GLYCOGEN-BINDING (GL)-SUBUNIT OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1" FEBS LETTERS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, [Online] vol. 375, no. 3, 20 November 1995 (1995-11-20), pages 294-298, XP002047738 ISSN: 0014-5793 cited in the application -& DATABASE EMBL [Online] EBI1 May 1999 (1999-05-01) DOHERTY ET AL.: " SPECIFIC PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE," XP002187622 * |
DOHERTY M J ET AL: "Amino acid sequence of a novel protein phosphatase 1 binding protein ( R5 ) which is related to the liver- and muscle-specific glycogen binding subunits of protein phosphatase 1" FEBS LETTERS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 399, no. 3, 16 December 1996 (1996-12-16), pages 339-343, XP002122125 ISSN: 0014-5793 * |
HOOFT VAN HUIJSDUIJNEN R: "Protein tyrosine phosphatases: counting the trees in the forest" GENE, ELSEVIER BIOMEDICAL PRESS. AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 225, no. 1-2, 28 December 1998 (1998-12-28), pages 1-8, XP004153614 ISSN: 0378-1119 * |
KEYSE S M: "AN EMERGING FAMILY OF DUAL SPECIFICITY MAP KINASE PHOSPHATASES" BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 1265, 1995, pages 152-160, XP000196716 ISSN: 0167-4889 * |
MILLWARD T A ET AL: "Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A" TIBS TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES, ELSEVIER PUBLICATION, CAMBRIDGE, EN, vol. 24, no. 5, 1 May 1999 (1999-05-01), pages 186-191, XP004167918 ISSN: 0968-0004 cited in the application * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002077217A2 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-10-03 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Human dual specificity protein phosphatase 7-like protein |
WO2002077217A3 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2003-03-13 | Bayer Ag | Human dual specificity protein phosphatase 7-like protein |
WO2004028554A2 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-04-08 | DeveloGen Aktiengesellschaft für entwicklungsbiologische Forschung | Skrp, astray, string, vacm associated with metabolic control |
WO2004028554A3 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-07-22 | Develogen Ag | Skrp, astray, string, vacm associated with metabolic control |
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